Use of english b2 for all exames OCR MCR

This book systematically teaches grammar and vocabulary and helps students develop all the skills necessary to succeed in all exams at B2 level. Presentation of lexical items and grammatical structures in context (including collocations, expressions, phrasal verbs, words with prepositions, prepositional phrases, key transformations, words easily confused and derivatives)

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Use of English B2 for all exams

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Published by: M M Publications

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Produced in the EU

C1103002007-5239

ISBN: 978-960-443-928-7

This book is divided into 15 units, followed by a Final FCE Test and a Final ECCE Test.

The vocabulary and grammar taught has been distributed in 12 units (Units 1-4, 6-9 and 11-14), each of which

s divided into two sections In the first section, in units 1,3,6,8,11,13 there is a selection of collocations and expressions, while in units 2,4, 7, 9,12,14 there is a selection of prepositional phrases Phrasal verbs, words

•vith prepositions, grammatical structures and key word transformations are presented and practised in all 12 units This section ends with two exercises which are similar in format to tasks in the FCE Use of English paper and ECCE Grammar and Vocabulary sections, but which test only the items taught in the corresponding unit

In the second section, a number of groups of easily confused words and derivatives are presented and

practised, followed by two exercises which test only the items taught in the corresponding unit

Units 5,10 and 15 are consolidation units which revise the material previously taught Each of them is actually

a complete Use of English Practice Test following the exact format of the FCE/ECCE examinations, but testing only the items taught in the four units preceding it

The Final FCE Test and Final ECCE Test are modelled on the Cambridge Use of English Paper and on the

Grammar and Vocabulary sections of the University of Michigan Examination for the ECCE

The reference section at the end of the book includes an overview of English Grammar, vocabulary notes with definitions of easily confused words, exam tips and three appendices These appendices alphabetically present prepositional phrases, words with prepositions and derivatives

The Teacher’s Book consists of two sections The first section is the Student's Book with the answers

overprinted The second section includes notes for the teacher and three photocopiable Revision Tests with Key

C o r t e v t s

UNIT1 p 6 Collocations with go, come, reach, get Collocations of the type noun+of+noun

Phrasal verbs with come, go and be

Words with prepositions (miscellaneous) Grammar Review: Tenses

Words easily confused (mainly related to the topics of work and employment)

introduction to Derivatives

UNIT 2 p 16 Prepositional phrases of time and place Phrasal verbs with get, pull and throw

Words with prepositions (miscellaneous) Grammar Review: Relative Clauses-Clauses

UNIT 3 p 26 Expressions with day, year and time Collocations with hold, run, catch and keep

Phrasal verbs with look, check, watchand

show

Words with prepositions (miscellaneous) Grammar Review: Adverbs-Comparisons- Articles-Uncountables

Words easily confused (mainly related to the topics of people and education)

Adjectives in -al, -y, -ous, -ly (+adverbs) and nouns in -hood deriving from noun roots

UNIT 4 p 36 Prepositional phrases (miscellaneous) Phrasal verbs with keep, hold, catch, carry,

wear, work and move

Words with prepositions (miscellaneous) Grammar Review: Determiners-Pronouns

Words easily confused (mainly related to the topics of travel and tourism)

Adjectives in -ic, -ical, verbs in -ise and nouns in -ist, -ian, -dom deriving from noun roots

UNIT 5 p 46 Consolidation 1 (Units 1-4)

UNIT 6 p 50 Collocations with do Collocations with break, change, cut, turn and make

Common negative prefixes

UNIT 7 p 60 Prepositional phrases (miscellaneous), linking phrases

Phrasal verbs with break, burn, cut and turn

Words with prepositions (miscellaneous) Grammar Review: Modal Verbs

Words easily confused (mainly related to the topic of thinking)

Verbs in -en and nouns in -ness, -nee, -ncy, -cy deriving from adjective roots

UNIT 8 p 70 and lose Collocations with leave, put, set, shake, miss

Collocations/Expressions with way

Sentence linkers

Phrasal verbs with put, lay, set, settle

Words with prepositions (miscellaneous) Grammar Review: Passive Voice

Words easily confused (mainly related to the topic of communication)

Verbs in -ise and nouns in -ity, -hood deriving from adjective roots

UNIT 9 p 80 Prepositional phrases (miscellaneous) Phrasal verbs with mix, run, hang, fall, hurry

Section 1 Section 2 UNIT 10 p 9 0 Consolidation II (Units 6-9)

UNIT 11 p 94 Collocations with follow, have, take, give, pay, bring and mind

Phrasal verbs with take, close, knock, clean, clear and drop

Words with prepositions (miscellaneous) Grammar Review: Clauses of concession, reason, purpose and result

Words easily confused (mainly related to the topics of crime and punishment)

Adjectives in -able, -ible, -ent, -ant and nouns

in -ery, -ence, -ance, -ant deriving from verb roots

UNIT 12 p 104 Prepositional phrases (miscellaneous) Phrasal verbs with bring, give, hand, burst

and blow

Words with prepositions (miscellaneous) Grammar Review: Conditionals

Words easily confused (mainly related to the topics of health and illness)

Nouns in -ion, -ation, adjectives in -ive, -ative and nouns in -al deriving from verb roots

UNIT 13 p 114 Adjective + Noun Collocations Collocations with say and tell

Idiomatic expressions with all Phrasal verbs with lie, stand, sit, save, dress, pay, end, point, lock and let

Words with prepositions (miscellaneous) Grammar Review: Unreal Past

Words easily confused (miscellaneous) Nouns in -ment, -ure, -er, or and -ee deriving from verb roots

UNIT 14 p 124 Prepositional phrases (miscellaneous)

Phrasal verbs with call, speak, tell and count

Words with prepositions (miscellaneous) Grammar Review: Reported Speech

Words easily confused (miscellaneous) Irregular Derivatives

Adjectives and nouns deriving from the name of a country or continent

Adverbs and pronouns ending in -body, -one, -thing,

-where, -how, -ever and -self

UNIT 15 p, 134 Consolidation III (Units 11-14)

Final FCE T e s t 138

Final ECCE Test .142

G ram m ar R e v ie w 147

V o ca b u la ry N o te s 165

Exam T ip s 171

A p p en d ix I: P re p o s itio n a l P h ra s e s 173

A p p en d ix II: W o rd s w ith P re p o s itio n s 174

A p p en d ix III: D e riv a tiv e s 176

in handy

revengered

an agreementlost

the job

on sb’s nerves off sb's back down to business over the top even with

B Com plete the sentences w ith the co llocatio n s / expressions in the box below Use each one o n ly once

in somebody's shoes on top of in search of on the safe side in charge of in trouble with

2 People who systematically cheat the tax system will one day be the Tax Department

3 The doctor insisted that I should be given a thorough check-up just to b e

4 The children wandered around the neighbourhood _

5 Nobody would want to b e _ , not with all those debts he has to pay off

their lost dog

6 After weeks of hard work, Kevin was confident he was finally the situation

C Com plete the collocation s below w ith the w ords in the box You m ay use some of the words m ore than once In some cases m ore than one w ord m ay be correct

bar bunch can clap flash flock pair pint set sheet swarm tube

.of scissors

of sheep of rules of thunder

2 Joe came into a lot of money, which changed his life completely

3 Why doesn’t Julie come round to our place anymore?

4 The scientists took months to come up with a solution to their problem

5 Richard came down with a bad cold the day before his exams

6 It took the woman a few minutes to come round / to after she had fainted

stop by, visit inheritfind by chance regain consciousness

be taken ill with think of and suggest

unit 0 1

B GO

1 They decided to go ahead with their trip despite the bad weather conditions

2 Once you have finished cleaning, you can goon with your job

3 The doctor wanted to go over the test results with his patient

4 That tie goes with your suit nicely

5 Luckily no one was injured when the bomb went off

6 While visiting Rome, we went round all the major archaeological sites

7 The child went through a lot before recovering completely

8 The milk went off after only an hour in the scorching heat

9 What’s going on in there? Open the door!

move / travel around, visitmatch

explodestart sthcontinue doingturn sour, start to decayexamine / discuss in detailsuffer

happen

C BE

1 What's on this weekend at the theatre?

2 We were promised that the hard times would be over soon

3 I was about to leave home when some unexpected visitors arrived

4 I'm for the mayor's plan to relocate the town hall

5 What are the boys up to? Don’t tell me they’re ruining the garden again!

6 I must be off now My parents are expecting me for dinner

leavesupport, in favour of end

be ready to

be shown / performed

do (usually sth wrong)

Words with Prepositions

A Com plete the blanks w ith prepositions.

responsible

B Read the fo llow in g sentences and com plete them w ith prepositions

1 Congratulations Rodney! I'm so happy _ you and your wife

2 I would be more than happy to provide you _ our company's catalogue

3 We supply all major companies _ our products

4 She takes great pride _ her work That’s why she's the best in her field

5 The government will provide housing _ the homeless

6 You shouldn't be proud _ yourself What you did was wrong!

7 The government supplied food and medicine _ the victims of the hurricane

8 The journalist was praised _ his report the starving children of Africa

unit 0 1

Grammar Revision (Tenses)

See G ram m ar R e v ie w page 147 ^

Read the text below and com plete each blank w ith one word A ll m issing

w ords are a u x ilia ry verbs (is, was, have, has, had, do, does, did etc.)

My life (1) improved a lot since last year You see, before

that I (2 ) been working in the same job for five years and

I (3 ) beginning to feel rather bored I ( 4 )

:

-4 fesh w

getting ready to apply for another job when one day my boss called me into her office "Our company

(5 ) _ planning to expand overseas," she said "We ( 6 ) _ thinking of startingwith Spain, therefore we will ( 7 ) needing some of our best employees to support our newbranch there ( 8 ) _ you think you would be interested in a transfer?" Naturally I accepted, although atthe time I ( 9 ) not know that they (1 0 ) _ also going to promote me

to assistant manager

By the end of this month, I will have (11) living in Madrid for a year You can't imagine how

exciting my life (12) become

B Pu t the verbs in brackets into the Past Sim ple, Past Progressive, Presen t Perfect Sim ple or Presen t Perfect Progressive and com plete the boxes w ith the tim e w ords below Use each tim e w ord o n ly once

for while yet still when ago already since

1 M a ry (have) a bath yesterday evening, I was in the kitchen

I (cook) her favourite dish because I _ (want) to surprise her

s h e (come) into the kitchen, she couldn't believe her eyes!

2 Jim: Mum, I (look) for my black belt the past hour and

I (not find) it. _ you

(see) it anywhere?

Mother: No, but I think you (lend) it to your brother about a week

Jim: Oh, you're right H e (not give) it back to me I bet he _ (wear)

it all week Where is he now, Mum?

Mother: I'm afraid Mark (leave)

He (get) up about an hour before you _ (do)

3 I (work) on this project this morning but

I (not finish) it What am I going to tell my boss?

M y sister loves cats /

She loves cats /

M y sister she loves cats

(Only one subject in each sentence.)

There is a book on the table

It is Susan’s

(Use there when m entioning sth fo r the firs t time

Use it fo r sth already mentioned.)

They don't have a car S (have = own)

They haven't got a car / (have got = own)

They don't haveget aear

They-haven’tacar

He has a bath every morning / (have = take)

He doesn’t have a bath every morning /

Hehas-gotabath every morning

James didn't use to smoke so much /

James didn't used to smoke so much

(did/didn’t + bare infinitive)

I do speak French / (emphasis)

He does eat snails /

They did buy a house /

W e did saw the thief

(do/does/did + bare infinitive)

She has gone to Italy (She is s till there.) She has been to Italy (She has returned.)

I bought this bike two years ago /

(Past Simple + ago)

Ihaveb oughttM s bike-t-wo-year-s-ag©:

Tbeught4hisWke^wejyears-beforer'

I have had this bike for two years /

(Present P erfect+for)

I-have4fei&bike4©rtw©-yeaf sr- -

I have had this bike since 1998 /

(Present Perfect + since + time)

I have had this bike since I was sixteen /

(Present Perfect + since + Past Simple)

I have hadtWs-bi^esince two years ago

(Only one tim e word in each sentence.)

I haven't studied for a week, (refers to the past: The last tim e I studied was a week ago.)

I have to study for a week, (refers to the future: I must study fo r a week before I do sth else.)

I haven't eaten spaghetti for six months /

I have-to^at-spaghetti for- six months

Key Transformations

I have never been to Malta before

It is the first time I have ever been to Malta

I had never been to Malta before

It was the first time I had ever been to Malta

When did he start working?

How long has he been working?

How long is it since he started working?

The last time I saw her was a year ago

I last saw her a year ago

I haven’t seen her for a year

It has been a year since I last saw her

It is a year since I last saw her

unit 0 1

Thousands of years (4 ) , civilisations (5) _ to rely onthe barter system as a way of exchanging goods Within this system a person had to exchange one thingfor another This meant that the two parties involved had to (6 ) an agreement

as to what they thought their products were worth Items such (7) wheat,tobacco and livestock have all been used as money at one time or another It was not until much laterthat humans came up (8 ) the idea of money in the form of metal coins So why(9 ) the barter system come to an end? The answer is simple Coins were mucheasier to handle and carry around Since then, the use of coins has become widespread It has madecommerce simpler and has given countries an opportunity (10) development

by doing business with other countries further afield, which they (11) neverdone business with before

In recent years, paper money has become more common all over the world, as it is easier to use It(12) not be long, however, before plastic cards take over completely, replacingcoins and paper money

6 Com plete the second sentence so that it has a sim ilar m eaning to the first sentence, using the w ord given unchanged You m ust use betw een tw o and five w ords, in clu d in g the w ord given

1 We last went abroad a long time ago

2 When did they start living in the suburbs?

3 It's the first time she has ever had problems with the authorities,

trouble She with the authorities before

4 When Carl was young, he went to a holiday camp every summer,

used When Carl was young, he a holiday camp every summer

5 After the earthquake, the government supplied food and medicine to the homeless,

provided After the earthquake, the government

6 Lucy hasn't visited me since February

was The last in February

7 How long has he had this car?

bought How long this car?

.food and medicine

8 I haven't caught a cold for ages,

unit 0 1

Words easily confused

Use the correct form of the w ords in the boxes to com plete the sentences in each group A-H below You

m ay use some of the words m ore than once In som e cases, m ore than one w ord m ay be correct

job occupation work employment profession

1 People in the medical

2 In order to get a (n )

work long hours

as a computer analyst, you need a degree in computer science

since January

3 Betty has been out o f _

4 agencies help people find work in their field

5 I was asked to write my present on the application form

B task course duty

1 They were set the

2 It is a nurse's

of cleaning the room after the meeting

to make the patients feel comfortable

3 Her marks are quite high, so she can choose between a medical or a law at university

employer employee colleague assistant clerk officer attendant

helped me choose a jumper that suited me

is responsible for parking customers’ cars

are expected to be at work by 8.30 Our

for a law firm before entering politics

at the office are friendly

_ in the armed forces

gave a speech in the town centre last night

at our school have formed a basketball team

_ had no luck in finding the missing child, served drinks as the ship set sail

aim goal intention challenge success ambition

1 The Maths problem was a (n ) and took me over an hour to solve

2 T h e of environmental organisations is to stop environmental destruction

unit 01

3 People with will always try to achieve their

4 Their first album was a great

5 I have n o

and sold two million copies worldwide

of changing my plans for tonight

achieve

1 John

2 He doesn’t

in convincing his boss to give him the day off

_with crisis situations very well

3 Despite his health problems, Joe

4 The Johnstons a r e _

his ambition to play in the local football team

5 Kim put a lot of work into her project and

6 During his career as a teacher, he h a s _

financial difficulties after Mrs Johnston lost her job

_ excellent results

with students from different backgrounds

manage run operate undertake

1 You have to read the instructions carefully before you

2 Brett couldn't find experienced staff so h e _

3 Kate was supposed to

4 The company is _

the photocopying machine

his business on his own for a few months.the training of the new staff

by two people who share the responsibilities

H skills qualities qualifications experience

1 To get the job you must have three years’ in telecommunications and the necessary _ one of which is a university degree

2 Leadership _are required by a Prime Minister, as well as communication

3 Learning to windsurf was a fantastic !

A Look at the sentences below W h at p art of speech (verb, noun, ad jective or adverb) is each of the w ords

in bold typ e?

unit 0 1

Each part of speech has a different function in the sentence

describe actions, events, feelings or situations

(e.g The two patterns differ from each other.)refer to people, animals, things, actions, situations or ideas

(e.g There is a difference between the two patterns.)

2 2 E 5 2 E Z S I describe the qualities of nouns

(e.g This pattern is different from that one.)describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases or whole sentences

(e.g The two patterns have been differently designed.)

A lot of English words can be used as roots for the formation of other words, which are called derivatives

Most adverbs, for instance, are formed by adding the ending -ly to the root adjective

careful 4 carefully terrible 4 terribly different 4 differently

B Choose the co rrect w ord A, B or C to com plete the follow ing sentences

1 The zoo's main _ are the pandas

A attractively B attractive C attraction

2 The teacher w a s _ with the student because he didn’t do his homework

3 Before I set off on my journey, my father told me to d riv e _

4 What's t h e _ between increase and decrease?

A difference B differently C different

5 I hired a _ to take pictures at my wedding

A photographer B photography C photographic

6 Despite his age, he leads an _ life

7 She completed the project _ and was promoted

A success B successfully C successful

C Read the sentences below and decide w hat part of speech is m issing Then, com plete the sentences w ith the correct form of the w ords in capitals

1 I love sitting on my new sofa It's so (Part of speech: ) _ COMFORT

2 She chose light-coloured furniture to (Part of speech: ) BRIGHT

up her dull flat

3 It’s certainly (Part of speech: _ ) to drive at high speed DANGER

4 August is a (Part of speech: ) _ _ month in our city, as PEACE

everyone is away on holiday

5 The (Part o f speech: _ ) _ held up the bank and

stole £ 20 0 0 0 0

6 N obody could find the (Part o f speech: _ ) _ to the

d iffic u lt Maths problem

7 Even th ough they had financial difficulties, they were (Part o f speech: _ )

I w anted to w ork part-tim e, because I was still studying (3)

( 4 ) to w ork a few nights a week

newspaper I rem em ber the in te rvie w as th ou gh

m anager sat behind a large desk He asked me various questions

w hich surprised me because all I w anted was to w ork in sales An hour

later, I was to ld th a t I had g o t the jo b and was given a c o n tra c t to go

to o k m y post Also, as a m em ber of ( 8 ) _ ;

I was entitle d to some benefits, including discounts

When I e ventually started, I was responsible (9 )

at a large d e p artm en t store _university and I was only

the to y section I really enjoyed it there

custom ers who

and I loved dem onstrating the d ifferen t toys I was surprised at how frie n d ly m y (10) _

were, too They made w orking there fun even w hen we had to (11)

(12) on our nerves On the whole, w orking there was a great experience w hich I w ill neverforget

1 A occupation B job C work D employment

Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.

AN UNUSUAL OUTING

Last week I made a (1) _ to my cousin Alex, offering to

take him to an (2 ) park He was very excited because it

was his (3) _ place However, from the moment I picked

him up, he was very (4) which surprised me since

his behaviour was (5 ) very different At one point,

while waiting to get on a ride, he disappeared (6 ) ,

the manager, who was very (7 ) found him an hour

later amongst a crowd Apparently, Alex had seen a famous basketball player and

wanted his autograph He (8 ) to me immediately but I

was so (9 ) at him that we left It was then that I made

the (10) never to take Alex out again

SUGGESTAMUSEFAVOURNOISENORMALLUCKHELP

APOLOGYANGERDECIDE

Prepositional Phrases

A C o m p le te th e b la n k s w it h th e p re p o s itio n s in , o n o r at

a farm the rig h t/le ft prison _ a queue work the North the back of _ school town 17 Walkley Road the door _ the suburbs university the outskirts the mountains _ rows/a row the country an island the crossroads _ Park Avenue

B Read th e sentence s a n d c o m p le te th e m w it h th e p re p o s itio n s in , o n o r at

1 My brother is working part-tim e _ the hospital

2 There is a TV s e t _ the corner of the room

3 James s its _ the fro n t of the class

4 They went on a boat rid e _ the river

5 Homeless people sleep _ the streets of most major cities

6 He had to stay _ hospital for a week after his operation

7 My girlfriend is waiting for m e _ the corner

8 The robbers parked their c a r _ fro n t o f the bank

C Read th e sentence s a n d c o m p le te th e m w it h th e p re p o s itio n s in , on, at, by, fo r, fr o m o r o u t

1 You can hand in your assignm ents _ Tuesday the very latest

2 A tattoo is _ life So, think carefully before deciding on having one done

3 Kick-off is in tw enty minutes, s o _ the meantime, do your warm-up exercises

4 the beginning, I didn’t want to have a p a rty my birthday, but now I’ve changed my mind

5 Typewriters are already _ o f date

6 You should read the in tro d u ctio n _ the beginning of the book

7 now on, no one is allowed to enter the school building during the lunch break

8 I haven’t seen Michael _ ages, so I’m going to visit h im the weekend

9 It’s a pity I have to remain indoors _ such a nice day

10 I can’t talk to y o u _ the mom ent Ring me back a while

11 It’s difficult to see the moon in the s k y _ day

12 I’m really worried about Sam He should have been here _ now

unit 0 2

Read the sentences on the left and m atch the phrasal verbs w ith the ir definitions on the right b y w ritin g the

correct n u m b e r in the box next to each definition

GET

1 J o e w a s a fu ss y p e r s o n a n d difficult to get on /along with.

2 T h e police s u r r o u n d e d th e bu ild in g , m a k i n g it difficult for the c r im in a ls

to get away.

3 He a lw ay s gets away with his bad b eh avio ur.

4 A large p e r c e n ta g e of th e p o p u la t io n get by o n v e r y little m o n e y.

5 It to o k Betty m o n t h s to get over h er f a t h e r ’s death.

m o v e closer to the side

of the road and stop (for vehicles)

Words with Prepositions

A Com plete the blanks w ith prepositions.

B Read the fo llow ing sentences and com plete them w ith prepositio n s.

1 M u s t I a lw ay s remind y o u _ th e need to fo llo w the p r o p e r p ro c e d u re ?

2 I h a v e n ’t heard _ Lisa for o v e r t w o w e e k s now

3 T h e police released a description _ th e w a n t e d man.

4 T h e park w a s crowded _ enthus ia s ti c t e e n a g e r s ce l e b ra tin g the end of t he s c h ool year.

5 T h e r e m u s t be a solution _ y o u r p r o b l e m

6 “I’m a failure _ life,” d e c la re d the f a m o u s a c t o r to his a d o r i n g fans.

7 In s o m e c u lt u re s staring _ pe o p le is c o n s i d e r e d offensive.

unit 0 2

8 Have you heard the latest medical discovery?

9 A final search evidence at the scene of the crime proved fruitless

10 You remind m e myself when I was your age

Grammar Revision (Relative Clauses - Clauses of Time)

A Read the text b e lo w and complete each blank with one word A ll the missing w ords are relative pronouns

or adverbs.

Marilyn Monroe, (1 ) _ was one of the world’s most famous film stars, was born in 1926

Marilyn, ( 2 ) _ real name was Norma Jean Baker, had a miserable childhood She grew up

in Los Angeles, ( 3 ) _ she spent most of her early years in foster homes That’s

( 4 ) _ she still felt lonely even when she became famous She worked as a model and alsoplayed minor roles in various films before making “Niagara”, the film ( 5 ) _ made her verypopular In 1954 she married Joe di Maggio, with ( 6 ) _ she entertained American troopsfighting in Korea She went on to make many films, some of ( 7 ) _ were very successful such

as “Some Like it Hot”, “Gentlemen Prefer Blondes” and “ Bus Stop” Her film career ended tragically in 1962,

( 8 ) _ she died at the age of th irty six

B Choose A, B, C or D to complete the follow ing sentences.

1 Celia was driving to the airport, she realised that she had left her passport at home

2 I will have finished stu d yin g _ the film starts

3 The audience started clapping _ the singer came on stage

A by the time B the moment C while D just

4 Peter won’t leave _ he has finished all his work

5 I haven’t heard from h im _ we finished school

6 Jane was working as a jo u rn a lis t _ she was w riting her first book

7 My mother used to c r y _ she heard this song

A by the time B the moment that C whenever D until

8 The police officer returned my driving licence _ he had checked it

9 She burst out laughing _ she saw the clown

10 we got back to the hotel, it was already dark

A The moment that B A s soon as C By the time D Once

unit 0 2

M y brother, who]s<fis a chemical engineer, works

for a multinational company, (subject: who)

Jennifer’s brother, who you met Qajfi at her party last

week, is an engineer, (object: who)

(Have only one w ord fo r the subject o r the object o f

the relative clause.)

Ann’s father, who/whom we met last week, is ill /

Am^s-father, that w e met last w cck,4s-ift—

(That is not used in non-defining relative clauses.)

The man with whom she is talking is her

husband /

(preposition + whom /which)

The-Haafl with who/tfrat-sheis-talking'isfrer

Jausban4r-The man (who(m)/that) she is talking with is her

husband /

(w ho/w hom /w hich /that+prepositions)

The room where he works is small /

The room in which he works is small /

The room (which/that) he works in is small./

The-*Qom4n-where-he-werks is small.- T-h©K>©m-where-heworks-inis-small;- The-r©et»inthat'he-werks- is-smaftv— -

? I have 3,000 stamps, some of which are valuable S

I-kave-3-,00©-sta«tps,-someoHhat arevaiuabfe

(expressions o f quantity+whom /which/whose)

? When I grow up, I want to become a dentist / Whefl-f will grow up, I want-to-becomea-dentist

He said he would call as soon as he returned / He-said-he-wo a ldreali-as-SQ&nas-foewoutd return,

(Never use will and would after tim e words)

s> I visited two museums while I was on holiday /

I visited two museums during my holiday /

TA4sited4¥fe^Hise«ms^aHng^wasiMriTOftday-~

(during + noun)

Key Transformations

& Students who wish to go on the day-trip should

write their names on this list

Students wishing to go on the day-trip should write

their names on this list

® She always did her homework first and then she

She would never watch TV before she did / had

done her homework

She always watched TV after doing / having done

her homework

She always watched TV after she did / had done her homework

& I will sign the document when I read / have read it.

I will sign the document after I read / have read it

I won’t sign the document before I read / have read it

I won’t sign the document until I read / have read it

<0 Andrew left after/before breakfast

Andrew left after/before having (had) breakfast Andrew left after/before he (had) had breakfast

unit 02

Examination Practice

A Choose the correct answer.

1 The Smiths built a huge house _ the outskirts

of the town

2 Once th e y we'll talk to them about it

3 The m a n in the front row is

Mrs Davidson's nephew

a who is sitting b where is sitting

c who sitting d that sitting

4 " _ _ now on, you won't be allowed to use

your mobile phones at school!" the headmaster warned

the students

5 My grandmother knitted me a ju m p e r _

are too long

a which the sleeves b that the sleeves

c the sleeves of that d the sleeves of which

6 The electricity will be reconnected

the bill

a when you will pay b when you pay

c when you are paying d during you pay

7 There are people who manage to g e t _

on very little money

10 "What did you do on Saturday?"

"We visited the to w n _ our grandfathergrew up

B Complete the second sentence so that it has a sim ilar m eaning to the first sentence, using the w ord given unchanged You must use betw een two and five words, including the w ord given.

1 Here’s the house where I lived as a child

in Here’s the house ; as a child

2 I don’t know what made her quit her job

reason I don’t she quit her job

3 Passengers wishing to get up can do so after the seat belt light has gone off

who Passengers _ can do so after the seat belt light has gone off

4 He didn’t study enough for his exams, so he failed two of them

caused He didn’t study enough for his exams _ two of them

5 He always checked his car tyres before setting off on a journey

u n til He never s e to ff on a jo u rn e y _ his car tyres

6 I’ve read all of Jane Austen’s novels and there were only a couple that I didn’t enjoy

m ost I’ve read all of Jane Austen’s novels, I enjoyed

7 Dr Williams is a cardiologist and has his surgery on the second floor

whose Dr W illiams, on the second floor, is a cardiologist

8 Last week Phil took part in a spelling com petition and won first prize,

in Phil won first prize in a spelling com petition last week

S e c t m

unit 0 2

Worcft easily confused

se the correct form of the w ords in the boxes to com plete the sentences in each group A-G below You m ay use some of the w ords m ore than once In some cases, m ore than one w ord m ay be correct

look see watch notice regard stare glance observe

1 We spent weeks in A frica the way lions catch their prey

2 Did y o u the tie he was wearing? It had pink elephants on it!

3 The students the new teacher with curiosity

4 Always left and then right before crossing the road

5 Don’t at people like that! It’s really rude

6 I a great science fiction film last night

7 Before I bought the magazine, I through it quickly

8 I couldn’t h elp the big red spots on his face

9 B ill at his watch and started running He was late for school

B find out invent discover detect

1 Many serious illnesses may be cured if they a r e early enough

2 “We m ust as much as we can about the gang,” said the detective

3 Was it Captain Cook w h o Australia?

4 The first camera, the Kodak 1, w a s by G Eastman in 1888

explore investigate look for lookup (do) research

1 The police came t o the murder immediately

2 I still h ave to do for my project on sharks

3 I m ust this word in the dictionary, because I don’t remember what it means

4 Mum, I’m my trainers Have you seen them?

5 As soon as the five friends got to the cave, they decided t o it

D attempt effort trial experiment

1 It takes a lot o f and patience to learn how to play a musical instrument

2 John’s case came t o and in the end he was found innocent

3 The athlete failed in his la s t to break the world record

4 Many cosmetic companies claim they don’t carry o u t on animals

5 I worked for the company for a (n ) period of two weeks before I was fully employed

unit 0 2

E audience spectators viewers sightseers onlookers witnesses

1 T h e disagreed with the referee’s decision and interrupted the football match

2 The tw o teenagers claimed they were j u s t and had nothing to do with the fight

3 Paris attracts thousands o f all year round

4 At the end of the play, t h e applauded enthusiastically

5 T h e were asked to give a detailed description of the accident

6 The concert was broadcast on TV and attracted one b illio n worldwide

memorise remind recall recognise

her at first She had changed a lot

_ his phone number because I didn't have a pen to w rite it down

him to buy coffee, otherwise he’ll forget

scenes of World War II

view sight image

1 The sun affects m y when I’m driving, so I always wear sunglasses

2 We have a s u p e rb of the sea from our balcony

3 The child started to cry at t h e of the dogs

4 The television show was about t h e you can visit in Rome

5 The police arrived at t h e of the accident within minutes

6 An actor’s is im portant for his career

7 I ran out of paint, so I couldn’t finish the sky for the ba ckg ro u n d in the play

8 When we were leaving the flower show, we were asked to fill in a questionnaire to give o u r

on what we had seen

Having enough of that quality or Not having that quality or

■ Some other common nouns that form adjectives and adverbs in the same way are: colour, harm,

hope, meaning, pain, power and use.

• The noun doubt forms the adjective in -ful and the adverb in -fully and in -less

doubt 4 d oubtful doubtfu lly - doubtless

• In some cases only one of the two adjectives - and corresponding adverbs - derives from the noun root,

not both

beauty 4 beautiful - bg$Erttig$s / beautifully - bejjZrfrtessly end 4 - endless / e rp k rffy - endlessly

In the same way: delightful, dutiful, grateful, aimless, effortless, heartless, homeless, nameless, pointless

and shapeless.

• The opposite of some adjectives in -ful is un + noun root + ful, not noun root + less.

success 4 successful * unsuccessful skill 4 skilful * unskilful truth 4 tru th fu l * u n truthfu l

• Sometimes both adjective forms (noun root + less and un + noun root + ful) derive from the same noun

In such cases the two adjectives have different meanings The adjective form un + noun root + ful is the

opposite of the adjective in -ful.

h e l p h e l p f u l (= sb who gives help) t unhelpful (= sb who doesn’t give help)

helpless (= sb who needs help)

> The opposite of some adjectives in -less is noun root + -y or noun root +-b le , not noun root + -ful

g u ilt ^ guiltless 4 g u ilty sleep 4 sleepless * sleepy

sense 4 senseless * sensible value 4 valueless * valuable (note the changes in spelling)

■ Be careful with the meaning of the adjectives derived from price

price ^ pricey (=expensive)

4 priceless (= too valuable to have a price)

1 Somebody in a certain position / occupation 1 State of being in certain position / occupation

2 Somebody having a relationship with sb else 2 Relationship between tw o people

• Some common nouns that form nouns in the same way as author are: citizen, leader, member and owner.

• Some common nouns that form nouns in the same way as friend are: companion, partner and relation.

• Some nouns form nouns in - ship with a different meaning: champion, scholar and sponsor.

NOTE: When you are asked to complete a sentence w ith a suitable word deriving from a given root, read

the sentence carefully to decide: 1) what part of speech the missing word is (noun, verb, adjective or

adverb), 2) if the missing word has the same meaning as the given root (e.g success-successful) or the opposite meaning (e.g success-unsuccessful)

unit 0 2

Com plete the sentences w ith the c o rre ct fo rm of the w ords in capitals

1 The top model w a s dressed in an elegant evening gown

2 My street i s because it’s far from any main roads

3 Our football team won t h e at the end of the season and received

from a large company

4 There are thousands o f people sleeping in the streets

5 I bought a dress but its colours faded after I washed it

6 I was fined because I was driving

7 The directions you gave us were r a th e r , as we still got lost

8 I am feeling q u ite because I didn’t get enough sleep last night

9 I got into a business with my cousin but it ended up

being

10 The musical performance was s o that the audience gave

the orchestra a standing ovation

11 The witness’ statement didn’t help the police in the investigation, so it proved to

b e

12 The man was found of shoplifting and sentenced

to one month in prison

13 He h a s completed his postgraduate studies

14 The new lazer treatm ent can extract teeth

15 It’s just a dog There is no need to panic

BEAUTYPEACECHAMPIONSPONSORHOMECOLOURCAREHELPSLEEPPARTNERSUCCESSPOWER

VALUEGUILT

SUCCESSPAINHARM

Exam ination Practice

A Read the text b e lo w and decide which answ er A, B, C or D best fits each space.

A NIGHT A T THE TH EATRE

Going to the theatre brings back happy memories, as it (1) me of my very first performance onstage, (2) was th irty years ago Parts of that particular night are so vivid that I can still picturemyself as though it were yesterday The excitement amongst the actors, the (3) applause andthe party after the opening night are memories which will remain with me for (4 )

I don’t know how we managed to do so well The rehearsals were far from satisfactory because we thought that

we could just have two rehearsals a week (5 ) in fact we needed more The background

(6 ) to the last act weren’t ready until an hour before the beginning of the play despite the setbuilder’s best (7) The director was not satisfied (8 ) _ anything and hedidn’t even want to show up on the first night Admittedly, I wouldn’t have wanted to either

(9 ) the night finally arrived, we were all a bit worried I remember (10) through the curtain ten minutes before the start and being amazed (11) the

(12) of a full house Finally, it was tim e for the curtain to go up In the end, we proved the directorwrong and everything went like clockwork

1 A recognises B reminds C recalls D memorises

CARETHOUGHT

DOUBTSENSE

TRUTH

USE

Many people consider (1) to be themost im portant (2) they can have

It is (3 ) to have a friend you can talk

to and share (4 ) experiences with

However, it is im portant to choose friends (5) _

An ideal friend should be (6 )

and when any difficulties arise, hopefully be there for us

Of course, there will be times when we m ight be(7 ) of our friends But, we shouldalways talk things through in a (8 )

way and find a solution to our problems Moreover,

we should be careful not to be (9 )

W ithout honesty, the bond between friends is(10) and not worth anything at all

A The follow ing expressions in clu d e the w ords day, year and time Com plete them w ith prepositions.

B Com plete the sentences w ith the collocations / expressions in the box below

the other day all day long call it a day at times on time

in time pass the time ahead of its time time and time again for the time being

1 Despite technical problems, the flight le ft

2 We’ll be getting a new printer next month S o , , we have to put up with this one

3 Most engineers agreed that the car’s design w a s

4 I started a conversation with the person sitting next to me on the bus t o

5 I saw S a lly Did you know that she had broken her leg?

6 The match started at 7 pm and Jack arrived ju s t for the kick-off

7 Let’s and go home We’ve been working for over twelve hours without a break

8 He keeps making the same mistake

9 I find it very difficult to agree with y o u Your views can sometimes be extreme

10 I have been sleepy today I don’t know what’s the matter with me

C Read the sentences and com plete them w ith the co rrect form of the verbs hold, run, catch or keep

1 The student w a s in the act of cheating by the examiner

2 I just need you t o an eye on Sam while I go out

3 Jenny will certainly everyone's attention with that dress she's wearing

4 Blue eyes and red h air in my family Only my aunt has brown eyes

5 When my grandmother was in hospital, I used t o her company in the afternoons

6 Mary is moving to another city, but we promised t o _ in touch with each other

7 a business requires many skills and expertise

8 You can't rely on Roger Actually, he's the kind of person that can't a promise

9 The winner of the marathon had t o his breath before speaking to the journalist

10 Please in mind that smoking is not allowed in this building

11 We a ll our breath when the winner of the competition was being announced

12 As I was running t o the bus, I slipped and fell

13 Can y o u a secret? Jane is organising a surprise party for Kevin’s birthday!

14 The children hands while walking down the street

u nit03

Read the sentences on the le ft and m atch the phrasal verbs w ith th eir definitions on the right b y w ritin g the correct num ber in the box next to each d efinition

1 We looked after Ben’s house while he was on holiday

2 We are all looking forward to the opening game of the season

3 The authorities promised to look into the claims of corruption

4 I looked over your essay and can suggest some improvements

5 Lookout! The pavement is broken and you might trip

6 Look up the meaning of the word in the dictionary

7 John looks down on people who aren’t as rich as he is

8 Children often look up to sports heroes

have a poor opinion of respect, admirewarn somebody about potential danger take care of

expect sth pleasant to happeninvestigate

inspect quicklytry to find in a book or list

B CHECK, WATCH, SHO W

1 We were told to check in at the airport as early as possible

2 Guests are kindly reminded to check out by 12 o’clock

3 The tourists were told to watch out for pickpockets

4 The older children were told to watch over the younger ones

5 The man was showing off his new sports car to his friends

6 Everybody showed up at the party on Saturday night

be careful aboutcare for sb or sth, especially because it

is your responsibilityarrive, appearreport one’s arrival at a hotel/airport etc pay the bill and leave (a hotel/clinic etc.) try to make people notice and admire

Words with Prepositions

A Com plete the blanks w ith prepositions.

curious

impressed interested _ keen _

enthusiastic,

excited

pleased

rudetypical

Nounsknowledge

elseinvolve

know_

sth

sth (=flavour, (=have knowledge of)brief experience)

a taste

(= liking, preference)

B Read the fo llow in g sentences and com plete them w ith prepositions.

1 Did you know

2 Are you familiar

_th e surprise party?

_ the company's no smoking policy?

_ red wine more than that of white wine?

4 He is feared by everyone in the area He's known _ ‘The Cleaner'

5 I’m really keen _ the idea of spending my holiday on an island in the Mediterranean

3 Do you like the taste

6 This village looks fa m ilia r _ me Have we been here before?

7 A rise _ inflation would have negative consequences for the country’s economy

8 I didn’t like olive oil but I’ve developed a ta ste _ it now that I’m living in Spain

unit 0 3

Grammar Revision (Adverbs - Comparisons - Articles - Uncountables)

B Choose A, B, C o r D to com plete the fo llo w in g dialogue

Jim: Have you made up your mind about where to go on holiday?

Mike: I've narrowed down my choices to two (1) _ large countries, France and

Mexico What do you think?

Jim: Well, France is one of (2) _ countries in Europe Did you know it’s twice

(3 ) 1 the UK? Since you’ve got eight weeks off (4 ) _ work,

you could go on a cycling tour of the country

Mike: I'd like to visit (5) _ Alps and Mont Blanc, which is (6 ) than any other mountain in WesternEurope I suppose I could also go on long walks in the country, as the climate there is similar (7) _ that inBritain

Jim: Really? I think it’s (8 ) _ warmer

Especially on the Riviera, the Mediterranean in

winter is (9 ) _ temperature as the

British coastal waters are in summer! I

can really picture you, tanned and

relaxed, tasting delicious local specialities

(10) Camembert cheese, frogs'

legs and snails!

Mike: Come on, that sounds disgusting!

Jim: Apparently, they taste (11) _ better

than they sound

Mike: I don’t know I'd rather go to Mexico and eat

tortillas and chilli every day!

2 A larger B largest C the larger D the largest

3 A bigger than B as big as C so big as D as bigger than

-6 A higher Bhighest C the higher Dthe highest

7 A as Bwith c to D of

9 A the same Bsame c similar D the similar

10 A such Bas c like D so

See G ram m ar R e v ie w p ag e 150

A Read the text b e lo w and complete each blank with one word.

Gianni Versace was one of the (1) successful fashion designers (2) the 1980s and 1990s He was born in 1946, in Reggio, a (3) small town in Italy, where he learnthow to make clothes In (4 ) beginning, he sold his clothes to (5) manufacturer In Milan, but he was not as popular then (6 ) he was in later years Very quickly hedeveloped a personal style, which made him famous He used bright colours and, over time, his clothes became more and(7) extravagant The more successful his collections were, the (8 ) histalent was acknowledged Celebrities (9 ) Princess Diana and Elton John loved his style Versacealso paid the (10) attention to his surroundings (11) he did to hisclothes and spent (12) of money on art and expensive furniture Versace’s fame, however, is just(13) side of this story of style, which ended suddenly with his death (14) thesummer of 1997 Some fashion critics have described his clothes (15) “fabulous rubbish” andcriticised him for using cheap materials Nevertheless, he has to be seen as one of the most influential designers of his

generation

0 The train is cheaper than the plane /

The-train ic choapor from the plane.—

-0 Your story is funnier than mine./

Your story is more amusing than mine /

Your story is more funnier than mine

YbuEiiQuse is asbigger as mine -

(as + positive degree+as)

Q The children were very excited about the trip

(positive meaning)

The children were too excited about the trip

(negative meaning - excessively)

Q Lisa is a very/pretty/rather careful driver

(a/an + very/pretty/rather + positive degree ofadj + noun)

Lisa is quite a careful driver

(quite + a/an + positive degree of ad] + noun)

Lisa drives very / pretty / quite / rather carefully

(very/pretty/quite/rather + positive degree ofadv)

® Lisa is rather / much / a little / a bit / a lot / far more

careful than Tim /

Lisa drives rather / much / a little / a bit / a lot / far more

carefully than Tim /

Lisa is very/ pretty / quite more careful

t-han-Timr-Lisa drives very / protty / quite more carefully than Timr

(rather /much /a little /a bit/a lot/far+comparative degree ofadj/adv)

Key Transformations

® Mary is the tallest girl in her class /

(the+superlative, for several people / things)

Both Mary and Sheila are tall, but Mary is the taller

of the two /

(the + comparative, for only two people/things)

JBoth Mary and Shoila arc taft-but Mary^s-ttte- -

tallest of

fee-two:—-@ That's my elder/eldest brother./

(only fo r brothers, sisters, sons, daughters)

That's my older / oldest brother /

My brother is a year older than me / (older + than)

-My-brother is a yoar older than me

(no than after elder)

® He spoke like a lawyer / (= as if he were a lawyer; he isn't)

He spoke as a lawyer / (= he is a lawyer)

He spoke as he was advised to (as + clause)

Hftspoka like ho was-adviscd-to

® John gave me some important information /

Jolm-gave-m^seme-tepertaHtiHformations

(Uncountable nouns have no plural forms.)

John-gave mo an importart-information —John gave me an important piece of information /

(No a /an immediately before uncountable nouns.)

® The news was really shocking./

The-He-ws weFe^eatty shoeking -

(Uncountable nouns go with singular verbs.)

& Fiona is taller than Gina.

Gina is shorter than Fiona

Gina is not as tall as Fiona

& Andrew smokes more than John.

John smokes less than Andrew

John does not smoke as much as Andrew

John is not such a heavy smoker as Andrew

John is not so/as heavy a smoker as Andrew

& This is the fastest car I have ever driven.

I have never driven such a fast car

I have never driven a faster car than this (one)

I have never driven a car as fast as this (one)

None of the cars I have driven is/are faster than this (one)

None of the cars I have driven is/are as fast as this (one)

& She is the worst singer I know.

She is / sings worse than any (other) singer I know

No other singer I know is as bad as her / she is

No other singer I know sings as badly as her / she does

& The atmosphere is becoming more polluted by the day

The atmosphere is becoming more and more polluted

® His behaviour is becoming more sensible as he gets older

The older he gets, the more sensible his behaviour becomes

The older he gets, the more sensibly he behaves

© He hasn’t got much furniture in his new flat

He has got very little furniture in his new flat

He has got very few pieces of furniture in his new flat

® George is not usually late.

It is not typical of George to be late

It is not like George to be late

® Your bicycle looks exactly like mine.

Your bicycle is exactly the same as mine

Your bicycle is identical to mine

unit 0 3

Examination Practice

A TALENT FOR LYING

Although we are all natural born liars, most of us seem to take it for granted that lying

(1 ) bad However, psychologists argue that lying is just

(2 ) im portant as any other social skill we possess

We learn (3) _ art of deception very early in life; by the age of

five, we have not only become quite efficient at lying, but we have also learnt how to read people's

reactions and act accordingly

(4 ) _ example, if someone is avoiding direct eye contact with us, this makes us think that we'rebeing lied to so we m ight lie, too A person's smile is also (5) _ giveaway A genuine smile makesthe skin near the eyes crease, whereas a "put on" smile doesn’t have the (6) _ effect on the facialfeatures (7) _ a real one

Even though both women and men know how to watch (8 ) _ for clues that somebody is lying, it

is a fact that women are (9 ) _ more skilful liars (10) men Despite this,women are also more affected by other people’s feelings, so they have more sympathy (11) _ them

As a result, women tend to be (12) _ willing to have an honest conversation

B Complete the second sentence so that it has a sim ilar m eaning to the first sentence, using the w ord given unchanged You must use betw een two and five words, including the w ord given.

1 Sarah is a better swimmer than Jessica

swim Jessica doesn’t Sarah

2 Mark and Tony are equally tall

height Mark is Tony

3 Jane is more enthusiastic about sports than Brendan is

keen Brendan isn’t _ Jane is

4 The baby’s tem perature kept rising, so we took him to hospital

higher The baby’s tem perature w as , so we took him to

hospital

5 Patrick doesn’t usually forget his appointments

like It is his appointments

6 As it got darker, we had more d ifficulty seeing

harder The darker it was for us to see

7 Daniel is the worst cook I’ve ever known

cook None of the people I kn o w Daniel

8 I couldn’t find a bigger house in the area

the This w as I could find in the area

9 The children’s performance made quite an impression on us

rather We w ere _: the children’s performance

10 Jeremy doesn’t run as fast as Jonathan

so Jeremy is n o t Jonathan

unit 0 3

Words easily confused

th e correct form of the w ords in the boxes to complete the sentences in each group il-H below You may

t-e som e of the w ords m ore than once In some cases, more than one w ord may be correct.

1 :-iou ld the n e e d , we'll order m ore food fo r the extra guests.

: ' i e ch arity o rg a n is a tio n enough m oney to build a shelter fo r the refugees.

3 The s u n in the East and sets in the West.

t ,','e at seven every weekday to get ready fo r school.

5 Can y o u the table so th a t I can slide the rug underneath?

grow grow up bring up (be) born become

* n the last six m onths Joe h a s ta lle r by 15 centim etres.

2 Vhen Brett w a s , he w eighed 3.8 kilograms.

3 Most parents have fond m em ories of the years they w e re th e ir children.

4 When Je an , she wants t o _ a m echanical engineer.

• 1 a lw a ys a book ju s t before I go to sleep.

2 John w a s in France, so his French is very good.

3 Michelle w orks in the g y m people how to use the equipm ent properly.

4 In my final year I had t o at least fo u r hours every day t o _

everything th a t was required fo r the exams.

5 I Physics and Maths at the local high school.

6 The e x a m in e r us to pick up our pens once we h a d _ the questions carefully.

1 My parents had to see the headm aster because o f m y b a d _ in class.

2 A fter the argum ent, Jake was in a b a d and w o u ld n 't speak to anyone.

3 If Betty wants to keep her job, she m ust change h e r tow ards her boss.

4 Where did you learn such excellent ta b le ?

unit 0 3

5 The children like him because of his gentle

6 Cliff is so calm that I have never seen him lose his

7 What you're saying should be done in a professional

E familiar accustomed aware

1 I hope you're of the dangers involved in rock climbing

2 Is anyone in this classroom with the word "incubator"?

3 That woman looks to me I'm sure I’ve seen her before

4 Paul is feeling tired because he’s not to working for so long without a break

F custom habit fashion trend routine

1 Going to work has become a daily for most people

2 The general for men in the 1970s was to have long hair and sideburns

3 In many countries it is the to roast turkey for Christmas

4 Sandra has the bad : of biting her nails

5 Slightly flared trousers are in this year so many people are wearing them

6 If you go shopping, definitely go to Blare's They've got all the latest

G common ordinary usual normal regular

1 It is to feel weak when you are ill, even if you’ve just got a _ cold

2 exercise means working out for one hour at least twice a week

3 It was a(n) weekend We went to the cinema on Saturday evening and for a drive on Sundaymorning, as

4 I get on very well with my friends because we have many things in

H eager keen enthusiastic interested willing

1 I am to help you with your homework if you make an effort

2 He’s really on heavy metal music That’s all he listens to

3 Please sit down as I'm to start the meeting

4 Billy is a(n) tennis player, so he plays tennis every afternoon

5 Sheila is in taking up gardening this spring

6 We were about going to Ireland for Christmas

unit 0 3

In th is u n it w e w ill d eal w ith m ore nouns, adjectives and adverbs derivin g from nouns.

Referring to a person These nouns describe the state or period of being what

the noun root refers to

• Some other common nouns that form nouns in the same way are: child, man, mother, parent and woman.

• Pay attention to the following: neighbour neighbourhood

monument

education

monumentaleducational

monumentallyeducationally

• Some other common nouns that form adjectives and adverbs in the same way are: accident, addition, emotion, fate, intention, nation, nature, person, profession and tradition.

• Note the changes in spelling:

commerce ^ commercial 4 commercially finance 4 financial 4 financially

part 4 partial 4 p artially confidence 4 confidential 4 confidentially

artifice 4 a rtificial 4 a rtificially essence 4 essential 4 essentially

benefit 4 beneficial 4 beneficially

• Some other common nouns that form adjectives and adverbs in the same way are: ease, fun, health, noise

and s/eep

• Pay attention to the following nouns that form only adjectives: cloud, dirt, hair, rain, risk, snow, sun, wealth

and worth.

• Note the changes in spelling: anger ang/y angrily hunger hungry hungrily

Referring to a quality or characteristic Having the quality or characteristic of the noun root

• Some other common nouns that form nouns in the same way are: adventure, fame, humour, nerve and

poison.

• Some nouns ending in -ion form adjectives in -ious:

am bition 4 ambitious caution 4 cautious infection infectious

religion -4 religious suspicion -4 suspicious

• Some nouns ending in -e form adjectives in -eous: advantage advantageous courage -4 courageous

• Note the following irregularities: anxiety -4 anxious num ber -4 numerous price precious

• Some other common nouns that form (both) adjectives and adverbs are: month, mother, world and year

m onth 4 monthly: His m onthly salary is far above the average, (adjective)

He gets paid monthly, (adverb)

unit 0 3

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the w ords in capitals.

1 F o u r p e o p le died in a a c c id e n t d u e to t h e

road co ndit io ns Local re sident s a r e _ b e c a u s e _

a c c id e n ts h ave o c c u r r e d the r e and no m e a s u r e s h ave b e e n take n yet.

2 If y o u r e q u i r e _ in f orm atio n, d o not hesitate to co n ta c t me.

3 I w o k e u p this m o r n i n g feeling h a p p y b e c a u s e it w as a _ ,

_ day I realised that the m i s e r a b l e _ d a y s w e r e

o v e r a n d t h a t _ s u m m e r w as jus t a r o u n d the co rner.

8 M y fri end D avid liked g o i n g o n _ ho li d a ys until last s u m m e r w h e n he w a s

bitten b y a _ snake and nearly died.

FATE, ICE ANGER, NUMBER

ADDITIONDELIGHT

i H

SUN, RAIN LUCKMONTH, FINANCE HOPE

I

DAYCAUTIONPARENT

m

CHILD

m

FRIENDINTENTION

ir

ADVENTUREPOISON

Examination Practice

A Read the text b elo w and decide w h ic h answer A, B, C or D best fits each space

THE A R T OF BEING A P A R E N T

In o rd e r to ( 1 ) children, m a n y qualities are required As well as the ( 2 ) _

r e q u i r e m e n t s such as love, patie nc e and u n d e rs ta n d in g , a sense of h u m o u r is an i m p o r t a n t feature of a n y parent's

personality ( 3 ) , it's quite an art to tra n sfo rm a child's bad m o o d into ( 4 ) _

e v e r y o n e in the family can live with.

A n o t h e r aspect of child re aring is t e ach in g childre n limits a nd rules T h i s m e a n s th e child needs to be

( 5 ) of w h a t his o r her rights are and w h a t o t h e r people's are, too Setting limits on childr en m u s t

o c c u r o n a daily basis T e m p o r a r y m ea s u re s d o n ’t ach ieve a n y t h i n g b u t just w aste tim e A ( 6 )

mistake, h o w ever, is be in g ( 7 ) stricter than necessary Parents m u s t be ( 8 )

to allow their children the o p p o r t u n i t y to explore and learn ( 9 ) experience.

W hat's more, m ost parents m u s t k n o w the i m p o rt a n c e of ( 1 0 ) as it gets children used to certain

e v e r y d a y activities For instance, eating at the s a m e tim e (11) their parents gets t h e m into the habit

of sitting at a table an d ( 1 2 ) t h e m h o w to c o n d u c t t hem selv es properly.

1 A grow B grow up C born D bring up

A rthritis is a general term for aches and pains in the body's joints

Most types of arthritis involve the deterioration of cartilage, which

is an (1) material covering the ends of thebones in the joint When the (2 ) cartilagewears out, it becomes rough and this causes pain when the joint moves This condition is more common among the elderly, but somepeople can be sufferers from (3 )

Apart from (4 ) painkillers, little or notreatm ent is available However, (5) _

scientists have designed (6 ) joints thatcan replace the (7) , worn-out ones Thesenew joints could prove very (8 ) to arthritissufferers Although some believe that jo in t replacement may be

breakthrough

ESSENCEHEALTH

CHILDTRADITIONAMBITIONARTIFICEPAINBENEFIT

COSTANXIOUS

_ j

Prepositional Phrases

hire/rentleastthe first place schedule

a change the move

sure/certain post/air mail

an excursion accident other words once

board short one's own instance

a trip /to u r private

publiccashchancecheque

a good/bad mood

B Read the sentences and complete them with the prepositions in, on, at, under or without.

1 All assignments are due to m o rro w _fail.

2 A com puter chooses the lottery num bers _random.

3 Our house has been _the market for over two months but we haven’t been able to sell it yet

4 Everyone w as _a state of shock after the devastating news

5 I w as _a loss for words when I was told I had won the prize

6 The roadw orks _ progress are responsible for the traffic jams

7 I can't go out tonight I’m feeling a b it _the weather.

8 The train is _sight It will be pulling in any minute now

9 Dianne was refused entry to the club because she w as _age.

10 Final - year students a re _a lot of pressure to pass their exams

11 I have bought this gym equipm ent _approval I can return it within fifteen days

12 My brother fa in ts _the sight of blood

13 My wife isn’t here at the moment because she’s aw ay _business.

C Complete the sentences with the p re p o sitio n a l p h ra se s in the box below.

at a glance on the road in order for granted in common

on arrival at heart in some respects

1 Although he seems rather abrupt at times, he is very k in d _

2 You should not take i t _ that your parents will always support you

3 Everything w as _ and ready to be inspected

4 , the earthquake doesn't seem to have caused any serious damage

5 We w ere _ for two days before we reached our destination

6 at the train station, they went straight to the platform

7 Even though I don't agree with your overall argument, I do agree with y o u _

8 My brother and I don’t have a n yth in g _

unit 0 4

- c ad the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by writing the

o rre c t num ber in the box next to each definition.

A KEEP, HOLD, CATCH

1 The government kept back vital inform ation concerning the oil spill

2 Skaters were warned to keep o ff the thin ice

3 The students kept on working hard despite the terrible heat

4 We were told to keep ou t of the abandoned house

5 Ted, you got an A in your Biology test Keep up the good work!

5 Hold on! I’ll just get my jacket and we can leave

7 Despite his financial problems, he managed to hold on to his fortune

3 Sorry I'm late, but I was held up in traffic on the way here

9 Two men held up a supermarket last night and stole £ 2000

• 3 Even though he was injured during the race, he still managed

to catch up w ith the other runners

robprevent from being taken away maintain

reserve, not reveal reach

stay off, not approachcontinue

delaywait for a short tim e not enter

CARRY, WEAR, WORK, MOVE

1 It was impossible for Alison to carry on working after receiving

the bad news

2 Recent studies carried o u t by the government show that more and

more people are relying on the state health system

3 The fans got carried away during the concert and climbed onto the stage

4 The tyres of my car have w orn out I must get new ones

5 I'm too w orn o u t to go anywhere tonight

6 Scientists still haven’t worked o u t what caused the death of the animals

7 W orking out on a regular basis reduces the risk of heart disease

8 I took a week off work in order to move into my new home

9 My landlord won't renew my contract so I have to move o u t by

the end of the month

start living in continuefind a solution, discover stop living in

over-excitedtake part in physical exerciseperform, conduct

tiredbecome thin, weak or unsuitable for further use

Words with Prepositions

A Complete the blanks with prepositions.

separate

superior

terrified

receive sth translate sth another

sbonelanauaae

6 Read the follow ing sentences and com plete them w ith prepositions.

1 Can you please translate this document _ French English?

2 They arrived _ the hotel after midnight

3 The lack _ medical supplies made the doctors’ task even more difficult

4 The thieves divided the loot _ themselves

5 He's very generous _ his money and supports various charities

6 The teacher divided the class _ four groups for the role-play

7 The manager is very generous _ all his staff, regardless of their position in the company

8 We arrived _ Frankfurt in the afternoon and looked for a hotel straightaway

unit 0 4

Grammar Revision (Determiners - Pronouns)

See G ram m ar R e v ie w page 152

A Read the follow ing text and com plete each blank w ith one word

Very (1 ) people know the real inspiration for cubism, the most important art movement

of the 20th century Almost ( 2 ) seems to believe that cubism was created by Pablo

Picasso and Georges Braque, who were ( 3 ) painters However, ( 4 ) _can be further from the truth In the late 19th century another French painter, Paul Cezanne, painted a

(5 ) of landscapes, ( 6 ) _ of which greatly influenced Braque

and Picasso (7 ) of these two painters ever tried to hide this fact Yet, in the past, almost

( 8 ) book about cubism tended to concentrate only on Picasso’s and Braque’s achievements, notmaking ( 9 ) reference to Cezanne's influence Over the years (10 ) _authors have tried to correct this inaccuracy, but to (11) effect; most people know very

(12 ) about Cezanne himself, let alone his work Nowadays, however,

(13 ) can dispute (14) _ Cezanne’s influence on early cubism or theimportance of this art movement

B Choose A, B, C or D to com plete the follow ing sentences

1 This film will be very popular among _ who enjoy science fiction

2 Fortunately, _ the guests were injured when the fire broke out at the hotel

3 You needn't buy more milk because there's _ in the fridge

4 ; _ the students nor the teachers were happy with the educational reforms

5 of the members of the committee came up with a different proposal

6 We've only got _ time left Hurry up!

7 It took Henry a(n) _ day to clear out the attic

8 of the two girls was given a bicycle as a Christmas present

- There isn’t anything else I can do S

There is nothing else I can do /

There isn’t nothing ctoc I can do

-The baby climbed the stairs without any difficulty /

The baby climbed the stairs with no difficulty /

The baby climbed the stems without no difficulty -

(only one negative word in each sentence)

6 There isn’t much milk left in the fridge /

There isn’t many milk loft in the fridge.-

There is (a) little milk left in the fridge /

There is (a) few milk left in-the fridge -

(much, (a) little + uncountable nouns)

€i There aren’t many strawberries left in the fridge S

There-aretft much strawberries left in the fridge -

There are (a) few strawberries left in the fridge /

There are (a) little strawberries left in the fridge:—

(many, (a) few + countable nouns)

& There is lots / a lot / plenty of information on volcanoes

in this book

There are lots /a lot /plenty of toys in the garden,

children

(lots of, a lot of, plenty o f+countable and uncountable nouns)

€> Both of these books are interesting /

Both of thcac books is interesting

-Either book is interesting /

Either of these books is/are interesting /

Neither book is interesting /

Neither of these books is/are interesting /

None of these books is/are interesting /

(both + plural verb, either/neither+singular verb, either of/neither of/none o f+singular or plural verb)

® You can go to the beach both by bus and by train S

You can go to the beach either by bus or by train /You can-go to tho boach and by bus and by train -

(both and m the one and the other either or ■* the one or the other)

® He can’t sing and he can’t dance either /

He can’t sing or dance (either) /

He can neither sing nor dance /

H e can’t neither sing nor dancer

(neither nor ■* not the one and not the other)

@ We were studying all morning /

We spent the whole morning studying /

We spent the all morning

studying.-Key Transformations

® There weren’t a lot of things to see in the gallery

There wasn’t much to see in the gallery

There was little to see in the gallery

& Most students didn’t go to the demonstration.

(Very) few (of the) students went to the demonstration

Hardly anyone went to the demonstration

Hardly any (of the) students went to the demonstration

Both Jim and Jack like playing tennis

Jim likes playing tennis and Jack does, too

Jim likes playing tennis and so does Jack

Both Jim and Jack dislike football

Neither Jim nor Jack like(s) football

Jim doesn’t like football and Jack doesn’t (like it) either | Jim doesn’t like football and neither/nor does Jack

unit 0 4

Examination Practice

ALERT

To have an allergy means that a person is affected either by a substance in the atmosphere

(1) by some sort of food (2) _days a lot of

people suffer from one kind of allergy or another

So, what can people do to fight allergies? If someone is allergic to chocolate, for instance,

the simplest (3 ) to do would be to avoid eating any chocolate If,

on the (4) hand, the allergic reaction is caused by

(5) unknown or difficult to avoid, then the only solution is

prescribed medication

The chances of (6) _ having an allergy are bound to be great if allergies (7) _inthe family In other words, if one parent suffers from allergies, the child has a th irty percent chance of being allergic, too If (8) _ parents are affected, the risk doubles

However, there is absolutely (9 ) _ logical reason to be terrified (10) thatpossibility Those who suffer can carry (11) _ with their lives and not let their allergies wear themout They shouldn’t feel different (12) _ everyone else

B Complete the second sentence so that it has a sim ilar meaning to the first sentence, using the w ord given unchanged You must use betw een two and five words, including the w ord given.

1 The washing machine is not working properly

w rong There is _the washing machine

2 Unfortunately, most people didn’t have a good time at the party

hardly U nfortunately, a good tim e at the party

3 I didn’t like a single song from their new CD

none I from their new CD

4 I’m pretty sure that Mary doesn’t like jazz music and Susan doesn’t either

dislike I’m pretty sure th a t _jazz music

5 There isn’t enough petrol on the market

lack There is on the market

6 We realised that both cars were expensive

car We realised th a t _cheap

7 There aren’t a lot of things to remember from that awful trip

little There _from that awful trip

8 I’m afraid I can’t study both Maths and Physics tonight - just one of the two

or I’m afraid I ca n _tonight - not both

9 They were looking for their lost dog all week

the They sp e n t _looking for their lost dog

10 The concert was sold out tw o weeks in advance

any There _for the concert two weeks in advance