An analysis of the evaluative language in news about islamic states on cable news network (CNN) and channel news asia (CNA) from november 30, 2014 to december 10, 2014 in light of appraisal theory

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT ******************** NGUYỄN MAI LÊ AN ANALYSIS OF THE EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE IN NEWS ABOUT ISLAMIC STATES ON CABLE NEWS NETWORK (CNN) AND CHANNEL NEWS ASIA (CNA) FROM NOVEMBER 30, 2014 TO DECEMBER 10, 2014 IN LIGHT OF APPRAISAL THEORY (Phân tích ngôn ngữ đánh giá tin nhà nước Hồi giáo CNN CNA từ ngày 30/11/2014 đến ngày 10/12/2014 dựa thuyết thẩm định) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English linguistics Code: 60220201 HANOI – 2015 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT ******************** NGUYỄN MAI LÊ AN ANALYSIS OF THE EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE IN NEWS ABOUT ISLAMIC STATES ON CABLE NEWS NETWORK (CNN) AND CHANNEL NEWS ASIA (CNA) FROM NOVEMBER 30, 2014 TO DECEMBER 10, 2014 IN LIGHT OF APPRAISAL THEORY (Phân tích ngôn ngữ đánh giá tin nhà nước Hồi giáo CNN CNA từ ngày 30/11/2014 đến ngày 10/12/2014 dựa thuyết thẩm định) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm, Ph.D HANOI – 2015 ACCEPTANCE I hereby state that I: Nguyen Mai Le from group K22B, ULIS, VNU, being a candidate for the degree of Master of Arts, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master‟s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purpose of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarians for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Hanoi, July 15th 2015 Nguyen Mai Le i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis would not have been possible without the generous support from many people First and foremost, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Nguyen Thi Minh Tam, Ph.D, who enthusiastically followed, checked, and gave constructive comments on my work Without her valuable guidance and expertise during the writing process, I would not be able to reach the thesis completion today In addition, I am truly grateful to all teachers in Postgraduate Department, ULIS, VNUH for their devotion to providing me with deep English linguistics knowledge and precious consultancy To me, they are a true inspiration for my pursuit of the career after graduation Last but not least, I am eternally indebted to my family – my parents and my brother – and my close friend Pham Thuy Mai, who exhorted me to start the thesis and cheered me during the process ii ABSTRACT The research focuses on exploring evaluative language in news about IS on CNN and CNA from November 30, 2014 to December 10, 2014 in the light of Appraisal theory With careful investigation, the paper finds out how evaluative language is realized in news and points out similarities and differences between writers‟ journalistic stances on CNN and writers‟ journalistic stances on CNA about IS Additionally, the paper offers suggestions for further studies in the given topic For accomplishments of these objectives, content analysis and statistical analysis are employed as data analysis instruments Despite the writer‟s sustained efforts and serious work, the paper cannot avoid shortcomings The writer hopes that this study will make a small contribution to translation studies and translation training iii TABLE OF CONTENT Acceptance i Acknowledgement .ii Abstract iii Table of content iv List of abbreviations vi List of figures and tables .vii PART A: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.2.1 Aims of the study 1.2.2 Objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Methods of the study PART B: RESEARCH CONTENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Evaluative language 1.1.1 Appraisal theory 1.1.2 Evaluative language 1.1.3 Appraisal resources 1.2 Attitude in Appraisal theory 1.2.1 Affect 1.2.2 Judgment 11 1.2.3 Appreciation 11 1.3 Related studies 12 iv CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 14 2.1 Research Method and the Corpus 14 2.2 Data analysis instruments 16 CHAPTER 3: FINDING AND DISCUSSION 17 3.1 Statistical findings 17 3.2 Qualitative findings 21 3.2.1 Headlines analysis 22 3.2.2 Article content analysis 23 PART C: CONCLUSION 35 Main findings of the study 35 1.1 The evaluative language is realized in the news about IS on CNN and CNA 35 1.2 Similarities and differences between writers‟ journalistic stances on CNN and writers‟ journalistic stances on CNA about IS 35 1.2.1 Similarities between writers‟ journalistic stances on CNN and writers‟ journalistic stances on CNA about IS 35 1.2.2 Differences between writers‟ journalistic stances on CNN and writers‟ journalistic stances on CNA about IS 36 Suggestions for further studies 37 Limitations of the study 37 Contributions of the study 38 REFERENCES 39 APPENDIX I v LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS CNN Cable News Network CNA Channel News Asia E.g Example IS Islamic States + Positive attitude - Negative attitude vi LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES Page Figure 1: An overview of Appraisal resources Figure 2: A summary of percentage of Affect in news on CNN and 17 CNA (‰) Figure 3: A summary of percentage of Judgment in news on CNN and 19 CNA (‰) Figure 4: A summary of percentage of Appreciation in news on CNN 20 and CNA (‰) Table 1: Grammatical realizations of Affect Table 2: Sub-categories of Affect 10 Table 3: Affect- Un/happiness, in/security, dis/satisfaction 11 Table 4: Judgment 11 Table 5: Appreciation 12 Table 6: Articles on CNN 15 Table 7: Articles on CNA 16 Table 8: Distribution of Appraisal resources on CNN and on CNA 17 vii PART A: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study It is undeniable that language plays an important role in life of human beings Language can be used to express the writer's/speaker's opinion on people, things and situations For the past several years, there have been many attempts to study the linguistic mechanisms employed by speakers and writers to convey their personal feelings and assessments Such investigations have been carried out using a wide range of conceptual and theoretical approaches, including stance (Biber, 2006), metadiscourse (Hyland & Tse, 2004), evaluative, attitudinal or affective language (Ochs, 1989), evidentiality (Chafe & Nichols, 1986), and evaluation (Hunston, 1994; 2011) Especially, Martin and White (2005) developed an elaborate system called Appraisal theory allowing linguistic analysis of a text from the perspective of the evaluative properties of this text The Appraisal theory is concerned with a) how text producers (writers or speakers) construe particular authorial identities for themselves, b) how authors align or not align themselves with actual or potential respondents, and c) how writers or speakers construct an ideal audience for their texts (Martin & White, 2005; Pankovskyi, 2013) This approach is related to the stance, language usage, and response The Appraisal theory is thus suitable to be employed to analyze and evaluate living language in journalistic discourse with diverse topics and numerous audiences In addition, events of Islamic States (IS) are drawing attention of politicians‟ and scholars‟ interest with various understandings and thoughts because their instability has affected international security Therefore, quite a few articles are published daily to update Islamic states‟ events Moreover, up to now, very few or even no research has been done to explore the evaluative language in news about Islamic States Because of aforementioned conditions, in this research, I would like to utilize two famous channels CNN (an Iraq in August In late September the strikes were extended to IS targets in Syria, involving both the United States as well as a number of allies Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan and Bahrain are taking part in the air strikes in Syria and Australia, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France and the Netherlands are participating in Iraq Separately, the Pentagon Tuesday confirmed for the first time that Iran recently graduation- force- quantificationextent- proximity carried out air strikes against IS in eastern Iraq The threat posed by IS has brought the two arch-foes together in the fight against the jihadists but engagement- contract- disclaim- counter Washington said the Iranian raids were not coordinated with US forces The United States has carried out the vast majority graduation- quantity of the air strikes against the militants who proclaimed affect- security- confidence- behavior a caliphate in Syria and Iraq in June Dozens graduation – quantity more countries are offering other support including information and intelligence sharing Kerry on Tuesday did not rule out providing more aid to the Iraqi government "I'm confident affect- security- confidencedisposition that over a period of time the United States will be providing additional assistance of one kind or another," he said THREAT FROM FOREIGN FIGHTERS judgment- propriety Officials said the ministers will tackle judgment- tenacity how to disrupt IS finances and how to provide humanitarian appreciation - valuation aid to displaced people in Iraq and Syria The senior judgment – capacity US official said the coalition partners are particularly concerned about the threat posed by thousands graduationquantity of foreign fighters judgment- propriety who have joined IS and who could launch attacks in the West 43 "It may be engagement- expand – entertain in fact one of the longest graduationintensity term problems appreciation- valuation that we'll ultimately face with respect to ISIS in this region," he said, using the group's alternate appreciationcomposition name Washington was working with European and Gulf Arab states about tightening borders and establishing no-travel lists, he added Coalition partners, he said, are due to meet in Marrakesh, Morocco on Dec 15 to further tackle the foreign fighters problem appreciation- valuation NATO has allowed its headquarters to be used for Tuesday's talks because foreign ministers from the transatlantic alliance met there on Tuesday, but engagement- contractdisclaim- counter NATO is not part of the US-led coalition against IS The ministers will discuss judgment- tenacity ways to send "counter-messages" to delegitimize IS, which has been savvy in using social media to recruit fighters and supporters judgment- propriety over the Internet "As we are able judgment of esteem- capacity to delegitimize (IS), we are able judgment of esteem- capacity to turn populations against (IS), reduce their recruiting basis," he added The ministers will study judgment- tenacity ways to disrupt how IS raises finances through oil sales, extortion, plunder, ransom, human trafficking and the sale of Syrian antiquities, he said "We're working hard to map the oil system," he said, adding the coalition is tracking oil from the ground, to refineries, to black markets through tankers crossing borders, to the sources of cash and then banks Air strikes on refineries are undermining the IS ability to export the oil, and thereby raise funds, he said "We're just kicking off on many graduation- quantity of these things And what we're beginning to see already there is some effect that's beginning to become apparent appreciation- composition." 44 The official said based on intelligence estimates there are around 30,000 graduation- quantity IS fighters judgment- propriety in both Syria and Iraq CNA 6: IS ADVANCE IN EAST SYRIA KILLS 19 TROOPS, MILITIA: MONITOR POSTED: 04 Dec 2014 21:10 In ensuing appreciation- composition fighting, the militants captured several graduation- quantity government positions in the area and lost at least graduationintensity seven graduation- quantity of their own fighters judgment- propriety, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said BEIRUT: An Islamic State group advance spearheaded by a suicide bomber on a government-held enclave in eastern Syria killed at least graduation- intensity 19 graduation- quantity government troops and militia, a monitoring group said Thursday (Dec 4) The overnight bombing struck a government position near Deir Ezzor military airport, a vital appreciation- valuation supply line for the besieged troops holding out in the eastern city, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said In ensuing appreciation- composition fighting, the militants captured several graduation- quantity government positions in the area and lost at least graduationintensity seven graduation- quantity of their own fighters judgment- propriety, the Britain-based group said They also seized two tanks, an armoured vehicle, artillery and heavy appreciation machine guns from the positions they overran, it added IS forces control most of Deir Ezzor province, but engagement- contract- disclaimcounter half of the its capital remains in government hands, along with the military airport to its southeast The oil-rich province lies between IS-controlled Raqa 45 province and the Iraqi border and is a key appreciation- valuation prize for the militant group CNA 7: 19 graduation KILLED IN ISLAMIST ATTACK IN CHECHNYA POSTED: 04 Dec 2014 20:34 At least graduation- intensity 19 graduation- quantity died and many graduationquantity were injured in heavy valuation fighting between Islamic rebels and police in the center of the Chechen capital of Grozny GROZNY, Russia: Fighting between heavily-armed Islamists and police in the centre of Chechnya's capital Grozny on Thursday (Dec 4) left 19 graduation- quantity dead and many graduation- quantity injured, the second attack since October, officials said Militants barricaded themselves in a school and police cordonned off city streets, with the violence erupting just as President Vladimir Putin gave his annual address to the nation, vowing engagement to end violence in Chechnya Chechnya's head Ramzan Kadyrov said nine militants were killed after several graduation- quantity hours of fighting in the city, with armed personnel carriers dispatched to residential areas and shooting in the streets The operation against the gunmen left 10 graduation- quantity security officers dead and injured 28 graduation- quantity, Russia's National Antiterrorism Committee said in a statement quoted by Russian news agencies It said police efforts - which included the deployment of armoured personnel carriers in Grozny - "liquidated" the group and "thwarted major appreciation acts of terror" but engagement- contract- disclaim- counter that some graduation- quantity security actions were ongoing Putin had pledged to wipe out insurgency in the North Caucasus but engagement- contract- disclaim- counter simmering violence 46 has continued in Chechnya and nearby graduation- force- quantification- extentproximity regions, with a suicide blast rocking Chechnya in October Kadyrov said the militants were planning to stage an attack Friday but engagementcontract- disclaim- counter the plan fell through after traffic police stopped them in the early graduation- intensity hours of Thursday It was unclear appreciationcomposition how many graduation- quantity groups of militants were involved affect- satisfaction- interest as they later stormed a building called the Press House in central Grozny as well as a school about a kilometre away "We have them surrounded in the school area," Kadyrov said on Echo of Moscow radio, adding that the gunmen were "very graduation heavily armed", including with grenade launchers An AFP correspondent said a large graduation- quantity area in the city centre was closed off by security forces, with automatic fire as well as larger graduation- intensity calibre artillery audible several graduation- quantity blocks away Authorities said gunmen inside the Press House - a tall appreciation- reaction building that houses the media - were eliminated, as it stood smouldering appreciation- valuation and gutted appreciation- valuation from fire Speaking in the Kremlin, Putin said he was certain judgment- veracity that "local boys, local police, will suitably manage judgment- tenacity " to bring down the "latest graduationintensity raid by the terrorists judgment- propriety." A video posted by human rights activists of the Committee Against Torture showed two men with automatic weapons firing from a street corner several graduationquantity blocks away from the school North Caucasus Islamists, known as the Caucasus Emirate, took responsibility for the raid in a video posted on the website Kavkaz Center, saying it was revenge for "oppression of Muslim women." 47 SECOND ATTACK IN WEEKS Thursday's attack marks the first such raid in months by militants in Grozny -which was ravaged by two wars between separatists judgment- propriety and the Russian army over the past 20 graduation- quantity years But engagementcontract- disclaim- counter it comes weeks after five graduation- quantity policemen were killed and a dozen graduation- quantity wounded in Grozny in October when they stopped a young judgment- capacity suicide bomber from attacking a concert hall where thousands graduation- quantity had gathered to mark a local holiday That attack shattered a period of relative appreciation- composition calm in the region and sparked concerns of a new appreciation- valuation cycle of violence in the North Caucasus Despite engagement- contract- disclaim- counter claims by Kadyrov that Chechnya's insurgency has been eradicated, "they have shown once again that they exist and continue doing what they were doing before," said Alexander Cherkasov of Memorial human rights centre "There is an insurgency in Chechnya, despite engagement- contract- disclaimcounter careful appreciation and total control over the republic's residents, and perhaps engagement- expand – entertain because of it," he added Putin - who launched the second Chechen war in 1999 when as prime minister he famously vowed engagement to "wipe out (militants) in the outhouse" - has staked his political career on a promise to crush the bloody appreciation- reaction insurgency in the Caucasus After the second Chechen war, a pro-Kremlin regime was installed in the republic, first headed by rebel-turned-Moscow-ally Akhmad Kadyrov and, following his slaying in a bombing in 2004, by his son Ramzan, a strongman judgment- capacity 48 who has ruthlessly put down opposition and whose regime has been accused of human rights violations CNA 8: ISLAMIC STATE HAS TRAINING CAMPS IN EASTERN LIBYA: US GENERAL POSTED: 04 Dec 2014 08:17 UPDATED: 04 Dec 2014 18:16 Experts judgment- social sanction- propriety warn that the increasingly tenuous situation in Libya could provide a fertile breeding ground for extremist judgmentcapacity groups, including the Islamic State WASHINGTON: The Islamic State (IS), which overran large areas of Iraq and Syria, has set up training camps in eastern Libya and the American military is closely monitoring the situation, a top – judgment- capacity US general said Wednesday (Dec 3) Western countries have been increasingly worried that Libya's political turmoil could provide fertile ground for extremists judgment- propriety, but General David Rodriguez ruled out military action on the "nascent" camps in the immediate future "They put training camps out there," Rodriguez, head of US Africa Command, told reporters, referring to the IS organisation He described the IS activity as "very small and nascent." The general said "around a couple hundred" militants were present at the camps and US forces would continue to track the area to see if the IS presence expanded The United States has been waging an air war against the IS group in Iraq and Syria but when asked if the training camps in Libya were a potential – appreciation- valuation target for American forces, Rodriguez said: "No, not right now." 49 The IS group "has begun its efforts over in the east out there to introduce some people over there," he said "But we'll have judgment- tenacity to just continue to monitor and watch that carefully in the future to see what happens or whether it grows on unabated." The four-star general said it appeared the IS militants in Libya were not volunteers coming from outside the country but militia members who had shifted their loyalty to the group His comments came after the US government and European allies voiced "grave concern" over mounting violence and civil unrest in Libya Experts judgment- propriety have warned that the IS group has gained a foothold in the eastern town of Derna, exploiting the chaos that has engulfed the North African state Libya has been plagued by instability since the overthrow of autocratic – judgment- propriety leader – judgment- propriety Muammar Gaddafi in 2011, and IS leader judgment- propriety Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi recently boasted of vows of allegiance from militants in the country Analysts say a number of factions in Derna have pledged loyalty to the IS group, but it remains unclear how much support they enjoy CNA 9: EU COUNTS ON INTELLIGENCE SHARING TO STEM FOREIGN FIGHTERS’ judgment- propriety FLOW TO SYRIA POSTED: 09 Dec 2014 08:52 The European Union hopes affect- desire that coordination and information sharing between the EU and Turkey will help stem the flow of would-be appreciation militants into Syria to join the Islamic State ANKARA: New European Union foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini said in Turkey on Monday (Dec 8) she hoped affect- desire increased intelligence-sharing 50 would help stop the flow of foreign fighters judgment- propriety joining the ranks of Islamic State (IS) militants Mogherini was speaking after talks in Ankara on her first trip to Turkey since taking office Turkey is under pressure to stem the flow of IS recruits across its borders, which have become a major appreciation- gateway between Europe and territory controlled by the extremists judgment- propriety EU capitals are concerned about the possibility of attacks being mounted by the growing graduation- intensity number of European nationals returning home after fighting alongside militants Mogherini said: "We discussed the situation of foreign fighters judgment- propriety It is one of our common interests appreciation- reaction we have to face - having good appreciation- valuation coordination and good appreciation- valuation strategy to stop the flow on both (sides) "The work has been going on in the last weeks, with positive appreciationvaluation developments in information sharing and coordination I hope affectdesire that this can create positive appreciation- valuation results in the coming days and weeks." Mogherini, travelling with the EU's enlargement and humanitarian appreciation- valuation aid commissioners, met President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu and Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu Mogherini, a former Italian foreign minister who took up the post of EU diplomatic chief on Nov 1, is to visit refugee camps on Turkey's southern border Tuesday On Monday, Mogherini called for a solution to the Syrian crisis "at the root" and sought support from Turkish leaders judgment- propriety- sanction for the mission of the UN's envoy to Syria Staffan de Mistura, who met in Turkey with Syrian opposition members to discuss his plan to "freeze" fighting in Aleppo 51 She said Turkey was key appreciation- valuation to a solution to the Syrian conflict "Turkey knows very graduation well it can play a very graduation relevant appreciation- composition role in the region If we manage to match the role with the EU I think we could probably advance the solutions, especially the political solution to the crisis in Syria." 'CONCERNS OVER FREEDOMS' The high-profile visit comes as the new appreciation- reaction EU team is seeking to kickstart Turkey's stalled membership negotiations "We know that our membership in the EU will present opportunities for both sides," Foreign Minister Cavusoglu told a news conference with Mogherini "We look to our relations with the EU as win-win." Turkey, a regional Sunni Muslim power, has barely made progress in membership negotiations with the EU since they formally opened in 2005 Talks have stalled due to stumbling blocks including a territorial dispute with member Cyprus and opposition from EU heavyweights France and Germany Ankara has also drawn the ire of Brussels over its human rights record, while some EU states have reservations about granting membership to such a large graduationquantity Muslim country Mogherini raised concerns over the state of free appreciation- composition speech, media liberties and the role of women in Turkey which she branded as "real appreciation- valuation issues" that need to be addressed "We have to see steps forward," she said EU Enlargement Commissioner Johannes Hahn said one or more chapters could open in Turkish-EU accession talks in the future "We welcome recent graduationforce- quantification- extent- proximity moves and signals from member states, and therefore I am hopeful affect- desire that it might be possible to open one or the 52 other chapter in the next presidency," he said "Things are moving in the right direction appreciation- valuation." The EU delegation affect- security- confidence- behavior visited just a week after Russian President Vladimir Putin was in Turkey to announce the cancellation of the multi-billion-dollar graduation- quantity South Stream pipeline project Putin blamed the EU for throwing obstacles in the path of the project and said Russia would work with Ankara on a new appreciation- reaction gas hub instead Mogherini ruled out any graduation- quantity competition between Russia and Brussels over Turkey and said the EU group's visit was not an attempt to "balance" Putin's trip, stressing that the EU was still engagement- contract- disclaim- counter Turkey's number one trade partner "We explicitly welcome if Turkey could become an energy hub for the region," Hahn said Turkey has so far resisted pressure from Brussels to join sanctions imposed on Russia for its role in the Ukraine crisis CNA 10: ALLIES TO SEND 1500 graduation- quantity SECURITY PERSONNEL TO IRAQ: US POSTED: 09 Dec 2014 03:18 UPDATED: 09 Dec 2014 05:07 53 Coalition partners meeting last week in the region made initial pledges that would bring "close" to 1,500 graduation- quantity forces to Iraq to train and assist the country's army, in addition to the Americans already mobilised, Lieutenant General James Terry told reporters in Kuwait City KUWAIT CITY: US allies are ready to send roughly graduation- intensity 1,500 graduation- quantity security personnel to Iraq to help the Baghdad government in its fight against militants, the American commander of the war effort said on Monday (Dec 8) The move reflects a widening international campaign against the Islamic State (IS) group in Syria and Iraq, and follows Washington's decision to double its military footprint to 3,100 graduation- quantity troops Members of the US-led coalition meeting last week in the region made initial pledges that would bring "close" to 1,500 graduation- quantity forces to Iraq to train and assist the country's army, in addition to the Americans already mobilised, Lieutenant General James Terry told reporters in Kuwait City The US general did not engagement- contract- disclaim- deny indicate which countries from the coalition would provide the security personnel or how many of them graduation- quantity would be in uniform or otherwise Terry said he was encouraged by the results of the Dec 2-3 gathering of coalition representatives, with allies eager affect- happiness to send trainers "When you start now to balance the different appreciation- composition capabilities out across the coalition, I think we're doing pretty graduation- intensity well in terms of boots on the ground," Terry told reporters travelling with Pentagon chief Chuck Hagel 54 But engagement- contract- disclaim- counter the details of the contributions were still engagement- contract- disclaim- counter being discussed "We're still engagement- contract- disclaim- counter working through it," he said "I want affect- desire to give them time to go back to their nations' capitals and work out the specifics of that." He said "the large graduation- quantity percentage" of the personnel to be deployed would be training Iraqi troops The coalition of mainly Western and Arab states was set up after IS militants swept across northern Iraq, seizing swathes of territory and proclaiming affect- securityconfidence- behavior a caliphate in parts of the country and neighbouring Syria MILITANTS ON DEFENCE There are already about graduation- intensity 1,500 graduation- quantity US troops in Iraq providing security for the American embassy and advising the Baghdad government's army and Kurdish forces Last month, President Barack Obama approved the deployment of another 1,500 graduation- quantity to bolster the training and advising effort across the country Terry, who oversees the war against the IS group, said Iraqi security forces were steadily improving but engagement- contract- disclaim- counter remained months away from staging large-scale graduation- quantity offensives that could roll back the militants "While they still engagement- contract- disclaim- counter have a long appreciation- composition way to go I think they're becoming more capable judgment of esteem- capacity every day," he said The IS group meanwhile faces daily air strikes from US and coalition aircraft that have limited the fighters – judgment- propriety' mobility and disrupted sanctuaries in Syria, according to Terry The militants are "on the defence, trying to hold what they had gained but engagement- contract- disclaim- counter still engagement- 55 contract- disclaim- counter able judgment of esteem- capacity to conduct some graduation- quantity limited appreciation- attacks out there." The result was a stalemate on the battlefield in some areas, including western Anbar province, he said "In some graduation- quantity places it's stalemated and some graduation- quantity places it's to the advantage of the Iraqi security forces," Terry said US and allied warplanes kept up a bombing campaign over the weekend, with 15 graduationquantity strikes in Syria and 31 graduation- quantity across Iraq since Friday, the American military said in a statement After more than graduation- quantity 1,200 graduation- quantity air strikes against the militants in Iraq and Syria since August 8, the Islamic State group is "starting to feel pressure affect- insecurity- disquiet," Terry said "The effect it's having right now is ISIL is having a hard valuation- reaction time in movement, having a hard valuation- reaction time with communications, and they're having a hard valuationreaction time in governing these populations," he added, using another acronym for IS 'NEW appreciation- reaction MOMENTUM' The general's remarks echoed comments earlier graduation- intensity by Pentagon chief Chuck Hagel, who said Iraqi government troops were increasingly taking the fight to the militants Air power and other support from the US-led coalition "has in effect allowed the Iraqi security forces to take back some ground," Hagel said during a visit to a US base in Kuwait "It's given them some graduation- quantity new appreciationreaction momentum, organisation, structure." Hagel spoke to reporters during a visit to Camp Buehring, about 40km (25 miles) from the Iraqi border 56 During the 2003-2008 US occupation of Iraq, most graduation- intensity American troops passed through the outpost in Kuwaiti to get acclimatised to the desert The base now serves as the headquarters for US forces in Iraq, officials said (Source: http://www.channelnewsasia.com/) 57 [...]...American channel) and CNA (an Asian channel) to compare the use of evaluative language in news about IS and to compare writers‟ journalistic stances on these channels 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.2.1 Aims of the study In this study, the writer aims at analyzing the evaluative language in news about Islamic States on CNN and CNA from November 30, 2014 to December 10, 2014 in the light of appraisal. .. appraisal theory 1.2.2 Objectives of the study The study focuses on two objectives The first objective is to describe how evaluative language is realized in in news about Islamic States on CNN and CNA from November 30, 2014 to December 10, 2014 in the light of Appraisal theory The second objective is to compare writers‟ journalistic stances on CNN and writers‟ journalistic stances on CNA hidden in their... identity) and what their perspective on events is In Thompson and Hunston‟s words, evaluative language involves linguistic devices that “express the speaker‟s or writer‟s opinion, and in doing so … reflect the value system of that person and their community” (Thompson &Hunston, 2000, p.6) The purpose of evaluative language is also to construct and maintain relations between the speaker or writer and hearer... a major instrument to find out the answers to research questions Also, statistical analysis is employed to find out the general trend in the use of evaluative language by writers on CNN and CNA 16 CHAPTER 3: FINDING AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Statistical findings As the title of the study, evaluative language is realized in the light of Appraisal theory By my careful calculation, the distribution of Appraisal. .. headlines encapsulate not only the content but the orientation, the perspective that the readers should bring to their understanding of the article Because of aforementioned reasons, the paper pays attention to both headline analysis and content analysis 21 3.2.1 Headlines analysis A quick look at headlines on CNN and CNA shows that more evaluative language is used in headlines on CNN than on CNA To. .. attention and action to find out the information about the wife of IS leader In short, the writers on both CNN and CNA use evaluative language when making headlines However, more evaluative language is used in news on CNN than on CNA especially, the evaluative language in categories of affect and judgment, which means that the writers on CNN have trend of giving their subjective assessment of IS issues On. .. elements in the September 2001 edition of a Hong Kong-based magazine‟s editorial entitled Mourning In it, he shows how the editorial uses Appraisal resources to have the readers sympathize with the unfortunate persons told in the editorial, to align the readers with the position and opinion of the writer(s) of the editorial In spite of the fact that there have been many studies on evaluative language using... discourse situation and with the addresser‟s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about Halliday (2004) pinpoints mood, modality and key as major exponents of interpersonal meaning In his Introduction to Functional Grammar, he mentioned the existence of other means of realizing interpersonal meaning but even these cannot be exhaustive By emphasizing the semantics of evaluation, the Appraisal theory has... area of interpersonal meanings In this theory, Martin and White (2005) discuss how to use language to express emotion, ethics and aesthetic value Martin and White (2005) explain that the Appraisal theory is based on the notion of stance: appraisal is probably most closely related to the concept of stance” (p 40), which depends heavily on the idea that “whenever speakers (or writers) say anything, they... United States Channel News Asia (CNA): was established on March 1 1999 by Media Corp, and is an Singaporean English language Asian cable television news agency and news channel Positioned to “Understand Asia , it reports on global developments with Asian perspectives Because of their fame, pervasiveness, and easy accessibility, these two channels give a guarantee of research data The corpus is compiled from