Teaching techniques and strategies in foreign languages1

Teaching Techniques and Strategies in Foreign Languages Presented by Dr G Sakinah Abdur-Rashied, Assistant Professor of Modern Foreign Languages Jackson State University Teaching Techniques and Strategies in Foreign Languages Best Practices in Foreign Language Teaching and Learning Methodologies in Foreign Language Teaching Grammar-Translation Method (1890-1930) Cognitive Approach (1940 – 1950) Audio-Lingual Method (1950-1960) The Direct Method (1970) The Natural/Communicative Approach (1960 – 2000) Methodologies Continued Total Physical Response/TPR (1960– 2000) The Silent Way (1960 – 2000) Suggestopedia (1960 – 2000) Community Language Learning/CLL: (1960 – 2000) Total Immersion Technique Grammar Translation Cognitive Approach Use of dictionaries Introduction for the first time of the four skills Grammar explanations Exercise drills Little opportunity for second-language acquisition existed  Listening  Speaking  Reading  Writing Audio-Lingual Method Direct Method  Audio tapes and lab  Discussion in the  Mimic native speakers language  Teacher/student interaction  Accuracy in pronunciation and oral expression became the main intention  Dialogues recited and Memorized  Repetition and substitution  Transformation and translation Communicative Approach Response Physical  Tracy Terrell and  TPR founded by James Stephen Krashen says  Acquisition-focused approach progresses through three stages: Aural comprehension Early speech production Speech activities Asher  Language and body movement are synchronized through imperative commands  Kinetic movement vs rote memorization  Speech is delayed The Silent Way Introduced by Dr Caleb Gattegno of Alexandria, Egypt  Production before meaning  Color-coded phonetics  No pronunciation model  Ability to draw students out orally  Teacher takes a back seat  Small group or round- table required  No textbook, syllabus in initial phase  The silent way truly gives students a spoken facility Suggestopedia Method Based on the Bulgarian medical doctor, hypnotist, psychology professor Dr Georgi Lozanov and his techniques of superlearning This Avant-garde method is sub conscious & subliminal melodic and artistic  Background classical or Baroque music  Soft lights, pillows Cushions on floor  Low/no stress focus  Maximizes natural holistic talents  Low/no stress focus  Breathing exercises to lead into the “alpha state” Derivative Programs Donald Schuster (SALT) Lynn Dhority (ACT) Suzuki Method of Music learning Community Language Learning/CLL Designed and elaborated by Charles Curran  Eases the learner into gradual independence and self-confidence in the target language  SARD S = Security to foster student confidence A = Attention or aggression ( involvement and frustration) R = retention and reflection (what is internalized and ultimately reflected upon) D = discrimination (the learner can now discriminate through classifying a body of material, seeing how one concept interrelates to another previously presented structure) Total Immersion Technique This technique in foreign language pedagogy “immerses” or “submerges” the student directly into the target language from the first opening day or hour of class There are basically two types: Effective – begins in hour one wherein the teacher speaks the foreign language slowly, clearly, and uses understandable comprehensible cognates( pictures/photo/TPR Ineffective – begins in hour one wherein the teacher speaks rapidly at native speed as if the students were residing within the target culture Strategies in Foreign language Learning and Teaching Definition of Strategies: Wenden and Rubin (1987) defines strategies as…”any set of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining, storage, retrieval, and use of information.” Richards and Platt (1992) state that learning strategies are “intentional behavior and thoughts used by learners during learning so as to better help them understand, learn or remember new information.” Strategies Continued According to Rubin (1987) there are three types of strategies: Learning strategies Communication strategies Social strategies Learning Strategies Cognitive Learning Strategies  Steps or operations used in learning that require direct analysis, transformation, or synthesis  Six main cognitive strategies: Clarifying/Verifying Guessing / Inductive Inferencing Deductive Reasoning Practice Memorization Monitoring Learning Strategies Cont’d Communication strategies  Related to the process of participation in a conversation and getting meaning across or clarifying what the speaker intended Social strategies  Those activities that learners engage in to be exposed to and to practice their language knowledge Teacher Role in Strategy Training  Teacher should learn about students Interests Goals motivations Learning styles Purpose for learning a language  The most important teacher role in foreign language teaching is the provision of a wide range of tasks to match the needs of all students possessing different learning styles, motivations etc (Hismanoglu) Application of Techniques  Language mastered  Computers and interactive multimedia learning are creating meaningful learning environment in foreign language pedagogy  (Jacobs,1992) more meaningfully when instructors utilize: Sounds Patterns Gestures Symbols And multimedia Techniques continued Good teaching means that the teacher must: Be knowledgeable in discipline Show enthusiasm Emphasize concepts and critical thinking Encourage questions from students Be caring to students(Ali, 2005) Creativity and Art as a constructivist technique which allows student to make personal discoveries through student centered learning: with the freedom to choose how to learn, what to learn, when to learn, and to become an active member of the community of learners Effective Teaching and Effective Learning Process Teacher Planning and stategies Student Group Work Methodology Attitude & perception Preparation Critical thinking Presentation Willingness to learn Promote thinking skills Cooperative learning Technology integration Goal orientation Satisfaction State of the mind Motivation Self-regulated Result Reason application Evaluation Accountability Factors Effecting Learning Outcome Student’s attitude Teacher’s attitude Learning environment Social environment Student’s interaction Classroom management Learning instruction Student-teacher interaction Techniques of Positive Teaching Storytelling + surprises Use reasoning Use communications Relevancy Use left-right brain Connections Techniques of Positive Teaching Continued Presentations Using fewer facts Media integration Emphasize Concepts Experience Encourage questions Learning Process L e a r n in g P r o c e s s M o tiv a tio n Engagem ent G r o u p L e a r n in g References Faryadi, Q., (2007) Techniques of Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language through Constructivist Paradigm: Malaysian Perspective Hadley, A (2001) Teaching Language in Context, Third Edition, Heinle & Heinle Publishers Hismanoglu, M (2000) Language Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching TESL Journal Vol VI, No.8, http://itesl.org/ retreived August 8, 2009 Lozanov, G (1999) Methodologies in Foreign Language Teaching: a brief historical overview Pufahl, I., Rhodes, N & Christina, D (2001) What We can Learn from Foreign Language Teaching in Other countries Center for Applied Linguistics Richards, J & Platt, J (1992).Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Wenden, A & Rubin, J., (1987) Learner Strategies in Language Learning, Prentice Hall [...]... were residing within the target culture Strategies in Foreign language Learning and Teaching Definition of Strategies: 1 Wenden and Rubin (1987) defines strategies as…”any set of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining, storage, retrieval, and use of information.” 2 Richards and Platt (1992) state that learning strategies are “intentional behavior and thoughts... 1 2 3 4 5 6 strategies: Clarifying/Verifying Guessing / Inductive Inferencing Deductive Reasoning Practice Memorization Monitoring Learning Strategies Cont’d Communication strategies  Related to the process of participation in a conversation and getting meaning across or clarifying what the speaker intended Social strategies  Those activities that learners engage in to be exposed to and to practice... during learning so as to better help them understand, learn or remember new information.” Strategies Continued According to Rubin (1987) there are three types of strategies: 1 Learning strategies 2 Communication strategies 3 Social strategies Learning Strategies Cognitive Learning Strategies  Steps or operations used in learning that require direct analysis, transformation, or synthesis  Six main... Computers and 1 2 3 4 5 interactive multimedia learning are creating meaningful learning environment in foreign language pedagogy  (Jacobs,1992) more meaningfully when instructors utilize: Sounds Patterns Gestures Symbols And multimedia Techniques continued Good teaching means that the teacher must: 1 Be knowledgeable in discipline 2 Show enthusiasm 3 Emphasize concepts and critical thinking 4 Encourage... (2007) Techniques of Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language through Constructivist Paradigm: Malaysian Perspective Hadley, A (2001) Teaching Language in Context, Third Edition, Heinle & Heinle Publishers Hismanoglu, M (2000) Language Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching TESL Journal Vol VI, No.8, http://itesl.org/ retreived August 8, 2009 Lozanov, G (1999) Methodologies in Foreign. .. Student-teacher interaction Techniques of Positive Teaching Storytelling + surprises Use reasoning Use communications Relevancy Use left-right brain Connections Techniques of Positive Teaching Continued Presentations Using fewer facts Media integration Emphasize Concepts Experience Encourage questions Learning Process L e a r n in g P r o c e s s M o tiv a tio n Engagem ent G r o u p L e a r n in g References... Methodologies in Foreign Language Teaching: a brief historical overview Pufahl, I., Rhodes, N & Christina, D (2001) What We can Learn from Foreign Language Teaching in Other countries Center for Applied Linguistics Richards, J & Platt, J (1992).Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Wenden, A & Rubin, J., (1987) Learner Strategies in Language Learning, Prentice Hall ... thinking Presentation Willingness to learn Promote thinking skills Cooperative learning Technology integration Goal orientation Satisfaction State of the mind Motivation Self-regulated Result Reason application Evaluation Accountability Factors Effecting Learning Outcome Student’s attitude Teacher’s attitude Learning environment Social environment Student’s interaction Classroom management Learning instruction... technique in foreign language pedagogy “immerses” or “submerges” the student directly into the target language from the first opening day or hour of class There are basically two types: 1 Effective – begins in hour one wherein the teacher speaks the foreign language slowly, clearly, and uses understandable comprehensible cognates( pictures/photo/TPR 2 Ineffective – begins in hour one wherein the teacher... knowledge Teacher Role in Strategy Training  Teacher should learn about students 1 2 3 4 5 Interests Goals motivations Learning styles Purpose for learning a language  The most important teacher role in foreign language teaching is the provision of a wide range of tasks to match the needs of all students possessing different learning styles, motivations etc (Hismanoglu) Application of Techniques  Language