Nghiên cứu ứng dụng than sinh học từ phụ phẩm cây lúa để cải tạo môi trường đất xám bạc màu

I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIấN TRN VIT CNG NGHIấN CU NG DNG THAN SINH HC T PH PHM CY LA CI TO MễI TRNG T XM BC MU LUN N TIN S KHOA HC MễI TRNG H Ni - 2015 I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIấN TRN VIT CNG NGHIấN CU NG DNG THAN SINH HC T PH PHM CY LA CI TO MễI TRNG T XM BC MU Chuyờn ngnh: Mụi trng t v nc Mó s: 62440303 LUN N TIN S KHOA HC MễI TRNG NGI HNG DN KHOA HC PGS TS Phm Quang H PGS TS Nguyn Mnh Khi H Ni - 2015 LI CAM OAN Tụi xin cam oan rng õy l cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu ca cỏ nhõn tụi di s hng dn trc tip ca th cỏn b hng dn, cỏc s liu trỡnh by lun ỏn l trung thc t cỏc kt qu nghiờn cu thc hin lun ỏn ca cỏ nhõn tụi thc hin lun ỏn, tụi ó trc tip tham gia mt s ti nghiờn cu liờn quan v ó c cỏc ch trỡ ng ý phc v cho lun ỏn nghiờn cu sinh ca tụi nh l kt qu tham gia o to ca ti Mt s kt qu ó c chỳng tụi cụng b trờn khoa hc chuyờn ngnh vi s ng ý ca cỏc ng tỏc gi phự hp vi cỏc qui nh hin hnh Tụi xin hon ton chu trỏch nhim v li cam oan ny v cỏc kt qu nghiờn cu lun ỏn ca mỡnh Tỏc gi lun ỏn Trn Vit Cng LI CM N hon thnh lun ỏn ny tụi xin chõn thnh gi li cm n n quý thy, cụ Khoa Mụi trng, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhiờn ó quan tõm giỳp ch bo tn tỡnh v cú nhiu nhn xột, gúp ý quý bỏu quỏ trỡnh thc hin ti Tụi xin gi li cm n sõu sc nht n PGS.TS Phm Quang H v PGS.TS Nguyn Mnh Khi ó trc tip hng dn, nh hng chuyờn mụn, quan tõm giỳp tn tỡnh v to mi iu kin thun li nht quỏ trỡnh cụng tỏc cng nh thc hin lun ỏn Tụi xin gi li cm n n PGS TS Mai Vn Trnh, ch nhim ti v sn xut v ng dng than sinh hc cp thnh ph ca S KH & CN H Ni nm 2010 -2011, ó cho phộp tụi cựng tham gia thc hin v hon thnh mt s kt qu nghiờn cu ca lun ỏn ny Tụi xin gi li cm n ca mỡnh ti Lónh o Vin Mụi trng Nụng nghip, lónh o cỏc n v v ng nghip ni tụi lm vic luụn quan tõm, h tr, chia s, ng viờn tụi sut thi gian thc hin lun ỏn Tụi cng xin gi li cm n n Lónh o trng i hc H Tnh v th cỏn b Khoa S phm T nhiờn ó to mi iu kin tụi hon thnh Lun ỏn ny Tụi cng xin gi li cm n n lónh o v ngi dõn xó Bc Phỳ, huyn Súc Sn, H Ni ó to iu kin giỳp tụi quỏ trỡnh trin khai thớ nghim ng dng TSH Tụi xin by t lũng kớnh trng v s bit n sõu sc n gia ỡnh ó to mi iu kin tt nht tụi cú th hon thnh tt mi cụng vic quỏ trỡnh thc hin lun ỏn Tụi xin chõn thnh cm n! H Ni, ngy thỏng nm 2015 Tỏc gi Trn Vit Cng MC LC MC LC DANH MC CC CH VIT TT DANH MC BNG DANH MC HèNH M U Chng - TNG QUAN 11 1.1 Tỡnh hỡnh s dng ph phm cõy lỳa 11 1.1.1 Tỡnh hỡnh s dng ph phm cõy lỳa trờn th gii 11 1.1.2 Tỡnh hỡnh thu gom v s dng ph phm cõy lỳa Vit Nam 13 1.1.3 nh hng ca mt s hỡnh thc x lý ph phm cõy lỳa n mụi trng t v chu trỡnh cỏc bon 17 1.2 t xỏm bc mu 20 1.2.1 S phõn b, phõn loi t xỏm bc mu 21 1.2.2 Tớnh cht t xỏm bc mu 22 1.2.3 Kim loi nng t xỏm bc mu 22 1.2.4 Cỏc bin phỏp ci to t xỏm bc mu 23 1.3 ễ nhim kim loi nng v cỏc bin phỏp x lý 27 1.3.1 Ngun gõy ụ nhim kim loi nng t 27 1.3.2 Cỏc dng kim loi nng t 29 1.3.3 S tn ti v chuyn húa Cu, Pb v Zn t 29 1.3.4 Cỏc yu t nh hng n tớnh linh ng ca kim loi nng mụi trng t 31 1.3.5 Mi quan h gia kim loi nng mụi trng t v nc 35 1.3.6 Cỏc yu t nh hng n kh nng hỳt thu kim loi nng ca thc vt 37 1.3.7 Mt s phng phỏp x lý t ụ nhim KLN 38 1.3.8 Cỏc phng phỏp x lý kim loi nng nc 41 1.4 Tng quan v sn xut v ng dng than sinh hc 46 1.4.1 c tớnh ca TSH 47 1.4.2 Than sinh hc cụ lp cỏc bon t v gim phỏt thi khớ nh kớnh 50 1.4.3 Than sinh hc ci to t v nõng cao nng sut cõy trng 52 1.4.4 Than sinh hc x lý mụi trng t ụ nhim 55 1.4.5 Ti lng than sinh hc ca t v cỏc tỏc ng bt li 60 Chng - I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 62 2.1 i tng nghiờn cu 62 2.2 Phng phỏp nghiờn cu 63 2.2.1 Phng phỏp iu tra v thu thp ti liu 63 2.2.2 Phng phỏp ly mu v x lý mu 63 2.2.3 Phng phỏp b trớ thớ nghim v cỏc ch tiờu theo dừi 63 2.2.4 Cỏc ch tiờu v phng phỏp phõn tớch 73 2.2.5 Phng phỏp x lý s liu 74 Chng - KT QU NGHIấN CU V THO LUN 75 3.1 Tớnh cht lý húa ca t bc mu v TSH 75 3.2 Tớnh cht lý húa ca vt liu phi trn sau tun 77 3.2.1 Mi quan h gia in tớch b mt v pH ca t sau b sung TSH 82 3.3 Kh nng x lý Cu, Pb v Zn ca TSH 84 3.3.1 Kh nng m pH ca TSH 84 3.3.2 Kh nng x lý Cu ca TSH 86 3.3.3 Kh nng x lý Pb ca TSH 87 3.3.4 Kh nng x lý Zn ca TSH 87 3.4 Kh nng x lý Cu, Pb v Zn ca t sau b sung TSH 88 3.4.1 Kh nng x lý Cu ca t sau b sung TSH 89 3.4.2 Kh nng x lý Pb ca t sau b sung TSH 93 3.4.3 Kh nng x lý Zn ca t sau b sung TSH 97 3.5 Kh nng c nh Cu, Pb v Zn mụi trng t 102 3.5.1 Kh nng c nh KLN ca TSH di tỏc ng ca dch chit CaCl2 0,01 M 103 3.5.2 nh hng ca TSH n cỏc ch tiờu sinh trng v s tớch ly KLN ca cõy rau mung 110 3.6 nh hng ca TSH n nng sut v mt s tớnh cht t bc mu trng lỳa 117 3.6.1 nh hng ca than sinh hc n nng sut lỳa 118 3.6.2 nh hng ca than sinh hc n tớnh cht t 122 KT LUN V KIN NGH 126 TI LIU THAM KHO 130 DANH MC CC CH VIT TT AAS Phng phỏp quang ph hp th nguyờn t AC Than hot tớnh (Activated carbon) ANC Kh nng trung hũa axit (Acid Neutralizing Capacity) BF H s tớch ly sinh hc (Bioaccumulation Factor) BLC Kh nng chu ti than sinh hc ca t (Biochar Loading Capacity) CEC Kh nng trao i cation CV Sai s thớ nghim FAO T chc Lng thc v Nụng nghip Liờn Hp Quc KHM Ký hiu mu LSD Sai khỏc nh nht cú ý ngha (Least Significant Difference) KLN Kim loi nng PCP Phencyclidine PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons QCVN Quy chun Vit Nam SOM Cht hu c t (Soil Organic Matter) TCVN Tiờu chun Vit Nam TC Cỏc bon tng s TOC Cỏc bon hu c tng s TSH Than sinh hc UNESCO T chc Giỏo dc, Khoa hc v Vn húa ca Liờn hip quc V Th tớch W Khi lng WHC Kh nng gi nc (Water Holding Capacity)/ sc cha m ti a DANH MC BNG Bng 1.1 Sn lng lỳa v ph phm cõy lỳa trờn th gii nm 2009 11 Bng 1.2 Mt s hỡnh thc s dng rm r v tru cỏc nc trờn th gii12 Bng 1.3 T l cỏc hỡnh thc s dng rm r ti mt s tnh Vit Nam 14 Bng 1.4 T l cỏc hỡnh thc s dng tru ti mt s tnh Vit Nam 15 Bng 1.4 Thnh phn mt s cht t 16 Bng 1.5 Thnh phn mt s loi tro 16 Bng 1.6 Hm lng trung bỡnh Cu, Pb, Cu v Cd (mg.kg-1 t) t xỏm theo cỏc loi ỏ m khỏc 23 Bng 1.7 Thnh phn kim loi vt mt s khoỏng vt in hỡnh 28 Bng 1.8 Thnh phn cũn li sau nhit phõn di tỏc ng ca nhit v thi gian lu khỏc 48 Bng 1.9 Phm vi tng i ca bn thnh phn chớnh ca than sinh hc 49 Bng 1.10 Thnh phn cỏc nguyờn t cú mt s loi TSH 49 Bng 2.1 Tớnh cht TSH sn xut theo phng phỏp nhit phõn giỏn tip t vt liu rm r v tru 62 Bng 2.2 T l phi trn vt liu v nng gõy nhim ca cỏc KLN 70 Bng 2.3 Cỏc cụng thc v lng cỏc bon cú TSH bún vo thớ nghim 71 Bng 2.4 Cỏc ch tiờu v phng phỏp phõn tớch 73 Bng 3.1 Mt s tớnh cht lý húa ca t xỏm bc mu v TSH 75 Bng 3.2 Mt s tớnh cht húa lý ca t thay i sau b sung TSH 78 Bng 3.3 S thay i pH ca dung dch Cu2+ sau b sung TSH 86 Bng 3.4 S thay i pH ca dung dch Pb2+ sau b sung TSH 87 Bng 3.5 S thay i pH ca dung dch Zn2+ sau b sung TSH 87 Bng 3.6 Cỏc tham s mụ t ng hc hp ph Cu ca vt liu 90 Bng 3.7 Cỏc tham s mụ t ng hc hp ph Pb ca vt liu 94 Bng 3.8 Cỏc tham s mụ t ng hc hp ph Zn ca vt liu 98 Bng 3.9 Hm lng Cu, Pb v Zn v h s tớch lu sinh hc ca cõy rau mung sau thớ nghim 115 Bng 3.10: Hm lng KLN tớch ly cõy v hm lng KLN chit c bng dung dch CaCl2 0,01 M 116 Bng 3.11 Nng sut lỳa v thớ nghim 119 Bng 3.12 Cỏc ch tiờu húa hc t sau v canh tỏc lỳa 122 DANH MC HèNH Hỡnh 1.1 Cu trỳc di kớnh hin vi ca TSH 49 Hỡnh 3.1 pH ca t xỏm bc mu sau b sung TSH 79 Hỡnh 3.2 CEC ca t xỏm bc mu sau b sung TSH 79 Hỡnh 3.3 Hm lng cation c chit rỳt bi CH 3COONH4 ca t xỏm bc mu sau b sung TSH 80 Hỡnh 3.4 kim tng s ca t xỏm bc mu sau b sung TSH 80 Hỡnh 3.5 Kh nng gi nc ca t xỏm bc mu sau b sung TSH 81 Hỡnh 3.6 S ph thuc in tớch b mt vo pH ca t sau b sung TS.82 Hỡnh 3.7 Bin thiờn pH ca dung dch thờm H+ hoc OH- i vi h cú b sung TSH v i chng 85 Hỡnh 3.8 ng hc quỏ trỡnh hp ph Cu bi vt liu theo thi gian 89 Hỡnh 3.9 nh hng ca pH n kh nng hp ph Cu ca vt liu 91 Hỡnh 3.10 nh hng gia t l vt liu/ nng Cu v hm lng Cu b hp ph 92 Hỡnh 3.11 ng hc quỏ trỡnh hp ph Pb bi vt liu theo thi gian 93 Hỡnh 3.12 nh hng ca pH n kh nng hp ph Pb bi vt liu 95 Hỡnh 3.13 nh hng gia t l vt liu/ nng Pb v hm lng Pb b hp ph 96 Hỡnh 3.14 ng hc quỏ trỡnh hp ph Zn bi vt liu theo thi gian 97 Hỡnh 3.15 nh hng ca pH n kh nng hp ph Zn ca vt liu 99 Hỡnh 3.16 nh hng gia t l vt liu/ nng Zn v hm lng Zn b hp ph 100 Hỡnh 3.17 Hm lng Cu c chit bi dung dch CaCl2 0,01 M theo thi gian 104 Hỡnh 3.18 pH ca dung dch CaCl2 0,01 M thớ nghim chit Cu theo thi gian 104 Hỡnh 3.19 Hm lng Pb c chit bi dung dch CaCl2 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Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 139, pp 469-475 147 PH LC MT S HOT NG LY MU V X Lí VT LIU Ly mu t phc v cỏc thớ nghim chu X lý mu t v TSH Phi trn vt liu phc v thớ nghim 148 Cỏc chu ng vt liu thớ nghim Hot ng phõn tớch phũng thớ nghim 149 MT S HOT NG TH NGHIM TRONG NH LI Chm súc thớ nghim nh li o chiu cao cõy v din tớch lỏ 150 CNH QUAN V PHU DIN NI T TH NGHIM NG RUNG Phu din t Ngy ly mu: 19/1/2010 a im: thụn Phỳ Tng, xó Bc Phỳ, huyn Súc Sn, H Ni Kinh : 2352648 V : 0592453 Tờn t: - FAO-UNESCO: Haplic Acrisols (Xp) - Vit Nam: t xỏm bc mu trờn phự sa c Thm thc vt: t sau thu hoch v 2009 151 HèNH NH TH NGHIM NG RUNG NG DNG THAN SINH HC 152