KHẢO CỨU LẠI KHỞI NGHĨA DƯƠNG THANH

KHAO CUU LAI KHOTI NGHIA DinTNG THANH (819-820) PHAM Lfi HUY" Ldi m d d a u NSm 819 (NguySn Hoa 14), Duong Thanh - m?t h i o trUcIng xu&'t thSn tO v t a g Hoan ch&u • da chi huy hOn 2000 binh Unh t|lp Idch vko phu thilnh An Nam, ti6u di$t vi6n Da h? cua nhil Dudng d6 14 L^ TUqIng C6 Sau cu6c n& dfty t h i n h c6ng, Dvtong Thanh da c4t dat toto b? mra Uto h$ vdi nhk DUcmg, a m cich xiy dung m6t thuc t h i chinh quyfo d6c 14P tai An Nam Tuy chi k6o dii chUa diy n i m , kh5i nghia DUOng Thanh lu6n dU(?c dinh gii l i dtfu moc quan trpng d i n h dfifu sU suy sup hS thehg cai tri cua n h i Dudng tai An Nam, l i "dig'm b i o trUdc" cho nhiing sU ki$n trgng dai s i p diln the ky K-X, d&n dl'n sU hinh t h i n h mOt qu6c gia dOc l i p - tu chii cua ngucri Vi$t trgn manh d i t Viet Nam Vdi y nghia quan nhU viy, khdi nghia DUdng Thanh ludn dUdc n h i c d§'n cac bg thdng sil viSt v^ Vidt Nam thdi Bic thudc, tidu bilu l i hai cud'n Lich sd Vm Nam Tap (1985) (1) v i The Birth of Vietnam (1992) (2) Trong hai cdng trinh nghidn cflu trdn, cd GS TrSn Qudc VUpng v i GS Keith Weller Taylor ddu da d i n h mpt p h i n rieng dd khao cflu vd xui't t h i n ciia thu linh Dfldng Thanh ciing nhfl di§n bidn cua cudc ndi diy n h i n v i t n i y chi huy Trong The birth of Vietnam, Keith Taylor cdn tim h i l u thdm v l mdi lien h$ gifla khdi nghia Duong Thanh vdi cupc ndi d4y cua ngUdi Choang (Man Hoing Dpng) t^i m i i n Nam Trung Hoa, ddng thdi dfla gia thii't v l vai tro cua ddng ThiSn Vd Ngdn Thdng hoat ddng trifn i p cila n h i Dfldng dSi vdi Dfldng Thanh Bdn canh nhiing t h i n h tiju da dat dflpc, nhflng cdng trinh nghidn cflu tren cung bdc Id mot sd m i t h^n c h l nhtft dinh Thd nhdt, v l m i t tfl lidu, cic hpc gia mdi chi diing lai b vide Idiai thac cic ngudn tfl lidu v i n ban mang tfnh biln, v l phfa Trung Qudc l i Cm - Tdn Bitbng thit, TU tri thdng gidm, v l phfa Vidt Nam l i Bgi Viit sd luac, Bai Vi^t si ky toAn thii An Nam chi litdc v i Thiin uyin tdp anh ngd luc Thd hai, dflpc bidn soan theo nhflng nguydn tiic k h i c n h a u ciing nhfl khai thic tfl lidu gde tfl n h i l u ngudn k h i c nhau, gifla cic ngudn st( li§u ndu trdn tdn tai nhilu dilm k h i c bi^t, t h i m chl l i m i u t h u i n vdi Do viy, cac nghien cflu trfldc diy chfla t h i x i c dinh dflijc chfnh xic cic mdc thdi gian nhfl thdi dilm t h i n h cdng cua cudc ndi diy, thdi dilm khdi nghia kit thiic Cung b4t ngudn tfl vi'n d l sci lidu, mdt sd gia t h u y i t dupc dfla nhfl vai trd cua ddng T h i i n Vd Ngdn Thdng hoat dpng tr^n ap ciia n h i Dudng ddi vdi khdi • ThS Khoa Ddng Phfldng hpc - Trfldng DHKHXH&NV-DHQG HN KhAo curu lai hh6i nghla Dirong Thanh nghia Dildng Thanh v i n chiia thUc sU thuydt phi;ic, c^n dxigc t^i kiim chiing tCf cac nguon ti( lieu khac G^n day, qua trinh tfip h^p tU li§u v^ thcJi Bac thu6c, chung t6i da tim dif^c mot so' nguon sxt li§u c6 d6 tin cfiy cao, giiip chung ta co thSm nhQng thong tin vk hinh dung cu the hdn v^ khfii nghia Dudng Thanh NhQng sxi li$u mk chung toi ph4t hign dQdc dg'n tii hai ngu6n: tQ h$u vfin ban vk tg h$u kim th^ch vfin Ve tQ li^u vfin ban, d6 Ik nhQng ghi ch6p Sdch phu nguyin qui Mff^TcH DQdc danh gia Ik m5t "TQ dai thQ" cua thcti To'ng, Sdch phu nguyen gui la bo loai thQ d6 s6 VQdng KhSm NhQdc, DQdng XSc tS chQc bi§n soan suQ't nfim - tQ nfim 1005 (Canh DQc 2) dgn nfim 1013 (Dai Trung TQcJng Phii 6) Nhiing ghi ch^p xung quanh kh6i nghia DQdng Thanh bo sach nky se giup chiing ta xac dinh dQdc chinh xac thcti dilm kgt thiic kh6i nghla DQdng Thanh Vi tli liSu kim thaeh vfin, chiing t6i tim dQdc vfin ban mo chi cua Do ho Ly TQdng C6' vfi cua Ly Hoi XQdng - mot vien quan khac cua nha DQdng cung bi gig't cuoc noi day cua DQdng Thanh Hai vfin ban n§u tren dQdc ch6p v6i s6 hiSu "TrQcing Khanh 005" vfi "TrQcfng Khanh 006" cuon Biedng dgi mo chi vUng biin Chu Thi§u LQdng vfi Trieu Sieu chu bign (3) V^ tS'm m6 chi thQ nhfi't, thac ban hign dQdc IQU giQ tai ThQ vign Quoc gia Trung Qu6c (tgn gpi mSi cua Bac Kinh thQ quan) Tuy chQa dQdc tiep xiic trQc tigp, chiing toi c6 t h i nghign cQu thac ban nfiy qua anh chup in Tfip 30 cua sach Bac Kinh thit qudn tdng Trung Quoc lich dgi thgch khac thdc bdn hoi bien (DQ6i day goi tfit lfi sach Bdc di) (4) vfi sach Lgc DuOng xuat tho lich dgi mo chi tap thang (DQdi dfiy goi tat lfi sach Tap thang) (5) Theo ghi ch^p tren mo chi, ngQdi s o ^ bfii minh lfi VQdng Trong Chu ddi D Q ^ , Do L^ TQdng C^ bj chgt mfi't xfic, ngn nWdi trai nSi doi lfi Lf Ch^n Kiln (6) da ctidn fio mii cua Lf TQdng C^ tai Lac DQdng vko ngfiy thfing 11 nfim TrQdng Khfinh nkiygn niSn (821) NhQ vfiy, vfin ban nfiy du^c hofin thfinh mu$n nhfi't cQng chi nfim ^ a u nS cu6c nSl dfiy cua DQdng Thanh V^ tfi'm m6 chl thCt 2, tQc m5 chf cua Lf H§i XQdng, vfio thdi dilm 1992 - cuon Ditdng dgi md chi vUng biin dQdc xufi't ban, thfic ban cua n6 v i n nlim b6 sQu tfip cua hoc gia Chu Thi^u LQdng Trong bfii viet nfiy, chung toi se dQa theo vfin ban cua sfich Biidng dgi mo chi vUng biin chfnh Chu Thigu LQdng lfim chu bien (7) Theo tfi'm md chf nfiy, ngQdi so^n vfin ban lfi LJ Phung, nghia dg cua H6i XQdng, Vfin ban mo chi dQdc soan xong trQdc ngfiy thfing 11 nfim Trudng Khfinh nguygn nign (821) thdi dilm Ly- PhQng vfi gia dinh cua Lf H6i XQdng to chQc l l mai tang cho vien quan tai nui Bac Mang (Lac DQdng, Hfi Nam, Trung QuSc), NhQ vfiy, hai vfin ban mS chi trgn diu dQdc soan rfi't ^l.n vdi thdi dilm n^ cudc n^i dfiy nfim 819, Dfiy lfi nhQng tQ Hgu dong dai qui gifi se giiip chung ta lfim sang td dQdc nhi^u vfi'n de xung quanh khdi nghia DQdng Thanh Trong bfii vig't nfiy, tren cd sd kg" thQa thfinh qua nghien cQu cua nhQng ngQdi di trQdc, chiing toi se cd' gfing khai thfic thdng tin tQ nhQng nguon tQ ligu mdi ndi trdn dl khao cQu lai ve cuoc khdi nghia cua DQdng Thanh Ve m p t t g n gpi k h a c c u a Dt^cmg T h a n h : Drfdng T r a m T h a n h TrQdc dfiy, chiing ta chi bigt ten ngQdi chi huy cudc nd'i d^y nfim 819 la DQdng Thanh ^ f t Tuy nhien, qua bfii minh tren hai tfi'm RgWen eHru Ltch sir, s g 12.2012 88 m$ chf, chiing ta biit thdm r i n g dUdng thdi, Dfldng Thanh cdn dupc biit d i n vdi mdt tdn gpi k h i c l i "Dfldng Tr(im Thanh" Sii li?u 1: M0 chf Lf Tflpng C l «im«E»»88 • a5;^*aiSHH=*ttS^-ffl^ M • mmmzm • ftwxa • mimm^ (»»S) T^m eficA: Di't Vi$t c6 An Nam Dd hd kidm NgiJ sfl Trung thfla Lung T i y Lf cdng, hiiy l i Tflpng Cl, x u i n thu (hfldng thp) 53 tuli Ngiy 19 t h i n g mfla thu n i m Nguydn Hda 14 [819] (8), g$p phai lo?n cua bd tfldng l i Dfldng Tr^m Thanh d q u i n quin, cdng [tflc hf Tflpng Co) v i vp l i Vi Thi Kip, trai v i gai khoanh k h i c d i u bi h^i, chim dudi b i n trfldng giang Sau h i t vide binh, di cd't diu bj hiiy hoai hit Theo md chi cua 14 Tflpng Cl, ngiy 19 t h i n g n i m 819 (Nguyen Hda 14), An Nam Dd hd hf Tflpng Co cflng vdi vp l i Vi Thi Kip, trai v i gii da bj gilt vu "phan loan" cua bd tudng l i Dfldng Tram Thanh (sfl lidu 1) NhU viy, khdng nghi ngd gl nfla, n h i n v^t "Dfldng Tram Thanh" x u i t hidn trdn md chf cua L^ Tflpng C l chfnh l i thu Hnh Dudng Thanh Tdn gpi 'T)flpng Tr^m Thanh" ciing xuSft hidn lfin mp chf cua hf Hdi Xflpng Theo ti'm md chf niy, sau sang An Nam, hf Hpi Xfldng, dd 38 tuli, d i "gjp phai vu phan loan cua tho tfldng l i Dfldng Tr^m Thanh" Ngoii ra, p h i n cudi cua mp chf, nghia dd ciia L^ Hdi Xudng l i hf Phflng cung vilt '"Tram Thanh l i gi$c cua qudc gia, em chua t h i b i o thfl dupc cho anh" (sfl lidu 2) S i li$u 2: Md chf cua L^ Hdi Xfldng ( | i » ) iSiKSfflSffi • S I ^ a T B • » ? ! « « ! * • f*#*fft- • «««,iif