Tài liệu gồm các cấu trúc từ cơ bản đến tất cả các dạng biến thể và nâng cao trong câu điều kiện giúp học sinh trang bị kiến thức ngữ pháp nâng cao, đạt điểm 9 trong đề thi đại học hoặc rèn học sinh giỏi
Trang 1CONDITIONAL SENTENCES & CLAUSES
A Conditional sentences
- Câu điều kiện có hai mệnh đề: MĐ phụ (hay MĐ điều kiện) bắt đầu bằng If, và MĐ chính (nêu lên kết quả)
- Có 3 loại câu ĐK :
1 Real conditional sentences (Type 1).
a Future possible (có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tơng lai).
If + S + V (simple present) + S + will/ can/ may/ must + V inf.
eg If I have time, I will visit you.
b Habitual ( thói quen).
If + S + V (simple present) + S + V (simple present)
eg Ann usually walks to school if she has enough time.
c Command (câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu).
If + S + V (simple present) + command form.
eg Please buy me some fruits if you go to market.
2 Present unreal conditional sentences (Type 2).
If + S + V (simple past) + S + would/ should/ could/ might + V inf
(Trong MĐ phụ nếu có’To be’thì dùng ‘Were’ cho tất cả các ngôi)
eg If today were Saturday, I could go to the beach
If I had time, I would write you a letter.
3 Past unreal conditional sentences (Type 3).
If + S + V (past perfect) + S + would/ could/ might + have + PII.
eg If I hadn’t lost my way, I would have arrived sooner
Note:
- Có thể dùng đảo ngữ trong câu ĐK loại 2 có ‘Were’ và câu ĐK loại 3 để nhấn mạnh
eg If I were younger, I would play tennis
> Were I younger, I would play tennis.
If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exam.
> Had he studied hard, he would have passed his exam.
- Unless: Trong MĐ điều kiện , ta có thể thay liên từ If bằng Unless(nếu không, trừ phi)
Unless = If not
eg If you don’t study hard, you will fail in the exam
=Unless you study hard, you will fail in the exam.
- Khi ta đổi If sang Unless, nếu MĐ If ở thể khẳng định không đợc đổi sang thể phủ định khi dùng Unless
mà phải đổi MĐ chính sang thể ngợc lại
eg If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster
=Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster.
- Provided (that) / providing (that), On condition (that) (với điều kiện là), As long as, so long as (miễn
là, với điều kiện là), Suppose, supposing (giả sử nh), In case (trong trờng hợp), Even if (ngay cả khi,
dù cho
dùng để chỉ sự tơng phản hay nhấn mạnh), có thể dùng thay cho If trong câu điều kiện.
eg Supposing it rains, what will you do ?
I’ll accept your invitation provided you go with me
Even if he goes to bed early, he always wakes up late
- When (khi): khi hành động chắc chắn xảy ra hơn.
eg I’ll phone you when I go to bed tonight
- As if / As though: Cứ nh thế, nh là
* Chỉ hành động có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại:
S + V ( present) + As if/ As though + S + V (present).
* Chỉ hành động hay sự kiện không có thật ở hiện tại:
S + V (present) As if/ As though + S + V (past).
eg He acts as though he were rich
The girl dresses as if it were summer even in the winter.
* Chỉ hành động hay sự kiện không có thật ở quá khứ
S + V (past) + As if/ As though + S + V (past perfect).
eg She looked as if she had seen a ghost
Trang 2- Wish, If only: (ao íc, gi¸ mµ ) Sau Wish vµ If only thêng dïng mét M§ chØ mét ®iÒu ao íc, mét ®iÒu
kh«ng thËt Cã 3 M§ sau Wish vµ If only:
a Future wish: S + wish + S + would/ could + V (bare inf)
(If only)
eg I wish I would be an astronaut in the future
If only I would take the trip with you next Sunday.
b Present wish: S + wish + S + V past subjunctive = simple past
(V2; be - were)
(If only)
eg I can’t swim I wish I could swim
Marry isn’t here I wish she were here =If only Marry were here
c Past wish: S + wish + S + past perfect/ could have + PII.
( If only)
eg She wishes she had had enough money to buy the house
If only I had met her yesterday.
ExerciseS
I Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.
1 If the earth suddenly (stop) ………… spinning we all (fly) ………… off it.
2 If you (smoke) ……… in a non-smoking compartment the other passengers (object) …………
3 (your parents / not / be) ……… proud if they could see you now?
4 I’m broke, but I (have) ………… plenty of money now if I (not / spend) ………… so much yesterday
5 If we (work) ………all right, we (finish) ………in time; but we have no intention of doing it
6 If we (have) ……… a submarine now, we (use) …………it to investigate the seabed
7 Were he ten years younger, he (take) ……… part in the voyage around the world
8 Should you come late, they (not let) ……… you in
9 He might get rid of his cough if he (not smoke) ………so much
10 If someone (give) ……….you a boat what you (do) ……… ?
11 Water (freeze) ……… if the temperature falls below zero
12 I (warn) ………… you if I had seen you last week
13 He always says hello if he (see) ………… you
14 What would you do if he (resign) ……… tomorrow?
15 I wouldn’t have been so upset if Judy (write) ……… to me earlier
16 Shout if you (see) ………… anything unusually
17 The engine starts if you (turn) ……… this key
18 If he weren’t so bad-temperature, his wife (not leave) ……….him so soon after the marriage
19 What (you / say) ……….if I offered you a job?
20 The children always (get) ………….frightened if they watch horror films
21 If it (not be) _ for you, I would be late
22 I can’t help feeling sorry for the hungry children If only there (be) peace in the world
23 Were I to become president, my first act (be) to help the poor
24 If he (listen) _ to his father’s advice, he would still be working here
25 If she hadn’t stayed up late last night, she (not / be) tired now
26 I feel as if my head (be) _ on fire now, doctor
27 He always talks as though he (address) at a public meeting
28 It was our fault to keep you waiting so long We (inform) _ you in advance
29 Had I known her address, I (go) _ to visit her
30 He looked frightened as if he (see) _ a ghost
31 I wish I (see) her off at the airport yesterday
32 Tom wishes he (have) _ enough money to buy a new car now
33 Mary wishes she (become) _ an astronaut someday
34 I wish I (have) a day off to visit his parents He hasn’t seen them for ages
35 He wishes he (not/buy) that old car
II Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D to complete each sentence
1 I would have visited you before if there _ quite a lot of people in your house
2 If you had caught the bus, you _ late for work
A wouldn't have been B would have been C wouldn’t be D would be
Trang 33 If I _, I would express my feelings.
4 If _ as I told her, she would have succeeded
5 Will you be angry if I _ your pocket dictionary?
6 You made a mistake by telling her a lie It _ better if you _ to her
A would have been / hadn't lied B would be / didn't lie
7 John would be taking a great risk if he _ his money in that business
8 She wouldn't have given them all that money if we _ her to
A wouldn’t advise B won't advise C hadn't advised D didn't advise
9 If the tree hadn't been so high, he _ it up to take his kite down
10 If the wall weren't so high, he _ it up to take his ball down
11 If I _ her phone number, I _ her last night
A had known / could have phoned B knew / would have phoned
12 If he the truth, the police wouldn’t arrest him
13 If you press that button what _?
A would happen B would have happened C will happen D happen
14 She says if she _ that the traffic lights were red she _
A had realized / would stop B realized / could have stopped
C has realized / stopped D had realized / would have stopped
15 I am very thin I think, if I _ smoking, I might get fat
16 If I _ that yesterday, I _ them
A had discovered / would inform B had discovered / would have informed
C had discovered / could inform D discovered / can inform
17 If you _ to the course regularly, they a certificate last year
A go / gave B go / give C had gone / would have given D went / would give
18 I think he is not at home If he _ in, he the phone
C were / would have answered D.had been / would have answered
19 If I in London now, I could visit British Museum
20 If Columbus _ money from Queen Isabella, he _ across the Atlantic
A do not receive / could not sail B had not received / might not have sailed
C did not receive / might not have sailed D would not receive / might not sail
21 If you didn't wear shabby clothes, you _ more good-looking
22 I wish I had remembered your number Otherwise, I you
phone
23 If you be someone, who you ?
A could / would / have been B could / would / be C can / will / be D are able to / will / be
24 If I an Angel, I would try to make happy all the children
25 John would be taking a great risk if he _ his money in that business
26 It if nobody had reminded them
A would have be forgot B would have been forgot
27 The car if somebody takes it there
Trang 4A will be repaired B would be repaired C will been repaired D is repair
28 You to prison if you did that
A would be send B would have been sent C would be sent D were sent
29 You would study Italian if it _ here
A was teaching B were taught C would be taught D is taught
30 It _ if nobody reminded them
A was forgotten B would be forget C would be forgot D would forgot
III Choose the underlined part in each sentence (A, B, C or D) that needs correcting.
1.What do you do if you won the first prize of the lottery?
A B C D
2 Would people be able to fly, if they have feathers instead of hair?
A B C D
3 George now wishes he hasn’t broken his encouragement with Marian
A B C D
4 I would do it if I could, but I can’t so I wouldn’t even try
A B C D
5 If a drop of oil is placed in a glass of water, it would float to the top
A B C D
6 If Peter had been more careful, he wouldn’t break the camera I lent him
A B C D
7 Roger wouldn’t have made such a lot of mistakes if he hasn’t been so tired
A B C D
8 How nice it would be for our parents if we could built the house
A B C D
9 He wouldn’t have able to pass the test if his English hadn’t been good enough
A B C D
10 If only we knew all this information about the market many weeks ago
A B C D
11 My father gave me a watch for my birthday, but I wish he has given me laptop instead
A B C D
12 If your son were old enough, he could be able to take the competition next week
A B C D
13 If she had send a telegram, we would have received it by now
A B C D
14 They wouldn’t have order more books if they had noticed that the sales were falling
A B C D
15 I would have called you if I could have known your number
A B C D