BAI GIANG VE NAO BO (BRAIN)

Cùng với Central nervous system, along with endocrine system, control over animal’s physiology and behaviors Common structural organization of all vertebrate brains : • Three main regions: ₋ forebrain (telecephalon and diencephalon) ₋ midbrain (mesencephalon) ₋ hindbrain (metencephalon and myelencephalon) •In high vertebrates, the cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex are prominent Hill.Wyse.Anderson Animal physiology.2e.Sinauer Associates, 2008 The structure of human brain Não trước  Forebrain: •Cerebrum ₋Cerebral cortex ₋Subcortical nuclei • Diencephalon: –Thalamus –Hypothalamus Tiểu não Cerebellum Brain stem: Tiểu não •Midbrain •Pons cầu não • Medulla oblongata •1360-1450g sọ •12 pair s of cranial nerves C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition Gray matter and white matter • Gray matter (40% of CNS): cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals- synaptic communication and neural integration • White matter (60% of CNS):bundles of axons connecting regions of gray matter: association fibers, projection fibers, commissural fibers Bó Nhô ra, lồi C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition Chỗ nối Cranial nerves C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition Vỏ Cerebral cortex – functional organization Ngoài • Outermost portion of the cerebrum with Nếp, cuộn high convolutions of thin gray matter layer (1-4 mm thick) •Six functionally distinct layers of cortex Thùy trán Thùy đỉnh •Gyrus (plr Gyri), sulcus (sulci) Thùy chẩm Rãnh bên •Central sulcus and lateral sulcus Bán cầu não Thùy thái dương • Each cerebral hemisphere: lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition The cerebral cortex is divided into functional areas • Main functional areas: – Sensory areas • primary sensory cortex – Motor areas • primary motor cortex – Association areas lệch hóa • Brain lateralization: Certain brain functions are dominant on one side of the brain relative to the other: the left side of the brain controls movements of the right side of the body and vice versa C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition Primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex are topoghraphically organized: the motor and sensory homunculi Hill.Wyse.Anderson Animal physiology.2e.Sinauer Associates, 2008 Vùng đồi thò Thalamus • a cluster of nuclei functioning as a relay centrer • Sensory information-> thalamus (filter, refine information-> cerebral cortex->Important in directing attention • Information from cerebellum and basal ganglia ->thalamus->motor cortex: feedback in controlling movement C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition Vùng đồi Hypothalamus • is the major link between endocrine and nervous system regulating homeostasis • is one of the main centers of hormone production and control Thỏa mãn Đói Khát • contains satiety, hunger, and thirst centers regulating eating, drinking behaviors • contains thermoregulatory centers regulating body temperature Biên, viền • is a part of the limbic system-> affects emotions and behaviors in response to emotions • has direct and indirect inputs to the autonomic nervous system • has the suprachiasmatic nucleus generating and regulating circadian rhythm Dermatomes • spinal nerves travel to adjacent regions of the body -> sensory regions in the body’s surface can be mapped out: dermatomes • clinicians/physicians can use the map to find the location of damage to the spinal cord and spinal nerves Fig 9.7 C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, th edition Spinal cord gray matter • • forms a butterfly shaped region centering the spinal cord is organized into dorsal and ventral regions: – – • Fig 9.8 C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition dorsal horn: site of axon terminals of sensory neurons which have cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia; ventral horn: site for cell bodies of motor neuron Lateral horns in the gray matter of T1-L2 are the sites preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system The white matter of the spinal cord Bó lên • consists of tracts connecting different levels of the spinal cord or between the brain and the spinal Bó xuống cord - ascending tracts - descending tracts C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition • ascending and descending tracts generally cross over to the opposite side of its origin: contralateral pathway Left side of the brain percieves sensory information from and exerts motor control to the right side of the body, and vice versa • some exceptions: the tracts remain in the same side of origin: ipsilateral pathway Reflex and components of a reflex arc • Reflex is a response of the body to a stimulus • Neural pathways for reflexes are reflex arcs • A reflex arc consists of components C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition Classes of reflexes C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition Stretch reflex Thoi • Knee-jerk reflex/muscle spindle stretch reflex • The only known monosynaptic reflex in the human body • muscle spindle (receptor)-> afferent neuron -> spinal cord>efferent neuron-> muscle (Hamstrings) C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition The autonomic nervous system • controls visceral functions: smooth muscles, glands (exocrine and some endocrine glands), acid-secreting cells of the stomach, pacemaker region of the heart, the brown adipose tissue • autonomous functions are involuntary and unconscious • has two main divisions: – Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)/ thoracolumbar division – Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)/ craniosacral division Fig.14.11 C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, th edition Common features of ANS Hill.Wyse.Anderson Animal physiology.2e.Sinauer Associates, 2008 • Motor pathways of ANS contain neurons communicating through peripheral synapses located in autonomic ganglia: – Preganglionic neuron – Postganglinonic neuron • CNS-> Preganglionic neuron ->Postganglinonic neuron-> effectors Neurotransmitters and receptors in the ANS • Neurotransmitters: – preganglionic neuron of ANS: acetylcholine (ACh) −postganglionic neuron of SNS: norepinephrine (NE), epinerphrin (E) –postganglionic neuron of PSNS:acetylcholine (ACh) • Receptors: − for ACh: nicotinic cholinergic receptor, muscarinic cholinergic receptors −for E, NE: adrenergic receptors C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems act in opposition to each other Sympathetic nervous system - promotes “fight or flight” responses - Promotes mobilizing body energy reserves, makes the body ready to face with stress increases heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood glucose level, lung ventilation Inhibits activities involving digestion, urination, defecation, sexual arousal - - Parasympathetic nervous system - promotes “rest and digest” or “feed and bread” activities when the body is at rest - promotes processes to restore body reserve of energy - - decreases heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood glucose level, lung ventilation promotes activities involving digestion, urination, defecation, sexual arousal C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition Draw a typical neuron and label the main structures, list the functions of each structure If an anion is located in greater concentration outside the cell compared to inside, would the equilibrium potential for that anion be positive, negative or zero? Explain it Explain ionic basic of an action potential Explain why myelinated axons conduct action potential faster than unmyelinated axons? Explain why the transmission of action potential in axon is not bidirectional? Draw a typical chemical synapse, label the main structures, list the functions of each structure Describe the sequence of events occuring at a chemical synapse Explain ionic basic of an EPSP Compare and contract the events caused by the binding of neurotransmitters to ionotropic and metabotropic receptors [...]... cervical nerves (C1-C8) 12 thoracic nerves (T1-T12) 5 lumbar nerves (L1-L5) 5 sacral nerves (S1-S5) 1 coccygeal nerve (Co) Dermatomes • spinal nerves travel to adjacent regions of the body -> sensory regions in the body’s surface can be mapped out: dermatomes • clinicians/physicians can use the map to find the location of damage to the spinal cord and spinal nerves Fig 9.7 C.L Standfield.2011 Principles... mobilizing body energy reserves, makes the body ready to face with stress increases heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood glucose level, lung ventilation Inhibits activities involving digestion, urination, defecation, sexual arousal - - Parasympathetic nervous system - promotes “rest and digest” or “feed and bread” activities when the body is at rest - promotes processes to restore body reserve... functioning in motivation, memory, and emotions • is involved in basic drives: – amyglada: aggression and fear – hippocampus: learning and memory C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition Cerebellum • Fine Movement Coordination • Balance and Equilibrium • Muscle Tone Brain stem • Location for nuclei of 10 from 12 cranial nerves • Involves involuntary control of posture • regulates basic... • forms a butterfly shaped region centering the spinal cord is organized into dorsal and ventral regions: – – • Fig 9.8 C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition dorsal horn: site of axon terminals of sensory neurons which have cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia; ventral horn: site for cell bodies of motor neuron Lateral horns in the gray matter of T1-L2 are the sites preganglionic... Involves sleep-wake cycles C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition Electroencephalogram (EEG) web.lemoyne.edu/~hevern/psy340/lectures/psy34 The spinal cord • the portion of CNS surrounded by the vertebral column • nuclei for 31 pairs of spinal nerves which are arranged segmentally: – – – – – Fig.9.6 C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition 8 cervical nerves... pathway Left side of the brain percieves sensory information from and exerts motor control to the right side of the body, and vice versa • some exceptions: the tracts remain in the same side of origin: ipsilateral pathway Reflex and components of a reflex arc • Reflex is a response of the body to a stimulus • Neural pathways for reflexes are reflex arcs • A reflex arc consists of 5 components C.L Standfield.2011... different levels of the spinal cord or between the brain and the spinal Bó xuống cord - ascending tracts - descending tracts C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition • ascending and descending tracts generally cross over to the opposite side of its origin: contralateral pathway Left side of the brain percieves sensory... that anion be positive, negative or zero? Explain it Explain ionic basic of an action potential Explain why myelinated axons conduct action potential faster than unmyelinated axons? Explain why the transmission of action potential in axon is not bidirectional? Draw a typical chemical synapse, label the main structures, list the functions of each structure Describe the sequence of events occuring at a... and digest” or “feed and bread” activities when the body is at rest - promotes processes to restore body reserve of energy - - decreases heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood glucose level, lung ventilation promotes activities involving digestion, urination, defecation, sexual arousal C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human Physiology, 4th edition C.L Standfield.2011 Principles of Human... structures, list the functions of each structure Describe the sequence of events occuring at a chemical synapse Explain ionic basic of an EPSP Compare and contract the events caused by the binding of neurotransmitters to ionotropic and metabotropic receptors