GIÁO TRÌNH TIẾNG ANH CÔNG NGHỆ THÔNG TIN

For this reason, computer can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical

Unit 1: The Computer

A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in

one of two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized The machine is

capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters.

The basic job of computers is the processing of information For this reason, computer can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions

called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical operations

on the information, and then supply results of these operations The program, or part of it,

which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to

solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory

Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers However, most computers,

whether large or small have three basic capabilities First, computers have circuits for

performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user

Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions The kinds of decisions

which computer circuits can make are not of the type: "Who would win a war between twocountries?" or "Who is the richest person in the world?" The computer can only decide threethings, named: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one numbergreater than another?

A computer can do many things that a person can do A computer can solve a series ofproblems and make hundreds, even thousands, of logical decisions without becoming tired orbored It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to

do the job A computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic logical operations almostinstantaneously A computer can replace people in a lot of tasks Certain computers(commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such asrobots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc However, a computer cannot doanything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information After all,

it is just only a device: if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, it wouldn’t be

2 Where are the program and the data kept in a computer?

3 What types of information that a computer accept?

4 What are three basic capabilities of a computer?

5 How can a computer be used to replace people in some cases?

2 Understanding the passage

Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the information

in the text Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true

1 ……….A computer can store or handle any data even if it hasn't received information to do

4 ……….Most computers can not perform arithmetic operations, make decisions, andcommunicate in some ways with the users

5 ……….Computers can make any type of decisions they are asked to do

6 ……… Computers can not work if we do not give them the appropriate information

II Grammatical Point

Relative pronouns – who, whom, which, that, and whose

Relative pronouns serve two functions at once They are used as the subjects or objects

of the verbs, like other pronouns; at the same time, they join clauses together, likeconjunctions

The most common relative pronouns are who, whom, which, that and whose Both who and whom are used for people However, whom (which refers to the object of a verb or a

preposition) is rather unusual, especially in conversational English It is generally either left

out, or replaced by who or that Which is used for things That can often (but not always) be used instead of who, whom, or which Whose is relative possessive pronoun which is used in

place of a possessive ’s or a possessive adjective

- The subject:

Eg: The man who is standing over there is my teacher

The book which is about wild life is mine

I’ll introduce you to the man whose support is necessary for your project

- The object:

Eg: This is the novel that I like best

The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt

The professor whose course I’m taking is excellent

Exercise: Combine each pair of sentences into one

1 She is the most intelligent student I’ve ever met this student

2 The examination lasted two days I was successful in this examination

3 A man answered the phone He said Tom was out

4 Please post these letters I wrote them this morning

5 The man called the police His car was stolen last night

6 The man refused to give me his name He told me this

7 He made the noise The noise woke everyone up

8 Everyone knows him Everyone likes him

9 This is Tom I borrowed his bike

10 Mary and Rose are twins You talked to them yesterday evening

III Exercise

Translate the following text into Vietnamese

What can computers do?

Computers and microchips have become part of our everyday lives: we visit shops andoffices which have been designed with the help of computers, we read magazines which havebeen produced on computer, and we pay bills prepared by computers Just picking up atelephone and dialing a number involves the use of a sophisticated computer system, as doesmaking a flight reservation or bank transaction

We encounter daily many computers that spring to life the instant they're switched on(e.g calculators, the car's electronic ignition, the timer in the microwave, or the programmerinside the TV set), all of which use chip technology

What makes your computer such a miraculous device? Each time you turn it on, it is aTabular Rasa that, with appropriate hardware and software, is capable of doing anything youask It is a calculating machine that speeds up financial calculations It is an electronic filingcabinet which manages large collections of data such as customers' lists, accounts, orinventories It is a magical typewriter that -allows you to type and print any kind of document

- letters, memos or legal documents It is a personal communicator that enables you to interactwith other computers and with people around the world If you like gadgets and electronicentertainment, you can even use your PC to relax with computer games

UNIT 2: Characteristic of computer

Computers are machines designed to process, electronically, specially prepared pieces of

information which are termed data Handling or manipulating the information that has been

given to the computer, in such ways as doing calculations, adding information or makingcomparisons is called processing Computers are made up of millions of electronic devicescapable of storing data or moving them, at enormous speeds, through complex circuits withdifferent functions

All computers have several characteristics in common, regardless of make or design Information, in the form of instructions and data, is given to the machine, after which themachine acts on it, and a result is then returned The information presented to the machine is

the input; the internal manipulative operations, the processing; and the result, the output.

These three basic concepts of input, processing, and output occur in almost every aspect ofhuman life whether at work or at play For example, in clothing manufacturing, the input is thepieces of cut cloth, the processing is the sewing together of these pieces, and the output is thefinished garment

Figure shows schematically the fundamental hardware components in a computersystem

The centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or usually, the central

processing unit (CPU) The term "computer" includes those parts of hardware in which

calculations and other data manipulations are performed, and the high-speed internal

memory in which data and calculations are stored during actual execution of programs

Attached to the CPU are the various peripheral devices such as card reader and keyboards

(two common examples of input devices) When data or program needs to be saved for long

SEC.STORAGE

period of time, they are stored on various secondary memory devices of storage devices such amagnetic tape or magnetic disk

Computers have often been thought of as extremely large adding machines, but this is avery narrow view of their function Although a computer can only respond to certain number

of instructions, it is not a single-purpose machine since these instructions can be combined in

an infinite number of sequences Therefore, a computer has no known limit on the kinds of

things it can do; its versatility is limited only by the imagination of those using it

In the late 1950s and early 1960s when electronic computers of the kind in use todaywere being developed, they were very expensive to own and run Moreover, their size andreliability were such that a large number of support personnel were needed to keep the

equipment operating This has all changed now that computing power has become portable,

more compact, and cheaper

In only a very short period of time, computers have greatly changed the way in whichmany kinds of work are performed Computers can remove many of the routine and boring

tasks from our lives, thereby leaving us with more time for interesting, creative work It goes

without saying that computers have created whole new areas of work that did not exist beforetheir development

Vocabulary

1 How can computers process data?

2 What are computers comprised of?

3 What are the input, the processing, and output?

4 What does the high-speed internal memory do?

5 How are modern computers different from the ones in the past?

2 Understanding the passage

Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the information

in the text Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true

1 ……… All information to be processed must be prepared in such a way that the computerwill understand it

2 ……… Because of the complex electronic circuitry of a computer, data can be eitherstored or moved about at high speeds

3 ……….Not all computers can process data given to them and produce results

4 ……….The basic concepts of data processing are restricted to computers alone

5 ……….The processor is the central component of a computer system

6 ……….All other devices used in a computer system are attached to the CPU

7…………Memory devices are used for storing information

8……… Computers are very much restricted in what they can do

9 ……….Computers today cost less, are smaller, and need fewer people to operate themthan in the past

10 …… Computers haven't changed our working conditions very much

Active: S + verbA + O

Passive: S + be + past participle + (by O)

We usually use the passive voice when we do not know the agent or we want to emphasize theobject

a) Present simple:

S + am/ is/ are + P II

Eg: Ann writes a letter.

-> A letter is written by Ann

People spend a lot of money on advertising everyday

-> A lot of money is spent on advertising everyday

b) Past simple:

S + was/ were + P II

Eg: They broke the window last night

-> The window was broken last night

The teacher didn’t allow his students to take the books home

-> The students weren’t allowed to take the books home

Exercise: change the following sentences from active to passive

1 Did the teacher return the written works?

2 People drink a great deal of tea in England

3 People speak English in almost every corner of the world

4 They didn’t look after the children properly

5 She doesn’t often take her dog for a walk

6 They use milk for making butter and cheese

7 They sold one of her painting at $1.000

8 A man I know told me about it

9 Do people grow rice in Asia?

10 Why didn’t they mend the roof before it fell in?

III Exercise

1 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets

a Various terminal (connect)……… to this workstation

b Microcomputers (know)……… as “PCs”

c Magazines (typeset) ………by computers

d When a particular program is run, the data (process)………… by the computer rapidly

e Hard disks (use)……… for the permanent storage of information

f The drug-detecting test in the “tour de France” (support)………… by computers

g All the activities of the computer system (coordinate)……….by central processingunit

h In some modern system information (hold)………in optical disks

i COBOL (use)……… for business applications

j the ADA language (develop) ……….in 1979

k in the 1970s, new languages such as LISP and PROLOG (design)……….forresearch into Artificial Intelligence

2 Translate the text into Vietnamese

Some applications of computers

Computers have many applications in a great variety of fields

1 In education, computers can make all the difference Computers can help students performmathematical operations and solve difficult questions They can be used to teach courses such

as computer-aid-design, language learning, programming, mathematics, etc

PCs (personal computers) are also used for administrative purposes: for examples, schooluse databases and word processors to keep records of students, teachers and materials

2 In competitions, computers play an extremely important part Race organizers and journalistrely on computers to provide them with the current positions of riders and teams in both theparticular stages of the race and in the overall competition

Workstations in the race buses provide the timing system and give up-to-the minute timinginformation to TV stations In the process rooms several PCs give real time information on thestage of the race Computers databases are also used in the drug-detecting tests forcompetitors

3 In banking, computers store information about the amount of money held by each client andenable staff to access large databases and try to carry out financial transactions at high speech.They also control the automatic cash dispensers which, by the use of a personal code card,dispense money to clients

4 In air track, airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane For example,monitors display data about fuel consumption and weather conditions

In airport control towers, computers are used to manage radar systems and regulate airtraffic

On the ground, airlines are connected to travel agencies by computer Travel agents usecomputers to find out about the availability of flights, prices, times, stopovers and many otherdetails

Perhaps the most influential component is the CPU Its function is to execute program

instructions and coordinate the activities of all the other units In a way, it is the brain of the

computer The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently beingprocessed by the CPU The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer Theyinclude storage devices and input/output devices

Storage devices (floppy, hard or optical disks) provide a permanent storage of both data

Disk drives are use to handle one or more floppy disks Input devices (e.g.: mouse, keyboard)

enable data to go into the computer’s memory The most common input devices are the

keyboard Output devices (e.g.: monitor, printer) enable us to extract the finished product from the system For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer.

On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide

range of peripherals-modems, fax machines, optical drives and scanners

These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally known as theconfiguration

Central Processing Unit (CPU) Bộ xử lý trung tâm

1 What are three basic steps in the process?

2 What are software and hardware?

3 What is the function of the CPU?

4 What are the most common input devices? Do you know any others?

5 Where does the computer show the output?

2 Matching

Use the information in the text to match the terms with the appropriate explanation or definition below.

a software b peripheral devices c monitor d floppy disk e hardware d input e port

f output g input h CPU

1 The brain of the computer

2 Physical parts that make up a computer system

3 Programs which can be used on a particular computer system

4 The information which is presented to the computer

5 Results produced by a computer

6 Hardware equipment attached to the CPU.

7 Visual display unit

8 Small devices used to store information Same as “diskette”

9 Any socket or channel in a computer system into which an input/output device may beconnected

3 Filling into the blanks

II Grammar

Passive voice (2)– passive forms of present continuous and present perfect.

a) Present continuous:

S + am/ is/ are + being + P II

Eg: They are pulling down the old house

-> The old house is being pulled down

b) Present perfect:

S + have/ has + been + PII

Eg: Mr Smith has taught us French for two years

-> We have been taught French by Mr Smith for two years

Exercise: Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning:

1 Tom is writing a letter

2 Five suspects have been arrested by the police

3 Are big cakes being made for the party?

4 Has Tom finished the work?

Computer system

Program and

data

………

Mechanical and electronic equipment

5 People are spending far more money on food now than they spent ten years ago.

6 Someone has already told him to report for duty at six

7 Who are they keeping in the kitchen?

8 The lessons are being written by the students now

9 Some of my books have been taken away

10 They haven’t repaired my computer yet

11 They have just released the new version of TurboPascal

III Exercise

Match these descriptions with the names

of keys on the right

1 A long key at the bottom of the keyboard Each time it is pressed,

it produces a blank space (=……….)

2 It moves the cursor to the beginning of the new line It is also used

to confirm commands (=………)

3 It stops a program without losing the information from the main

memory Sometimes its use depends on the applications

(=……….)

4 It works in combination with other keys to produce special

characters or specific action (=……….)

5 It removes the character on the left of the cursor or any selected

text (=……… )

6 It products UPPER-CASE character on the left of the cursor (or

the upper case character of the key) (=………)

7 It produces upper-case letters but it does not affect numbers and

symbols (=………… )

8 It moves the cursor horizontally in the right for a fixed number of

spaces (in tabulations and data fields) (=……… )

9 They are used to move the cursor as an alternative to the mouse

(=……… )

Unit 4: Hardware and software

Computer systems are devised to help people solve problems Computer systems may bediscussed in two parts

The first part is hardware - the physical, electronic and electromechanical devices that

are thought and recognized as "computers" The second part is software - the programs that

Arrow keysReturnCaps lockShiftTabEscapeSpace barbackspaceAlt

control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing

of data

Figure shows diagrammatically the basic components of computer hardware joined together in a computer system The centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or

usually the central processing unit (CPU) The term "computer" usually refers to those parts of

the hardware in which calculations and other data manipulations are performed, and to the internal memory in which data and instructions are stored during the actual execution of programs The various peripherals, which include input and/or output devices, various secondary memory devices, and so on, are attached to the CPU.

Computer software can be divided into two very broad categories system software andapplication software The system software is often simply referred to as "system" These, when

brought into internal memory, direct the computer to perform tasks The application software may be provided along with the hardware by a system supplier as part of a computer product

designed to answer a specific need in certain areas These complete hardware/softwareproducts are called turnkey systems

The success or failure of any computer system depends on the skill with which the

hardware and software components are selected and blended A poorly chosen system can be amonstrosity incapable of performing the tasks for which it was originally acquired

Centerpiece Phần trung tâm

1 What are the two parts making up a computer system?

2 Which part directs the processor of data?

4 Where are peripherals attached?

3 What does the term “computer” refer to?

5 What are the two categories of computer software?

6 What does performance of a computer system depend on?

II Grammar:

1 Prefixes

Trong Tiếng Anh xuất hiện các tiền tố sau:

- To denote reversal or repetision of an action: un, non, in, dis, re

- To denote size: semi (nửa), mini (nhỏ), micro (to)

- To denote space ralationship: inter (trong), super (trên), trans (chuyển đổi), ex (ngoài), extra(thêm), mid (giữa)

- To denote time relationship: pre (trước), ante (trước), prime (®Çu tiªn), fore (trước), post (sau)

- To denote numeral: bi (hai), hex (s¸u), oct (t¸m), multi (nhiÒu)

Underline all prefixes in these following sentences:

1 Non-impact printers are inexpensive and silent

2 Tape-marks are reflective strips stuck onto the tape

3 The octal and the hexadecimal systems are number systems used as a form

of shorthand in reading groups of four binary digits

4 The internal storage locations of a computer are called its primary memory

5 Multi programming is when more than one program can be present at

different storage locations of the memory at the same time

2.2 Passive voice for defective verbs

Active: S + can/ should/must + verb + O

Passive: O + can/should/must + be + PII + (by S)

Rewrite the following sentences

1 A system supplier may provide the application software along with the hardware as part of

a computer

2 The computer can manipulate the electronic codes which are converted by a scanner

3 You should keep the screen clean to prevent distorting shadows

4 You should position your key board at the same height as your elbows

5 You should protect your floppies against high temperature

6 You shouldn’t put heavy objects on the top of the disk

7 Magnetic fields can damage the information stored on disks

8 When you insert a blank dist into a disk drive, you must format it

III Exercise

Exercise 1

Complete the sentences with a suitable word

1 The…………is also called the computer, the processor, or usually the CPU

2 ………… are the physical, electronic and electromechanical devices thought as

“computers”

3 Data and instructions are stored during the actual execution of programs in…………

4 ………… are the complete hardware/software products that systems suppliers provide withthe hardware

Exercise 2:

Read the text below and complete it with the phrases in the box

Applications software operating system software system softwareInformation provided by programs and data is known as……….Programs are sets ofinstructions that make the computer execute operations and tasks There are tow main types ofsoftware

The (2)………refers to all the programs which control the basic functions of acomputer They include operating system, system utilities (e.g an antivirus program, a back-up

utility) and language translators (e.g a compiler- the software that translates instructions intomachine code)

The (3)………… refers to all those applications such as word processors and spreadsheets –which are used for specific purposes Applications are usually stored on disks loaded into theRAM memory when activated by the users

The (4)………… is the most important type of system software It is usually supplied by themanufacturers and comprises a set of programs and files that control the hardware andsoftware resources of a computer system It controls all the elements that the user sees, and itcommunicates directly with the computer In most configurations, the OS is automaticallyloaded into the RAM section when the computer is started up

Floppy disks are so called because they consist of flexible plastic material which has amagnetizable surface They are available in two sizes: 5.25-inch disks are used in oldcomputers; 3.5-inch disks are the most popular today

The surface of a floppy disk is divided into concentric circles or 'tracks', which are thendivided into 'sectors' When you insert a blank disk into a disk drive, it must be 'initialized', orformatted, before information can be recorded onto it This means that magnetic areas arecreated for each track and sector, along with a catalogue or 'directory' which will record thespecific location of files

When you save a file, the operating system moves the read/write heads of the disk drivetowards empty sectors records the data and writes an entry for the directory Later on, whenyou open that file, the operating system looks for its entry in the directory on the disk, movesthe read/write heads to the correct sectors, and reads the file into the RAM area

Unit 5: Central process unit

It is common practice in computer science for the words "computer" and "processor" to

be used interchangeably More precisely, "computer" refers to the central processing unit

(CPU) together with an internal memory The internal memory or main storage, control andprocessing components make up the heart of the computer system Manufacturers design theCPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer

The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer It

determines which operations should be carried out and in what order The CPU can also retrieve information from memory and can store the results of manipulations back into the

memory unit for later reference

In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic - logical unit (ALU).

These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be

in one of two states, either on or off

The function of the control unit within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands The control unit is that portion of the computer that directs the

sequence or step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory,

interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the

arithmetic - logical unit

The arithmetic - logical unit, on the other hand, is that portion of the computer in whichthe actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division andexponentiation, called for in the ' instructions are performed It also performs some kinds oflogical operations such as comparing or selecting information All the operations of the ALUare under the direction of the control unit

Programs and the data on which the control unit and the ALU operate, must be ininternal memory in order to be processed Thus, if located on: secondary memory devices such

as disks or tapes, programs and data and first loaded into internal memory

Main storage and the CPU are connected to a console, where manual control operations

can be performed by an operator The console is an important, but special purpose, piece ofequipment It is used mainly when the computer is being started up, or during maintenance andrepair Many mini and micro systems do not have a console

Vocabulary

Interchangeablely cã thÓ thay thÕ cho nhau

Order Trận tự

Arithmetic- logical unit đơn vị số học logic

1 What does the term “computer” refer to?

2 Which parts make up the heart of the computer system?

3 What are the two functional units of the CPU in digital computers?

4 What does the control unit within the central processor do?

5 What does the ALU function?

6 When is console used?

2 Understanding the passage

Decide whether the following statements are true or false

1 ……… The central processing unit is made up of three components

2 ……… The CPU is responsible for all the activities taking place within a computer

3 ……… The processor itself has three components

4 ………The control unit directs the flow of information within the processor

5 ………The arithmetic-logical unit of the processor is responsible for the interpretation ofprogram instructions

6 ……….The arithmetic-logical unit is also responsible for choosing and comparing theappropriate information within a program

7 ……… The processor cannot operate on any information if that information is not in mainstorage

8 ……….Secondary memory and internal memory are located in the same place in thecomputer system

9 ……… Only after the data has been processed by the CPU can results be transmitted to anoutput device

10……… Computers can solve problems more quickly if they operate on new information

II Grammar

1 Showing the contrast

To show the contrast between two ideas but and however are usually used

“but” is used to link two independent clauses in a compound sentence, there is a comma (,)between the two clauses

Eg: Internet is a vast source of information, but a lot of information from internet is not verycredible

“however” is used to link the two sentences It can be at the beginning of the sentence or afterthe subject

E.g: Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers However, most computers,whether large or small have three basic capabilities

2 Adding new ideas

When we want to add new ideas we usually use the to phrases: in addition and moreover

Eg: He would like to become a computer programmer, because it is his passion, in addition, it

is a high paid job

Eg:

III Exercise Translate the following text into Vietnamese

What’s inside a microcomputer?

The nerve centre of a microcomputer is the central processing unit or CPU This unit isbuilt into a single microprocessor chip – uninterrupted circuit, which executes programinstructions and supervises the computer’s overall operation The unit consists of three mainparts: The control unit, which examines the instructions in the user’s program, interprets eachinstruction and causes the circuits and the rest of the components – disk drives, monitor, ect –

to be activated to execute the functions specified; The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), whichperforms mathematical calculations (+, -, etc.) and logical operations (and, or, ect); Theregisters, which are high speed units of memory used to store and control information One ofthese registers is the program counter (PC) which keeps track of the next instruction to be

performed in the main memory Another is the instruction register (IR) which holds theinstruction that is currently being executes.

One area where microprocessors differ is in the amount of data – the numbers of bits –they can work with at a time There are 8, 16, 32, and 64-bit processors The computer’sinternal architecture is evolving so quickly that the new 64-bit processors are able to address 4billion times more information than a 32-bit system

The programs and data which pass through the central processor must be loaded into themain memory (also called the internal memory) in order to be processed Thus, when the userruns an application, the microprocessor looks for it on secondary storage devices (disks) andtransfers a copy of the application into the RAM area Ram (random access memory) istemporary, i.e its information is lost when the computer is turned off However, the ROMsection (read only memory) is permanent and contains instruction needed by the processor.Most of today’s computers have internal expansion slots that allow users to installadapters or expansion boards