BarCharts, Inc.® WORLD’S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE VOLUME (LIQUID) BASIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS All measurement is derived from seven basic units and is described internationally as the Systéme International d’Unitiés (SI) or sometimes referred to as SI-metric These basic units are: Ampere A Electric Current Candela cd Luminosity (intensity of light) Kelvin K Thermodynamic Temperature Kilogram kg Weight (mass) Meter (Metre) m Length Mole mol Substance (molecule) Second s Time Unit LENGTH Unit Angstrom Cable Centimeter Chain (Gunter’s/surveyor’s) Chain (Ramden’s/engineer’s) Decimeter Dekameter Fathom Foot Furlong Hand (horse’s height) Inch Kilometer League Link (Gunter’s) Link (Ramden’s) Meter Micrometer (Micron) Mile (statute/land) Mile (nautical/sea) Millimeter Mil Point (type size) Pica (type size) Rod Yard Abbr SI/metric Å cb cm chG chR dm dam fm ft fur – in km – – – m µ mi nmi mm mil – – rd yd Imperial 0001µ (10-10) 219.456 m 01 m 20.1168 m 30.48 m m 10 m 1.83 m 3048 m 201.168 m 10.16 cm 2.54 cm 1,000 m 4.8 km 201 m 305 m – 001 mm 1.609 km 1.85 km 001 m 0254 mm 353 mm mm 5.029 m 9144 m 000,000,004 in 120 fathoms/720 ft 3937 in 66 feet/4 rods 100 ft 3.937 in 32.8 ft ft 12 in ¹⁄₈ statute mi in – 621 mi statute mi 7.92 in 12 in 39.37 in 3.9370x10-5 in 5,280 ft 6076.11549 ft 03937 in 001 in 0138 in 12 points (.1668 in) 16.5 ft ft Unit Abbr SI/metric A cm ft in km m2 mi mm rd yd Unit Unit Dram (avdp) Grain Gram Kilogram Milligram Ounce (avdp) Ounce (troy) Pennyweight Pound (avdp) Stone Ton (long or British) Tonne (metric) Ton (short) Abbr Equivalent Btu cal15 HP J Kw 0002929 Kw 4.1858 J 746 watts 7376 ft/lbs 1.341 HP cm3 ft3 in3 ST yd3 SI/Metric 1,000 mm3 02832 m3 16.387 cm3 m3 7646 m3 Abbr SI/Metric dr (avdp) gr g kg mg oz oz tr dwt lb st lt mt sh t 1.772 g 0648 g 001 kg 1,000 g 001 g 0280 kg 03 kg 1.555 g 454 kg 6.35 kg 1,016 kg 1,000 kg 907.18 kg NUMERICAL PREFIXES /10 /2 10 11 12 15 ENERGY Unit Imperial Imperial 061 in3 1,728 in3 – 1.3 yd3 27 ft3 WEIGHT 43,560 ft 1076.39 ft 2.471 A 155 in 144 in 386 mi 10.764 ft 640 A 00155 in 272.25 ft ft British Thermal Unit Calorie (@15.5˚c) Horsepower (mechanical) Joule (absolute) Kilowatt Abbr Cubic centimeter Cubic foot Cubic inch Stere (cubic meter) Cubic yard Imperial 4,047 m 100 m 10,000 m 100 mm 0929 m 6.4516 cm 1,000,000 m 10,000 cm 2.59 km – 25.293 m 836 m SI/Metric VOLUME (DRY) AREA Acre Are Hectare Square centimeter Square foot Square inch Square kilometer Square meter Square mile Square millimeter Square rod Square yard Abbr Barrel (US) fluid bbl 26.2 gal (UK) 31.5 gal* Dram (US) dr 3.697 ml 125 oz gi 142 L 4.8038 oz Gill (¹⁄₄ UK pint) Gallon (UK) gal 4.546 L 1.201 gal Gallon (US) gal 3.785 L qt Liter L 001 m3 1.057 qt Ounce, fluid (UK) oz 028 L 96 oz Ounce, fluid (US) oz 02957 L tbs Pint (UK) pt 1.2 pt (US) 19.2 oz Pint (US) pt 833 pt (UK) 16 oz Quart qt 946 L pt *A barrel may be recognized by different liquid sizes in different states and for different substances Sizes may be stated in gallons, cubic inches or weight See notes on page Deci Semi, hemi, demi Uni Bi, di Tri, ter Tetra, tetr, quadri Penta, quint Sex, hex, hexa Hept, sept, septo Oct, octo Non, ennea Dec, deca, deka Hendeca, undeca Dodeca Quindeca Imperial 0625 oz 00229 oz 03527 oz 2.2 lb 00003 oz 0625 lb 1.0971 oz 05486 oz 16 oz 14 lb 2,240 lb 2204.6 lb 2,000 lb SI PREFIXES Factor 10 24 10 21 10 18 10 15 10 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12 10 -15 10 -18 10 -21 10 -24 Prefix yottazettaexapetateragigamegakilohectodekadecicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto- Symbol Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m µ or r n p f a z y LENGTH AREA LIQUID CAPACITY DRY CAPACITY Centimeters & Inches cm x 394 = in in x 2.54 = cm Sq Centimeters & Sq In cm2 x 155 = in2 in2 x 6.452 = cm2 UK & US Gallons UK gal x 1.201 = US gal US gal x 833 = UK gal Cubic Centimeters & Cubic Inches cm3 x 061 = in3 in x 16.387 = cm3 Centimeters & Millimeters cm x 10 = mm mm x = cm Sq Meters & Sq Chains (G)* m2 x 0025 = ch2 ch2 x 404.686 = m2 UK & US Quarts UK qt x 1.201 = US qt US qt x 833 = UK qt Sq Rods & Sq Chains (G)* rd2 x 625 = ch2 (G) ch2 x 16 = rd2 UK & US Pints UK pt x 1.201 = US pt US pt x 833 = UK pt Sq Chains & Acres ch2 (G) x = A A x 10 = ch2(G) UK & US Ounces UK oz x 961 = US oz US oz x 1.041 = UK oz Sq Chains (G)* & Sq Feet ch2 (G) x 4,356 = ft2 ft2 x 00023 = ch2 (G) UK Gallons & Liters UK gal x 4.546 = L L x 220 = UK gal Hectares & Sq Miles x 0039 = mi2 mi2 x 258.999 = UK Quarts & Liters UK qt x 1.137 = L L x 880 = UK qt Cubic Meters & Cubic Feet m3 x 35.315 = ft3 ft3 x 028 = m3 Hectares & Acres x 2.471 = A A x 405 = UK Pints & Liters UK pt x 568 = L L x 1.760 = UK pt Pints & Quarts pt x = qt qt x = pt Acres & Sq Miles A x 00156 = mi2 mi2 x 640 = A UK Ounces & Milliliters UK oz x 28.413 = ml ml x 035 = UK oz Sq Kilometers & Sq Miles km2 x 386 = mi2 mi2 x 2.590 = km2 US Gallons & Liters US gal x 3.785 = L L x 264 = US gal Sq Meters & Acres m2 x 000247 = A A x 4046.856 = m2 US Quarts & Liters US qt x 947 = L L x 1.056 = US qt Sq Meters & Hectares m2 x 0001 = ha x 10,000 = m2 US Pints & Liters US pt x 473 = L L x 2.113 = US pt Sq Meters & Sq Feet m2 x 10.764 = ft2 ft2 x 093 = m2 US Ounces & Liters US oz x 03 = L Liter x 33.8 = US oz Chains (G)* & Yards ch x 22 = yd yd x 455 = ch Sq Meters & Sq Yards m2 x 1.196 = yd2 yd2 x 836 = m2 US Ounces & Milliliters US oz x 29.572 = ml ml x 034 = US oz Fathoms & Feet fa x = ft ft x 167 = fa Sq Meters & Sq Rods m2 x 03954 = rd2 rd2 x 25.293 = m2 Gills (US) & Ounces (US) gi x = oz oz x 25 = gi Kilometers & Feet km x 3280.84 = ft ft x (3.048 x 10–4) = km Sq Yards & Sq Feet yd2 x = ft2 ft2 x 1111 = yd2 Gills (US) & Cubic Centimeters Kilometers & Yards km x 1093.6 = yd yd x 00091 = km *(G) = Gunter’s or surveyor’s chain Gills (UK) & Cubic Centimeters gi x 142.065 = cc cc x 00704 = gi Centimeters & Picas cm x 2.371 = picas picas x 4233 = cm Centimeters & Points cm x 28.4528 = points points x 0351 = cm Millimeters & Inches mm x 0394 = in in x 25.4 = mm Millimeters & Micrometers (Microns) mm x 1,000 = µ µ x 001 = mm Meters & Chains (G) m x 04971 = ch ch x 20.117 = m Meters & Fathoms m x 547 = fm fm x 1.83 = m Meters & Feet m x 3.281 = ft ft x 305 = m Meters & Yards m x 1.094 = yd yd x 914 = m Meters & Furlongs m x 005 = fur fur x 201.17 = m Chains (G)* & Feet ch x 66 = ft ft x 015 = ch Chains (G)* & Rods ch x = rd rd x 25 = ch Kilometers & Statute Miles km x 621 = mi mi x 1.609 = km Kilometers & Nautical Miles km x 540 = n mi n mi x 1.852 = km Nautical Miles & Statute Miles n mi x 1.15 = s mi s mi x 869 = n mi *(G) = Gunter’s or surveyor’s chain gi x 118.29 = cc cc x 00845 = gi KITCHEN LIQUID MEASURES gal ¹⁄₂ gal ¹⁄₄ gal qt qt qt ¹⁄₂ qt ¹⁄₄ qt ¹⁄₂ pt 16 cups 128 fl pt cups 64 fl pt cups 32 fl pt cups 16 fl pt cup fl ¹⁄₂ cup fl ¹⁄₄ cup fl ¹⁄₈ cup fl ¹⁄₂ fl oz 3.79L oz 1.89L oz 95L 47L oz oz 24L oz 12L Tbs 24 tsp oz 06L Tbs 12 tsp oz 03L Tbs tsp oz 015L Tbs tsp WEIGHT Grains (gr) & Grams gr x 065 = g g x 15.432 = gr (g) Drams (avdp)* & Ounces (avdp) dr (avdp) x 062 = oz (avdp) oz (avdp) x 16 = dr (avdp) Cubic Inches & Cubic Feet in3 x 000579 = ft3 ft x 1,728 = in3 Pennyweight & Grams dwt x 1.5552 = g g x 643 = dwt Cubic Feet & Cubic Yards ft3 x 037 = yd3 yd3 x 27 = ft3 Grams & Ounces (US) g x 035 = oz oz x 28.349 = g Cubic Meters & Cubic Yards m3 x 1.308 = yd3 yd3 x 765 = m3 Ounces (troy) & Grains oz tr x 480 = gr gr x 00208 = oz tr Ounces (troy) & Grams oz tr x 31.103 = g g x 032 = oz tr Ounces (troy) & Ounces (avdp) oz tr x 1.097 = oz (avdp) oz (avdp) x 911 = oz tr Ounces (avdp) & Pounds (avdp) oz (avdp) x 0625 = lb (avdp) lb (avdp) x 16 = oz (avdp) Quarts & Pecks qt x 125 = pk pk x = qt Milligrams & Grains mg x 015 = gr gr x 64.799 = mg Pecks (US) & Bushels (US) pk x 25 = bu bu x = pk Grains & Carats gr x 32399 = c c x 3.0865 = gr Grams & Carats (metric) g x = c (metric) c (metric) x = g Bushels (US) & Barrels (US)* bu x 0305 = bbl bbl x 3.281 = bu Bushels (UK) & Bushels (US) bu (US) x 969 = bu (UK) bu (UK) x 1.032 = bu (US) * A barrel is not the same container as a steel drum, which typically holds 55 gallons (US) Barrels come in different sizes based on their contents, as defined by various statutes Oil = 42 gal Beer = 31 gal (US) Beer = 50 liters (Europe) Dry Goods = 7,056 in3 Cranberries = 5,826 in3 Flour = 196 lbs Cornmeal = 200 lbs Cement = 376 lbs Lime = 280 lbs Milligrams & Carats (metric) mg x 005 = c (metric) c (metric) x 200 = mg Pounds & Kilograms lb x 454 = kg kg x 2.205 = lb Tons (long) & Pounds (avdp) lt x 2,240 = lbs (avdp) lbs (avdp) x 0004464 = lt Tons (short) & Pounds (avdp) sht x 2,000 = lbs (avdp) lbs (avdp) x 0005 = sht Tonnes (metric) & Pounds (avdp) t x 2204.62 = lbs (avdp) lbs (avdp) x 0004536 = t *avdp = avoirdupois (from French), meaning “goods of weight” KITCHEN DRY MEASURES cup ³⁄₄ cup ²⁄₃ cup ¹⁄₂ cup ¹⁄₃ cup ¹⁄₄ cup ¹⁄₈ cup ¹⁄₁₆ cup ¹⁄₄₈ cup fl fl 5¹⁄₃ fl fl ²⁄₃ fl fl fl ¹⁄₂ fl ¹⁄₆ fl oz oz oz oz oz oz oz oz oz 16 Tbs 12 Tbs 10²⁄₃ Tbs Tbs 5¹⁄₃ Tbs Tbs Tbs Tbs ¹⁄₃ Tbs 48 36 32 24 16 12 tsp tsp tsp tsp tsp tsp tsp tsp tsp 237 177 158 118 79 59 30 15 ml ml ml ml ml ml ml ml ml LUMBER SIZES Nominal inches Actual (dry) inches mm COMMON NAILS Actual (green) inches mm 60d THICKNESS 1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 3¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂ ³⁄₄ 1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 3¹⁄₂ 5¹⁄₂ 7¹⁄₂ 19 25 32 38 51 64 76 89 102 140 191 ²⁵⁄₃₂ 1¹⁄₃₂ 1⁹⁄₃₂ 1⁹⁄₁₆ 2¹⁄₁₆ 2⁹⁄₁₆ 3¹⁄₁₆ 3⁹⁄₁₆ 4¹⁄₁₆ 5⁹⁄₁₆ 7⁹⁄₁₆ 20 26 33 40 52 65 78 90 103 141 194 1⁹⁄₁₆ 2⁹⁄₁₆ 3⁹⁄₁₆ 4⁵⁄₈ 5⁵⁄₈ 6⁵⁄₈ 7¹⁄₂ 8¹⁄₂ 9¹⁄₂ 10¹⁄₂ 11¹⁄₂ 13¹⁄₂ 15¹⁄₂ 40 65 90 117 143 168 190 216 241 267 292 343 394 50d 40d 30d 20d 16d 12d WIDTH 10 11 12 14 16 1¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 3¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂ 5¹⁄₂ 6¹⁄₂ 7¹⁄₄ 8¹⁄₄ 9¹⁄₄ 10¹⁄₄ 11¹⁄₄ 13¹⁄₄ 15¹⁄₄ 38 64 89 114 140 165 184 210 235 260 286 337 387 10d 9d 8d 7d 6d 5d 4d NOT TO SCALE BOLT GRADES GEOMETRY LENGTH h Rectangle Stove Bolt Area (A) = Width (w) x Height (h) SAE Strength Standard Markings Strongest Weakest Hex Bolt w Carriage Bolt Triangle h Machine Screw b Bolt to Screw Pythagorean Theorem: c b If a right triangle has hypotenuse (c) and sides (a) and (b), then: c2 = a2 + b2 a a h 0, & ¹⁄₁₆ ¹⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₃ ⁵⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₃₂ ¹⁄₃₂ ³⁄₃₂ ¹⁄₃₂ ³⁄₆₄ ⁷⁄₆₄ ³⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₁₆ ⁷⁄₆₄ ³⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₁₆ ¹⁄₈ ¹⁄₁₆ ⁵⁄₆₄ Cone ¹⁄₈ ¹⁄₁₆ ⁵⁄₆₄ Volume (V) = πr2h Area of curved surface: A = πr√r2+h2 ⁵⁄₃₂ ¹⁄₁₆ ³⁄₃₂ ¹¹⁄₆₄ ⁵⁄₆₄ ³⁄₃₂ ³⁄₁₆ ⁵⁄₆₄ ⁷⁄₆₄ 10 ³⁄₁₆ ³⁄₃₂ ⁷⁄₆₄ Sphere 11 ¹³⁄₆₄ ³⁄₃₂ ¹⁄₈ Circle r Area (A) = πr Circumference (C) = 2πr π = 3.1416 r= radius h r r LENGTH IN INCHES Volume (V) = 4πr3 Surface Area: A = 4πr2 S O F T W O O D H A R D W O O D ¹⁄₄ ³⁄₈ ¹⁄₂ ⁵⁄₈ ³⁄₄ ⁷⁄₈ 12 ⁷⁄₃₂ ⁷⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₈ ¹⁄₄ ⁷⁄₆₄ ⁹⁄₆₄ Oval Head Round Head Flat Head 16 ¹⁷⁄₆₄ ⁹⁄₆₄ ⁵⁄₃₂ h Right Cylinder 18 ¹⁹⁄₆₄ ⁹⁄₆₄ ³⁄₁₆ Common Sizes Volume (V) = πr2h Lateral surface area (A) = 2πrh 20 ²¹⁄₆ ¹¹⁄₆₄ ¹³⁄₆₄ Some Availability 24 ³⁄₈ ³⁄₁₆ ⁷⁄₃₂ 1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₂ 1³⁄₄ 2¹⁄₄ 2¹⁄₂ 2³⁄₄ 3¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂ Screw Length 14 NOTE: There is no “4” grade STANDARD WOOD SCREWS S H A N K Area (A) = (a+b) x h Bolt to Bolt PILOT HOLE SIZES G A U G E Trapezoid b r Area (A) = ¹⁄₂ Base (b) x Height (h) FAHRENHEIT-TO-CELSIUS CONVERSION ˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C -50 -49 -48 -47 -46 -45 -44 -43 -42 -41 -40 -39 -38 -37 -36 -35 -34 -33 -32 -31 -30 -29 -28 -27 -45.6 -45.0 -44.4 -43.9 -43.3 -42.8 -42.2 -41.7 -41.1 -40.6 -40.0 -39.4 -38.9 -38.3 -37.8 -37.2 -36.7 -36.1 -35.6 -35.0 -34.4 -33.9 -33.3 -32.8 -26 -25 -24 -23 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -32.2 -31.7 -31.1 -30.6 -30.0 -29.4 -28.9 -28.3 -27.8 -27.2 -26.7 -26.1 -25.6 -25.0 -24.4 -23.9 -23.3 -22.8 -22.2 -21.7 -21.1 -20.6 -20.0 -19.4 -2 -1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 -18.9 -18.3 -17.8 -17.2 -16.7 -16.1 -15.5 -15.0 -14.4 -13.9 -13.3 -12.8 -12.2 -11.6 -11.1 -10.5 -10.0 -9.4 -8.9 -8.3 -7.8 -7.2 -6.7 -6.1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 -5.5 -5.0 -4.4 -3.9 -3.3 -2.8 -2.2 -1.7 -1.1 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.3 3.9 4.4 5.0 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.2 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 7.8 8.3 8.9 9.4 10.0 10.5 11.1 11.7 12.2 12.8 13.3 13.9 14.4 15.0 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.9 19.4 20.0 20.5 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 21.1 21.7 22.2 22.8 23.3 23.9 24.4 25.0 25.5 26.1 26.7 27.2 27.8 28.3 28.9 29.4 30.0 30.5 31.1 31.7 32.2 32.8 33.3 33.9 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 34.4 35.0 35.5 36.1 36.7 37.2 37.8 38.3 38.9 39.4 40.0 40.5 41.1 41.7 42.2 42.8 43.3 43.9 44.4 45.0 45.5 46.1 46.7 47.2 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 47.8 48.3 48.9 49.4 50.0 50.5 51.1 51.7 52.2 52.8 53.3 53.9 54.4 55.0 55.5 56.1 56.7 57.2 57.8 58.3 58.9 59.4 60.0 60.5 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 61.1 61.7 62.2 62.8 63.3 63.9 64.4 65.0 65.5 66.1 66.7 67.2 67.8 68.3 68.9 69.4 70.0 70.5 71.1 71.7 72.2 72.8 73.3 73.9 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 74.4 75.0 75.5 76.1 76.7 77.2 77.8 78.3 78.9 79.4 80.0 80.5 81.1 81.7 82.2 82.8 83.3 83.9 84.4 85.0 85.5 86.1 86.7 87.2 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 87.8 88.3 88.9 89.4 90.0 90.5 91.1 91.7 92.2 92.8 93.3 93.9 94.4 95.0 95.5 96.1 96.7 97.2 97.8 98.3 98.9 99.4 100.0 TC X 1.8 + 32 = TF WIND CHILL INDEX (˚F) REVISED 2001 mph 40˚ 35˚ 30˚ 25˚ 20˚ 15˚ 10˚ 5˚ 0˚ mph 36 31 25 19 13 -5 -11 10 mph 34 15 mph 32 27 25 21 19 15 13 -4 -7 20 mph 30 24 17 11 -2 -9 25 mph 29 23 16 -4 -11 30 mph 28 22 15 -5 -12 35 mph 28 21 14 -7 -14 40 mph 27 20 13 -1 -8 45 mph 26 19 12 -2 -9 -10 -16 -13 -19 -15 HEAT INDEX -16 -22 -22 -28 -26 -32 -35 -28 -34 -35 -41 -39 -45 -42 -48 -40 -47 -51 -55 -46 -53 -58 -61 -52 -59 -64 -68 -57 -63 -66 -72 -71 -77 -22 -29 -74 -81 -17 -24 -31 -37 -44 -51 -58 -64 -71 -78 -84 -19 -26 -33 -39 -46 -53 -60 -67 -73 -80 -87 -21 -27 -34 -41 -48 -55 -62 -69 -76 -52 -89 -15 -22 -29 -36 -43 -50 -57 -64 -71 -78 -84 -91 -16 -23 -30 -37 -44 -51 -58 -65 -72 -79 -86 -93 50 mph 26 19 12 -3 -10 -17 -24 -31 -38 -45 -52 -60 -67 -74 -81 -88 -95 WINDCHILL (˚F) = 35.74 + 0.6215T - 35.75(V0.16) + 0.4275T(V0.16 ) V = WIND SPEED (mph) T (˚F) = AIR TEMP SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE CAT IN MERCURY MILLIBARS > 28.94 WIND/KPH WIND/MPH WIND/KNOTS SURGE/FT 74-95 119-153 > 980 CURRENT TEMPERATURE ˚F -5˚ -10˚ -15˚ -20˚ -25˚ -30˚ -35˚ -40˚ -45˚ 64-82 4-5 R E L A T I V E H U M I D I T Y Moderate Overturned mobile homes, downed trees, shingles blown off and some signs down 70˚ 75˚ 80˚ 85˚ 90˚ 95˚ 100˚ 64 69 73 78 83 87 91 10% 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 20% 66 72 77 82 87 93 99 30% 67 73 78 84 90 96 10 40% 68 74 79 86 93 101 11 50% 69 75 81 88 96 107 12 60% 70 76 82 90 100 114 13 70% 70 77 85 93 106 124 14 80% 71 78 86 97 113 136 15 90% 71 79 88 102 122 150 17 100% 72 80 91 108 133 166 184 BEAUFORT WIND SCALE DAMAGE LIKELY Minimal Broken trees, shrubs and street signs Inwater boat and mobile home damage 0˚ 0% WIND SPEED KPH MPH KNOTS # DESCRIPTION 0 0 calm 1-5 1-3 1-3 light air - 11 4-7 4-6 light breeze 28.50-28.91 965-979 154-177 96-110 83-95 6-8 27.91-28.47 945-964 178-209 111-130 96-113 9-12 27.17-27.88 920-944 210-249 131-155 114-135 13-18 Extreme Roofs blown off, building walls collapsed Storm surge near beach flooding homes 12 - 19 - 12 - 10 gentle breeze > 18 Catastrophic Concrete structures damaged Small structures and cars overturned and blown away 20 - 28 13 - 18 11 - 16 moderate breeze 29 - 38 19 - 24 17 - 21 fresh breeze 39 - 49 25 - 31 22 - 27 strong breeze 50 - 61 32 - 38 28 - 33 near gale < 27.17 < 920 > 249 > 155 > 135 FUJITA-PEARSON SUN TANNING INDEX TORNADO SCALE REVISED 2007 SKIN PROTECTION FACTOR # TO USE CLASS TYPE SKIN REACTION Tans little or not at all, always burns easily & severely, then peels Usually burns easily & severely; tans minimally & lightly, also peels EXAMPLES People with fair skin, blue 12-20 or hazel eyes, blonde or red hair Burns moderately, gains Average caucasian Burns minimally, tans easily & above average with each exposure People with light brown skin, dark brown hair, dark eyes Rarely burns, tans easily Brown-skinned persons & substantially Tans profusely & never burns SPF# People with fair skin, blue eyes, freckles, white, 20-30 unexposed skin average tan Black-skinned persons Extensive Large trees down; signs, awnings and windows broken Mobile homes destroyed F F F F F F KPH MPH DAMAGE LIKELY 64 - 116 117 - 180 181 - 253 254 - 332 333 - 419 420 - 512 40 - 72 73 - 112 113 - 157 158 - 207 208 - 260 261 - 318 light moderate considerable severe devastating incredible 62 - 74 39 - 46 34 - 40 gale 75 - 88 47 - 54 41 - 47 strong gale 89 - 102 55 - 63 48 - 55 10 storm 103 - 117 64 - 72 56 - 63 11 violent storm > 64 12 hurricane > 118 > 73 SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY GALE WARNING STORM WARNING HURRICANE WARNING 8-10 ULTRAVIOLET INDEX Price: U.S $4.95 / CAN $7.50 5-8 VALUE EXPOSURE quickstudy.com free downloads & hundreds of titles at 0-2 Minimal 3-4 Low 5-6 Moderate 7-9 High > 10 Very High All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher © 2002, 2003 BarCharts, Inc 0408 Customer Hotline # 1.800.230.9522 TROPICAL STORM WARNING (TF - 32)/1.8 = TC ISBN-13: 978-142320710-8 ISBN-10: 142320710-6