Luận văn mạng wireless sensor network kỹ thuật, ứng dụng và định tuyến

BO MAO DVC DAO TAO TRUONG DAI HQC THANG LONG KH6A LUAN TOT NGHIti) MANG WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK KY THUAT, !TING DUNG VA DINTH TUYEN Gilo vii n luthng din : Ths Holing Trim Minh Sinh vien thyc hien : To BIDAng MA sinh vien : Al2211 Chuyen nginh : MANG — VIEN THONG HA NOI — 2013 MJC LVC PHAN TONG QUAN SENSOR NETWORK) 11,14.NG CAM BIEN KHONG DAY (WIRELESS 1 1.1 G161 thiln 1.1.1 Cong nghe Sensor Network 1.1.2 Ong dung cda mgng cdm Min 1.2 Ting plan vI Id thnO WSNs 1.2.1 Cdc themh pan co bein cdu true mgng clun bin 1.2.2 Qud trinh phdt trim mgng clan ban 10 1.2.3 Cdc thach Ade va trd ngai 11 13 PHAN Kt THU4T CAM BIEN KHONG DIY 2.1 Node cam biin 13 2.2 Phin citng vi phln mim 14 2.3 Phlin fogi cam bits 15 2.4 Hgn chi cis node dm bi n ••••••••••••• s•••••s 17 2.5 Xn hirang ph& trim cos node elm 17 2.6 Kit IntIn 17 PHAN MOT SO irNG DUNG CUA hifiNG CAM BIEN KHONG DAY 3.1 Clic m8 hInh man WSNs.N.N IS 18 3.2.1 Gidin sat va thiu Mien cling nghiep 20 3.2.2 Tv d5ng hod gia dinh va din dein dung 23 3.2.3 Ong dung qudn sir va an ninh quoc gia 24 3.2.4 Ong dung biro v mdi trudng va ?song nghiep thong minh 25 3.2.5 Ng dung thfrang mpi 27 3.2.6 Ong dung y ti va gam sdt khde 28 3.2.7 Ong dung nghien cgieu 28 3.3 Cie vi dq vI drag diking dgng C1WSNs NN 28 3.3.1 Ong dung qudn sir, an ninh va thin nhien 29 3.3.2 Ong dung gam sift xe cd va cdc thong tin lien quan 29 3.4 CIc vi dg v frng dgng dgng C2WSNs 29 3.4.1 Dilu khiIn cdc that bj nha 31 3.4.2 Ditiu khien cdc taa nha tK dOng 31 3.4.3 Quern ly qua trinh to ding cong nghiep 31 3.4.4 Cdc sing dung y hoc 32 3.5 Kit Ingln 33 PHAN CAC GIAO TH(TC DINH TUYEN CHO MLNG CAM BIEN ICID5NG DAY 4.1 Sg phin phi' vi hgp dtt Kin 34 4.2 Thilit kid vi thich thfrc kq thu$t dinh tuyin WSN 35 4.2.1 Kich think m4;mg va djic dnh that' e i theo thee' gian 35 4.2.2 Tai nguyin kin chi 36 4.3 Giao thic djnh twin mgmg WSNa 4.3.1 Cdc k9 thuOt dinh tuyin 37 4.3.2 Flooding va cdc 38 thi 4.3.3 Giao tar dinh tuyin thong tin qua sv thaw thuorm 40 4.3.4 Pan nithm pan b4c twang thich, ?Ong luvng thdp (LEACIV 44 4.3.5 nip trung hieu qua cong emit he tang thong tin cam bieis 47 4.3.6 Truyin tin true dip 49 4.3.7 Dinh tuyin theo vj tri 51 4.4 Kit SIAM 56 DANH MVC BINH ANH, BANG BMW Hinh 1 M6 hinh mpg cam biin than thuting HInh 12 Ciu tso met node cam biin Hinh 13 Giao thfrc Chung cho mpg cam ban HInh Su phat tan cua deg nghe chi tso cam ban 14 HInh 2 Ciu tao phin ceng cosi node cam ban 14 Hinh 2.3 Ciu tao pan mini caa node cam Win 15 Hinh 3.1 C1WSNs, lien kit multipoint-to-point, multi-hop 18 Hinh C2WSNs, lien kit point-to-point, multipoint-to-point 18 Hinh 3.3 M8 hinh hqp tic va bit hqp tic 19 Binh Mee lieu thy Wing luqng Bluetooth vi Zigbee 30 Hinh Clic (mg dung dile khan nha 31 Hinh 3.6 ring dung deg nghiep 32 Hinh 3.7 ring dung y ti 32 HInh 41 Cac Ong dung mpg WSN 34 Binh 4.2 Truyin de lieu da chang 35 Hinh 43 Flooding cac gai de lieu mang thong tin 38 Hinh 4.4 Bang n6 luu luqng flooding 39 Hinh Vin di chteg lin flooding 40 HInh 4.6 Host gag co ban cult giao that SPIN 41 Hinh 4.7 The tic bit tay giao thee SP1N-PP 42 Hinh 4.8 Host dung co ban caa giao thfrc SPIN-BC 43 Illnh 4.9 Phan chia cluster 45 Hinh 4.10 Hai pha trig thai call LEACH 45 Hinh 11 Ciu frac ming hinh chu8i 48 Hinh 4.12 Truyin thong diep interests 50 Hinh 4.13 Pha can dat gradients 50 Hinh 4.14 Phan ph6i de lieu theo tuyin dueng duqc eke Wing cao chit luong 51 HInh 415 Quyit djnh chuyin flip mang tinh cuc be vi toan he thing 53 HInh 4.16 Cac chits luqc chuyin tiip gei 54 Hinh 4.17 Giai thult djnh tuyin kliteg hieu qua 54 Hinh 4.18 Cii thien chit luqng giao thfrc djnh tuyin 55 Bang 1.1 Clic rfnh Arc nghien can v8 WSNs Bing 1.2 Cac gist° thfrc c6 thi clang cho lop tap tong WSNs Bang 1.3 Thin tit vi so sanh cic giai dogn phit Wen cast mpg cam Bien 11 Bang 2.1 Phan 103i cac node then d c diim 16 BANG CAC Kir HMU, cic CHfr WET TAT ' Tit vlita ADC AODV API ARC Analogue/Digital converter Ad Hoc On-Demand DistanceVector Application program interface Adapti transmitssion rate eve contr ARQ automatic repeat request BER CSMA Bit error rate Carrier sense multiple access Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector DSDV DSR FDMA FEC GPS HITP HVAC LEACH MAC Dynamic Source Routing Frequency division multiple access Forward error correction Global Possition System HyperText Tranffer Protocol Heating ventilation, and air conditioning Low energy adaptive clustering • hierarchy Medium access control MANET Mobile ad hoc network ME MECN MH NAM NS-2 PA Minimum energy Minimum energy communication network Minimum hop Network AniMator Network Simulator version Power available NigWang BO chuyin di Wang tv / s6 Dinh toyer dtra vio chugi chi Wong theo you du tam thoi He giao till) Igp trinh Ong dung Dieu khien t6c d$ tray& din thich fag Ca chi skla 18i bang you can Iiip lai tv dOng T1) ibi bit Da truy nhgp theo cam Win bru luvng Dinh tuyin theo chugi chi Wong vol Bich tan tv ' Giao thfrc djnh tuyen ngu6n dOng Da truy nhap phin Chia theo tin s6 Cu the sera lgi tru6t He th6ng djnh vi torn au Giao thfrc truyin sieu van bia He th6ng su6i, th8ng gib vi dieu h6a kheing Idii Phan cap cum thick (mng vei Wing luvng dliP Dieu khien truy nhap m8i trutmg truyen din Mang di gong ad hoc (tam th6i, kh8ng QS ca se tang) Nang luvng ti8u thy cvc tieu Mpg truyin thong viri riling hrimg clic tieu S6 bulk nhiy cvc tieu M6 ti mpg bang hlnh anh ti)ng Phin mem m8 phong Luang phien bin2 Min Jiang luvng hien tai Tai Ali tit, QoS REQ RERR RREP RREQ RS-232 ng Quality of service Request message Route error packet Route reply packet Route request packet Serial Radio Link - 232 SAR Sequential assignment routing Small minimum energy SMECN communication network Self Organizing MAC for SMACS Sensor network SMP Sensor management protocol Sensor protocols for SPIN information via negotiation Sensor query and data SQDDP SQDL" dissemination protocol SQL Structure Query Language Sensor query and tasking SQTL language Transmission Control TCP/IP Protocol/Internet Protocol TDMA Time division multiple access Wireless Integrated network WINS sensors WISENET Wireless SEnsor NETwork WLAN WSN Wireless local area network Wireless sensor network .c Nal& mug vuif Chit luqng djch vp Bin tin yeu ciu 06i bio liSi tuyin 06i dip img yeu au tuyin 061 yeu cal' Wyk Lien kit v8 tuyin n6i dip theo chuin RS-232 Dinh tuyin chi djnh lien tpc Mang truyin Wing v6i nAng luvng cvc au logi nhe Giao thirc MAC tv t6 chile cho mpg sensor Giao thirc quan sensor Cie giao thircthong tin sensor thong qua th6a thuen Giao thirc truy yin sensor vi ph6 bi6n s6 lieu Nee net truy yin theo ciu frac Nee ngt truy yin vi det nlriem vp sensor Giao tldrc dial' khiin truyin din/giao thirc Internet Da truy nhep phin chia theo thoi gian Mang cac that bj aim bien tick hqp thiet 14 thu phit !thong day He thong meng sensor khong day WISENET Mang clic be khOng day Meng cam ban kliong day r* , LoI NOI DAU Sr phit trim cba internet, truyin thong vi Ong nghe thong tin kit ho vai nheng din bo) ky thuat gin day di too dilu kiln cho cic the he cim biin mod vei gii thinh thip, lchi Wing trier lchai quy ma lan vai dO chink xic cao C8ng nghe diet' khiin vI cim biin gim cim Win day, cim Min trubng Bien ter, cim Min tin si v6 tuyin, cim Win quang lien vi gong ngogi, laser rada vI cim Min djnh vj din dubng Cic fin bO lTnh vuc thiet ki cim been, vat lieu cho phap giim kich thubc, luqng vi chi phi sin xuit cim bin ding then tang kill Wing hoot gong vI da chinh xic Trong tuang lai gin, mgng cam bile lchemg day se tech hop hang trieu cam bier vio he thing di cii thien chit luqng vi thbi gian sing Cang nghe diet' khiin vI cim bien c6 film Wing 16.n, khong chi khoa hgc vi nghien c(ru, mI quan hon chum; thrqc stir dyng rang rili cac big dung lien quan din bio ve cic c8ng trinh tong yiu, chin sac sac khae, bio ye meoi tnrimg Wing luqng, an toin thuc phim, sin xuit, Wing cao chit luqng cuac sing vi kinh ti V6i myc tier giim gii thank vi tang lieu qui deg nghiep vi throng mgi, mpg cim biin lchting dity se mang din sy tier nghi vi cic fmg dyng Wit thyc ring cao chit luqng cuOc sing cho ngubi Trong nai dung di lieu nay, em xin trinh bay mat cii nhin tong gam vi mmHg cam bin Ichong day, ceu t o vi cic k thu$t xiy dmg mgng cim Min lchOng day Cic ung cb,mg phi lien co nhieu film am Ong dung thyc ti Ben onh d6 la cic ky thuat dinh tuyln mgng cim Win lchong dly Em xin chat' thinh cam on sy huong an nhiet dnh cia thiy Hoing Trong Minh, sy gqi mar vi gap thiy da hi trq em rit nhieu di em ca the hoin di tai niy DANH M)C CAC TAI THAM 'CHAO Kamm Sohraby, Daniel Minoli, Taieb Znati (2007) Wireless Sensor • Network Technology, Protocols, and Application John Wiley & Sons, Inc Anna Sic (2003) Wireless Sensor Network Designs John Wiley 8c Sons, Inc Trill Van Su (2005) Truyin so lieu va mpg thong tin stS Nha xuit ban dpi lux qutoc gia TP.H6 Chi Minh PHAN TONG QUAN Vt MANG CAM BIEN KHONG DAY (WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK) 1.1 Gild thien Mpg cam Win (sensor network) la ciu talc, la sq kit hqp voi cac kha tiling cam xfr thong tin va cac thinh phin lien lgc de tao kha Hang quan sat, pith tick va phial (mg Igi yeti cac su kien, hien tuqng xey tong m6i tiding cu thi nal° d6 Mei truing c6 the la the gi6i vet 1* hay he thong sinh hqc Cac (mg thing ca bin cua mung cam ban chu yiu gem thu thtip der lieu, giant sat, theo dal, va cac (mg dung tong y hoc Tay nhien (mg dung cua mpg cam Win ttly theo yeu ciu stl dung rit da dgng va kheng bi gi6i hgn C6 phin ca ban du to nen mOt mon cam bits: —Cac cam Win duqc phin b6 theo m6 With t#p trung hay phan b6 rai ric; —Mpg luai lien kit gift cac cam ban (c6 chly hay v6 tuyin); —Diem trung tam t#p hqp dtt lieu (Clustering); — BO phen xt1 I* de lieu trung tam MOt node cam biin la su kit hqp gitta cam Min va bO ph#n 2a1 lf, hap , goi la mote King cam Win kh6ng day (WSN) la mpg cam Win tong d6 cac node cam ban duqc kit n6i yeti bang sang v6 tuyin 1.1.1 Cling nghe Sensor Network Trong mgng cam Win, cam Win duqc xem nhu la phin quan tong nit& phuc vu cho cac (mg dung Cang nghe cam bit!' vk dieu khien bao g6m cac cam biin trubng dien tar; cam Win tin s6 v6 tuyin;quang, h6ng ngogi, radars, lasers; cac ciun tan dinh vi, din doing, dgc cac thong so m6i tiding; va cac cam Win phuc vu tong (mg dung an ninh, sinh h6a Ngay cam ban duqc RI dung vol se luqng 16n King WSNs c6 d#c diim rieng, dog suit bi gioi hgn, th2ri gian cung cep Wing luqng cOa ngu6n (ch6 yiu la pin) ca that gian ngin, chu kjr nhiem vtr ngin, quan he da diem-diem, s6 luqng kl.rn cac node cam Min Cam Win ce the chi gem hoc mOt day cam ban Kich thuoc rut da dgng, tar nano (1-100nm), meso (100-10000nm), micro (10-1000um), macro (vai mm-m) Do d#c filth cua mon WSNs la di dOng va fru& day chti yeti la phuc W tong thmg WSNs mo linh Arc quan su nen doi hoi tinh bao m#t cao Ngay nay, cac Hoot dOng ca ban cua giao thuc SPIN duqc minh hqa tren hinh 4.6 Node nguon la A, phut g6i ADV quang cao gel de lieu ma no muen phut Node B nhen dugs gel ADV Node B the hien mong muen nhen g6i dt lieu duqc quang cao theo nhu m8 to g6i ADV, vi the B girl g6i REQ cho A Sau de A gtli gel de lieu thuc cho B Node B sau nhen g6i de lieu thuc loi phut g6i ADV cho cac node C,D,E,F,G Chi c6 node C,E,G quan tam den g6i Cic node phut th8ng diep REQ cho node B Ngay sau de, B de lieu cho C,E,G Qua trinh cho den gel de lieu den duqc dich mong mu6n (1 ADV (2) REG Sensor (3) * DATA Sensor Hinh 4.7 Thu tyc bolt tay giao Mar SPIN-PP Dung don gian nhit ono ho giao thuc SPIN la SPIN-PP, duqc thiet ke cho mang lien loc diem-diem (point-to-point) Thfi tqc bit tay ba buck nhu tren hinh 4.7 Buac 1, node A c6 g6i de lieu cin phut vi the A phut g6i ADV quang cao cho gel de lieu thuc cita minh Buac 2, node B quan tam den gel de lieu thuc de lien gui gel REQ yeu de lieu den A Buck 3, node A dap Ung yeu ciu d6 va gel de lieu thuc cho B Giao thuc thoa thuen gigra cac node de tranh nguy co bj bung cac g6i vi vim de chung lin cac giao thirc flooding vi gossiping Theo m8 phong hieu qui gip 3.5 lin so voi flooding Giao thIrc dm dot tec dO de lieu cao gin uu so vai 1S , thuyet MOt loci khac la SPIN-EC, ket hop ky thuat quan sit nguen nang lucmg dua tren tuft ngueng MOt node chi tham gia vito hoot dung giao thuc neu node ce the holm tat ca cac hoot Ong ma khong lam giam ruing luong duel mix cho phep Khi node nhen duqc met gel quang cao, n6 kh8ng gtli thong diep REQ neu ne xac djnh nguen tang luqng 'thong du de gui gel REQ va !than g6i DATA Ket qui m8 pheng cho thiy, giao thuc SPIN-EC tang 60% de lieu tren met don vi Hang luqng so vol giao thuc flooding Ca SPIN_PP va SPIN-EC deu duqc thiet ke cho lien loc diem-diem Met loci thir 3, SPIN-BC duqc thiet ke cho mong quing ba Trong cac lo3i mong nay, tit cal cic node dung chung met loci kenh truyen Khi met node girl met gal de lieu qua kenh quang ba, g6i se duqc nhen NM tit ca cac node khac phom vi oda node Giao 42 thirc SPIN-BC khong yeu clu cic node sau nh(tn g6i ADV phai dip lai 1#p tick g6i REQ Thay vio d6, node char mOt khoing then gian, node giant sit kenh truyen Neu node nghe thy mOt th8ng diep REQ duqc phit tir mOt node khic (nghia la node mong mutm nhOn duqc g6i de lieu thvc t6 node ngu6n), node se htly di g6i yeu cau cita n6, d6 loai be nAng c6 cic g6i REQ du thira mpg Khi nh#n duqc g6i REQ ter mOt node nio d6 mang, node ngu6n se DE thong diep DATA chi mOt Mn, m(ic d6 n6 c6 the nhOn duqc nhieu g6i yeu c6u giOng cic node mpg Hog deng co ban ctla giao thirc SPIN-BC duqc mieu ti tren hinh 4.8 Trong m8 hinh nay, node c6 de lieu la node A, gni mOt g6i ADV de gi6i thieu de lieu cfia ne cho cic node lan Tit ci cic node deu nghe thly thong diep nay, nhtmg node C phit trtrac g6i REQ yeu ciu g6i dit lieu ter node A VI day la g6i phit quing bi nen cac node B vi D nghe duqc gen vet ngung viec phat g6i REQ ctla n6 Node E vi F kh8ng quan tam nen b6 qua cac g6i Khi nghe duqc g6i REQ ter node C, node A phit g6i der lieu cho C Tit ci cic node diu nhin duqc g6i Trong m8i trtremg quing ba, SPIN-BC giam hao phi ning lutyng bang cich the cic g6i du theca mpg ( 1) ( 2) (3) Hinh 4.8 Hogt cl(mg co ban csia giao fink SPIN-BC Giao thirc cu6i cuing thuec h9 SPIN la giao thirc SPIN-RL, phat trien ter SPIN-BC de cii thien de tin cay Ala 16i th8ng diep suy hao kenh truyen Cic g6i ADV vi REQ duqc phit 1#p lai theo chu Neu mOt node gati yeu can nh#n g6i de lieu nhtmg sau mOt khoang then gian djnh truck n6 yin chua nh#n duqc thi node se yeu can Mn nfta Han nfta, dO tin c#y duqc cai thien viec phat g6i m8 ti der lieu metadata theo chu ky Cic node SPIN-RL hart the s6 Mn phat lai th8ng diep DATA Sau gel thong diep DATA, node chi het met khoang then gian truck dip (mg cho nheng yeu cAu khic cho de lieu tucmg tsr 43 cac giao thirc SPIN chi cuc nhuqc diem chinh ctia flooding va gossiping SPIN ci hieu stilt sir ding nang luqng va phan phat du lieu cao horn flooding va gossiping Tuy nhien, sir theta thutm cuc b0 c6 the khong du de bao boc het town bO mpg de tit ca cac node c6 nhu ceu deu nh#n duqc gii Tang ba va sau de la gel dtt lieu mong mu6n Tinh hueng d6 ci the xay nett cac node gian khong quan film den g6i drr lieu va be qua th8ng diep ADV Wang Ong sau nh#n &rot gei Dieu hp the sir ding SPIN flitting img ding d#c biet nhu giam sat phat hien xim nh#p va bao ye cac cOng trinh tong yeti HQ 4.3.4 Phan nhant phan bec twang thick, nang luvng thlip (LEACH) LEACH la mOt thu#t Wan (firth tuyen duqc thiet ke de thu that) va phin ph& dtt lieu den cac bO gop dff lieu, thuong la cac tram gec (base station) Del tuqng chinh ciut LEACH la: —Keo dai th6i gian sting cis mpg; —Giam nang ltrqng tieu thq tai cac node mpg; —Dung sir t#p hqp dtt lieu de giam se tMng diep can truyen di LEACH xay dqng mpg cac cluster M8i cluster duqc quan 1S, Uri cac nut chink, goi la cluster head LEACH lira chip ngiu nhien mOt se node dun Ian de tret thinh cac nut chinh va quay yang vai fro de phan be deu tai nang Itrqng gitta cac node cam hien mpg el LEACH, cac node chinh nen cac dit lieu den tir cac node khac nhim cim ching va gui cac gOi di thu th#p den tram gec nhim mqc dich giam se luqng th8ng tin truyen phat ye tram gec Viec thu th#p s6 lieu duqc thtrc hien t#p trung va theo chu 14 Do v#y giao thirc thqc sir flitch (mg c6 nhu caw trao dei theo doi thu6ng xuyen curt mpg dun Wen Thqc te, ngu&i sir dung kheng can tit ca se lieu 1#p tirc, cho nen viec truyen phat se lieu theo chu la khOng an thiet va c6 the lam suy giam ngu6n 'tang hrqng gi6i Nut mkt cac node cam bien Sau mOt khoang th6i gian cho truck, vies quay yang ngiu nhien thay d8i vai fro dm node chinh duqc tien hanh cho c6 stir tieu tin fling ltrqng deu gift tit ca cac node cam bi'en mpg 44 11Cfsasessr Vegirsos bier 40 ICI mosairr *Seoul Mid; 4.9 Phdn chic cluster Hoot dung cart LEACH duqc plan tech hai pha, pha thiet lap va pha on djnh tang thai O pha thiet lap, cac nhom duqc t6 chin va cac node chinh duqc lira chqn Con et giai down On djnh tang thai, viec truytn s6 lieu thvc stir tram gOc duqc tier Wirth IChoang thin gian tun cart pha On djnh tong thai thubng dii han pha thiet lap ban du de giam t6i thieu tong chi phi Frame Set•uP Steady-date Inter* 40 • / Frame MOO • - up s4 Set Steady-state Huth 4.10 Hai pha thdi cia LEACH Trong pha thiit lip, bit du qua trinh chop lira clic node chinh (cluster head) MOt sto luqng nho cac node duqc xac djnh trait, P, tlr quyet djnh charig tro cac node chinh, mOt node (n) chip liy mOt stS ngiu nhien, v, pham vi va so sfinh von gia tri ngterng T(n) Neu so nen titan nh6 han gia tri nguOng T(n), thi node de tr6 node chinh vong hien tai Gia tri ngtrang duqc tinh toan dva tren mOt biiu th(rc toan hqc co stir ket hqp gifta Olin trim mong mu& hay xac suit tra thimh 45 Tit node chinh (P), Ong hien tai (r), va tfp hqp cac node chua duqc chqn la node chinh 1/P Yong trtrec de (tip G) T(n) duqc xac djnh theo Ong thin: { T(n) = Neun IC G P Vn G 1— P(r mod(1/P)) Tit ca cac node chinh duqc Iva chop phat quang bi met ban tin thong bao toi tit ca cac node lai mpg ring ching la cac node chinh mai Cac node khac, Icheng phai la node chinh, sau nhin duqc ban tin thong bao quyet djnh thuec ve nhOm nao de ma chin muen Quyet djnh dtra tren cwbng de tin MO mkt ban tin thong bao Cac node khong phai la node chinh se thong him cho cac node chinh thich (mg ring chin se la vien cua nh6m Sau thu nh#n duqc tit ca cac ban tin ttY cac node mute gia nh#t nhom dva tren s6 luqng cac node thimh vien cua nhom, node chinh se too met djnh thoi TDMA, va cip cho m6i node met Iche thbi gian n6 truyen phat Dinh th6i (schedule) duqc quang ba t6i tit ca cac node dm them LEACH den Icy thu#t da truy clip theo me CDMA di lam giam xung dOt eta cac node va ngoai cluster Ma duqc Iva chon can then de giam can nhigu gifta cac cluster Trong giai dorm 6n djnh thai, cac node cam bien bit du cam bien va truyen phat lieu ye cac node chinh Cac node chinh, sau thu th#p dit lieu, Op hqp chi ng loi truck girl den tram gec Sau mot khoang th6i gian nhit djnh nao de duqc xac djnh tru6c, man se quay fro lai tang thai thiet 1#p va bit du met Wing lira chip cac node chinh mai LEACH cung cip met m8 hinh bet ma cac thu#t coati nei be va t#p hqp d6 lieu c6 the duqc thvc hien dm node chinh dtrqc Iva chon met each ngiu nhien Dieu lam giam qua tai thong tin va cung rip met t#p hqp tin c#y cac se lieu cho ngubi stl dung cuei cung LEACH Op phin giam ding ke nang luqng tieu thu va keo dai han thoi gian hoot deng mpg cam bien so vai ten hop mpg gem cac nhOm c6 dinh Tuy nhien, LEACH c6 met se nhuqc diem: — LEACH chua xac djnh duqc s6 luqng tei uu de node chinh cfia aging ma CAC mpg khac c6 ciu hinh, met dO va se ltrqng node khac nhau; 46 —Chua ce gqi Sr ve nao thi viec tai tao lei cac node chinh can dugc thvc hien; —Cac node chinh a xa tram gac se tieu thy nhieu Kiang lugng han va se nhanh cheng di ng hoot dung hon cac node Ichic; —Tit ci cac node c6 the ket nal vai tram g6c qua mOt chOng c6 the kung Ichit thi vi Ichit Wing va !tang lugng cung cap cho clic node thay d6i theo thin gian; —Khalif; thin gian cart pha djnh tang thai inh Wong Ion den !tang lugng tieu thy Khoting 6n djnh tang thai nein la tang overhead (chi phi cho dieu khien giao thirc), khoang 6n djnh tang thai keo di i lam sit giam nang lugng nhanh cheng Nhieu giao thtic da dugc dua di cal tien LEACH Giao fink XLEACH (extended LEACH) xem xet den mac nang lugng node qui trinh bra chon node chinh Theo d6, mac nguang T(n) de Iva chon node chinh dtrgc djnh nghia: T(n) = P [ En' +(r„ sdiv )[1 1— P(rmod(1 / P)) ' P E., Trong do, En, ula Wing Wog hien tai, E Tent lit nang lugng luc du node o5 dugc rn,., la sa yang lien tiep ma node lchong dugc lam node chinh Khi gia dat den 1/P, nguang T(n) tar lai gia rj n6 ce fru& xdt den nang lugng lai bieu thirc tinh T(n) rno, tra ve mOt node trir thinh node chinh LEACH litm giam nAng lugng tieu thy Cac node khang phai girl da lieu bye tiep den tram g6c Yeu cAu nAng lugng LEACH phan b6 deu cho tat ca cac node Uri vi chung (long vai tr6 nhu viec Iva chon node chinh LEACH thvc sv la mOt thu#t town phan ba, khong yeu cau thong tin dieu khien ttY tram g6c Quan 1St cac nham cvc b0 khang can thong tin chung cM tan mpg Cac ket qua ma pheng cho thay, LEACH vuqt trUn hon so yeti cac giao tErc djnh WA' truyen thOng nhtr djnh tuyen da chting va.truyin trtrc nip, djnh tuyin 'tang lugng thieu vii giii thu#t djnh tuyen phan nham 4.3.5 T2p trung hifu qud cong sat hf thong thong tin corn biin TOp trung hiOu qua cong sat he thong thong tin cam hien (power-efficient gathering in sensor information system — PEGASIS) va cite ciu trim mir rung la ho giao thirc djnh WA' va tip hop thong tin cho mpg WSN PEGASIS thIrc hien 47 nhiem At: kir) dai thai gian song cho ming, d6ng b0 Wing lugng tai tit ca de node ming va giam dO trg cic &Si rift lieu PEGASIS img dung m8 With ming gOm cac node phan b6 ng nhit tren mOt khu Arc va m6i node biet dtrqc thong tin chung ye cac node khic ming Han an, cac node co nang dieu chinh c8ng suit va b0 thu phat dung icy thu#t CDMA Muc tieu cita giao thirc djnh tuyin la lam giam ruing hrgng tieu thy va truyin dit lieu thu th#p duqc t r cac node den trim g6c vai dO trg thap Ithic yeti cic giao thirc djnh tuyen !chic dva tren ciu true ming hinh cay ho#c phan chia cluster, PEGASIS dung clu true chu6i Theo ciu trim nay, cac node lien lac voi cac node gin nO nhit Chugi bit diu node xa torn g6c nhit va cic node mai dugc them vivo cho din node cu6i cling ciut chugi Di xic djnh cac node gin nhit, node dva tren dO minh tin hieu de khan each dOn tat ca cic node gin no5 va node se hieu chinh cOng suit phit chi &I lien lic vai cac node gin nhit nghe thiy duqc MOt node chugi dugc chon lam node chilli' mOt yang Node chinh co nhiem vu thu thOp de lieu va phat den tram g6c S r luan phien vai tie node chinh mgi chugi dam bao so can bang Ong suit tieu thu giita cac node Tuy nhien, node chinh a qui xa trim g6c se phai tieu ton cOng suit Ian hon de phit dit lieu den trim goc Ding don gib nhit la cac node a hai phia node chinh In ltrqt truyin dit lieu den den node chinh Node chilli) t#p hqp dit lieu va phit din trkun g6c Tuy nhien, m8 hinh co the gay dO trg ton cho cic gOi rift lieu De giam dO trg gOi, mOt giao thac khic duqc neu dung mo hinh Op hqp dit lieu song song theo chugi De ce chit Itrqng cao han, cic node duqc cap cac 1)0 thu phat dung CDMA de &wilt can nhigu gifts cac node len c$n Hinh 4.11 minh hoa giai thu#t tap hop dit lieu song song (4444 Pliamet lows 4110 f) Hinh 4.11 Cciu true mgng hinh chuji 48 ttlift) a 4411) Gia se tit ca cic node du biet duqc cic th8ng tin chung va duqc lien kit thtinh chugi N la se node tham gia vao chu6i Xet node vi tri the la node chinh Ong dang xdt, =lc du tien cac node duqc dinh se chin se phat dtt lieu tip hqp duqc cho node ben phai cfut no Mirc ke flip, cac node dang de cac de lieu tap hqp de duqc danh s6 loi va cic node duqc danh se chin se phat der lieu tap hop duqc cho node ben phai no mec cuei cling, node duqc danh s6 la node chea de lieu lan c#n cuei cling cell node chinh node Node se giri town b0 de lieu da tap hop tit& d6 cho node chinh Sau d6, node chinh se phat town b0 de lieu cea chuSi cho from g6c Thu#t toan chuii song song flit kiem ding Ice Wing luqng lieu tho tai cac node vi dO tri g6i Ket qua m8 pheng cho thiy ciu trec me rang cfut PEGASIS cling nhu giao thirc LEACH di thien danh ke cic nhtrqc diem ctla cac giao thirc dinh twin truyen th6ng 4.3.6 Truyn tin &yr dip Truyen tin troc dip (Directed diffusion) la mOt giao thec dinh tuyin de lieu trung tam cho mang WSNs Chirc Wing chinh cull giao thin la tiet kiem Wing luqng cho mang bang cach too stn twang tic gills cac node qua trao d6i th8ng diep tong phom vi Ian can Thanh phin chinh caa giao thirc nao bao gem cac thong diep interests, data messages, gradients va reinforcements (sir nang cao) Thong diep interests duqng xem nhu lei hoi hay lei yeu caw ma node can de lieu nao de giri den cic node khic Node nao c6 the dip ling duqc yeu cAu d6 se frit 16i bing clit lieu tuang ling Triun gec phit guar% ba theo chu kS, g6i interests den cic node mang xung quanh n6 de xic dinh xem c6 node nao c6 the phit de lieu ma ne dang can hay khOng Mii node cam Bien c6 met interests cache xem nhu b0 nha bao g6m truing timestamp china timestamp dm g6i interests pha hqp truck da, hiding multiple gradient chea tec de va huang diN lieu nh#n duqc va twang duration chi th?ri gian sang colt thong diep interests Hint' 4.12 mieu to qua trinh truyen interests mOt mang WSNs 49 sink Hinh 4.12 Truyin thong diep interests Str truyen thong diep interests qua marl ket hqp xay dtmg cac gradient (c6 the xem nhu huang va tic dO truyen) tti cac node mang hlnh lien lc& giera tram gic vi cac node c6 der lieu MOt node nhOn duqc thong diep, kiem tra thong diep c6 vei d1 lieu c6 interest cache cOrt mlnh hay kh8ng Neu c6, node tinh tOc dO cao nhit s6 cac dtrOng gradient lien ket vai cac node lan can Sau d6 node giri m8 to sir kien cho m8i node c6 lien kit Neu lcheng c6 interests nao tang, node se be qua thong diep d6 ellak Hinh 4.13 Pha cdi ddt gradients Hinh 4.13 cho thiy qua trinh cai d#t gradient (tic dO va huong lien kit ci the) Trong suit pha cai diit gradient, tram gic tao nhieu tuyen Train gic coto the tang chit 50 luqng duling truyen bing cach tang tic di) de lieu cho mOt hay nhieu cac tuyen vira tao Tuyen c6 chit luqng tit nhit g duqc gift lai be cac tuyen_ _ lai E s Sink Hinh 4.14 Phan phdi dit lieu theo tuyin chrang dupe chon nag cao chdt luvng Sau xay dung xong tuyen lien lac ter tram gic den node c6 de lieu, qua truth truyen dit lieu bit du Neu duling truyen bj h6ng de dung ctia kenh truyen hay node khong du nang luqng de host dung thl yin c6 the phat hien duqc dua vao tic dO de lieu bj earn hoc bi mit de lieu Luc mOt du?ing ce tic dO de lieu thip hon se duqc dung thay the cho dutmg de lieu bi hang Ky Unlit truyen tin w/o tiep c6 hieu suet sir dung Wing luqng cao, in djnh vii mei tnr?mg mpg ce dic dOng 4.3.7 Dinh tuyin theo vj tri Muc tieu cua giao thirc djnh tuyen theo vi tri la dung thong tin ve vi tri de tim tuyen lien lac hieu qua tit ngu6n den dich Dinh tuyen theo vi tri thich kip cho mpg cam bien, su tip hqp loyi bat cac thong diep du thlia lam &am Wing luqng tieu thy Trong cac giao thirc truyen thing, tuang tac giea hai thiet bj luein quan tam den nOi 51 dung cita der lieu hon la sr d6ng 'that gift cac node mpg Mix tieu la tim (Wong lien kit hai thiet bj, khOng thich hqp di dieu 'chi& nhlMg truy van da chi& theo vj tri Trong giao thirc mai nay, met thiet bj phut yeu cau ve met hien tuqng xay mOt khu vqc nao d6 Thong tin cic be duqc dim den dich kern theo vi tri curt thiet bi nhu la dirt chi dm n6 Giao thirc djnh tuyen theo vi tri can met luqng rat it overhead chi phi cho tinh town va thong tin Mat kink, chi yeu cau thong tin ve dutrng truyin cau hinh single-hop (mOt buck) nhu vj tri curt node tan can tot nhat de dua guy& djnh chinh wk Do vay, giao thfrc phi hqp v6i nhitng mgng c6 nguton nang luqng hen the vi Ichit nang m6 rang cao a Chien luqc djnh tuyen Dinh tuyin theo vj tri cita cac node mang dung thong tin ve vj tri cita cac node de tim throng di tot nhat ttY ngute den Bich, khong yeu eau phai phut flooding cac g6i request MOt g6i oft lieu duqc gin den mOt nhOm cac node duqc phan b6 met vung da duqc djnh truOrc, ky thuat duqc g9i la geocasting VUng giai hp c6 the node ngu6n quyet dish hoac cac g6i trung gian de logi trir Icha rang cac g6i bj chuyen long Ong mpg Cac node trung gian c6 hieu biet tot hon ve dich den se gidri hen vtIng chuyen flip tim duqc Wong di tryc tiep den dich Y tuong gi6ng yen dac firth dier lieu trung tam cda mgng cam bien, quan tam den du lieu hon la cac node cam bien cung cap der lieu a Met loci khic cua giao thin (firth tuyin vj tri position-base routing, chi yeu eau met node biet thong tin ye cac node lan can trqc tiep vai na Giao auk giam ding ke overhead va !tang luqng tieu thi qua trinh truyen chi met chang Tuy nhien, hieu qui phi thuec vao mat dO mang, vj tri chinh xic ciut node va quan tong hon la quy uerc chuyin g6i den dich b Cfic Icy thuat forwarding (chuyen tiep g6i) Phan quan curt djnh tuyen theo vj tri la quy ink de chuyen cac g6i den dich cu6i cung Trong Icy thuat position-base routing, m6i node guy& djnh buck ke tiep chra vao vj tri ctia n6, vj tri curt cac node Ian can va node dich Do do, chit ltrong mkt giao thirc phi ththec vao sq hieu biet ala node de ve cau hinh town mpg Sr bleu biet ve cau truc nOi tai c6 the tao cac dutmg khong toi uu Hinh 4.15 minh hos cho hai truong hqp nay, g6i dtt lieu chuyin tiep qua cac node chi biet thong tin nOi tai va trtemg hqp cac node biet thong tin cita town mpg Tuy nhien, hieu biet thting tin curt town he thong khong thich hqp vai mpg WSNs vi rang luqng hog (keg bj gi6i hen Di giii guy& yin de nay, nhieu giai thuat da duct de nghj 52 • • • / • • • / • • • I • • ∎ • • vp1116 Packet Holder • 411 #4 • Comae, Zone gyms= • — ID* Optimal Path Limited Knowledge F HInh 4.15 Quyit elinh chuyin Hip mang tinh cyc 6(5 viz tarn he thong Xem xet mo hinh nhu tren hinh 4.16, node hien tai dang co de lieu can chuyen di la MH Qua trinh chon lira node trung gian tiep theo dqa tren nguyen tic node nim gin dich den han MH (tec nim gitta MH va dich) se duqc chip Chien di* most-forward-within-R (MFR) se chqn node nim xa nhit s6 cac node nim yang bao pha dm R Theo de, buck tiep theo duqc chon Uri MH de chuyen tiep de lieu se la node MFR Mgt chien thuat khac, nearest-forward-progress (NFP), lira chon node gin nhit Node NFP duqc chip de nhan de lieu tir node MH day la node gib' nhit tinh tir node MH MO hinh compassing routing chop node co goc nhe nhit tao bei dung thing n6i MH teri dich va &Ong thing not MH v6i node duqc chem Theo do, node CMP duqc chon MO hinh low-energy forward chon node goi thieu nang lucmg duqc yeu ciu Node LEF duqc chon de chuyen tiep &Si tir MH den dich 53 , 4110 Destination NIP •••• NFP • • Coverage Zang LEF • N MID ar MH: Yesaa Heidi s••6" Hinh 4.16 Clic chiin lupv chuyin tiep goi Mac da tinh don gian, djnh tuyin theo vj tri cult node cto the killing tim duqc tuyen hay djnh tuyen kh8ng hi8u qua 1-11nh 4.17 minh hos nulmg hqp Node Si din chuyen gdi dit liOu cho D Theo do, node S phai chqn node lan can din nhat den dich la buac ke tiip Tuy nhien S2 vi S3 deu nim each xa dich hon Si Hinh 4.17 Gicii thudt djnh hryin khong hieu qua 54 Trong m8i tnrtmg mpg WSNs, cac cam Bien throng duqc nhimg vito cac vung kh6 hoc Ichtong the tiep can duqc, su c8 1#p c6 the xay De pha the c45 lip, m8 hinh duqc goi la right-hand rule duqc dua Met g6i xuAt phat til node N i muton truyen den node Ni , xung quanh c6 nhieu node lin c#n thi tuyin duce chin ke tiep la tuyen du tien theo quy tic nguqc chieu kim dOng h6 tinh tir du6ng thing not MM Tuy nhien gian de g#p phai truong hqp tuyen cit ngang dutotig thing nAi nguOn va dich MOt giai thu#t goi la face traversal nhim tranh cac dung cit ngang Neu tuyen duqc chip theo quy tic right-hand giao vai du6ng thing nAi MN ; thl tuyen duqc chin se la tuyen ke flip theo chieu nguqc kim dog hO Minh hoa cho qua trinh cai thien chit luong djnh tuyen ap citing quy tic right-hand va face traversal Gia stl node S i cin chuyen dt lieu den dich la node S Tuyen du tien (1) tir S I den S2 Ke tiep theo quy tic right-hand chin tuyin (2) den S3 Tuy nhien, tuyin giao vol duong thing nei nguen va dich Neu yin girt' nguyen thi se lam gam hieu qua ciia vies djnh tuyen VI the tuyen can duqc thay the bing tuyen (4) la tuyen ke dip sau tuyin (2) theo chi& nguqc chieu kim ding hO Qua trinh djnh toyer' dip Am cho den tim duqc dutmg den dich Si Ifinh 4.18 Cal thin cat luqng giao thic djnh twin 55 Dinh tuyen theo vi tri ph6 hop cho mong WSNs vi yeu ciu it thong tin cho dieu khien va Wong tic coc be gitta cac node Tuy nhien, cac lien ket bit dei xirng va cac dutmg giao lam tang de phirc tap cua giao thirc 4.4 Kit luln Dac tinh cua WSN va tinh chit moi truOng la cho viec dinh tuyen trti nen rit kh6 khan Nhieu giao thirc dinh tuyen duqc dua nhu nhOng giei phap kha thi cho vin de dinh tuyen VI su phut Win cac img (long mkt WSNs, so citi tier ve mat phin cimg va ding nghe chi tao pin se mO throng cho so phut Wen cac giao thirc dinh tuyin hieu qua km 56