medical english

Medical English COMMON COLD 1. What is the common cold, and what causes it? The common cold, also known as a viral upper respiratory tract infection, is a contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses. Because of the great number of viruses that can cause a cold and because new cold viruses develop, the body never builds up resistance against all of them. For this reason, colds are a frequent and recurring problem. In fact, on average, and adolescents and adults, seven colds p er year * Vocabulary : - Respiratory tract : Đường hô hấp - Infection [in'fek∫n] (n) Sự lây nhiễm, sự nhiễm trùng - Contagious [kən'teidʒəs] (adj) dễ lây qua tiếp xúc; hay lây; truyền nhiễm - Resistance [ri'zistəns] (n) sự chịu đựng; sức đề kháng 2. What are the symptoms of the common cold? Symptoms of a common cold include nasal stuffiness and drainage, sore throat, hoarseness, cough, and perhaps a fever and headache. Many people with a cold feel tired and achy. These symptoms typically last from three to 10 days * Vocabulary : - Symptom (n) ['simptəm] triệu chứng (của một căn bệnh) - Nasal (adj) ['neizəl] ( thuộc) mũi - Stuffiness (n) ['stʌfinis] sự nghẹt mũi, sự tắc mũi - Hoarseness (n) ['hɔ:snis] tình trạng khản giọng, giọng khàn khàn 3. Treatment: Several treatments that can ease the symptoms associated with a common cold also exist. Decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine (Sudafed and others), and nasal sprays (Afrin and others) can help reduce symptoms. People with heart disease, poorly controlled high blood pressure, or other illness should contact their physician or other health-care practitioner prior to using these medications. Additionally, over-the-counter nasal sprays should not be used for more than three days because the nose can become dependent on them and a worse stuffy nose will result when they are discontinued. Antihistamines (Benadryl and others) may help reduce nasal drainage. Only those antihistamines that can also cause drowsiness seem to work. Again, the elderly or those individuals with other health problems (such as prostate trouble or 1 Medical English constipation) should contact their health-care practitioner before using these medications. Acetaminophen (Tylenol and others) or ibuprofen (Advil and others) can help with the muscle aches. Cough can be controlled with cough syrups containing dextromethorphan. Finally, drink lots of fluids, use throat lozenges for sore throat, and stay in a moist environment (for example, running a humidifier at night may help with the symptoms). - Decongestant (n) Thuốc làm thông mũi * Grammar and practice: 1. The great number of + N ( plural) 2. The relative clause: 3. The passive voice: - Active voice: S + V + O - Passive voice: O => S + BE + V-ed/ V + (by O <= S) 2 Medical English INFLUENZA 1. What is influenza? Influenza, commonly called "the flu," is an illness caused by viruses that infect the respiratory tract. Compared with most other viral respiratory infections, such as the common cold , influenza (flu) infection often causes a more severe illness with a mortality rate (death rate) of about 0.1% of people who are infected with the virus. Haemophilus influenzae is a bacterium that was incorrectly considered to cause the flu until the virus was demonstrated to be the correct cause in 1933. This bacterium can cause lung infections in infants and children, and it occasionally causes ear, eye, sinus, joint, and a few other infections, but not the flu. 2.What are flu symptoms? * Typical clinical features of influenza include • - fever (usually 100° F to 103° F in adults and often even higher in children) - respiratory symptoms such as - cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue, sometimes extreme. 3 Medical English Although nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea can sometimes accompany influenza infection, especially in children, gastrointestinal symptoms are rarely prominent. The term "stomach flu" is a misnomer that is sometimes used to describe gastrointestinal illnesses caused by other microorganisms. Most people who get the flu recover completely in one to two weeks, but some people develop serious and potentially life-threatening medical complications, such as pneumonia. In an average year, influenza is associated with about 20,000 deaths nationwide and many more hospitalizations. Flu-related complications can occur at any age; however, the elderly and people with chronic health problems are much more likely to develop serious complications after influenza infection than are younger, healthier people. - Pneumonia (n) Viêm phổi 4 Medical English CHICKENPOX 1. What is chickenpox? What causes chickenpox? Chickenpox is a common childhood skin disease caused by a virus. The virus is called the varicella -zoster virus. Most people contract chickenpox by age 15, the majority between ages 5 and 9, but all ages can contract it. Chickenpox is usually more severe in adults and very young infants than children. Winter and spring are the most common times of the year for chickenpox to occur. 2. What are the signs and symptoms of chickenpox? Symptoms tend to appear 14 to 16 days after the initial exposure but can occur any time from 10 days up to 21 days after contact with the virus. Chickenpox is characterized by one to two days of mild fever, general weakness, and a rash, often the first sign of the disease. Rarely, a person may have the disease without the rash. The rash of chickenpox develops in crops with raised red spots arriving first, progressing to blisters that burst, creating open sores, before crusting over. This process usually starts on the scalp, then the trunk (its area of greatest concentration), and finally the arms and legs. Any area of skin that is irritated (by diaper rash, poison ivy, eczema, sunburn, etc.) is likely to be hard hit by the rash. The rash is typically very itchy (pruritic GENERIC NAME: acetaminophen BRAND NAME: Tylenol and others DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Acetaminophen belongs to a class of drugs called analgesics (pain relievers) and antipyretics (fever reducers). The exact mechanism of action of acetaminophen is not known. Acetaminophen relieves pain by elevating the pain threshold, that is, by requiring a greater amount of pain to develop before a person feels it. It reduces fever through its action on the heat- regulating center of the brain. Specifically, it tells the center to lower the body's temperature when the temperature is elevated. The FDA approved acetaminophen in 1951. PRESCRIPTION: No. 5 Medical English GENERIC AVAILABLE: Yes. PREPARATIONS: Liquid suspension, chewable tablets, coated caplets, gelcaps, geltabs, and suppositories. Common dosages are 325, 500 and 650 mg. STORAGE: Store tablets and solutions at room temperature 15°-30°C (59°-86°F). Suppositories should be refrigerated below 27°C (80°F). PRESCRIBED FOR: Acetaminophen is used for the relief of fever as well as aches and pains associated with many conditions. Acetaminophen relieves pain in mild arthritis but has no effect on the underlying inflammation, redness, and swelling of the joint. If the pain is not due to inflammation, acetaminophen is as effective as aspirin. It is as effective as the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug ibuprofen (Motrin) in relieving the pain of osteoarthritis of the knee. Unless directed by physician, acetaminophen should not be used for longer than 10 days. DOSING: The oral dose for adults is 325 to 650 mg every 4 to 6 hours. The maximum daily dose is 4 grams. The oral dose for a child is based on the child's age, and the range is 40-650 mg every 4 hours. When administered as a suppository, the adult dose is 650 mg every 4 to 6 hours. For children, the dose is 80-325 mg every 4 to 6 hours depending on age. DRUG INTERACTIONS: Acetaminophen is metabolized (eliminated by conversion to other chemicals) by the liver. Therefore drugs that increase the action of liver enzymes that metabolize acetaminophen [for example, carbamazepine (Tegretol), isoniazid (INH, Nydrazid, Laniazid), rifampin (Rifamate, Rifadin, Rimactane)] reduce the levels of acetaminophen and may decrease the action of acetaminophen. Doses of acetaminophen greater than the recommended doses are toxic to the liver and may result in severe liver damage. The potential for acetaminophen to harm the liver is increased when it is combined with alcohol or drugs that also harm the liver. Cholestyramine (Questran) reduces the effect of acetaminophen by decreasing its absorption into the body from the intestine. Therefore, acetaminophen should be administered 3 to 4 hours after cholestyramine or one hour before cholestyramine . Acetaminophen doses greater than 2275 mg per day may increase the blood thinning effect of warfarin (Coumadin) by an unknown mechanism. Therefore, prolonged administration or large doses of acetaminophen should be avoided during warfarin therapy. PREGNANCY: Acetaminophen is used in all stages of pregnancy and is the drug of choice for short-term treatment of fever and minor pain during pregnancy. NURSING MOTHERS: Acetaminophen is excreted in breast milk in small quantities. However, acetaminophen use by the nursing mother appears to be safe. 6 Medical English SIDE EFFECTS: When used appropriately, side effects with acetaminophen are rare. The most serious side effect is liver damage due to large doses, chronic use or concomitant use with alcohol or other drugs that also damage the liver. Chronic alcohol use may also increase the risk of stomach bleeding. USES: This drug is used to relieve mild to moderate pain and to reduce fever. HOW TO USE: Take this medication as directed. Do not take more acetaminophen than recommended (see Side Effects section). Do not use for more than 10 days without consulting your doctor. This medication is not to be given to children under 3 years of age without your doctor's approval. SIDE EFFECTS: When taken as directed, most people experience little or no side effects with this medication. Tell your doctor immediately if any of these highly unlikely but very serious side effects occur: easy bruising or bleeding, persistent sore throat or other signs of infection. If you do not have liver problems, the adult maximum dose of acetaminophen is 4 grams per day (4000 milligrams). If you take more than the maximum daily amount, it may cause serious (possibly fatal) liver disease. Tell your doctor immediately if you have any of the following symptoms of liver damage: severe nausea, yellowing eyes or skin, dark urine, stomach pain, extreme fatigue. A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is unlikely, but seek immediate medical attention if it occurs. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction may include: rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, trouble breathing. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist. PRECAUTIONS: Before taking acetaminophen, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: liver disease, alcohol dependency, any allergies. Acetaminophen may cause liver damage. Daily use of alcohol, especially when combined with acetaminophen, may increase your risk for liver damage. Check with your doctor or pharmacist for more information. Acetaminophen is often used instead of aspirin. They are equally effective in relieving pain; however, acetaminophen does not reduce swelling and inflammation like aspirin does. There are many brands and forms of acetaminophen on the market. Read the dosing instructions carefully as the amount of acetaminophen may vary among products. Acetaminophen appears to be safe for use during pregnancy. Use only if clearly needed. Acetaminophen is found in breast milk, but side effects in nursing infants have not been reported. Consult you doctor if you are breast-feeding. What does chickenpox look like? 3. What are the treatments for chickenpox? 7 Medical English Most of the treatments for chickenpox are aimed at decreasing the symptoms, such as severe itching. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) can be used to decrease the fevers and aches often associated with the initial presentation of the viral infection. Children should never be given aspirin or aspirin-containing cold medications because of the risks for developing Reye's syndrome (a severe acquired metabolic disease associated with liver and brain dysfunction and death). Frequent oatmeal baths (Aveeno, etc.) can decrease the itching associated with chickenpox. In addition, soothing lotions and moisturizers such as calamine lotion or any other similar over-the-counte r preparation can be applied to the rash. Benadryl or other antihistamines can be helpful in controlling the itching. Though Benadryl is available over the counter, other antihistamines can also be used. Always discuss these treatment options with your health-care practitioner. In addition to medications, there are also preventive measures that are needed. For young children, it is important to keep nails trimmed in order to minimize injury due to scratching and to control the risks for secondary bacterial infections. Lastly, in some cases of chickenpox, acyclovir can be prescribed. Acyclovir is an antiviral medication which has been used to shorten the duration of the infection. This medication has only been shown to be affective if started within one to two days of onset of the rash associated with chickenpox. Most commonly, this treatment is reserved for patients with other diagnoses which put them at risk for severe disease (severe skin diseases, immunodeficiency). GENERIC NAME: ASPIRIN CHEWABLE - ORAL (ASP-er-in) BRAND NAME(S): Children's Aspirin, St Joseph's Aspirin Children Warning | Medication Uses | How To Use | Side Effects | Precautions | Drug Interactions | Overdose | Notes | Missed Dose | Storage WARNING: Children and teenagers should not use aspirin, aspirin- containing or aspirin-related medications for flu symptoms or chickenpox without first consulting a doctor. A rare but serious illness known as Reye's syndrome may occur. USES: Aspirin is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, reduce fever, and to reduce the pain and swelling in conditions such as arthritis. In low doses, it is used as a "blood thinner" to prevent blood clots, and to reduce the risk of strokes and heart attacks. HOW TO USE: Chew thoroughly before swallowing. Use only as directed. May take with food or after meals to prevent stomach upset. You should take this drug with a full glass (8 oz or 240 ml) of water to help swallow the medication unless your doctor directs you otherwise. Do not lie down for at least 30 minutes after taking this. SIDE EFFECTS: Stomach upset is the most common side effect. If this effect persists or worsens, notify your doctor promptly. Unlikely but report promptly: heartburn, loss of appetite, dizziness, difficulty hearing, ringing in the ears, easy bruising or bleeding, black/bloody stools. Very unlikely but report: yellowing eyes/skin, dark urine. In the unlikely event you have a serious allergic reaction to this drug, seek immediate medical attention. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction include: rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, breathing trouble. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist. PRECAUTIONS: Take aspirin only on the advice of a doctor if you have certain medical conditions including: any allergies - especially aspirin/NSAID allergy (e.g., ibuprofen, celecoxib), blood disorders, bleeding problems, ulcers, asthma, kidney disease, liver disease, gout, nasal polyps. Children and teenagers should not take aspirin if they have chickenpox, influenza or any undiagnosed illness without first consulting a doctor about Reye's syndrome, a 8 Medical English rare but serious illness. This medicine may cause stomach bleeding. Daily use of alcohol, especially when combined with this medicine, may increase your risk for stomach bleeding. Check with your doctor or pharmacist for more information. If you have had oral surgery or your tonsils removed in the last seven days, do not use chewable aspirin tablets, effervescent aspirin or aspirin in crushed tablets or gargles. Aspirin that has a strong vinegar-like odor is too old and should not be used. Aspirin is not recommended for use during pregnancy. Consult your doctor before taking aspirin. Aspirin is excreted into breast milk. Though to date there have been no reports of harm to nursing infants, consult your doctor before breast-feeding DRUG INTERACTIONS: Tell your doctor of all prescription and nonprescription drugs you may use, especially: "blood thinners" (e.g., warfarin, heparin), acetazolamide, corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), medication for gout or diabetes, methotrexate, NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen). Consult your doctor before using aspirin. If you have diabetes, regular use of eight or more regular strength aspirin tablets a day may affect test results for urine sugar. Aspirin/NSAIDs are ingredients found in many over-the-counter products. To prevent an overdose of these drugs, read the labels carefully before taking other pain relievers or cold products to be sure they do not contain aspirin/NSAIDs. Consult your pharmacist if you are uncertain your over-the-counter products contain aspirin/NSAIDs. Do not start or stop any medicine without doctor or pharmacist approval. OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents can call the US national poison hotline at 1-800-222-1222. Canadian residents should call their local poison control center directly. Symptoms of overdose may include vomiting, stomach pain, fast breathing, dizziness, ringing in the ears, headache, confusion, and sweating. NOTES: There are many different types of aspirin products available. Some have special coatings or contain buffers to prevent stomach irritation and some are long acting. Read labels carefully. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for recommendations on the best product for you. MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, take it as soon as remembered; do not take if it is almost time for the next dose, instead, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not "double-up" the dose to catch up. STORAGE: Store at room temperature between 59 and 86 degrees F (between 15 and 30 degrees C) away from moisture and sunlight. Do not store in the bathroom. °C = (°F - 32) * 5 / 9 * °F = (°C * 1.8) + 32 * K = °C + 273.15 * °C = K - 273.15 TYLENOL * Warnings: - Alcohol warning: if you consume 3 or more alcohol drinks everyday, please ask your doctor whether you should take acetaminophen or other oain relievers/ fever reducers. Acetaminophen can cause liver damage. - Do not use: with any other product containing acetaminophen. - Stop use and ask a doctor if: + New symptoms occur 9 R Medical English + Redness or swelling is present + Pain gets worse or lasts for more than 10 days. - If pregnant or breast-feeding: ask a health professional before use. - Keep out of reach of children. Ask and answer: 1.List some uses of “Tylenol” 2. What can Acetaminophen damage in our body? 3.What should we do when some new symptoms happen to our body? 4. List some new strange symptoms can occur when taking Tylenol ( contains Acetaminophen) • Overdose warning:Taking more than the recommneded dose ( overdose) may cause liver damage. In case of overdose, get medical help right away. Quick medical attention is critical for aldults as well as for children even if you do not notice nay signs or symptoms. • Direction: 1.Adults and children 12 years and over: - Take 2 caplets every 4 to 6 hours as needed - Do not take more than 8 caplets in 24 hours - Do not use for more than 10 days unless directed by a doctor 2. Children under 12 years: - Do not use this adult product in children under 12 years of age; this will provide more than the recommended dose ( overdose) of Tylenol and many cause liver damage * Storage: between 20-25 o C Ask and answer: 1. What should we do when taking too many caplets? 10 [...].. .Medical English 2 For adults and chidren 12 years over, How many caplets should they drink every 4 to 6 hours as needed? 3 For children under 12 years of age, What must we pay attention to? 11 . Medical English COMMON COLD 1. What is the common cold, and what causes it? The. individuals with other health problems (such as prostate trouble or 1 Medical English constipation) should contact their health-care practitioner before