Bai giang ve mau (Blood)

Blood Specific terms hemo-/haemo Hay hemato/ haemato-H(a)ematology -Hemoglobin -Hemocyanin -Hemato-biochemical parameters -Hematopoiesis Blood - Functions of the blood Components of the blood Erythrocyte/red blood cell and its structure and Erythropoiesis and Eryptosis Leucocyte/white blood cell types and functions Hemostasis and blood clotting, the role of Ca2+, vitamin K and liver in hemostasis - ABO and Rh blood group systems Blood volume in animals • Blood is a fluid connective tissue • 70-80 ml/kg (7- 8%-4,5 l) - human Blood Volumes of Healthy Adult Animals* Species Volume (ml/kg) Cat 55 (47-66) Dog 86 (79-90) Ferret 75 Gerbil 67 Goat 70 Guinea Pig 75 (67-92) Hamster 78 Monkey (rhesus) 54 Mouse 79 (78-80) Pig 65 Rabbit 56 (44-70) Rat 64 (50-70) Sheep 60 *Can be 15% less in obese and old animals http://www.drexelmed.edu/documents/ULAR/IACUC_drugs.pdf Components of the blood •Plasma (Huyết tương): the remaining fluid in the blood after removing all blood cells Plasma (55%) •Formed elements: ─ erythrocyte (red bllod cell) ─ leucocyte (white blood cell) Leucocyte, plateletes ─ Platelet Erythrocyte (45%) Hematocrit (hct)= 100 x (erythrocyte volume/ total blood volume) Functions of the blood • Transport: nutrients, respiratory gases, metabolic wastes, hormones • Maintaining homeostasis for: pH, temperature, electrolyte balance • Protection: blood clotting, immune response Osmotic pressure and pH of the blood • Osmotic pressure - P = 7,6 - 8,1 atm (human) • Created by salts (NaCl) + dissolved proteins • pH = 7,35 - 7,45, is maintained by different buffering systems Red blood cells and changes in plasma osmotic pressure Dd ưu trương Cell shrinks Dd đẳng trương normal Dd nhược trương Cell swells Components of plasma Formed elements (Các yếu tố hữu hình) • Erythrocyte (Hồng cầu ): 95% • Leucocyte (Bạch cầu ) 5% • Platelet/thrombocyte (Tiểu cầu) http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/forensics/08blood/blood_components.htm The formation of fibrin clot •The conversion of soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into a gel of insoluble fibrin meshwork by the coagulation cascade carried out by coagulation factors •Intrinsic pathway •Extrinsic pathway •Fibrin meshwork traps erythrocytes and platelet plug at the damaged sites of blood vessels -> prevent blood loss Coagulation factors Coagulation factors I Fibrinogen (produced by the livers )) II Prothrombin (produced by the livers ) – vit K) III Thromboplastin (mô thương tổn sx) IV Ca2+ V Proaccelerin (produced by the livers ) - produced by the livers (7) VII Proconvertin (produced by the livers -vitK) -Vitamine K needed VIII Antihemophilic factor A IX Antihemophilic factor B / Christmas factor (produced by the livers -vitK) X Stuart factor (-produced by the livers , vitK) XI plasma thromboplastin antecedent, produced by the livers XII Hageman factor XIII Fibrin-stabilizing factor - Ca2+ Fibrinolysis • Clot retraction actin, myosin in platelets contract to increase the “tightness” of the plug • Serum: blood plasma after removal of clotting proteins • Fibrinolysis: Plasmin derived from plasma plasminogen can enzymatically break down fibrin thereby dissolves the fibrin clots plasminogen activators (tissue plasminogen activator-TPA produced by endothelial cells) • Plasminogen -> plasmin Factors regulate clot formation • Anticoagulants in the plasma and produced by endothelial cells − Antithrombin − Heparin - Prostacyclin - Thrombomodulin secreted by healthy endothelial cells binds to thrombin inhibiting the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin • Inorganic salts : oxalate, citrate salts, EDTA • Aspirin: at low dose inhibits the formation of TXA2 therefore decreases platelet aggregation Clot formation disorders • Liver failure • Vitamin K deficiency, damaged gut flora • Hemophilia: genetic disorder caused by mutation of the gene coding for factor VIII • VIII (85%), IX (15%) • Thrombocytopenia (Bệnh thiếu hụt tiểu cầu ) (50.000 TC/mm3 ) • Von Willebrand’s disease: genetic bleeding disorder caused by reduced level of vWf Blood groups and blood transfusion of the ABO system • Gradual lost of ¾ of red blood cells: still can be recovered • Quick lost of 1/3 – 1/2 volume of body blood -> dead • Early blood transfusion between individuals: - Success in some cases - Failure in most of the cases ? Agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells Recipient plasma can agglutinate donor red blood cells and vice versa Red blood cell agglutination is caused by the intolerance of the blood grouping antigens and antibodies between donors and recipients www.bio-pro.de/ /magazin/01323/index.html Antigens and antibodies of ABO blood group • Antigens and antibodies of ABO blood group : – Antigen A, antigen B on the membrane of red blood cells – Anti-A, anti B antibodies in the plasma • Agglutination of red blood cells occurs when: – Anti-A binds Antigen A – Anti-B binds antigen B Human Physiology, 12th, S.Fox, 2011 A Anti- B B Anti-A A, B Human Physiology, 12th, S.Fox, 2011 - Anti-A, anti-B Recipient plasma Donor red blood cell O A B AB (-) (anti-A, (antiB) (antiA) anti -B) A (A) - B (B) + - - + AB (A, B) + + - + O (-) - - - - + + : agglutinated , - : + - not agglutinated Diagram for blood transfusion in ABO group A AB O B O: universal donor AB: Universal recipient Rh factor •Rh factor(named for the rhesus monkey, in which these antigens were first discovered) •Most significant antigen: Rho(D) If this Rh antigen •is present on a person’s red blood cells, the person is Rh positive; if it is absent, the person is Rh negative with a frequence of 85% in the Caucasian population, for example) Rh factor and hemolytic disease of the newborn Mother Rh- father Rh + Baby Rh + Erythroblastosis fetalis, or hemolytic disease of the newborn [...]... platelet plug at the damaged sites of blood vessels -> prevent blood loss Coagulation factors Coagulation factors I Fibrinogen (produced by the livers )) II Prothrombin (produced by the livers ) – vit K) III Thromboplastin (mô thương tổn sx) IV Ca2+ V Proaccelerin (produced by the livers ) - produced by the livers (7) VII Proconvertin (produced by the livers -vitK) -Vitamine K needed VIII Antihemophilic... (produced by the livers -vitK) X Stuart factor (-produced by the livers , vitK) XI plasma thromboplastin antecedent, produced by the livers XII Hageman factor XIII Fibrin-stabilizing factor - Ca2+ Fibrinolysis • Clot retraction actin, myosin in platelets contract to increase the “tightness” of the plug • Serum: blood plasma after removal of clotting proteins • Fibrinolysis: Plasmin derived from plasma... macrophages in the spleen and to a lesser extent, in the livers Hemoglobin Macrophage Hem Globin Jaundice http://cmclarkana.blogspot.com/ 2010/10/jaundice.html Biliverdin Bilirubin Fe a.a 2+ Bilirubin New protein synthesis Albumin Spleen(storage) Bone marrow (form new red blood cells) Bile Feces urine Leucocytes/white blood cells • • • • Have larger size than RBC: 5 – 25 µm Less numerous than RBC:... aggregation (positive feed back loop increases the rate of plug formation) – Aggregated platelets also stimulates thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production which support further platelet aggregation • Prostacyclin ( prostaglandin I2) and NO produced by healthy endothelial cells to inhibit platelet plug formation mang trong Magnification*: x1,600 Formation of a blood clot The formation of fibrin clot •The conversion of... fibrin thereby dissolves the fibrin clots plasminogen activators (tissue plasminogen activator-TPA produced by endothelial cells) • Plasminogen -> plasmin Factors regulate clot formation • Anticoagulants in the plasma and produced by endothelial cells − Antithrombin − Heparin - Prostacyclin - Thrombomodulin secreted by healthy endothelial cells binds to thrombin inhibiting the conversion of fibrinogen... decreases platelet aggregation Clot formation disorders • Liver failure • Vitamin K deficiency, damaged gut flora • Hemophilia: genetic disorder caused by mutation of the gene coding for factor VIII • VIII (85%), IX (15%) • Thrombocytopenia (Bệnh thiếu hụt tiểu cầu ) (50.000 TC/mm3 ) • Von Willebrand’s disease: genetic bleeding disorder caused by reduced level of vWf Blood groups and blood transfusion of the... of red blood cell • 1 second: 2.5 million are destroyed/degraded 2.5 million are produced • Erythropoiesis (sự tạo hồng cầu): – Life span: 120 days (male), 110 days (female) – Site of erythropoiesis: liver, spleen (during embryogenesis), bone marrow (aldult) – 4 days to form a new red blood cell erythropoiesis Hemocytoplast proerythroblast Basophilic erythroblast Polychromatic erythroblast normoblast... http://www.tarleton.edu/~anatomy/erythro.html Anemia and blood doping Anemia: decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood: • • • • • • - Decrease in number and size of erythrocytes -> low hematocrit - Decrease in Hb level in each erythrocyte Nutritional anemia (iron, folic acid, B12 deficiency) Pernicious anemia (lack of intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption) Aplastic anemia (bone marrow deffect) Renal anemia (lack...Erythrocyte •3,2 - 5 million /mm3 of blood (700x of leucocyte, of platelets); 7,5µm 2 µm •Biconcave shape -> 1.63 x larger in surface •No nucleus, no mitochondria •Function: transport of O2, CO2, maintaining osmolarity and pH of the blood •Hemoglobin: 1/3 volume of an erythrocyte (250 million Hb molecules... Platelets and Hemostasis platelets platelets/ thrombocytes (Tiểu cầu) – Are cell fragments generated by breaking off of megakaryocyte (100 µm) in bone marrow – 3 µm, 100.000 – 500.000/ mm3 of blood, – Have mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic granules but no nucleus – contain actin, myosin in the cytosol – Lifespan: 5-9 days SEM (scanning electron microscope) images of megakaryocyte