Những vấn đề cơ bản về môi trường trong phát triển bền vững vùng đông bắc nước ta

V lfN KHOA HQC XA HOl VIET NAM VIEN NGHIEN CUU MOI TRlXCJNG VA PHAT TRIfiN BEN VCNG BAO CAO TOM TAT «£ t QUA NGHIEN CflU b £ TAl n h On g v A n b £ CO bAn v £ m Oi t r i /O n g t r o n g p h At t r ie n b £ n v ONg v On g d o n g bAc nucjc t a Cff quan chu tri: Vien Nghien cuu M oi trirorig va Phat trien ben vung Chu nhiem de tai: PG S.TS Ha Huy Thanh - PGS.TS Phan ST Man Ila Noi - 11/ 2010 CAC THANH VIEN THAM GIA D £ TAI - PGS.TS Ha Huy Thanh - PGS.TS Phan ST M in - TS Tran Ngoc Ngoan - PGS.TS Le Cao Doan - TS Dinh Thi Hoang Uyen - Ths Nguyen Song Tung - Ths Pham Thi Tram - Ths Nguyen Thi Kim Dung ■ Su* can thiet cua nghien ciru de tai Dong BSc nuac ta dang o di£m xuat phat thap, mu n phoi hop va hoa nhap voi su phat tri€n chung cua ca nuac va tranh tut hau xa hon, thi c in co su phat trien nhanh va ben virng, phai coi van de moi truong vi viec lam khong chi cho vung Dong Bac ma cho ca dong bang song Hong (DBSH) va Bac Bo Do do, viec nghien cuu de tai la can thiet ve ca mat ly luan va co y nghTa thuc tiln sau sac ma nuoc ta dang tich cuc viec thuc hien chien lurpc phat trien ben vung quoc gia, vung va dia phuang N ket qua nghien cuu cua de tai se la nhung luan cu khoa hoc quan cho viec hoach djnh cac chi'nh sach phat trien ben vung cua vung Dong Bac va khu vuc Bac bo noi chung ■ M uc tieu cua de tai: - Xac djnh nhung van de co ban v moi truong a cac tinh vung Dong Bac nuoc ta hien nay; - Dua nhung quan di£m va giai phap chi'nh sach de giai quyet van de moi truong phat trien ben vung vung Dong Bac ■ Cach tiep can va phirtfng phap nghien ciru - Cach tiep can cua de tai la tiep can dudi gdc sinh thai nhan van doi voi nhung van de co ban ve moi truong vung Dong Bac day, nhung van de c a ban ve moi truong duoc tiep can khong chi duoi goc moi tru in g tu nhien, moi truong sinh thai (nhu moi truong dat, nuac, rung va da dang sinh hoc, ), ma ca duai goc xa hoi nhan van - goc moi truong moi quan he voi nguoi, voi phat trien kinh te-xa hoi cua vung Dong Bac - Voi cach tiep can tren, nhung van de c a ban ve m oi truong PTBV vung Dong Bac nghien cuu bao gom: (1) tai nguyen, moi truong dat; (2) tai nguyen moi truong nuac; (3) rung va da dang sinh hoc; (4) moi truong thj va cong nghiep; va (5) van de chat thai va moi truong a khu vuc nong nghiep, nong thon - DS tai ti p can tu nghien cuu ly thuyet ve moi quan he va vai tro cua moi truong PTBV; kinh nghiem cua mot s nuoc khu vuc ve BVM T PTBV; d ng thai tiep can tu thuc te nhung van de moi truong buc xuc sinh qua trinh phat trien cua vung Dong Bac - P huang phap nghien ciru: De tai su dung cac phuang phap nghien ciru ly thuyet, phan ti'ch chi'nh sach, phan tich thdng ke; nghien cuu djnh tinh, djnh luong va nghien cuu lien nganh, ket hop voi cac phuong phap lchao sat, dieu tra, nghien cuu thuc dja, phuang phap chuyen gia va cac phuang phap xu ly thong tin, tu lieu, ban do, bieu do, tren cac phan mem vi ti'nh thi'ch hop Pham vi nghien ciru - Nghien cuu nhung van de co' ban ve moi truong moi quan he voi phat trien kinh te, xa hoi theo huang ben vung cua vung Dong BSc va cac tinh vung Trong nghien cuu nay, vung Dong BSc g m 11 tinh la: Ha Giang, Cao Bing, B&c Kan, Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen, Lang Son, Quang Ninh, Bac Giang va Phu Tho - Pham vi thoi gian: nghien cuu, danh gia thuc trang nhung van de c a ban ve moi truong vung Dong Bac nhung nam gan day, chu y£u la giai doan 2000-2007 (trong giai han thoi gian ngihen cuu cua de tai) Noi dung nghien ciru Chuong I Khung kho ly thuyet va kinh nghiem quoc te viec giai quyet m i quan he giua moi truong phat trien ben vung kinh te-xa hoi theo vung va dia phuong Chuong II N van de co' ban ve moi truong phat trien theo huong ben vung vung Dong Bac - Thuc trang, nguyen nhan va thach thuc Chuong III Mot so quan di€m va giai phap chi'nh sach de giai quyet van d moi truong phat trien ben vung vung Dong BSc CHUONGI K HU N G K HO LY T H U Y E T V A KINH N G H IEM Q U O C TE T R O N G VIE C GIAI Q U Y E T M OI Q UAN HE GlOfA MOI T R U O N G V A P H A T T R IE N BEN VUTNG KINH TE - X A HOI TH E O V U N G V A D \A PH U O N G I K H U NG KHO LY TH UY ET VE M OI Q UAN H E GIUA M OI TRUCING TRONG PHAT TRIEN BEN VUNG KINH TE-XA H0I 1.1 C hut nang, vai tro cua he thong moi truong phat trien cua xa hoi loai ngiroi va moi quan he giffa moi tru'dng voi phat trien ben vung kinh te, xa hoi, van hoa Xa hoi loai ngudi la mot he thong, la mot dang vat cha't cua the gidi Trong tuong quan vdri the gidi tu nhien, thi the giai tu nhien la he thong ben ngoai, la moi truong tu nhien can thiet, ta't yeu cho su ton tai, phat trien cua ngudi, cua xa hoi loai ngudi Moi truong tu nhien co cac tinh chat sau: (a) Tinh hvcu han: the giai tu nhien thuoc ve vu tru vo cung, vd han Nhung trai dat va cac quyen tao nen mdi trucmg tu nhien cho su song, nhung dieu kien vat chat ca'u nen tai nguyen cho su san xua't ddi song vat cha't cho ngudi va cho xa hoi loai nguai lai la co gioi han; (b) Tinh he thong vd nhung gioi han toi thieu su song co the dien ra, hay chiu dung duoc Tinh he thong the hien moi quan he tuang tac giua cac yeu td tham gia he thong Duong khf, nuac, nhiet la dieu kien cua h sinh thai, nhung den luat minh chi'nh he sinh thai lai la he thong tai tao lai va trl cac yeu to nuac, duang khf va nhiet dd (c) Tinh da dang: tfnh da dang la dac trung cua quy luat tien hoa cua the gioi tu nhien, cua he thong sinh thai, moi truong Do la qua trlnh hinh thanh, sinh them nhiSu ye'u to va nhQng quan he tuang tac moi he thong cua sir song tu nhiSn va moi truong sinh thai (d) Tinh dac thu sir van hanh cua he sinh thai quy dinh den su trl, tai tao sinh quyen hay moi trucmg song Sinh quyen la mot he thong vat chat song co ca'u true vo cung phuc tap duoc tao nen bai cac bo phan c a ban: tap hap cac ca the song tC dan bao de'n da bao, tC dan gian de'n phuc tap nha't va cuoi cung la nguai va xa hoi r r loai ngudi Nhu vay, sinh quyen la su thong nha't huu ca giua c a the song va nhung phan vo c a va huu c a tham gia vao qua trinh song Qua qua trinh tie'n hoa, su song da phat trien cung v i he sinh quyen, sinh thai cua no De'n luat minh, chrnh su tie'n hoa cua su song la mot tac nhan tham gia vao viec tao sinh quyen, tao moi trucmg song Do vay, bao ve, tri moi trucmg song, xet cho cung, la dap ung yeu cau ciia chu trinh sinh hoc - chu trinh tu' to chu'c, tu' dieu chinh, tu lam sach va tir bao ve m t cach bien hoa nhung co so va di u kien song, hay moi truong song C huc nang cua he th o n g m oi truong - Mdi trucmg song la tong the ciia cac he quyen: nhiet quyen, khf quyen, thuy quyen, tao sinh quyen hay m i trucmg song O day, duang khf, nude, nhiet nang va khf hau la nhung dieu kien de su' song sinh De'n luat minh, su song sinh tao cac he sinh thai va chi'nh cac he sinh thai lai la mot ye'u to ca'u ciia mdi trucmg song - Moi trudng la nai chu'a dung cac ngu n song cho nguai va cac ngu n tai nguyen thien nhien cho su phat trien kinh te xa hoi Ttong quan he nay, tai nguyen lam doi tuang cua qua trinh san xua't, do la tu lieu san xua't, la hinh thai tu nhien ciia tai san sinh hoat kinh te xa hoi - Moi truong la noi chua dung phat thai cua moi chu trinh sinh hoc Cac phat thai nay, luu thong moi truong va duoc xir ly moi trucmg - Moi truong la nai dien cac qua trinh song, cac qua trinh xa hoi day, moi truong co chuc nang tao khong gian cho xa hoi to chuc cac qua trinh song ciia nguai va sinh hoat cua xa hoi, hinh nen nhung gia tri dac thu mdi trudng song ciia nguai Su phat tri^n cua xa hoi cang cao, thi nhung gia tri ciia chuc nang kien tao khong gian song cung tang theo 1.2 M oi quan he gi&a moi trtftmg voi phat trien ben vurng kinh te, xa hoi va van hoa 1.2.1 X a hoi vd m di trudng - Trudc het, su xuat hien cua nguai/ xa hoi chi thuc su bat dau nguai bat dSu san xua't nhung ciia cai vat chat, nhung tu lieu sinh hoat cho minh San xua't vat chat la khau quyet dinh mdi quan he giua ngudi va tir nhien Do la qua trinh nguai tac dong vao tu nhien, chie'm huu nhung gia tri su dung tu nhien, lam thay doi nhung vat the tu nhien, lai dung nhung luc luang tu nhien nham tao nhung san phdm co ich cho cuoc song ciia minh - Thu hai, qua trinh lao ddng san xua't ciia nguai duac quyet dinh bai phuang thuc san xua't De'n luat minh, chi'nh phuang thuc san xua't, chmh cac quy luat kinh te' quy dinh den' viec ngucri ta quan he vdi tu nhien, vdi moi truong nhu the' nao - Thu ba, dan so va kieu to chuc xa hoi va van hoa la nhung van de xa hoi co lien quan ldn nha't v i mdi trucmg Con ngudi sir dung, tan dung mdi trucmg phat trien kinh te' xa hoi va ting vdi mdi trucmg, tire chong lai hay giam nhe nhung tac dong co hai ciia mdi trudng doi vdi ngudi va xa hoi Moi quan he giua mdi truong va phat trien xa hoi la quan he nhan - qua, dd su phat trien ciia xa hoi la nhan to quye't dinh doi vdi bie'n doi ciia mdi trudng 1.2.2 M oi quan he giua m di trudng vd xa hoi tie'n trinh phat trien kinh te —xa hoi Su phat trien xa hdi la su thay the' ciia cac phuang thuc san xua't De'n luat minh, su thay doi, phat trien ciia phuang thu'c san xua't lai la nhan to lam thay doi moi quan he giua nguai, xa hoi va gidi tu1 nhien, dd lam thay doi phuang thuc tac dong ciia xa hoi doi vdi mdi trudng a) Trong thai tfai van minh nong nghiep, san xua't nong nghiep vdi tfnh cach la mot nganh kinh te' co nhung tfnh cha't dac thu, tac dong true tie'p vao cay trong, vat nuoi la nhung sinh vat song co quy luat sinh trudng va phat trien rieng ciia minh, thong qua qua trinh sinh trudng va phat trien ciia cay trdng va vat nuoi ma san xua't cac dang luang thuc, thuc phaim khac San xua't nong nghiep co nhung tu lieu san xua't la tai nguyen thien nhien, ma nhung tai nguyen d nhung mire dd khac la sinh the hay san pham ciia chu trinh song Tfnh tu nhien ciia san xua't nong nghiep khong chi the hien d tinh chat kinh te' ciia hoat dong san xua't nong nghiep, ma d toan bo qua trinh tai san xua't cua no Do vay, tien trinh phat trien nong nghiep chua the gay nhung ton thuong va mat can bang voi cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien, moi truong Xa hoi nong thon cua lan song nong nghiep la xa hoi sinh thai, ngudi va xa hoi hoa hop vdi thien nhien, moi truong, chua lam thay doi dang ke moi truong tir nhien von co b) Cach mang cong nghiep va van minh cong nghiep Cach mang cong nghiep, voi viec thay cdng cu thu cong bang may moc, lam cho phuang thuc phat trien san xua't tang lan khong ngimg Quan he giua nguai, xa hoi va tu nhien cung nhu qua trinh trao doi chat thay doi va cach thuc nguai tac dong vao thien nhien qua trinh san xua't va ddi song vat chat ciia minh Cach mang cong nghiep la qua trinh che' bien, che' tac nhd nhung cong cu ky thuat va cong nghe, lam thay doi hinh thai va tinh chat cua cac tai nguyen thidn nhidn nhung san pham cong nghiep Ban cha't cua su che bien, che tac cong nghiep la nam ngoai chu, trinh sinh hoc cua qua trinh trao doi cha't giai tu nhien Do la tien trinh kinh te tai nguyen, khai thac va che bien tai nguyen nhung san pham huu ich cho nguoi Do vay, can kiet tai nguyen la va'n nan thu: nha't phat sinh tie'n trinh kinh te cua thdi dai cong nghifp c) Lan song van minh hau cong nghiep Cuoc cach mang khoa hoc - cong nghe la cuoc cach mang lao dong, nham tang nang sua't cong nghiep, nang sua't che bien tai nguyen thien nhien, la mot cuoc dai ta'n cong vao tai nguyen thien nhien va tuang ung la qua trinh hinh nen moi truong cong nghiep, mot thii moi trucmg dien su xung dot giua ngudi, xa hoi va tu nhien Mat khac, su phat trien hien dai la su phat trien co tinh toan cau Den luot minh, su phat trien cua nen kinh te toan cau lai tao di£u kien vat cha't va dieu kien xa hdi cho viec giai quyet va'n de moi trucmg N hu vay, xet toan bo su tie'n trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, ta tha'y, bang nhung cuoc cach mang phuang thuc san xua't, nlidn loai dd tao nhung life luong san xua't to Ion, mqnli me va phuong thirc song voi nhirng gia tri kinh te — xa hoi, chinh tri, van minh va moi trudng thich ting cua minh Dong thdi, tie'n trinh phat trien cung sinh va chua dung nhung mau thuan va xung dot moi trucng, tao nguy co pha vd nhung n 6n tang tu nhien ciia su phat trien Nhung cung chi'nh su phat trien da tao nhung co so va dieu kien cSn thiet cho viec giai quyet nhung mau thuan va xung dot su phat trien 1.3 Phat trien ben vurng - Xu hudng tat yeu viec giai quyet mau thu^n giua phat trien kinh te, xa hoi va moi trudng 1.3.1 M au thuan vd xung dot giua phat trien kinh te x d hoi vd moi trudng Trudc nam 1950, tren the' gidi chi co mot so ft nude Tay Au, Bac My va mot so nude Chau a, Nhat Ban, tie'n hanh cdng nghiep hoa, chuySn nen kinh te kinh te cong nghiep, vi the, ph£n lai rong ldn ciia the gidi van nam lan song nong nghiep Nhung sau the chien II, ph^n ldn cac nude sau duac doc lap da ca ban tien hanh cong nghiep hoa Su phat trien ddng loat ciia tie'n trinh cong nghiep hoa da tao mot su dot bien tuang quan giua cong nghiep va tai nguyen, mdi trudng Bdi vay, chi ma'y thap ky, den thap ky 70 ciia the ky XX, mau thuan giua phat trien xa hoi va tai nguyen, mdi trudng da bat dau trd n 6n gay gat 1.3.2 Phat trien ben vitng - xu hudng tat ye'u cua sU phat trien Tir thap ky 70, van de can kiet tai nguyen va suy thoai moi trudng da duoc de cap den, va van de phat trien ben vung duoc dat ra, khong chi a khfa canh nhan thuc, va ca d khfa canh hanh dong Nhung phai tai hoi nghi thuang dinh cua Lien hap quoc hop tai Rio de Janeiro nam 1992, da dua chien luge ve phat trien ben vung (PTBV) va cung tai hoi nghi nay, da dua cach hifeu chung ve PTBV: “Phat trien ben vung la phat trien kinh te - xa hoi lanh manh, dua tren viec su dung hop ly tai nguyen vd bao ve mdi trudng nham dap ting nhu cau cua ngudi hien vd khong anh hudng bat lai doi voi cac the he tuong lai viec thoa man nhung nhu cau ciia ho" Nhin chung, PTBV duoc xac dinh a hai dieu co ban, mot la phat trien dap ung dugc nhung nhu cau hien dai nhung khong lam tdn hai den lai l'ch cua the he tuang lai; noi khac di, la su' phat trien dai han, dat qua trinh tai san xua't lien tuc Su phat trien doi hoi phai sir dung tai nguyen mot cach tiet kiem, hap ly, tai nguyen phai dugc tri su khoi phuc, phat trien Hai la, PTBV la phat trien khong lam ton hai den moi trudng, tri moi trucmg vai nhung gia tri: xanh, sach, dep Tdi hdi nghi thugng dinh Lien hgp quoc “ve moi trucmg va phat trien ben vung” hop a Johannesburg, Nam Phi, 2002 Hoi nghi da quan mem phat tri^n ben vung vai ba tru cot: a) bdn vung kinh te' b) ben vung ve xa hoi: cong bang xa hoi va phat trien ngucri; c) ben vung ve moi trudng: khai thac sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen va bao ve, cai thien cha't luang moi trudng II M O T SO K INH NG H IEM QUOC TE TRONG VIEC G IAI Q UYET VAN DE M OI TRUCJNG TR O N G PH AT TRIEN KINH TE-XA HOI CAC VUNG VA DIA PHUONG 2.1 Kinh nghiem bao ve moi trurdng cua Trung quoc Sau hon 30 nam thuc hien cai cach, m o cua (bat dau tir cuoi nhung nam 1970), Trung Quoc da trd mot nhung quoc gia co toe tang trudng kinh te cao tren the gidi, song ddng thdi, cung trd quoc gia o nhiim mdi trudng vao loai cao nha't the' gidi Tuy nhien, tu nhung nam 1980, 1990, Trung Quoc da nhan thirc duoc tarn quan ciia van de moi trudng, va vay, da thuc hien nhieu chu truong, chien luge, chi'nh sach va giai phap de doi vdi tinh trang gia tang o nhiem, suy thoai tai nguyen, moi trudng, tren binh dien quoc gia cung nhu d cap nganh, vung, dia phuang, khu vuc den cac cap c a so va cong dong Nghien ciru kinh nghiem ciia Trung Quoc ve bao ve mdi trudng, co the rut nhung bai hoc can thiet cho Viet Nam noi chung, vung Dong Bac noi rieng, d nhung khi'a canh sau: a) Xdy dung va hodn thien hanh lang phap ly ve bao ve tai nguyen, moi trudng Tir dau nhung nam 1980, bao ve moi trudng da dugc Trung Quoc coi la quoc sach Chi'nh phii Trung Quoc xac dinh: de thirc hien to't viec bao ve mdi trudng truoc het phai co dugc mot hanh lang phap ly vdi nhung luat va chi'nh sach cu the* lam n 6n tang Nam 1982 Hien phap Trung Quoc sira doi co dieu quan lien quan de'n bao ve mdi trucmg Nam 1994, Nha nude da ban hanh “Luat bao ve mdi trudng nude CHND Trung Hoa”, phe chu^n va ban hanh “Sach trang v i phat trien dan sd' va bao ve mdi trudng”, dong thdi da soan thao mot ke hoach tdng the thuc hien bao ve mdi trudng Chuong trinh nghi su 21 ciia Trung Quoc (China Agenda 21) Nam 1996 bat dau cdng bo' va thuc hien mot kc' hoach nam v6 bao ve moi truong Nam 1998, Co quan quan tri moi trucmg nha nuac duoc nang len cap bo co nhieu quyen han han vdi mot ngan sach khoang 1% GDP nham muc tieu chain dut tinh trang suy thoai moi trucmg vao nam 2010 Den nay, Trung Quoc da ban hanh bo luat v i bao ve tai nguyen, 29 bo dieu le bao ve m i trucmg, han 70 quy che, va tren 900 bo difeu le cua dia phuang Day chi'nh la kM u quan nha't thuc d ly bao ve moi trucmg ciia trung Quoc tu muc thap tai mire cao b) Phat trien nganh Bao ve m oi trudng va thuc thi cac bien phap thuc day Trung Quoc da thuc thi bien phap lan nham phat trien nganh bao ve moi trucmg: M ot la, thiet lap va hoan thien chi'nh sach cho nganh bao ve mdi trucmg H la, dify nhanh phat trien khoa hoc ky thuat bao ve m i trucmg, tang cucmg xay dung nang luc ky thuat mai cho doanh nghiep bao ve moi trucmg, tang cucmg dau tu vao sang tao ky thuat mai; thuc d^y ket hgp “nghien cuu khoa hoc vdi san xua't” ; dSLy nhanh viec ring dung va m a rong khoa hoc ky thuat bao ve mOi truong tien tie'n; tang nhanh tie'n trinh noi dia hoa cac trang thiet bi va cac cong nghe then chot ciia nganh bao ve mdi truang, xay dung he thong quan ly hieu qua nganh bao ve moi truang nuac Ba la, tang cucmg quan ly, giam sat va chuan hoa thi trucmg nganh bao ve moi trucmg, van dung t ng hap cac bien phap kinh te', phap luat va hanh chi'nh can thie't de xay dung mot thi trucmg bao ve moi truang thong nha't, m a ciia, canh tranh lanh manh va co trat tu Bon la, xay dung co che' phat trien nganh bao ve moi trucmg phii hap vai yeu cau ciia kinh te' thi trucmg c) N bien phap cu the khac nham thuc hien chien luge bao ve mdi truang, gom: - Coi trong, Uu tien nhung gidi phap phong chong o n h iim m oi trudng va nang cao hieu qua cua cong tac bao ve moi truang - Khi thuc hien chien luge bao ve moi trudng phai co dugc nhung khan dot pha quan trong, co quy che' va ngu n luc phat trien giup ddy nhanh va tie'n vung c h ic su nhiep bao ve moi truang - Tie'n hanh thong ke sinh thai voi mot he thong cac tieu chi' cu the ve tinh trang moi truong, dien bien moi truong, chi phi can thiet cho bao ve moi truong, cac cong cu can ap dung de bao ve, xir ly moi truong, Thong ke, danh gia sinh thai khong chi giup Trung Quoc hieu ro cong tac bao ve moi trucmg ciia minh dang a diem phat trien nao nuac ma tha'y ro vi tri ciia cong tac boi canh quoc te' noi chung Thong ke cung giup Trung Quoc dua dugc nhung giai phap tich cuc phat trien GDP “xanh” , cai thien nhanh moi truang ciia minh - H uy dong toi da sue manh tong hgp cho chien luge bao ve mdi trudng Nganh bao ve moi truang dugc phat trien tai tat ca cac ca'p tir trung uang den cac c a sa san xua't; huy dong, dong vien, dam bao quyen lgi va nghla vu cua toan dan va cong tac chat che vai cac to chuc quoc te', cac nuac khu vuc va'n de bao ve m i truang - Sir dung cac bien phap thay the: Trung Quoc tich cuc sii dung bien phap tai nhieu khau quan trgng chu i xi'ch bao ve moi truang, nhu: dong ciia ra't nhieu mo khai thac than nho, ky thuat khai thac lac hau khong dap ung tieu chuan bao ve moi truang, gay o nhiem, dong thoi ap dung bien phap thay the' (su dung cac nguon nang luang tai sinh, cac ngudn nang lugng tu tu nhien nhu nang lugng mat trai, nang lugng gio, nang lugng tir long dat (dia nhiet), nang lugng sinh khoi, nang lugng song, nang lugng hydro ) - Quy hoach vd dieu tiet: quy hoach tuang lai cua Trung Quoc cac nha quy hoach phai co ke hoach dai han Trucrc het c&n dich chuyen cac nganh cong nghiep dong tai ngoai o Trong quy hoach tuang lai c£n han che o to rieng, han che ben bai d x e , Thay vi m a rong bang cach xay dung mang ludi ve tinh, thuc hien tir d^u nhung tieu chu^n moi truang tai nhung tu bu'dc dau - Bien phap d u phdng: bien phap co the goi la mau sac Trung Quoc Do la viec Trung Quoc da giu lai lugng dSu hoac khf gas bang 1/3 tru lugng cua mo khai thac “de gianh cho tuang lai” Viec mang y nghia chien luge to ldn Trong nhung trucmg hgp khan cap bat thudng, Trung Qudc co nguon du tru chien luge quan trgng dung quoc phong va hoat dong kinh te Tuy nhien y nghia bao ve moi trucmg d day ra't sau xa Binh thudng tai nhiJng mo d£u lira hay than da sau khai thac can kiet nhung khu vuc va khu vuc lan can nhi 6u bi bien vimg hoang vu doi trd nhung vung o nhiSm moi trudng nang Viec de lai mot lugng dang ke ngudn nhien lieu chua khai thac doi hoi mot lire lugng nhan luc han che de gin giu bao quan nhung khu mo Ket qua la mdi trudng sinh thai nai van dugc tri d muc binh thudng, sinh hoat cua ngudi dan khong bi xao tron, mdi trudng xung quanh khong bi huy hoai 2.2 Kinh nghiem bao ve moi trirdng va phat trien ben virng cua Singapore La nude nho, vdi nguon tai nguyen thien nhien han che, nhung Singapo da xay dung nhung thach tich rat dang kham phuc viec quan ly moi trudng va duoc biet den nhu la mot noi xanh va sach T u nhCing kinh nghiem ciia Singapore quan ly, bao ve tai nguyen, moi trudng va PTBV dat nude nhu da trinh bay a tren, co the rut mot so bai hgc cho Viet Nam, cung nhu cho cac vimg d Viet Nam noi chung va vung Dong Bac noi rieng, tren cac khia canh chu yen sau: - M ot la, can sdm xay dung, ban hanh va thuc thi mot chien luge va ke hoach tong the, dong bo, nhat quan va dai han ve BVMT va PTBV dat nude lam can cir, co' sd cho viec xay dung va thuc thi cac ke hoach hanh dong BVMT va PTBV d cap dja phuong, khu vuc, ciia cac to chuc, doanh nghiep va cong dong dan cu Viec xay dung va thuc hien Quy hoach tong the chi tiet (1971); Ke hoach xanh Singapore (1993), Chuong trinh nghi sir 21 ciia Singapore (ca d cap quoc gia va cap dia phuong/ viing), cho thay ro bai hgc kinh nghiem - H la, xay dung/ hinh dugc mot he thong cac to chuc, co' quan co dii chuc nang, tham quyen, trach nhiem va nang lire thuc thi co ket qua cac ke hoach, nhiem vu ve quan ly, bao ve tai nguyen, moi trudng - Ba la, xay dung, hoan thien va thuc thi mot cach nghiem khac he thong luat phap, cac quy djnh phap luat va che tai manh, cu the lTnh vuc quan ly, bao ve tai nguyen, moi trudng noi chung Viec ban hanh va thuc thi hang loat cac dao luat, bo luat, cac quy dinh co tinh phap ly va cu the (ca d cap quoc gia va dja phuong) ve bao ve tai nguyen, moi trudng ciia Singapore (nhu da trinh bay d tren), cho thay su can thiet va bai hgc bo fch ve van de - Bon la, de thuc hien PTBV, can xay dung va hoan thien the che PTBV dong bo, voi su phoi hop, tham gia va phat huy vai trd day dii ciia cac c a quan chinh phii, cac bo, nganh, cac to chirc kinh te, xa hoi, va dac biet la sir tham gia rong rai, tich cuc ciia cac to chirc phi chinh phii (NGOs) va ngudi dan Viec nang cao nhan thirc, y thirc ciia ngudi dan cung nhu' sir tham bang, dan cu' dong due, giao thong thuan loi Ngoai ra, d Phu Tho co cac cum cong nghiep: Nam Viet Tri, Bach Hac, cum Lam Thao, Phu Ninh, cum cong nghiep Thanh Ba Ha Hoa, cum cong nghiep Phu Ha Do thj hoa, cong nghiep hoa dan den tang trudng cac nganh kinh te, nang cao muc song cua nguai dan, giup cho xa hoi phat trien Ben canh do, no cung gay ap luc manh me toi moi truong va tai nguyen thien nhien, tac dong vao su' can bang sinh thai, lam suy giam chat lugng moi truong song, lam suy thoai nguon tai nguyen thien nhien Khai quat ve moi truxmg thj va cong nghiep viing Dong Bac 2.1 M di truang thi * N uac thai: tai cac thj vung, nuoc thai sinh hoat tu cac ho dan khong qua he thong xu ly nuoc thai, chay trirc tiep song, suoi, ao ho Hau het cac thi vung deu chua co tram xu ly nuoc thai sinh hoat Ket qua phan tich cac mau nuoc thai sinh hoat tai mot so ho dan cu thi cho thay, gia trj cac thong so TSS, Coliform hau nhu nam ngoai gioi han cho phep cua TCVN Ham luong TSS vuot 1,5 lan (tai cong thai Quang Trung - Uong Bi, Tran Phu - Cam Pha) den 10,5 lan (cong thai phuong Cam Thanh - Cam Pha) so voi tieu chuan TCVN 6772-2000 Ham luong Coliform vuot gioi han cho phep tdi 38-52 lan * Chat thdi ran : qua trinh thi hoa, hau het cac tinh vung deu chua xay dung he thong thu gom, van chuyen, xu ly chat thai ran Cac bai chon lap chat thai ran deu khong dat yeu cau ky thuat, ty le thu gom thap lugng chat thai ran binh quan dau ngudi cang tang Ty le phan tram cac chat thai khong on dinh, bien dong theo moi dia diem thu gom rac, khu vuc sinh song va phat trien cdng nghiep va tieu thu cdng nghiep, cac lang nghe Luong chat thai ran phat sinh cang nhieu va hinh thuc xu ly tren toan vung van chu yeu la chon lap 10 % thi vung chua cd bai rac dung ky thuat va hop ve sinh Rac thai sinh hoat khong duoc phan loai tai nguon Nguyen nhan cua van de la su khong ddng bo giua du an quy hoach va su phat trien thuc te cua cac thi vung * M di tncong khong k h i : o nhiem mdi truong khong tai cac khu dd thj vung cang gia tang C mot sd khu dan cu' gan cac khu cdng nghiep ndng sulfurc, SO?, > CO 2, vuot chi sd tieu chuan cho phep nhieu lan Ngoai nguyen nhan o nhiem khong hoat dong san xuat cdng nghiep, thi nhiem khong cac phuong tien giao thong d dd thj cung rat Ion Chang han, tai TP Bac Giang, ham lugng bui quan trac deu cao hon TCCP Cu the: Khu vuc dau cau Bac Giang ham luong bui dugc la 1,05 mg/m3, cao hon tieu chuan cho phep 3,5 lan, tieng on cao hon 1,5 lan; thap nhat la cdng cdng vien Ngo Gia Tu, nhung ham lugng bui van cao hon tieu chuan cho phep 1,16 lan, trudc cua nha van hoa Cdng ty Phan dam va Hoa chat Ha Bac ham luong bui cao hon 2,8 lan, tieng on cao hon 1,16; cdng kho xang dau bui cao hon 2.0 lan, tieng on cao hon 1,08; cdng ben xe khach bui cao hon 2,6 lan, tieng on cao hon 1,25; nga ba Ke bui cao hon 2,5 lan, tieng on cao hon 1,25 lan, 2.2 M di tru ong cdng nghiep Van de mdi truong cdng nghiep noi com nhat cua vung Ddng Bac la nuoc thai cdng nghiep va chat thai ran cdng nghiep 18 - N uac thai cdng nghiep: hau het cac c a sd san xuat cdng nghiep, tieu thu cdng nghiep deu thai nirdc true tiep mdi trirong xung quanh khong qua xi’ ly hoac chi xu' ly so' bo bang r phuong phap lang dong c a hoc Phan Ion cac c a sd cdng nghiep chua cd cac cdng trinh xir ly nuoc thai dat tieu chuan, chi cd be lang tam thdi, su dung phuong phap lang dong c a hoc roi thai ngoai mdi truong, chua cd bien phap xu ly thich hop Cac co sd san xuat nho chi xay dung be phot, be biogas, be xu ly yem don gian de xu ly nude thai, khong co cac cdng trinh xu ly nude thai tap trung Cac chi tieu BOD, COD, TSS va coliform cua nhieu co1 sd cdng nghiep vuot TCCP - Chat thdi ran cong nghiep Chat thai cdng nghiep nguy hai phat sinh chu yeu tu cac c a sd cdng nghiep hoa chat, det, mai nhuom Hien nay, d hau het cac tinh vung chua cd cdng trinh xu ly chat thai ran nguy hai rieng biet, loai chat thai duoc xu ly bang cach chon lap cung vdi chat thai ran khong nguy hai Day chinh la van de mdi trudng nghiem nh& ciia cac co sd san xuat cdng nghiep tren toan vung 2.3 Cac van cte m di trudng tie khai thac khoang san Thuc t cho thay, cac chat thai tir hoat dong khai thac khoang san chua cac kim loai nang nhu: Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, cac chat thai ran nhu dat, da, soi, bun, thudng duoc thai true tiep mdi truong ma khong qua xir ly lam cho mdi trudng dat viing bi o nhiem Trong khai thac khoang san, dac thu ciia khai thac md la tao mot khoi luong Ion dat da thai va tao nen mot khoang Ion va sau sau khai thac Qua trinh boc xiic, tuyen rua quang lam xao tron tang dat mat Vi vay, hoat dong anh hu'dng tdi mdi truong dat khong chi md dang hoat dong ma tiep dien lau dai Cac viing dat gap mua ldn thuong gay cac ddng biin di chuyen xuong viing thap, viing dat canh tac ndng nghiep gay tac hai rat ldn Ngoai anh hu'dng tdi mdi trudng va chat luong dat, hoat dong khai thac khoang san lam o nhiem mdi trudng khong nghiem bui va tieng on, anh hudng tdi mdi truong nude va tai nguyen nude Hien tuo'ng xoi mon, ranh xoi va truo't Id xay rat bien tren cac khai truong khai thac than, tren cac tuyen dudng van chuyen va dac biet la tren cac bai thai d khu vuc khai thac than tinh Quang Ninh Ngoai nhung nguy co' de doa den tinh mang, pha huy nha cira, hoa mau ciia nhan dan va cac cdng trinh cdng cong, gay boi lang cac cira song, dai ven bien vjnh Ha Long va Bai Tir Long (Cira song Dien Vong, song Troi, suoi Ha Tu, song Mong Duong va nhieu m uang thoat nude d cac dja phuong Uong Bi, Ddng Trieu, Ha Long, Cam Pha) Mdi truong nuoc thuong ngudn va lan can cac khu vuc cd khai thac khoang san ciing bj o nhiem manh N ude thai hoat dong khai thac khoang san u'dt cung dang la van de dirge du luan het sire quan tam nhu: xi nghiep thiec Bac Lung (Son Duong, Tuyen Quang) mdi thai song Day 799,5m3; xi nghiep vonfram Thien K§ (Tuyen Quang) mdi thai 333mJ, Khai thac khoang san lam anh hudng tdi mdi trudng nuoc ngam, bieu hien o nhiem nude mang tinh cuc bo va dac trung tirng viing khac Tai mot sd khu vuc khai thac khoang san ciia tinh Thai Nguyen, ham lugng Asen dat gia tri tir 0,068- , 109mg/l vuot tieu chuan cho phep tir 1,7-8,2 lan (xa Ha Thuong, Tan Linh huyen Dai Fir); ham lugng Xianua vugt tieu chuan cho phep tir 1,9-12,9 lan (khu vuc phuong Quang Vinh, Thai Nguyen, thi tran Giang Tien, huyen Phii Luong) nhieu khu vuc, nude duoi dat cd ndng pH thap hon tieu chuan cho phep va cd bieu hien o nhiem Fe, Mn 19 Tac dong moi trircmg phat trien cong nghiep va thi vung Dong Bac 3.1 D di v&i sire khoe cong dong N uoc thai tu' cac co' sd san xuat cdng nghiep thai true tiep mdi trudng lam o nhiem ngudn nude mat, nude ngam da anh hudng manh den sue khoe cua ngudi dan cu viing duoc tiep xuc true tiep, nhung ngudi dan song xung quanh ao ho Tai cac vung cd ngudn nuoc o nhiem ty le dan cu mac benh cao hon, benh nang hon cac vung khac Cac benh thudng gap la cac benh ngoai da, ve mat, cac benh lien quan den than kinh, benh phu khoa va dudng ruot Dac biet la phu nCr va tre em thudng mac cac benh phu khoa, benh ngoai da va viem dudng ho hap vdi ti le rat cao 3.2 D di vd'i san xu at ndng nghiep N uoc la mot nhan to quan khong the thieu san xuat ndng nghiep Ngudn nude phuc vu cho san xuat ndng nghiep chu yeu tu cac song, suoi tren dja ban nhung ngudn nuoc bj o nhiem cung lam giam nang suat cay Tinh trang o nhiem mdi trudng dac biet la o nhiem mdi trudng nude la nguyen nhan quan dang de doa nuoi thuy san: lam giam luong ca the, giam nang xuat, pha vd cau true quan the, bien doi gen, huy hoai noi cu tru va mdi trudng song ciia cac loai sinh vat Nude thai cd ham luong dinh duong cao da gay cac hien tuong “ nd hoa nude” d cac dam, ho gay nguy hai cho mdi truong song ciia nhieu loai sinh vat thuy sinh Dac biet, o nhiem mdi trudng nuoc mat cd tac dong xuyen bien gidi, tac dong lien viing N ude song dau ngudn bj o nhiem lam anh hudng den cac he sinh thai d khu vuc luu, gay o nhiem mdi trudng dat, nuoc viing luu nhung song bi o nhiem Ngoai ra, mdi trudng dat bj o nhiem nang ne bdi anh hudng ciia chat thai ran cung dan den tinh trang dat bac mau, phi giam cung lam giam nang suat cay 3.3 D di v&i cuoc sdng ciia ngudi dan O nhiem mdi trudng gay anh hudng true tiep den cuoc sdng sinh hoat thudng ciia ngudi dan d nhieu dia phuong viing Ngudn nude bi o nhiem gay kho khan cho viec cung cap nude sinh hoat cho ngudi nhan dan dac biet la nhung cong ddng dan cu ndng thon, ngudn nude sinh hoat hang chii yeu dua vao ngudn nude tu nhien nhu nude sdng, nuoc suoi Rac thai khong duoc thu gom triet de gay mat canh quan va ve sinh mdi trudng dd thi Dac biet, tai cac bai rac khong dam bao ky thuat, nude thai tir bai rac gay o nhiem nude ngam lam cho nhung ngudi dan sdng g&n bai rac khong sir dung duoc ngudn nude ngam lam nuoc sinh hoat 3.4 A nh hu&ng tdi tai nguyen, m di trudng tut nhien va da dang sinh hoc Chat thai sinh hoat va san xuat khong qua xir ly thai mdi trudng deu cd tac dong xau den mdi truong nirdc mat, nude ngam, mdi trudng dat tren dia ban ddng thdi cung cd the gay o nhiem den mdi trudng nude mat cac tinh khac hoac o nhiem xuyen bien gidi Ngudn nude o nhiem lam anh hudng den cac loai thiiy sinh vat sdng mdi trudng nude, lam thay doi phan va sd luong loai thuy sinh vat, se lam mat mot sd loai sinh vat nude Ngoai ra, xuat hien mot sd loai vi rut, vi khuan va cac loai tao doc hai gay anh hudng xau den 20 chat luong nguon nuoc va anh hudng den cac ddi tuong khai thac va sir dung ngudn nude cho nhieu muc di'ch khac Nguyen nhan va thach thirc 4.1 S u bat hop ly quy hoach ph at trien thi vd cdng nghiep vung Hien nay, quy hoach thi vung Ddng Bac, cac khu dan cu dd thi duoc quy hoach xay dung triroc, sau dd mdi den quy hoach xay dung co sd tang Cac cdng trinh cap thoat nude sinh hoat, giao thong cdng cong, cac cdng trinh phuc loi xa hoi, cong trinh xir ly o nhiem mdi truong khong ddng bo, khong theo kip nhip phat trien ciia cac khu dan cu dd thi tap trung Dac biet, cac cdng trinh xir ly chat thai thj chua duoc chii trong, xay dung ddng bo vdi qua trinh dd thi hoa da lam sinh cac van de mdi trudng nhu: he thong xir ly nude thai khong cd, he thong cap thoat nude khong du gay ung lut va o nhiem vao mua mua, he thong giao thong khong dam bao tieu chuan gay o nhiem mdi trudng khong va anh hudng tdi cac cdng trinh cdng cong khac.Viec md rong dd thj cua viing da lam cho cac cum, khu cdng nghiep trudc dung rieng re nam khu dan cu thj Dieu khong phii hgp vdi tieu chuan dd thj cung nhu yeu cau bao ve mdi trudng tai cac khu thi Thir hai la ve quy hoach cac khu, cum cdng nghiep Cac khu, cum cdng nghiep dugc xay dung rat nhieu d cac tinh viing Ddng Bac Nhung thuc te cho thay, gan nhu tat ca cac khu, cum cong nghiep deu chua duoc quy hoach co sd tang He thong dudng giao thong di lai cac khu, cum cdng nghiep khong dugc dau tu xay dung nen cac phuong tien giao thong di lai dac biet la cac xe o to, xe tai luu thong da gay bui, anh hudng tdi mdi trudng khong Mot nhung van de birc xiic nhat hien quy hoach cac khu, cum cong nghiep ciia viing la khong cd he thong xir ly nude thai va chat thai tap trung Do vay, viec xay dung cac nha may xir ly nirdc thai va chat thai ran tai cac khu cdng nghiep la vd cimg can thiet 4.2 Cong tac quan ly N nuoc ve bao ve m di tru&ng y e u kem - Cdng tac giam sat, tra xir ly vi pham, giai quyet khieu nai to cao ve bao ve mdi trudng lam chua kien quyet kip thoi, xir ly it Viec xir phat cac trudng hop vi pham luat bao ve mdi trudng long leo, mire phat qua thap chua dii sire de buoc cac doi tuong vi pham no lire thuc hien cac giai phap bao ve mdi trudng hoac thay ddi hanh vi gay o nhiem - Cdng tac danh gia tac dong mdi trudng ciia cac du an hau nhu chi dirge tien hanh trudc du an di vao hoat dong Trong qua trinh hoat dong, hau nhu cac dir an deu khong dugc kiem tra ve chat lugng cac chat thai trudc thai mdi trudng, cdng tac bao cao dinh ky ve mdi trudng ciia cac du an khong dugc tien hanh thudng xuyen Day cung chinh la mot nhung nguyen nhan chu yeu dan den chat lugng mdi trudng cang giam silt Hien thieu nhieu he thong thong nhat quan ly ve mdi truong, vay mdi khu cdng nghiep to chirc quan ly mdi trudng theo mot each khac Viec phan cap quan ly clura ro rang dan den viec ne tranh va diin day trach nhiem giua cac co quan quan ly - Luc lugng can bo lam cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng tir tinh den cac dja phuong nhieu bat cap Bo may quan ly bao ve mdi trudng ciia cac dia phuong yeu va chua dirge phan cap ro rang Cap huyen, thj xa, mdi hinh va bo tri 1-2 can bo quan ly khoang san, tai nguyen nude, mdi trudng; d cap xa, phuong can bo dja chi'nh duoc phan cdng 21 cong tac bao ve moi trudng kiem nhiem Trang thiet bi phuc vu cho cdng tac quan trac phan tich moi trudng d cac phong mdi trudng dja phuong hau nhu chua duoc trang bj Su phoi hop cua cac don vi nhiem vu bao ve moi trudng thieu chat che - He thong van ban phap quy ve bao ve mdi trudng cham hoan thien Chua co quy hoach bao ve mdi trudng cho cac dia phuong, cac nganh va chua cd co che, chi'nh sach phu hop khuyen khi'ch hoat dong quan ly bao ve moi trudng va xa hoi hoa cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng Mot sd van ban quy pham da duoc ban hanh trudc day cd nhieu noi dung loi thdi, khong phu hop hoac khong dap ung nhu cau thuc tien, ddi hoi phai sira doi, bo sung 4.3 Ngudn kinh ph i cho cong tac bao ve m oi truong Ngudn kinh phi chi cho cac cdng trinh xu ly cac ngudn o nhiem, ngan ngira o nhiem va suy thoai mdi trudng, rat han che Cac nhiem vu ve dieu tra, danh gia va xay dung co' sd dir lieu ve tai nguyen thien nhien va bao ve moi trudng chua duoc quan tam dau tu thuc hien Chua huy dong duoc su tham gia ti'ch cuc cua cac don vi san xuat kinh doanh, ciia cong dong va toan xa hoi 4.4 nhan thuc va y thuc chap hanh luat bao ve m di tru dng ciia nhieu don vi, to chirc va mot bo phan nhan dan chua nghiem tuc, sir quan tam ciia mot sd nganh va dia phuong ddi vdi cdng tac BVMT chua cao, the hien d viec buong long quan ly Su phoi hop quan ly giua c a quan chuyen nganh vdi cac cap chinh quyen dja phuong va doanh nghiep nhieu han che Cdng tac dau tu va xa hoi hoa cho BVMT han che V M OI T R U I N G NO NG THON - VAN DE VE Q UAN LY C IlA l T IlA l T huc trang chat thai ran khu vuc nong thon vung Dong Bac a Chat thdi ran sinh hoat Nguon phat sinh chat thai ran loai chu yeu tir sinh hoat ciia cac ho dan cu, cac co quan, trudng hoc, co' sd kinh doanh thuong mai, dich vu, tir cac cho' va cac tu diem buon ban khac Tai cac viing ndng thon Dong Bac, luong chat thai ran sinh hoat phat sinh trung binh khoang tir 0,3- 0,5 kg/ngudi/ngay va cd xu hudng tang len nhung nam gan day mire sdng cua ngudi dan cang tang keo theo su gia tang ve nhu cau tieu dung Thanh phan chat thai cang da dang Chat thai chu yeu la cac chat huu c a d i phan huy duoc thai qua qua trinh che bien luong thuc, thuc pham Ngoai ra, cd cac loai tui nilong, nhua, sanh sir la nhung chat vd co' kho phan huy Trong dd, dang quan tam nhat la chat thai nilong Tiii nilong duoc sir dung cang nhieu va hien chua cd ca che de xir ly loai rac thai kho phan huy b Chat thdi ran y te Thanh phan chi'nh cua rac thai y te tai cac benh vien, tram y te bao gom: bong, bang gac, bom kim tiem, benh pham, vat dung kham benh, cac chat thu ve tir khau xet nghiem y te, Tai Cao Bang, theo ket qua dieu tra nam 2007, rieng khoi luong chat thai ran y te thai tai 15 benh vien da khoa la 258 kg/ngay, tuong duang 94.170 kg/nam Tai Phii T ho, tong luong chat thai nguy hai phat sinh tir cac benh vien tinh, huyen, tram y te xa tinh vao khoang 108.824,75 tan/nam Tai Lao Cai, theo sd lieu tong hgp tir ciic bao cao DTM va cac ban ke khai tir cac benh vien, trung tam y te thi khoi lugng rac thai mdi vao khoang 4000 22 kg, tu'ong duong 1.460.000 kg/nam Theo bao cao moi nhat cua So y te Bac Giang (12/2008), tong luong chat thai phat sinh tai 17 benh vien tuyen tinh va tuyen huyen la 3636 kg/ngay tuong duong 1.327.140 kg/nam, chat thai y te nguy hai la 326 kg/ngay tuong duong 118.990 kg/nam c Chat thai ran nong nghiep Chat thai ran tu hoat dong nong nghiep bao gom chat thai ran tu trot va chat thai ran tu chan nuoi Trong do, chat thai ran tu trot chi'nh la phan du thira sau thu hoach nhu rom ra, than re, la ngo, cay lac, va cac loai chai lo, bao bi dung phan bon hoa hoc va hoa chat bao ve thuc vat Chat thai ran tir chan nuoi bao gom chu yeu la phan gia sue (trau, bo, Ion, ga, v it ) va thuc an du thira ciia gia sue Hien chua co dja phuang nao viing thong ke duoc cu the ve khoi luong ve chat thai ran nong nghiep vi de tfnh toan duoc la rat kho Neu can cu theo cach tinh tai lieu hudng dan san xuat biogas cua ESCAP (1980), luong chat thai ran phat sinh tir chan nuoi duoc ti'nh bang cach cong don tong luong CTR phat sinh tir cac hoat dong chan nuoi ciia cac loai gia sue chi'nh la trau, bo, Ion va cac loai gia cam Vdi mdi loai gia sue, tong luong chat thai phat sinh duoc udc tinh bang cach nhan sd luong mdi loai gia sue hien cd tai thdi diem tinh toan nhan vdi tong luong (gia djnh) CTR phat sinh mot nam ciia mot ca the vat nuoi N hu vay, theo phuong phap tinh toan thi cd the udc tinh khoi luong phan gia sue thai hang d viing Ddng Bac la khoang 52.769.910 kg, tuong duong 19.261.017.150 kg/nam Loai chat thai ran duoc thai qua qua trinh san xuat ndng nghiep hien dang gay o nhiem mdi trudng ma chua cd cach giai quyet chi'nh la cac loai bao bi dung hoa chat BVTV Theo Bao cao hien trang mdi trudng cac tinh viing nam 2005, khoi luong hoa chat bao ve thuc vat duoc sir dung canh tac lua d viing Ddng Bac udc tinh khoang 390.136 kg (trung binh 0,8kg/ha/nam) Trong dd thudc trir sau la 171.660 kg, thuoc trir benh hai la 144.350 kg, thudc tru cd la 27.310 kg Luong hoa chat BVTV sir dung cho cac loai rau mau, che ldn hon nhieu so voi so lieu tinh toan tren Vdi thuc trang sir dung hoa chat BVTV nhu vay, nhung tat ca cac loai bao bi dung hoa chat BVTV, cac thiing chira thudc trir sau sir dung ndng nghiep hien hau nhu khong duoc thu gom va xir ly triet de Day la mot van de mdi trudng nan giai, la bai loan kho cho chinh quyen cac huyen ndng thon T h yc trang ve tinh hinh thu gom va xir ly chat thai ran d nong thon a D oi voi chat thai ran sinh hoat: viec thu gom chat thai ran sinh hoat d khu vuc ndng thon hau nhu rac chua duoc thu gom de xir ly O mot sd huyen cd to chirc hoat dong thu gom nhung viec thu gom chi la hinh thirc van chuyen rac tir nai sang noi khac ma chua cd bien phap xir ly triet de Viec phan loai rac rat kho khan vi chua cd dieu kien dau tu c a sd vat chat va nhan thirc ciia ngudi dan ve tam quan ciia viec phan loai rac tai ngudn chua day dii Cdng tac thu gom va van chuyen rac thai d ndng thon chii yeu mang tinh tu phat, xuat phat tir su birc xiic ciia quan chung nhan dan va chi'nh quyen dja phuong Rac thudng duoc van chuyen den cac bai rac tam thdi roi duoc xir ly bang cac phuang phap gian don nhu dot 23 hoac chon lap Nhieu bai rac hien da or tinh trang qua tai, khong dam bao tieu chuan ve ve sinh moi truang b D di v&i chat thdi ran y te: nhung nam gan day, So' Y te cac tinh da quan tam chi dao cong tac quan ly chat thai y te Cong tac thu gom va van chuyen chat thai ran y te duoc thuc hien thuong xuyen, nhien viec xu ly chat thai van chua duoc thuc hien co hieu qua Mot so benh vien tren dja ban da co lo dot rac de xu ly cac chat thai y te nguy hai, nhung xay dung khong dung ky thuat nen so lo dot khong van hanh duoc (Phu Tho) Tai nhieu benh vien, thieu kinh phi cho van hanh 16 dot nen hieu qua hoat dong cua cac lo dot chat thai ran y te chua cao (Cao Bang, Quang Ninh) Mot so benh vien chua co lo dot ma chi xu ly bang dot thu cong hoac chon lap (Lang Son, Lao Cai) c D di v&i chat thdi ran nong nghiep: viec xu ly luong chat thai tu trot va chan nuoi khong phuc tap, chu yeu la sau moi vu san xuat, mot phan chat thai ran duoc nguai dan su' dung lai cho hoat dong chan nuoi nhu: cay lua, ngo, khoai san va mot so cay co hat khac, phan lai duoc nguai dan thu gom lai phoi kho roi dot Hau het chat thai ran tu chan nuoi thuong duoc tan dung lai lam phan bon, mot so noi tan dung lam thuc an cho ca (Bac Giang) Tuy nhien, tinh trang chan tha gia sue bira bai, chuong trai lam tam, chan nuoi duoi gam san nha a, da lam cho tinh trang o nhiem moi truong chat thai chan nuoi cang buc xuc o' nhieu dja phuong Cac chat thai chan nuoi thuong thai thang song, cong ranh thoat nuoc ma khong co bien phap thu gom, xu ly Nuoc thai tu cac chuong trai thuong chua ham luong chat huu co' va vi sinh rat cao lam o nhiem nang nguon nuoc d vung nong thon, dac biet nhung noi tap trung cao cac trang trai va cac ho chan nuoi voi quy mo lan Tom lai, hien tai hau het cac vung nong thon thuoc cac tinh vung Dong Bac hau nhu chua co hoat dong thu gom va xu ly chat thai ran Cac ho gia dinh thuong tu xu ly chat thai ran bang cac phuong phap gian don nhu dot hoac chon lap khuon vien cua gia dinh, tham chi' co nhieu noi van vut rac bua bai duong lang, ngo xom, ao ho, song suoi Cac hoat dong thu gom chat thai chi moi co a trung tam cac huyen thi Sau thu gom rac duoc van chuyen den cac bai rac tap trung Cac bai rac deu khong dat tieu chuan va cong nghe xu ly rac rat tho sa chu yeu la dot hoac chon lap Tai mot so dja phuong da tien hanh phan loai va thu gom chat thai y te nhung chi mot so benh vien co lo dot de xu ly rieng cac chat thai nguy hai, hau nhu chat thai y te sau thu gom lai duoc van chuyen den bai rac chung va duoc xu ly lln voi chat thai sinh hoat hoac duoc dot thu cong va chon lap khuon vien benh vien T huc trang o nhiem va bien phap thu gom, xir ly chat thai lang nghe vung Dong me Phat trien lang nghe duoc danh gia la mot nhung hudng di co hieu qua viec chuyen dich co' cau kinh te nong nghiep nong thon vung N ben canh do, viec phat trien cac lang nghe da bat dau boc lo nhung bat cap, chinh la van de moi truong Di doi voi viec tang san luong hang hoa, su phat trien lang nghe nong thon da tao mot khoi luong Ion cac chat thai Cung nhu su da dang cua cac nguon nguyen lieu san xuat, nguon chat thai tu hoat dong san xuat cua cac lang nghe rat da dang Nhieu loai chat thai voi so luong ldn da gay nguy hai ldn tdi moi trudng xung quanh, anh hudng tdi sue khoe cua ngudi san xuat 24 va cua ca cong dong Tuy theo loai hinh va quy mo san xuat, muc va ti'nh chat o nhiem cung khac Tac dong cua o nhiem moi truong chat thai den phat trien ben vung nong nghiep, nong thon viing Dong Bac a) A nh hu&ng tai sue khoe cong dong: viec xa thai bua bai, chat thai khong duoc thu gom, xu ly vira gay mat my quan, viva gay tac dong xau den moi trudng khong khi, nude, dat va anh hudng den sue khoe cong ddng Chat thai y te dang la mot nhung ngudn o nhiem va lay truyen benh, gay anh hudng xau den mdi trudng sdng cua cong dong dan cu quanh khu vuc Miii hoi tu cac diem trung chuyen rac thai khu vuc dan cu, tir cac bai rac lo thien da gay boc mui rat kho chju Ngoai ra, rac thai khong duoc thu gom kip thdi cung lam mat canh quan mdi trudng, cac loai dinh benh phat trien Tai cac vung co nguon nuoc o nhiem ty le dan cu mac benh cao hon, benh nang hon cac vung khac b) Gay nen nhung xung dot moi trudng: viec xa thai cac chat thai da gay khong it xung dot, tranh chap mdi trudng d cac dia phuong vung, nhat la d nhung noi cd cac co' sd khai thac, che bien khoang san, cac co' sd cdng nghiep, djch vu thuong mai tap trung va d cac lang nghe Nhieu chu dau tu cac du an san xuat cong nghiep, dich vu chua cd y thuc cao ve bao ve mdi trudng hoac khong dau tu cdng nghe xu ly mdi trudng Nhieu ho tan dung mat bang cua gia dinh hoac thue mat bang san cd khu dan cu de san xuat nen da gay o nhiem moi trudng chung quanh, gay nhung xung dot, tranh chap ve mdi trudng c) Gdp phan lam tang thien tai va s u cd moi truang: tinh trang gia tang cac chat thai gay o nhiem nidi trudng cung vdi tinh trang suy giam dien ti'ch rung d vung Ddng Bac cung true tiep hay gian tiep gdp phan lam tang cac hien tuong thien tai, su cd thien tai va tac hai cua no doi vdi phat trien kinh te, xa hoi va ddi sdng cua nhan dan vung N h u vay, nhung tac dong cua o nhiem mdi trudng chat thai tai vung Ddng Bac la A t ldn No anh hudng den sue khoe cua ngudi dan, anh hudng den cac hoat dong san xuat ndng nghiep, gay nen nhung xung dot, tranh chap ve mdi trudng Va nhung nhan to se anh hudng tdi su phat trien ben vung ciia dja phuong noi rieng va vung Ddng Bac noi chung Chi'nh vi vay, cong tac bao ve mdi trudng khong nhung phai duoc thuc hien song song vdi cac hoat dong phat trien kinh te- xa hoi ma phai duoc dat tir dau- giai doan hoach dinh chi'nh sach phat trien CHU’O’NG III M O T SO Q U A N D IE M V A G IAI PH AP C HINH SA CH B E G IAI Q U Y E T VAN D E M OI T R U O N G TR O N G P H A T TR IEN BEN VUfNG V U N G D O N G BAC I Q U A N DIEM CIIUNG 1.1 Quan diem chung ve phat trien ben vung vung Dong Bac a) Phat trien ben vung viing Ddng Bac la van de cap bach dong thdi la van de co y nghia chien luge, lau dai khong chi ddi vdi su phat trien cua toan vung, cac dia phuong vung ma doi vdi sir phat trien ben vung (PTBV) noi chung cua ca nuoc Do dd, PTBV Ddng Bac trudc het can duoc nhin nhan moi quan he huu co' vdi PTBV toan bo viing trung du 25 mien nui phi'a Bac, voi dong bang song Hong va ca nirdc Trong dd, ben canh viec phat huy noi luc, khai thac cd hieu qua tiem nang, the manh cua toan vung, thi viec tiep tuc ho trg manh me, cd hieu qua cua nha nude, cac cap, nganh va viec m d rong quan he hop tac, thu hut cac ngudn luc tu ben ngoai la het sire quan va can thiet b) Phat trien ben viing viing Ddng Bac can coi va dam bao sir hai hoa giua cac tru cot: phat trien nhanh, ben vung ve kinh te; PTBV ve van hoa, xa hoi; PTBV ve moi trudng sinh thai va bao ve vung chac an ninh, quoc phong Trong do, phat trien nhanh, ben vung ve kinh te va xa hoi la nhu cau, doi hoi cap thiet nham dua kinh te-xa hoi viing Ddng Bac hoi nhap va tien kip vdi sir phat trien chung ciia ca nude va hoi nhap qudc te; cai thien va nang cao ddi sdng vat chat, van hoa, xa hoi ciia dong bao cac dan toe viing Tuy nhien, de phat trien nhanh, ben viing kinh te-xa hoi viing Ddng Bac, ca trudc mat ciing nhu ve lau dai, can phai dac biet coi trgng viec bao ve cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien; bao ve, gin g iu va P TB V ve mdi truang sinh thai cua toan vung Day phai dugc xem la nen tang cho sir phat trien nhanh, ben vung ve kinh te, xa hoi va an ninh, qudc phong ciia toan viing c) Phat trien ben vung viing Ddng Bac can dirge nhin nhan, quan triet tren quan diem phat trien tong the, vdi su phat trien nhanh, ben vim g cua toan vung Quan diem ddi hoi phai cd su phoi hop chat che, thong nhat va nhat quan ca ve muc tieu, dinh hudng chien luge phat trien lan quy hoach, to chirc phat trien va co che, chi'nh sach phat trien giua cac dia phuong viing cung nhu giua cac cap, nganh, giua trung uong va dia phuong tren dja ban viing 1.2 Cac quan diem dinh hu'dng khai thac, su dung hop ly tai nguyen thien nhien - Viec khai thac, sir dung tai nguyen thien nhien d viing Ddng Bac can duoc nhin nhan tren quan diem tiet kiem, hieu qua va ben vung; khai thac hop ly, tdi uu tiem nang, the manh ciia toan viing.; khong vi cac muc tieu /lgi ich kinh te ma “ bo qua” hay “danh ddi” cac lgi ich/ gia tri ve van hoa, xa hoi va mdi trudng Viec khai thac, sir dung tai nguyen viing Ddng Bac phai gan vdi phat trien kinh te-xa hoi ciia cac dia phuong va phat trien san xuat, nang cao ddi sdng vat chat, van hoa, tinh than ciia ddng bao cac dan toe viing - Quan diem phat trien phat trien manh kinh te hang hoa thong qua vice hinh nhung vimg chuyen canh san xuat cac san pham dac trung theo dieu kien sinh thai cua viing, thong qua iing dung nhung tien bo ky thuat - cdng nghe mdi san xuat de tang nang suat va chat luong san pham, dap iing nhu cau thj trudng viing, thj trudng nude va qudc te - Quan diem san xuat theo md hinh ndng - lam ket hop Viec phat trien dong bo ca ndng nghiep va lam nghiep vira thiet lap dirge he sinh thai nong nghiep ben vung vira dam bao phat trien san xuat hang hoa va bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai ciia viing 1.3 Quan diem chung ve bao ve moi truong phat trien hen vung viing Ddng Bac a) Bao ve va PTBV mdi trudng viing Ddng Bac la nhiem vu tam, xuyen suoi va nhat quan chien luge, chi'nh sach phat trien kinh te-xa hoi ciia toan viing va cac dia phuong viing 26 b) Bao ve va PTBV moi truong PTBV viing Dong Bac can coi den tat ca cac yen to, phan moi truong viing Trong do, dac biet coi den viec quan ly, bao ve va phat trien rirng va cac he sinh thai doi, rung; dat va moi truong dat; tai nguyen moi truong nude; da dang sinh hoc, c) Viec bao ve va PTBV moi trudng viing Dong Bac khong chi la trach nhiem ciia cac dia phuong, cac co' quan quan ly cua nha nude ve bao ve tai nguyen, moi trudng, ma quan hon, la can co su tham gia tir giac, ti'ch cuc ciia ngudi dan, cac doanh nghiep va cong dong; dam bao su cong bang ve loi l'ch va trach nhiem ciia ngudi dan, cong dong viec gin giu, bao ve moi trudng sinh thai noi chung viing d) Viec bao ve va PTBV moi trudng can co su ket hop chat che giua chit dong phong ngira, giam thieu o nhiem, suy thoai vdi viec ngan chan, khac phuc hau qua o nhiem, suy thoai moi trudng gay va tirng buoc cai thien, nang cao chat lugng moi trudng ciia toan viing e) Ket hop chat che giua cong cu luat phap, chi'nh sach, sir dung manh me cac cong cu va giai phap kinh te, cac giai phap cong nghe-ky thuat vdi cac cong cu giai phap ve xa hoinhan van II M OT SO KHUY EN NGIII VE C M N H SACII VA GIAI PIIAP DE GIAI QUYE T VAN DE M OI T R U I N G TRONG PHAT TRIEN BEN V tfN G VUNG D O NG BAG 2.1 Nang cao nang luc quan ly cac qua trinh phat trien De giai quyet van de moi trudng PTBV viing Dong Bac, van de quan trgng hien la phai tien hanh quy hoach bao ve moi trudng long ghep vdi quy hoach tong the phat trien kinh te - xa hoi tren pham vi cap viing Viec quy hoach tong the phat trien kinh te - xa hoi phai bao dam tfnh dong bo, thong nhat giua giua quy hoach tong the phat trien kinh te - xa hoi vdi quy hoach khai thac, su dung hgp ly, tiet kiem va ben vung cac nguon tai nguyen va moi trudng sinh thai Di doi vdi viec nang cao chat luong cong tac quy hoach va tang cudng cong tac quan ly quy hoach, phai cap nhat thong tin va kip thdi dieu chinh quy hoach nhung dieu kien tu nhien, kinh te - xa hoi co ban da thay doi Kien quyet dau tranh vdi nhung to chirc, ca nhan khong thuc hien dung quy hoach, gay o nhiem, suy thoai tai nguyen 2.2 Tang cmrng quan ly, bao ve, phat trien rirng va da dang sinh hoc Rirng va dat rirng vira la tai nguyen, vira la yeu to, phan moi trudng quan hang dau doi vdi viing Dong Bac (va trung du, mien nui phi'a Bac noi chung) Viec quan ly, bao ve va phat trien rirng khong chi co y nghia doi vdi phat trien kinh te-xa hoi ma co y nghia dac biet quan doi vdi bao ve tai nguyen moi trudng dat, nude, da dang sinh hoc, dieu hoa khi' hau va can bang cac he sinh thai noi chung ciia toan viing - De p h a t trien rirng theo h u d n g ben viing va nang cao chat lugng rirng dap ung yeu cau phat trien ben vung moi trudng vung Dong Bac, can co cac giai phap mang tinh chien luge, dong bo va hieu qua: (i) Ket hgp chat che giua muc tieu bao ton thien nhien vdi loi ich 27 ciia dan cu dja phuong; khuyen khi'ch cac hinh thuc quan ly rung va tai nguyen dua vao cong dong truyen thong cua dong bao cac dan toe vung; (ii) Tang cucmg cong tac quy hoach su dung dat dai va quy hoach phat trien lam nghiep; (iii) Nang cao nhan thuc, y thuc, trach nhiem cua chi'nh quyen dja phuang, nguai dan, cac doanh nghiep va cong dong dan cu doi voi quan ly, bao ve, phat trien rung; coi va phat huy kien thuc ban dia cua dong bao cac dan toe ve quan ly va phat trien tai nguyen rung; (iv) Day manh xa hoi hoa quan ly, bao ve, phat trien rung, day manh phat trien lam nghiep xa hoi; khuyen khi'ch va ho tro phat trien trang trai lam nghiep, trang trai nong-lam ket hop; phat trien kinh te ho va cac doanh nghiep san xuat, kinh doanh lam nghiep; dam bao loi ich kinh te thoa dang hon cho cac ho dan cu, doanh nghiep va cong dong viec bao ve va phat trien rung; (v) Tang cuang cac giai phap giam thieu/ngan chan nan chat pha rung; phong ngira va giam thieu thiet hai chay rung va tac dong bat loi cua thien tai - Doi v&i.bao ve, p h at trien cac khu bao ton thien nhien va da dang sinh hoc, can co cac giai phap: (i) Giai phap ve phat trien kinh te xa hoi nham cai thien va nang cao doi song cua nguai dan song vung Can quy hoach chuyen doi c a cau cay a vung dem; dam bao cho nguai dan song a vung dem co du quy dat de phat trien san xuat nong-lam nghiep, dam bao an toan luong thuc cho tiring ho khong tinh trang cac ho doi ngheo a cac xa vung dem (ii) Tang cuong bao ton co su tham gia cua cong dong; thiet lap moi lien he chat che giua ban quan ly cac Vuan quoc gia, khu bao ton thien nhien voi chi'nh quyen va cong dong dan cu dja phuang quy hoach, quan ly, bao ve va phat trien cac khu bao ton thien nhien, cac he sinh thai va da dang sinh hoc (iii) Nang cao nhan thuc cho nguai dan va cong dong sinh song a viing dem, dong thoi co chi'nh sach dam bao loi ich thiet thuc cho nguai dan va cac cong dong sinh song viing dem (iv) Nha nuoc can co giai phap, chi'nh sach dau tu thi'ch dang cho nghien ciru khoa hoc va to chirc quan ly ciia cac V uan quoc gia, cac khu bao ton thien nhien va da dang sinh hoc (ca ve nguai, trang thiet bi cong nghe- ky thuat, von dau tu, ) (v) Tang cuong hop tac quoc te lTnh vuc bao ton thien nhien, da dang sinh hoc viing - Cac g ia i ph ap ph u xanh, khoi phuc va bao ton tdi nguyen sinh thdi vung doi nui troc: (i) Khoanh nuoi, phuc hoi rung tir nhien va cac tham thuc vat phong ho nham ngan chan soi mon, rira troi dat;/7/) Trong rirng san xuat va rirng phong ho; (iii) Thuc hien cac bien phap nong- lam ket hop: rirng ket hop voi cac loai cay an qua, cay cong nghiep dai Giai phap vira mang lai loi ich kinh te thiet thuc vira co gia tri bao ve va cai thien moi truong (iv) Co chi'nh sach uu tien ve sir dung dat dai a nhung viing doi nui troc Cac loai dat can phai co chu the quan ly sir dung r5 rang, (v) Giai phap von va dau tu: can co sir quan tam manh me ciia Nha nuac de huy dong da dang cac nguon von dau tu cho cac viing doi nui troc 2.3 Chinh sach va giai phap nham tang cucrng quan ly, bao ve va sir dung tiet kicm, hieu qua tai nguyen, mdi truong dat Tang cuong cong tac quy hoach sir dung dat dai va hoach djnh moi trucmg dat viing Dong Bac De sir dung hieu qua va phat trien nguon tai nguyen dat co han, dat phai duoc hoach dinh, xac dinh cac chirc nang kinh te va moi truong cho chung de quan ly va tang cuong cac bien phap bao ve, cai tao va lam tang phi ciia dat, de sir dung dat hop ly co hieu 28 qua cung voi quan ly moi truong nuoc, moi truong cay xanh va moi truong sinh thai tong hop noi chung Chuyen dich co cau san xuat, ap dung cac mo hinh san xuat va cong nghe san xuat thi'ch hop nham nang cao hieu qua sir dung dat, bao ve moi trudng dat, chong soi mon, sut 16', sa mac hoa va suy thoai moi truong dat Han che, giam thieu viec sir dung phan bon hoa hoc va cac loai hoa chat doc hai canh tac nong-lam nghiep 2.4 Chinh sach va giai phap nham bao ve, khai thac, sir dung va phat trien ben virng tai nguyen, moi trirang niroc a) Nhom cac gidi phap tang cucmg tich luy nuac mat va nuac ngam: bao ve va phat trien tot rung dau nguon, rung phong ho va dien ti'ch cay lau nam a khu vuc dau nguon, khu vuc co luong mua Ion, khu vuc tao nguon nuoc ngam, nuoc mo Quy hoach va xay dung dong bo he thong cac cong trinh dieu tiet nuoc de dap ung cac nhu cau ve nuoc nam (nhu: ho, dap thuy loi dang tao nuoc tu chay, he thong cac ao, ho, dac biet la nhung noi co luong mua thap) Lien ket he thong luu tru nuac cua quoc gia voi he thong luu trir nuoc ciia vung va he thong luu tru- nuoc cua cong dong de bo sung va ho tra lan dap ung nhu cau nuoc cho sinh hoat va san xuat Xay dung them va m a rong quy mo cac c a sa san xuat nuoc thuong pham dap ung du nhu cau nuoc sinh hoat hop ve sinh cua dan cu thi va cac diem dan cu tap trung cao b) Nhom gidi phap quan ly chat luang nuac: Xay dung va hoan thien he thong thu gom nuoc thai sinh hoat cac pho, thi xa, thj tran, khu dan cu song tap trung Tang cuong giam sat cac c a sa de gay nen o nghiem nghiem den nguon nuoc nhu: khai thac va che bien khoang san, benh vien, c a sa san xuat giay, san xuat duong, c a s a chan nuoi tap trung, cac lo giet mo, che bien thuc pham, khai thac khoang san, cac bai rac Han che toi da viec sir dung phan hoa hoc va cac loai hoa chat doc hai san xuat nong-lam nghiep vung c) Cac gidi phap dieu hoa tdi nguyen nuac theo khong gian vd thai gian: khuyen khi'ch va ho tro' dan cu tai cac vung co luong m ua thap, co mua kho dai xay dung cac cong trinh luu tru nuoc sinh hoat dam bao nhu cau tieu dung nam Lien ket cac cong trinh nuoc sinh hoat, nuoc san xuat a cac dia phuong nhieu nuoc voi cac dja phuong thieu nuoc d) Cac gidi phap s u dung tong hop tdi nguyen nuac: nam vung so luong va chat luong nuac dau vao va dau cua cac qua trinh kinh te va doi song Tren co1sa lira chon, ap dung cac muc dich sir dung nuoc phii hop, hoac thiet lap quy trinh xir ly phii hop cho cac qua trinh sir dung tiep theo Dong thoi, can co su' phoi hop dong bo ciia chinh quyen, cac c a quan, to chirc huu quan va nguai dan sir dung nuoc cho sinh hoat va san xuat 2.5 M ot so chinh sach va giai phap tang cuong quan ly, bao ve moi truong thj va cong nghiep vung Dong Bac a) Long ghep bao ve m di truang vai qui hoach phdt trien thi vd cdng nghiep Trong quy hoach phat trien thi va cong nghiep, can xem xet, soat lai tat ca cac chuong trinh phat trien cac khu cong nghiep va thj dang trien khai viing, can nhac ky chi phi- hieu qua thu duoc ve mat moi truong, xa hoi tong the phat trien kinh te xa hoi ciia thi Viec quy hoach dat dai, giao thong, co' sa tang phii hop voi sir phat trien khong gian thi 29 la r§t quan Day la giai phap tien quyet cho van de bao ve moi truong duoi tac dong ciia qua trinh thi hoa nhanh chong, tir co quyet djnh dau tir dung dan cho viec phat trien kinh te, xa hoi ciia thj b) Quan ly p h a t trien thi va cong nghiep theo dung qui hoach Can nghiem tuc tuan thu cac qui hoach da duoc djnh trudc Tranh pha vd qui hoach tong the va y chien luoc qui hoach Viec “ hoa” cac duong quoc lo, phat trien thi bam theo true duong quoc lo bien cac duong quoc lo duang xuyen qua thj nhu hien se tac dong xau tai moi truang va su phat trien ben vung ciia xa hoi c) Cd chinh sach ini tien dau tu cho phat trien ket cau tang thi va K C N vung He thong giao thong, cap thoat nuac, he thong duong dien, thong tin lien lac can duoc dau tu cai tao, nang cap va xay dung moi dong bo, tuong thich voi sir phat trien ciia cac thi, phat trien cong nghiep, thuang mai, djch vu va sinh hoat ciia cu dan thj, dan cu cac khu cong nghiep d) N dng cao nang luc quan ly, bao ve moi trucmg thi va khu cong nghiep Trudc het, phai co sir phoi hop chat che giii'a cac c a quan quan ly nhu xay dung, giao thong, dien, he thong cap thoat nuoc, thong tin lien lac de ke hoach hoa cac cong viec nang cap, sira chua c a sd tang Nang cao nang luc, trinh chuyen mon cho cac can bo lam cong tac moi trudng d cac cap Sdm ban hanh dong bo khung phap ly ve bao ve moi trudng khu cdng nghiep The che hoa cac chu truang, chi'nh sach, che do, quy dinh ro cac dau moi trach nhiem va mdi quan he phoi hop giai quyet cac van de phat sinh ve mdi trudng Hinh he thong to chirc quan ly mdi trudng khu cdng nghiep thong nhat, ddng bo, phii hop vdi hoat dong ciia cac khu cdng nghiep e) N nuoc can dau tu kinh p h i nhieu hon cho cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng, dac biet la kinh phi' quan trac chat luong moi trudng tai cac dia phuong Cac dia phuong can lap quy mdi trudng duoc dong boi cac xi nghiep, cong ddng, to chirc cd chat thai ldn gay o nhiem mdi trudng True tiep dau tu tir ngan sach de mua cac trang thiet bj quan trac mdi trudng, xir ly chat thai sinh hoat dd thj, xay dung cac nha may dot rac thi dii tieu chuan, 2.6 Tang cuong quan ly chat thai va bao ve moi truong o' khu vuc ndng nghiep- nong thon De giam thieu o nhiem mdi trudng chat thai va hudng tdi phat trien ben vung ndng nghiep, ndng thon viing Ddng Bac, chung tdi cho rang can phai tap trung vao nhung giai phap chi'nh, bao gom: a) Tang cucmg cdng tac quan ly nha nude ve BVMT; tang cudng cdng tac tuyen truyen, giao due, dao tao, tap huan ve mdi trudng; tang cudng nang luc cho cdng tac quan ly nha nude ve bao ve mdi trudng Dua ket qua hoat dong bao ve mdi trudng chi tieu ke hoach phat trien kinh te xa hoi hang nam ciia cac dia phuang, c a sd viing b) Tang cudng ngudn luc dau tu cho bao ve mdi trudng, da dang hoa dau tu bao ve mdi trudng de dam bao cd dii ngudn luc bao ve mdi trudng theo tinh than Nghi quyet so 41/NQTW 30 c) Chu dong phong ngira, ngan chan, xir ly va kiern soat tinh trang o nhiem moi truong chat thai ran gay Quy hoach xay dung cac bai chon lap chat thai dung ky thuat, hop ve sinh d cac thj xa, thi tran; khuyen khi'ch cac phan kinh te tap the va tu nhan tham gia vao viec thu gom va xir ly ch&t thai ran Tang cuong cac hoat dong tai che va sir dung lai chat thai ran d) Tang cudng cdng tac quy hoach phat trien lang nghe va quan ly, bao ve moi trudng lang nghe d ndng thon cac dja phuong vimg Phat trien cac khu, cum cdng nghiep lang nghe d khu vuc ndng thon de cac doanh nghiep co co hoi di chuyen dia diem san xuat kinh doanh xa khu dan cu X u ly triet de cac co sd san xuat cdng nghiep -tieu thii cdng nghiep gay o nhiem mdi truong nghiem e) Xay dung ke hoach xir ly chat thai y te nguy hai ciia cac co' sd y te tren dia ban theo quy dinh cua Quy che quan ly chat thai y te cua Bo y te Thuong xuyen to chuc, phat dong cac phong trao lam ve sinh moi trudng d cac khu dan cu (trong cac lang, ban, thon, xa, ) 2.7 Chinh sach BV M T gan lien voi van de on djnh dan so va xoa doi giam ngheo Su tang nhanh dan sd viing Ddng Bac la mot nhung nguyen nhan (true tiep va gian tiep) gay suy thoai he sinh thai rung dau ngudn, suy thoai tai nguyen dat, lam can kien nguon nuoc, dac biet la tinh trang thieu nuoc sinh hoat d cac viing cao gay anh hudng den doi sdng nhan dan viing Do vay, can co chinh sach dan so phu hop de cd dieu kien tu nhien tot hon cho phat trien kinh te, nang cao doi sdng va co dieu kien bao ve va phuc hoi he sinh thai ciia viing Cac chinh sach xoa ddi giam ngheo cung can gan ho voi viec phat trien cac mo hinh kinh te sinh thai, dam bao hieu qua va ben vung han N hu vay se giam duoc sd ngudi ngheo noi chung viing, dac biet la nhung ngudi ngheo sdng dua vao viec khai thac tai nguyen d nhung viing sinh thai nhay cam K ET LUAN Ddng Bac la viing cd vi tri chien luoc quan ca ve dieu kien dja ly tu nhien, chi'nh trj, kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi, mdi truong va an ninh qudc phong doi vdi sir phat trien ciia dat nirdc Trong nhung thap ky gan day, su phat trien kinh te-xa hoi ciia viing Dong Bac da co nhung budc tien quan va dat duoc nhung tuu dang ke Tuy nhien, su phat trien kinh te-xa hoi ciia Dong Bac hien van nhieu kho khan, bat cap va tiem an nhung nguy co' thieu ben vung Mdi trudng sinh thai d nhieu dja phuong viing da va dang bj o nhiem, suy thoai va xuong cap Trong do, nhung van de ca ban ve m oi truang dang dat (va thach thirc) doi voi PTBV ciia viing Ddng Bac la: (i) suy thoai, o nhiem tai nguyen mdi trudng dat; (ii) o nhiem, suy thoai tai nguyen, mdi trudng nuoc; (iii) sir suy giam chat luong rirng, cac he sinh thai va da dang sinh hoc; (iv) o nhiem mdi trudng d cac dd thj, khu cdng nghiep; (v) tinh trang gia tang cac loai chat thai gay o nhiem mdi truong d khu vuc ndng nghiep- ndng thon Cd nhieu nguyen nhan va yeu to tac dong den tinh trang suy thoai, o nhiem, xuong cap ciia cac yeu to, phan mdi truong viing Trong dd, sir gia tang dan sd cao, viec day manh khai thac tai nguyen, phat trien cac nganh kinh te, dd thi hoa, sir thieu hut ve the che, 31 chi'nh sach va nhung han che, bat cap to chuc quan ly va bao ve tai nguyen moi trudng d nhieu dia phuong, la nhung nguyen nhan quan T u nghien cuu ly thuyet, kinh nghiem cua mot sd nude ve bao ve mdi trudng phat trien ben vu'ng va tu ket qua khao sat, nghien cuu thuc te, danh gia thuc trang mdi trudng va quan ly, bao ve tai nguyen, mdi trudng d cac dja phuong vung Ddng Bac, de tai da de xuat cac quan diem chung ve PTBV vung Ddng Bac, cac quan diem djnh hudng khai thac, su dung hop ly tai nguyen va cac quan diem ddi vdi bao ve mdi trudng PTBV vung Ddng Bac Ddng thdi (va tren co sd dd), de tai da de xuat/ kien nghj nhom cac giai phap, chinh sach cho viec giai quyet nhung van de co ban ve mdi trudng phat trien ben vung vung Ddng Bac nude ta hien va giai doan tdi Tuy nhien, cac quan diem va giai phap tren day van can duoc tiep tuc nghien cuu sau hon, cu the hon, va can cd su ddng thuan cao ca ve nhan thuc cung nhu ve to chuc trien khai, thuc hien o' cap cua toan vung cung nhu mdi dja phuong vung./ 32