Writing tip vol2 PwC nội bộ

Writing Tips A collection of tips from English Business Writing courses second edition Learning Development For internal use only Learning Development PricewaterhouseCoopers Writing Tips A collection of tips from English Business Writing courses second edition 2 Preface to the Second Edition The real benefit of a business writing course comes after the training has been completed. Participants apply what they have learnt once they start real work. This writing tips booklet is designed to make the learning process much easier and quicker, and to help participants retain the knowledge gained from the training courses. Background English Business Writing 1, 2, and 3 are courses designed to conform to the firm’s requirements for improving staff’s writing skill. During these courses, many participants have asked good, relevant questions. The answers and explanations were written on the flipcharts. These explanations, including grammar notes, tips on language usage, common Thai errors, etc. are useful, and we thought that they would be even more useful if compiled in a handy, accessible format. For that reason, we have transformed them into a booklet which we hope will be valuable for all of you to keep as your small handy writing tips reference. This second edition represents an extensive revision of the parts in the first edition. Part 1 includes a new unit on “ Prepositions” which is one of the most difficult areas in English grammar. This part was written by Bernie Gilman during his English consultancy work at PwC Bangkok (August – December 2007). Apart from that, there is a substantial enlargement in Part 2 which consists of words, phrases and writing tips from PwC English editors and partners. How to use the booklet You can make your way through the whole booklet, or alternatively just look for key words from the index at the back which includes all major words from the 2 main parts: Tips from EBW 123 and List of common errors. The last part of this booklet allows you to “Test Your Basic Writing Skills”. This test is quite fun to do and you can even share it with your colleagues Limitations Where to get help There is a lot to gain from this booklet, but it does have limitations. The main one is that it cannot tell you whether your writing is acceptable. If you need further help, follow the suggestions below. • Ask a colleague who you know writes well to read your work and give you feedback. • You may be able to attend a training course. These are usually run firmwide or for specific business units that wish to improve their performance in this area. Speak to your coach or contact LD • Contact the English editors in LD or editors in your office if you have any questions about English writing or would like to discuss a particular issue. LD Bangkok, Thailand April 2008 3 4 Writing Tips Team Editorinchief Lakana Pintong, LD ContributorsEditors Bernie Gilman, BitS (Thailand): Prepositions Moray Clark, BitS (Thailand): Tips from EBW123 Lists of common errors Dominic Ireland, English editor Sarah Francis, English editor Layout Marketing Communications Department Special thanks to Anothai Leekitwattana and Kittima Bunnag for their great support in the first edition. First edition published January 2007 Any queries? Contact Lakana Pintong (ext. 4644) 5 Table of contents Preface......................................................................................2 Part 1.........................................................................................6 • Tips from EBW 123.........................................................6 • Prepositions........................................................................29 • Articles................................................................................85 Part 2.......................................................................................96 • List of common errors.......................................................96 • Singular vs Plural...............................................................99 • British vs American spelling.............................................101 • Casual vs Formal..............................................................102 • Replacement for phrase....................................................103 • Sounds the same..............................................................107 • Hyphens.............................................................................108 • Time frames.......................................................................108 • Appropriateness.................................................................109 • Phrases..............................................................................110 • Assorted tips......................................................................111 Part 3.....................................................................................114 • Test Your Basic Writing Skills...........................................114 Index.....................................................................................123 6 Rules and techniques for business writing 1. Communicate the message 2. Set the right tone 3. Use simple words 4. Use the “YOU” approach 5. Use short words 6. Use a clear sentence structure 7. Use clear punctuation 8. Use a clear paragraph structure The structure of a memo • Subject • Dear………… • Brief introduction • Assignment • Results (not more than 5) Brief outline of current situation Problem Solution recommendations • Offer of further information • Invitation to meet • Polite close • Yours…………. The structure of a letter • Dear • Reason • Main message • Polite closing • Yours truly 7 Requesting information and action The list below shows structures used to introduce a request on a scale from direct to indirect (very polite). It also shows which phrases can be used to introduce a request for action and a request for information. Action Information • Please + order • I want you to… • Can you… • Will you… • Could you… • I’d like you to… • I’d like to ask you… • Perhaps you could… • Could you possibly… • Do you think you could… • Would you mind + v.ing… • I wonder if you could… • I wonder if you’d mind + v.ing… • I was wondering if you could... direct indirect • Please tell me… • Do you know… • Can you tell me… • Will you tell me… • Could you tell me…., please • I’d like to ask you… • I’d like to know… • Do you happen to know… • Perhaps you could tell me… • Could you possibly tell me… • Do you think you could tell me… • Would you mind telling me… • I wonder if you could tell me... • Do you think I could ask you... • I wonder if you’d mind my asking you… • I was wondering if you could tell me… • I was wondering if you’d mind telling me… 8 According to We use according to when we want to say that our information comes from some other person, book, etc. It means something like ‘if what X says is true’.  According to Thai law, you must pay income tax. (Thai law says)  According to Somsak, the new secretary is really nice. (Somsak says)  According to next week’s training, I have prepared a presentation.  According to the opinion of ........  Referring to next week’s training, I have prepared a presentation.  According to is not generally used with words like view or opinion. 9 Amount A. Uses amount amounting + to 1. To add up in number or quantity: The purchases amounted to 50 dollars. 2. To add up in importance or effect: That plan will never amount to anything. 3. To be equal to: accusations that amount to an indictment. (in the amount of + noun) = the total amount of something B. Sample sentences is costs   A new laptop amounts to 30,000. bht. is   His salary amounts to 50,000. bhtmonth noun verb  The company’s fixed assets amount to THB 20M. noun verb  Last year, total sales amounted to THB 3M. sentence preposition phrase  The company has fixed assets amounting to THB 20M. sentence preposition phrase  Last year, they registered total sales amounting to THB 3M.  The company owns assets in the amount of THB 15M. 10 Appreciate Appreciate (v.) = like (v.) Sample sentences  I would like it ……….  I would appreciate it if you could……………  It would be appreciated  I would be appreciated it if you could call me as soon as possible. Attach When writing about email attachments, you should follow the structures below:  I attach the files as follows:  I attach the following files:  I have attached + noun  Please find the attached + noun  I attached  Attached herewith.  I have enclosed 11 Company names The names of companies and other organisations are usually regarded as singular, regardless of their ending:  General Motors has announced its fall lineup of new vehicles. Try to avoid the inconsistency that is almost inevitable when you think of corporate entities as a group of individuals:  General Motors has announced their fall lineup of new vehicles. But note that some inconsistency is acceptable in all but the most formal writing:  Ford has announced its breakup with Firestone Tires.Their cars will no longer use tires built by Firestone. Some writers will use a plural verb when a plural construction such as “Associates” is part of the company’s title or when the title consists of a series of names:  Upton, Vernon, and Gridley are moving to new law offices next week or  Shadrach, Meshach, Abednego Associates have won all their cases this year. Singular verbs and pronouns would be correct in those sentences, also. Note that “the number” is a singular collective noun:  The number of applicants is steadily increasing. “A number,” on the other hand, is a quantity expression. Its meaning is similar to some.  There are several students in the lobby. A number are here to see the president. 12 Competition Word families Compete (v.) Competitor (n.) Competitive (adj.)  He won a flat screen TV in a UBC competition. = a game are competitors = market comp.  There is a lot of competition in the consumer banking industry. (adj.)  The consumer banking industry is highly competitive. (companies)  VISA and Master card are competitors. VISA is a competitor of Master card. Concern 1. Concern (v.) = be related toinvolve  IT concerns computers  CS concerns satisfaction.  CS is concerned with satisfaction.  IT is concerned with computers 2. Concern (v.) = worryscare  Pollution concerns me  I am concerned about pollution.  I am worried about pollution IT = Information Technology CS = Customer Service 13 Describing trends Trends are changes or movements. These changes are normally in numerical items, e.g. cost, production volumes, or unemployment. There are three basic trends. Now let’s look at the language of trends in more detail. Verbs Transitive Intransitive increase raise putpush step up extend expand increase rise gobe up grow extend expand boom increase rise growth extension expansion boom (dramatic rise) Verbs Transitive Intransitive decrease drop putpush down cut reduce decrease fall drop gobe down decline collapse slump decrease fall drop decline cut reduction collapse (dramatic fall) slump (dramatic fall) Nouns Nouns 14 Verbs Transitive Intransitive keephold…stable constant Maintain…(at the same level) remain stable stay constant stability Sometimes we need to give more information about a trend, as follows:  There has been a slight increase in the value of the dollar. (the degree of change)  Share prices fell rapidly on the London Stock Exchange today. (the speed of change) Remember that we modify a noun with an adjective (a slight increase); and a verb with an adverb (to increase slightly). Nouns 15 Describing the degree of change Describing the speed of change dramatically vast(ly) huge(ly) enormous(ly) substantial(ly) considerableconsiderably significant(ly) moderate(ly) slight(ly) a little rapid(ly) quick(ly) swift(ly) gradual(ly) slow(ly) 16 Experience Experience (uncount. noun) = knowledge from work  Our professionals have extensive experience. Experience (count. noun) = event  Swimming with dolphins is a great experience.  She had a lot of frightening experiences while travelling through Iraq. Final comments phrases A. Uses At the final comments part of your emails or letters, you may use the basics phrases below. Remember to put “s” if the noun that follows “any” is countable.  Any suggestions, problems, questions, ideas. B. Sample sentences  Just give me a call if you have any questions.  Do not hesitate to contact me if you require any further information.  Please feel free to contact me if you have any questions. 17 FANBOYS FANBOYS is a handy mnemonic device for remembering the coordinating conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So You should always have a comma before FANBOYS that join two complete thoughts (with two subjects and two verbs). If you do not have two subjects and two verbs separated by the FANBOYS, you do not need to insert the comma before the FANBOYS. In other words, if the second grouping of words isn’t a complete thought, don’t use a comma: You wore a lovely hat, but you didn’t wear anything else. My hamster loved to play, so I gave him a hulahoop complete thought complete thought FANBOYS You wore a lovely hat but didn’t wear anything else. My hamster loved to play and often ate marshmallows. complete thought not a complete thought FANBOYS 18 Follow “Follow” is used to introduce a specified enumeration, explanation, or command. It means “as will be stated next”. •The list (singular)of names follows: •The key stages (plural) follow:  Our fees follow:  A summary of our fees follows: “Following”  I attach the following (adj) documents:  I attach the following: (adj)  We have found the following:  We have made the following findings: “As follows”  I have three questions, as follows: (Adv)  I have outlined the requests, as follows: are as follows as follow as following as followings the followings 19 Grateful A. Uses Grateful (adj.) = happy (adj.), thankful (adj.) We use “grateful” to express our warm or deep appreciation for kindness or benefits received: I am grateful to you for your help. B. Sample sentences  I would be grateful if you could……. happy…………. Manufacture  The company’s core business is manufacturing.  The company is engaged in manufacturing.  The company is a manufacturer. Company Businessactivity Manufacturer Manufacturing Distributor Distribution Retailer Retail Vendor Sales 20 Person A. Uses The usual plural of person is people.  Only one person turned up.  A lot of people replied to our advert. People meaning ‘more than one person’ is already plural and cannot form a plural with ‘s’. It always takes a plural verb:  Most people are basically honest.  People are dying of starvation every day. ( People is dying…) People meaning ‘race’ or ‘nation’ is countable and you can add ‘s’ in the normal way:  the peoples of South East Asia. Persons is very formal and used, for example, in official language, such as in legal documents:  He was murdered by a person or persons unknown. You may also see it on official notices:  This elevator may only carry eight persons. Prepositions present recommend suggest explain something to someone share confirm something with someone I will 21 Refer A. Uses Refer to something: If you refer to the appendix at the end of the contract, you will find all the numbers of the components. B. Sample sentences  Referring to your letter of 31 May 2006, I…..  With reference to………,  I refer to your letter of 31 May 2006. Regard, Refer Regarding… the product’s price Referring to… With reference to… With regard to… Semicolons 1. sentence; sentence clear logical link  Consumers spent a lot last month; therefore, the economy expanded. 2. Lists within lists  There are a number of key markets: Colon introduce a list Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia; Dubai, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia; and Germany, France, and Holland.  They won the battle; however, they lost the war. 22 Singular Plural In English, for countable nouns, plurals are default. 1 child staff person 2 children staffs people Single Plural 0  0.5  1  1.1  2  100   There are 0 people.  There are 0.9 people.  This harvest produces 0.75 kilograms of dried alfalfa.  Freezing point of water is 0 degrees Celsius.Boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius.  Remember: Use a singular noun ONLY if you are sure you are talking about ONE. More than one, less than one, or an unknown number are all plural. 23 Time: from, between, during A. Uses From is normally used with to or tilluntil: Most people work from nine to five. between – and can also be used with the same meaning. During is used with known periods of time, i.e. during the Middle Ages during his childhood during my holidays B. Sample sentences  I use an umbrella from May to October. between and during the rainy season. 24 that….should A: Uses that….should is more formal than a gerund or infinitive construction and usually implies less direct contact between the advisersorganizers etc. and the people who are to carry out the action. Verbs which can be used with that….should include the following: Insist, order, propose, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest, urge. B: Sample sentences  She advised that we should keep the gate locked.  She advised that the gate should be kept locked.  She advised keeping the gate lockedadvised us to keep it locked. Recommend could be used above instead of advise and would sound more formal I suggest something to someone recommend the banyan tree restaurant.(to you) eating at the Banyan Tree ving that you eat at the Banyan Tree visit Phuket. outsource these services that + someone + v1 I will recommend you to my boss. 25 Verb: Intransitive – Transitive – Ergative Intransitive is a verb that has a subject but does not have an object. (eg. arrive, go up, go down, fall) This verb can be used in Active form only. Active:The letter arrived. Active:Retail sales fell for a second consecutive month in October. Transitive is a verb that requires both a subject and one or more objects. (eg. punish, reduce, raise, lay) This verb can be used both in Active and Passive forms. Active:The messenger delivered the letter. Passive:The letter was delivered by the messenger. Ergative is a verb that can be either transitive or intransitive, and whose subject when intransitive corresponds to its direct object when transitive. (eg. increase, decrease, drop, rise, reverse, expand, change, train, grow) Active:The government increased business tax. Passive: Business tax was incresed by the government. Ergative:Business tax increased. 26 Upcountry, Overseas, Abroad adv.  I went upcountry. adj.  We have upcountry offices. adv.  I went overseas. adj  We have overseas offices. adv.  I went abroad. adj.  We have abroad offices.  We have foreign offices. 27 Wage  His wages are about ฿ 10,000.  His wage is ฿ 55 hour. USAGE NOTE Word choice: wage, salary, pay, fee, remuneration, emolument, honorarium, CORE MEANING: money given for work done wage a sum of money paid to a worker in exchange for services, especially for work performed on an hourly, daily, or weekly basis, or by the piece; • hired at a low wage •The club pays my wages weekly. salary a fixed annual sum, paid at regular intervals, usually monthly, to an employee, especially for professional or clerical work; • teachers’ salaries • The successful candidate was to be paid an annual salary approaching 1 million. pay money that is given in return for work or services provided, especially in the form of a salary or wages; • a monthlong strike for better pay and conditions • “Equal pay for equal work” was the battle cry of the feminist movement. 28 fee a payment for professional services; • Such lawyers charged high fees and served only the elite. • The expert’s fees are to be borne equally by the parties concerned. remuneration a payment or reward for goods or services or for losses sustained or inconvenience caused; • a review body to advise on the proper remuneration for teachers • a need to investigate the levels of remuneration paid to daycare workers emolument (formal) a payment for work done; • Unfortunately, his fame was accompanied by only a small emolument. honorarium an amount of money paid to somebody, especially a professional or famous person, for providing a service such as addressing a conference; • Group members receive a small honorarium on the principle that their time is valued. Plan write Check Prepositions Introduction What Are Prepositions? 1. It is important to recognise that prepositions are more challenging for the nonnative speaker or learner of English than any other part of speech. Why is this? 2. After all, prepositions are only little words that never change form – unlike other words. They are pronounced softly, in unstressed syllables. They are not even given capital letters on book titles 3. Native speakers choose the correct one without even thinking, so how is it that they can be so confusing? 4. The word ‘preposition’ has a straightforward definition: ‘A word placed before a noun or pronoun to define its relationshipwith another word in the sentence.’ 5. Any particular preposition is nearly impossible to define without using other prepositions – for example: In the sentence, “The report is on the table,” what does on mean? On means ‘above’ and ‘supported by’. 29 6. Many prepositions can indicate more than one meaning or relationship. For example, the use of the word ‘after’: a) later than b) in pursuit of c) because of d) in the style of e) continuously We rested after lunch. The boss is after Khun Somsak. He was angry after the way she acted. This is a painting after Picasso. She worked night after night on the final report. 7. Two or more prepositions can have the same meaning. 1) Sometimes these prepositions are interchangeable. She is disappointed in her new job. She is disappointed with her new job. 2) Sometimes they are not interchangeable. He is fascinated with his new job. (but not in) He is interested in his new job (but not with) He is bored by his new job (by or with, but not in) 8. Many prepositions are also used in expressions where their meaning is entirely different from any of their usual or predictable meanings. Expressions like this do not follow any rule or logic – they must be learned as vocabulary units. 30 Examples: It’s about time. They are never on time. She got here in time to attend the meeting. 9. A preposition in combination with another word may have multiple meanings – for example: make up your bed make up your face make up your mind make up a story make up a list make up the difference make up last week’s work make up for lost time make up with your colleague arrange paint decide invent write down equalise do overdue work compensate reestablish a relationship 10. Different prepositions can follow the same verb to change its meaning completely – these are phrasal verbs – for example: break down break in break off break out break out of break through break up collapse enter by force to end or snap escape leave by force establish a successful idea end a relationship 31 11. New preposition combinations continue to become part of the language – for example: boot up key in log on restart a computer type text on the computer connect to the internet Conclusion So, if you find prepositions a little tricky to learn, please understand it is not you that are slow to pick them up, but that they are such slippery words. The next few topics will focus on the uses of some of the many prepositions. Some common, frequently used prepositions About Around Before Between Despitein spite of Except In Like Off Opposite Over Throughout Under With After As Beside But Down For Instead of Near On Out Past To Until Within Against At Besides By During From Into Of Onto Outside Through Toward Up Without 32 Prepostion: About Main Uses 1. To identify a topic: a) Example Structure “This is a report about your financial performance.” noun + be + about + noun Nouns commonly used before about: argument article book conversation meeting discussion lecture news programme speech presentation complaint question statement comment b) Example Structure c) Example Structure “We gave you advice about your loan.” noun + about + noun “He often talks about his job.” verb + about + noun Verbs commonly used before about: agree argue complain know read talk think worry about 33 d) Example Structure “We know something about operations like yours.” verb + noun + about Verbs commonly used with this structure: ask find out know learn Typical nouns used before about: avery little a lot something nothing e) Example Structure “We asked you about your past performance.” verb + indirect object + about + noun Verbs commonly used with this structure: advise ask contact question remind write 2. To identify the cause of a condition or emotion: Example Structure “We are excited about our project with you.” adjective + about + noun Adjectives commonly used before about: anxious concerned confused happy optimistic right think worry 34 about 3. When used as an adverb, about can mean ‘approximately’: Example Structure “We expect the audit to take about two days.” “The meeting will start at about 9am.” about + number 4. When used as and adverb, about can mean ‘almost’: Example Structure “The meeting lasted about two hours.” “The report took about three days to complete.” verb + about + adjective Adjectives commonly used after about: complete done finished ready right think worry Conclusion About does have other uses which are less relevant to business writing and it is used in phrasal verbs such as: i. To bring about ii. To come about iii. To get about iv. To find out about = to cause = to happen = to be able to move around or walk = to discoverto get information or news about something about 35 It is also used in expressions such as: i. “It’s about time you gave me that final report.” = an expression of annoyance that a person or thing has arrived late ii. “We are not about to sign the contract on those terms.” = not willing to 36 about Preposition: After Main Uses 1. After means ‘Later Than’ or ‘Following’: a) Example Structure “The reception will be after the product launch .” be + after + noun b) Example Structure “After finishing the report, we can prepare the business proposal.” after + gerund form of verb + noun 2. After can mean ‘Because Of’: Example Structure “The client was satisfied after our assurance regarding the fee.” adjective + after + noun Typical nouns used after After: attitude behaviour failure reaction success think worry 3. After can mean ‘In Spite Of’: Example Structure “After reading the report three times, I still do not understand it.” after + verb in gerund form after 37 4. After can indicate continuously: Example Structure “Year after year,” “Night after night,” time period + after + same time period Nouns often used with this meaning: day hour month night time week year Conclusion About does have other uses which are less relevant to business writing and it is used in phrasal verbs such as: i. To look after ii. To take after iii. To name after = to take care of something or somebody = to be similar to an older relative or person = to give a baby the name of someone special or famous It is also used in expressions such as: i. After all – “Despite all the interruptions, he managed to finish the report after all.” Meaning = in spite of what happened; nevertheless ii. After all “Of course the report contained some errors; after all, we had been working on it for ten hours.” Meaning = as a justification iii. After all is said and done – “I know you feel bad now, but you will feel better about this after all is said and done.” Meaning = eventually, or in time 38 after Prepostion: By Main uses 1. By indicates an actor, instrument or cause Pattern: be + past participle + by + noun Examples: “The work was done by the assistant auditor.” “The corrections were made by (a) pencil.” “The loss was caused by the large fall in turnover.” 2. By indicates a method or a way Pattern: verb + (noun) + by + noun Examples: “He made a lot of money by working overtime.” “The report was sent by courier.” “They went to Pattaya by freeway.” 3. By can mean according to a form, period of time, packaging, weight, number or amount Pattern: verb + (noun) + by + the + noun Examples: “He does his job by the rules by the book.” “We charge by the hour.” “We sell petrol by the litre, not gallon.” by 39 4. By can mean not later than Examples: “You must be at work tomorrow by 8 am.” “The traffic must be bad; they should have been here by now.” Expression: by the time = when Examples: “By the time you wake up, I will be at work.” 5. By indicates multiplication, division, and square measurement Examples: “We multiplied hours worked by the hourly rate.” “We divided the number of hours by staff available.” “The new office is 100 metres by 20 metres.” 6. By can mean a lot of Pattern: by + the + noun Examples: “We receive emails by the hundreds every day.” Typical nouns used after by the: dozen hundreds thousands truckload 40 by 7. By can indicate the extent of a win or a loss Examples: “We won the contract by a mile.” “They lost the game by three points.” Expression: by a mile = by a lot; to a great extent by far = without question “We are by far the best company when it comes to value for money.” Expressions: • By all means – i.e. certainly (“You should by all means pay us a visit.”) • (all) by oneself – i.e. alone; without help (“She did it all by herself.”) • By chance – i.e. for no apparent reason (“I found the information by chance in a local trade journal.”) • By (any) chance – i.e. perhaps (“Do you by any chance know where I can find the Reception desk?”) • By the way – i.e. incidentally (“By the way, I saw our old boss at the weekend.”) • Little by little – i.e. slowly (“We wrote some of the report every day, and little by little we managed to get it finished.” • One by one two by two – i.e. one two at a time (“We interviewed the candidates one by one in the afternoon.”) • By profession – i.e. indicates one’s job (“He is an accountant by profession.”) • By reputation – i.e. indicates common belief (“She is an outstanding lawyer by reputation.”) • Go by the board – i.e. be ignored (“Our suggestions for improving the company went by the board.”) • By and large – i.e. almost completely (“The company is doing very well, by and large.”) by 41 Preposition: During Main uses 1. During indicates within a period of time Examples: “Brian fell asleep during the meeting.” “We get very busy during the peak tourist season.” 2. During means at the same time as another event Examples: “I worked on my presentation during the meeting.” “They moved to their home in England during the unrest in Burma.” Preposition: For Main uses 1. For indicates a recipient or beneficiary Pattern One: noun + for + noun Examples: “I have a project for you to lead.” Nouns often used before for: answer cure gift idea job message letter plan present project question suggestion surprise secret 42 during for Pattern Two: verb + noun + for + noun Examples: “My line manager only wants the best for the team.” “She figured out a solution for me.” Verbs often used before for: build buy create design do get make perform play sing want win work write 2. For indicates a special purpose Pattern One: noun + for + noun Examples: “He has an instruction sheet for the task.” “They need clear instructions for that procedure.” Pattern Two: noun + for + verb in gerund form Examples: “We have a format for writing recommendations.” “We only use this room for meeting with clients.” Expression: room for – i.e. enough space for something or somebody Examples: “The main hall has room for 120 people.” for 43 3. For can indicate the intended result of an action Pattern One: verb + for + noun Examples: “The trainees were waiting for the teacher to arrive.” Verbs often used before for: apply ask call campaign complete cry fight go out go hope long look petition plead pray register run send shop shout stand in line strive study train try out wait wish work Pattern Two: verb + someone + for + noun Examples: “We nominated him for president of the social club.” “The company trained him for the job.” Typical verbs: ask need nominate send train want 44 for Pattern Three: noun + for + noun Examples: “I hope they have prepared a plan for the project.” “There is no need for overhead projectors now.” Nouns often used before for: cure recipe directions idea instructions lesson need plan pattern programme project system Pattern Four: be + adjective of condition + for + noun Examples: “They are well prepared for the final meeting.” “The senior managers are hungry for success.” Adjectives often used before for: anxious eager greedy hungry impatient prepared ready 4. For can explain the reason of an action or fact Pattern One: verb + for + noun Examples: “He apologised for his absence from the meeting.” for 45 Pattern Two: verb + for + gerund form of verb Examples: “He apologised for arriving late.” Pattern Three: verb + someone + for + noun Examples: “They compensated him for loss of earnings.” Verbs often used before for: book compensate congratulate criticise expel fine pay praise punish reimburse reprimand reward Pattern Four: be + adjective + for + noun Examples: “He is well known for his attention to detail.” Adjectives often used before for: famous feared known notorious popular loved wellknown 5. For can indicate the expected benefits of an action Pattern: verb + for + noun Examples: “He invested long term for greater financial security.” 46 for 6. For can indicate the effect of an adjective Pattern One: be + adjective + for + noun Examples: “Exercise if good for your health.” “To employ qualified personnel is important for business success.” Adjectives often used before for: accessible available bad crucial good healthy helpful important necessary unhealthy useful Pattern Two: it + be + adjective + for + object + infinitive Examples: “It was necessary for them to secure new contracts.” Adjectives often used before for: bad better challenging customary crucial good helpful important impossible necessary possible ridiculous unimportant unnecessary unusual useful useless wasteful worse Pattern Three: be + (not) adjective + enough + for + noun Examples: “This room is big enough for the meeting.” for 47 Pattern Four: be + too + adjective + for + noun Examples: “That training course was too challenging for him.” “The office is too small for three people.” 7. For can indicate the recipient of someone’s feelings Pattern: be + adjective +for + noun (person) Examples: “We are happy for them on their promotion.” Typical adjectives before for: delighted happy pleased sorry thrilled 8. For can indicate activity or preparation on an occasion Pattern: verb + (noun) + for + noun Examples: “What do you want for your birthday?” “What did you have for dinner?” Typical nouns after for: one’s anniversary birthday graduation breakfast dinner the holidays lunch 48 for 9. For indicates a substitute Pattern One: noun + for + noun Examples: “I’m sorry, I mistook you for someone else.” Pattern Two: verb + for + noun Examples: “He did the work for his colleague, who was sick.” Verbs often used with this meaning: act conduct direct drive fill in operate manage run speak stand in substitude teach work 10. For can mean available Pattern: noun +for + noun Examples: “The business is for sale.” “The reference library is available for use by all staff.” Nouns often used after for: hire practice purchase rent sale use for 49 11. For can indicate a destination Pattern: verb + for + noun Examples: “We are leaving for Pattaya at midday.” Verbs used before for: head leave plan set out start out take off 12. For can indicate representation Examples: Red is for stop; green is for go; B is for Bernie 13. For can indicate equality in an exchange Pattern One: be + noun + for + noun Examples: “The bananas are two kilos for two dollars.” Pattern Two: verb + noun + for + noun Examples: “We bought three books for twentyfive dollars.” Pattern Three: verb + for + noun Examples: “He works for twenty dollars an hour.” Expressions: For free for nothing = without charge 50 for 14. For can indicate amount Pattern: noun + for + noun Examples: “We sent them an invoice for 200,000 Baht.” Nouns often used before for: bill invoice receipt request 15. For can indicate length of time Examples: ‘He worked here for ten years.” Expressions: For good = forever: “He came to live in Thailand for good.” For life = until death: “They sent him to prison for life.” 16. For can indicate need on a future date Examples: “She needs the documents for Thursday afternoon.” for 51 17. For can mean despite Pattern: for + all + possessive pronoun + noun Examples: “For all his experience, he is not a very good accountant.” Nouns often used with this meaning: education experience expertise knowledge popularity training qualifications 18. For indicates the person or people responsible for an action Pattern: for + person + infinitive Examples: “Your final grade is for the teacher to decide.” “That problem is for you to solve.” 19. For can describe a sense or talent Pattern: have + noun + for + noun Examples: “He has an aptitude for number crunching.” “She has an ear for music.” Nouns commonly used before for: aptitude ear eye knack rhythm talent touch voice 52 for 20. For can indicate an unusual fact Pattern One: adjective + for + noun Examples: “That boy is tall for his age.” “It is really wet for the time of year.” Pattern Two: adverb + for + noun Examples: “He works very effectively for a new recruit.” 21. For can indicate favour or support Pattern: verb + for + noun Examples: “We have to stand up for our rights.” “I am for equality for women seeking senior posts.” 22. For can mean because of Pattern: verb + for + noun Examples: “We are grateful for your excellent service.” for 53 Expressions: • For once = for the first time, showing exasperation “Can you please be at work on time for once” • Once and for all = immediately and forever after “She decided to stop smoking once and for all.” • Word for word = reading or talking slowly one word at a time “He repeated what he had been told word for word.” • For the time being = meanwhile; until something happens to change the situation “Now that Peter has left, John will work in your team for the time being.” • For fear of = in order to avoid “He worked very carefully for fear of making another costly error.” • For a change = as usual (said sarcastically) “He delegated the difficult task to me for a change.” • For the best = even though the situation is unpleasant, it may be good. “Although it was sad when she died, it was for the best, as she had been suffering a lot.” • Go for a driverunswimwalk = spend a short time doing that activity. “We often go for a walk during our lunch break.” • See for oneself = investigate properly “I wasn’t sure that was working in her office, so I went to see for myself.” • For better or for worse = accepting all conditions, regardless of what happens in the future. “He decided to stay in the same job, for better or for worse.” 54 for Phrasal Verbs: • Care for (nonseparable) = love “She really cares for him.” • Care for (nonseparable) = want like “Would you care for an ice cream?” • Fall for (nonseparable) = innocently believe or trust “He falls for all her jokes.” • Not stand for (nonseparable) “The company will not stand for lack of attention to detail in reporting.” • Stand up for (nonseparable) = support publicly “I hope you will stand up for my proposal at the meeting.” � Take for (separable) = consider as “Don’t take him for a fool; he is actually very smart.” for 55 Prepostion: In Main uses 1. In indicates location inside or within something else Pattern One: verb + in + noun Examples: “My office is in that building.” “The auditors are in a meeting at the moment.” Nouns commonly used after in: a) Geographical areas: city continent country state town Examples: “He works in Cairo, in Egypt.” b) Comfortable, protected places: large chair cocoon nest Examples: “He sat down in the armchair to watch TV.” c) Inside areas: basement building corner hall kitchen office room Examples: “She is in her office, in that building there, in room 302, sitting in the corner.” 56 in d) Vehicles where the passengers cannot walk around: car canoe helicopter small aeroplane small boat Examples: “We went in the car, but the Directors went in a helicopter.” e) Publications and speeches: article book dictionary encyclopaedia lecture magazine newspaper speech Examples: “He didn’t say that in his speech, but I read it in an article that he had written.” Pattern Two: be + in + noun (with no article) Examples: “He can’t come to the phone because he’s in bed.” “He will not be coming to the meeting because he is in England at the moment.” Nouns commonly used after in: bed church class jail place school town Pattern Three: verb + noun + in + noun Examples: “Insert the examples in the appendix.” in 57 2. In indicates membership of a group or category Pattern: be + noun + in + noun Examples: “There are five people in my project team.” “My boss is the expert in our office.” Nouns commonly used after in: association category choir chorus club family group team officer society 3. In can indicate a period of time Pattern: be + in + time period Examples: • In the 1900s (century) • In the 1960s (decade) • In March (month) • In the morning afternoon evening (period of the day) • In the past future (period of time in general) • In childhood infancy adulthood life (stage of life) • In spring summer winter autumn (season) • In 2006 (year) • In our thoughts actions (during general activities) 58 in 2. In indicates membership of a group or category Pattern: be + noun + in + noun Examples: “There are five people in my project team.” “My boss is the expert in our office.” Nouns commonly used after in: association category choir chorus club family group team officer society 3. In can indicate a period of time Pattern: be + in + time period Examples: • In the 1900s (century) • In the 1960s (decade) • In March (month) • In the morning afternoon evening (period of the day) • In the past future (period of time in general) • In childhood infancy adulthood life (stage of life) • In spring summer winter autumn (season) • In 2006 (year) • In our thoughts actions (during general activities) Expressions: in advance = before an event Example: “You have to pay in advance.” 4. In can mean after a period of time Pattern: in + (number) + noun Examples: “They will be here in ten minutes.” Expressions: in no time = very soon Example: “They will be finished in no time.” 5. In can mean movement or transfer from one place into another Pattern One: verb + in(to) + noun Examples: “They went in the shop.” Pattern Two: verb + noun + in + noun Examples: “Please put the report in the desk drawer.” Pattern Three: verb + object + in Examples: “When you finish the test, hand it in to the teacher.” 6. In indicates the number of individual parts of something Pattern: number + plural noun + in + noun Examples: “There are seven days in a week.” “There are 100 cents in a dollar.” in 59 7. In means during a type of weather Pattern One: in + the + noun Examples: “He had to walk home in the rain.” Pattern Two: in + noun (no article) Examples: “In hot weather we have to use the AC.” 8. In can indicate direction Examples: “Have you seen Khun Kae?” “Yes, she just went in that direction.” 9. In can indicate ratio Pattern: number + in + number Examples: “He is one in a million.” “Five in a hundred people are earning the average salary.” 10. In can indicate the style or composition of recorded material Pattern: in + noun Examples: “The letter was written in ink.” “The film was made in black and white for effect.” “Please submit the report in duplicate.” 60 in 11. In indicates the use of a language or style of expression Pattern: in + noun (with no article) Examples: “The report was written in English and Thai.” “The report was summarised in a few words.” “He completed the trend analysis in detail.” 12. In describes a manner of behaviour Pattern One: verb + in + aan + noun Examples: “He always worked in an efficient manner.” “He spoke in a very loud voice.” Pattern Two: verb + noun + in + noun (no article) Examples: “He explained the situation to me in confidence.” 13. In means wearing Pattern One: in + noun Examples: “He was dressed in a suit and tie.” Pattern Two: in + noun (with no article) Examples: “Everybody should come to the office party in costume.” in 61 14. In indicates involvement in a career or project Pattern: bebe involvedwork + in + noun (with no article) Examples: “He has worked in accounting for many years now.” “They are involved in the fashion garment business.” Nouns commonly used with this pattern: accounting administration architecture banking business computers entertainment government insurance journalism law medicine politics publishing research teaching training the armed services 15. In defines an arrangement Pattern One: in + a + singular noun Examples: “The delegates all sat in a circle during the workshop.” Pattern Two: in + plural or uncountable noun (note: no article) Examples: “She filed all the reports in order on her computer.” 62 in 16. In indicates composition of money Pattern: in + noun Examples: “The company prefers to pay in cash.” “I have 600 Baht in change.” 17. In indicates a purpose Pattern One: in + noun (no article) + of + noun Examples: “He was dressed in a suit and tie.” Nouns commonly used with this meaning: aid appreciation celebration commemoration dedication honour memory praise search Pattern Two: in + order + to + verb Examples: “They are retaining profit in order to finance further expansion.” in 63 18. In can indicate a special relationship Pattern One: in + noun (no article) + with + noun Examples: “We are working in collaboration with senior management at the company.” “Their operations have much in common with other banks with whom we have worked.” “I am writing in connection to your previous letter.” Nouns often used with this meaning: agreement alignment collaboration collusion combination common comparison competition conflict conjunction connection cooperation debate dispute harmony step sympathy touch trouble Pattern Two: in + noun + with + noun Examples: “They were in full agreement with our recommendations after they had read the full report.” 64 in 19. In can indicate a current state Pattern: be + in + noun (no article) Examples: “The reports are in circulation at the moment.” “Are services are in great demand at the moment.” Nouns commonly used with this pattern: bankruptcy captivity charge circulation confinement conflict control debt demand jail power session trouble trust Expressions: In a corner = trapped (“With so many deadlines to meet and more work arriving, he was really in a corner.”) In the dark = ignorant of the facts (“My colleagues kept me in the dark about their plans to leave the company.”) In good hands = wellserved (“I am in good hands using PwC for financial advice.”) in 65 20. In can mean on the occasion of Pattern One: in + noun (no article) Examples: “He nodded his head in agreement.” Nouns commonly used with this meaning: acceptance action comparison conclusion contrast conversation defeat practice return the end 21. In can indicate a warning or prediction of a reaction Pattern: be + in + for + a + noun Examples: “He is in for a shock when he sees the return on investment figure.” Nouns commonly used with this meaning: rude awakening shock treat surprise 22. In can define the emphasis or perspective of a statement Pattern One: in + noun (with no article) Examples: “In fact, this is a very good report.” “In conclusion, I want to make one final recommendation.” 66 in Nouns commonly used after in: addition all all seriousness analysis answer conclusion fact general particular question return reverse theory truth Pattern Two: in + one’s + noun Examples: “In my opinion, to do that would be a mistake.” “In my view, I think we should consider postponing the project start up.” Expressions: In any case = no matter what happens (“We will have the meeting in any case.”) In that case = if that happens (In that case, we will have to postpone the meeting.”) Pattern Three: in + the + noun Examples: “In the final analysis, the project was actually quite successful.” Nouns used with this pattern: end final analysis in 67 Pattern Four: in + noun + of + noun Examples: “In case of fire, do not use the lifts.” “They went ahead with the investment in spite of our advice to the contrary.” “In view of the worsening economic climate, I think we should halt the recruitment process.” Nouns commonly used with this pattern: Case light spite terms view 23. In can indicate a topic Pattern One: noun + in + noun Examples: “There was a significant improvement in profitability in the second quarter.” Typical nouns used before in: advance change decline decrease improvement increase Pattern Two: verb + in + noun Examples: “She participated in the planning of the conference.” “We intend to invest in the modernisation proposals.” 68 in Typical verbs: assist cooperate help participate invest persist Pattern Three: adjective + in + noun Examples: “The company is interested in further expansion next year.” Expressions: In addition to = In sight = plus (“In addition to the sum owing, we are sending a payment plan.”) an indication that something is visible, or will happen soon (“The report is almost finished; the end is in sight.”) Phrasal Verbs To break in = (intransitive) To butt in = (intransitive) To check in = (separable) enter without permission “Someone broke in to my apartment and stole some jewely” interrupt a private conversation “Everything was fine until she butted in.” register “After they checked in to the hotel, they went to the conference hall.” in 69 To chip in = (intransitive) To count in = (separable) To drop in = (separable) To drop in (on) = (nonseparable) To fill in = (separable) To fill in (for) = (nonseparable) To get in = (nonseparable) To give in (to) = (nonseparable) contribute “The students all chipped in to buy the teacher a present.” (Fat chance) expect someone’s participation “If you are looking for volunteers, count me in.” let something fall into a deep container “After you finish the letter, please drop it in the mailbox.” visit someone without notice “Is it OK if I drop in on you sometime tomorrow to borrow that DVD?” complete a form “Can you please fill in the application form?” substitute “Another person is filling in for her while she is on vacation.” enter, perhaps with slight difficulty “The door was locked, but we got in through an open window.” surrender “I hope he never gives in to the unreasonable demands of his line manager.” 70 in To keep in = (separable) To key in = (separable) To kick in = (intransitive) To look in (on) = (nonseparable) To squeeze in = (separable) To take in = (separable) To take in = (separable) not allow to go out “The child was sick and his mother decided to keep him in.” type into the computer “First you have to key in your password.” contribute “When the power fails, the generator automatically kicks in.” occasionally check “While we are away, can you look in on my mother to make sure she is OK?” make room or time for somebody “The boss was very busy, but she managed to squeeze me in.” to make smaller “The skirt was too big, so she took it in at the waist.” to comprehend “He spoke so quickly, I couldn’t take it all in.” in 71 Prepostion: Into Main uses 1. Into indicates entrance Pattern One: verb + into + noun Examples: “We went into his office.” “I drive into the city centre every day for work.” Typical verbs before into: blow break come drive fall fly gaze get go look move walk run sail stare storm Pattern Two: verb + noun + into + noun Examples: “She poured the water into the glass.” 2. Into can indicate division Pattern One: number + into + number = number Examples: “Three into twelve equals four.” 72 into Pattern Two: verb + noun + into + (number) + noun Examples: “He divided the personnel into four teams.” “She arranged the information into six main areas.” “He cut the pie into four pieces.” 3. Into can indicate a change in condition or form Pattern One: goget + into + noun (with no article) Examples: “They went into debt after the fire at the warehouse.” “He always gets into difficulty when writing very long sentences.” Pattern Two: goget + into + noun Examples: “They got into an argument over the best strategy to use.” Expressions: To turn into = to change into a different form: “The information was turned into diagrammatical form.” 4. Into can indicate interest or occupation Pattern: bego + into + noun Examples: “All of the children went into accountancy.” into 73 Phrasal Verbs To break into = (nonseparable) To look into = (nonseparable) To run into = (nonseparable) To run into = (nonseparable) To talk into = (separable) to begin an activity “They all broke into great applause when he finished speaking.” to obtain information “The team leader looked into the allegations made.” to see an acquaintance by chance “They ran into each other again at the next conference.” to encounter “They ran into difficulty when translating the report into Thai.” to convince or persuade someone to do something “He didn’t want to be the team leader, but I talked him into it.” 74 into Preposition: Out Main uses 1. Out can indicate removal Pattern: verb + noun + out Examples: “Can you leave that section out of the report please?” Typical verbs used with out: carry cross cut get kick leave move take tear throw 2. Out can indicate distribution Pattern: verb + noun + out Examples: “I was asked to give these papers out to all team members.” Typical verbs used with out: give hand mail pass send out 75 3. Out of indicates movement from inside Pattern One: verb + out of + noun Examples: “He came out of the meeting to speak with me.” Pattern Two: verb + noun + out of + noun Examples: “He took the unclear section out of the report.” 4. Out of indicates absence Pattern: be + out of + noun Examples: “The boss is out of the office.” Expression: Examples: To be out of town = to be absent from one’s place of residence “The boss is out of town this week.” 5. Out of indicates distance from Pattern: verb + out of + noun of place Examples: “Their factory is six kilometres out of town.” 76 out 6. Out of can mean no longer in supply Pattern: berun + out of + plural or uncountable noun Examples: “I can’t print that off because I am out of ink.” “They had to stop production as they had run out of raw material stocks.” Typical uncountable nouns used after out of: breath petrol luck money stock time work 7. Out of can mean not as usually expected Pattern: be + out of + noun Examples: “That sentence is out of context, don’t you agree.” “Their new machinery is currently out of commission.” Typical nouns used after out of: commission context control date fashion focus place practice reach season shape style sync the ordinary the way tune out 77 8. Out of indicates the basic ingredients or composition of something Pattern One: verb + noun + out of + noun Examples: “She made the meal out of leftovers from the day before.” Pattern Two: past participle of verb + out of + noun Examples: “That bread is made out of whole wheat flour.” 9. Out of can indicate a fraction Pattern One: number + out of + number + noun Examples: “Nine out of ten new clients continue to use PwC’s services.” Pattern Two: number + noun + out of + noun Examples: “Only three members out of the whole team missed the English Language training course.” 10. Out of can indicate beyond Pattern: verb + out of + noun Examples: “He is out of touch with reality.” 78 out 11. Out of can indicate a reason for action Pattern: verb + out of + abstract noun Examples: “He resigned his post out of loyalty to his employer.” Typical nouns used after out of: animosity anxiety compassion cruelty curiosity fear kindness love loyalty malice passion pity respect spite sympathy Expressions: Out of doors = Out of it = Be put out = outside “The children love to play out of doors.” not conscious of reality ‘He was suffering from jet lag at the meeting and was completely out of it.” be resentful “He was really put out when you failed to congratulate him on his promotion at the monthly meeting.” out 79 Phrasal Verbs To ask out = (separable) To blow out = (separable) To break out = (intransitive) To break out = (nonseparable) To check out = (separable) To check out = (separable) To check out (of) = (intransitive) To chicken out (on) = (nonseparable) invite on a date “He asks her out a lot, but she never accepts.” to extinguish with air “She blew out all the candles on her birthday cake in one breath.” start suddenly “A fire broke out in their new factory yesterday.” to escape “Two prisoners who broke out of jail last week are still on the run.” investigate “The AC isn’t working, but a repair man is coming to check it out.” borrow officially “He went to the company library to check out the specimen report.” pay the bill at a hotel “I’m sorry sir, but your colleagues have already checked out.” not act because of fear “He wanted to give his boss a piece of his mind, but he chickened out.” 80 out To count out = (separable) To drop out (of) = (intransitive) To eat out = (intransitive) To figure out = (separable) To fill out = (separable) To find out = (separable) To get out of = (nonseparable) not expect someone’s participation “If you are planning a meeting on Saturday, you can count me out.” leave a group or society “After only one semester, he dropped out of university.” eat at a restaurant, rather than at home “They usually eat out on workdays.” solve; understand “I can’t figure out how the company made such a huge loss.” complete in writing “Could you please fill out these forms?” learn by investigating “Can you help me find out how that happened?” find an excuse to break a commitment “I was supposed to have dinner with my boss tonight, but I managed to get out of it to come and see you instead.” out 81 To go out with = (nonseparable) To keep out (of) = (intransitive) To knock out = (separable) To look out (for) = (intransitive) To pass out = (intransitive) To pass out = (separable) To pick out = (separable) date someone “Every Friday after work, I always go out with my colleagues for a drink.” not enter “They told us to keep out of the office while it was decorated.” eat at a restaurant, rather than at cause to lose consciousness “The champion knocked his opponent out in the first round.” be careful “It is important to look out for common mistakes when editing your own work.” faint “She hadn’t eaten all day, and she passed out.” distribute “I will now pass out copies of the final report for your information.” select “We interview lots of candidates and then pick out those whose English is the best.” 82 out To point out = (separable) To put out = (separable) To put out = (separable) To stand out (from) = (intransitive) To step out (of) = (intransitive) To talk out of = (separable) To try out (for) = (nonseparable) call or draw attention to “I would like to point out the importance of the final paragraph in the opening statement.” extinguish; display “He put the fire out quickly.” to inconvenience “Are you sure my staying with you will not put you out at all.” be noticeable “He stands out from all the other new recruits.” leave a room or building “It was so hot in the meeting; I had to step out into the reception area for a while to cool off.” convince someone no to do something “He would have married too young if I had not talked her out of it.” audition “I was supposed to have dinner “He is going to try out for the lead role in the new play.” out 83 To try out = (separable) To turn out = (intransitive) To watch out (for) = (intransitive) To wear out = (separable) To work out = (separable) To work out = (intransitive) use before buying to find out if suitable “They let you try it out once before they expect you to join the gym.” indicates a result “The research was difficult to complete but it turned out well in the end.” be careful “He told her to watch out for making simple mistakes when writing English.” use until ruined “I wore my shoes out, and had to throw them away.” solve a problem “The report was full of acronyms, but we managed to work them all out in the end.” do exercise “I try to work out about three times a week.” 84 out Articles Introduction When we are talking about nouns, it is useful to know which ones we are talking about – to help determine what we are talking about. This is why we use ‘determiners’ in English grammar. Articles are one category of determiners (along with possessives and demonstratives) and these are particularly troublesome for Thai speakers and writers of English. Fortunately, however, there are some basic rules that, once remembered, can help you know when to use which ‘article’, and when not to use one at all – so here goes What are the ‘articles’? As you know, there are only two types of article, and they are as follows: 1. The indefinite article – ‘a’ and ‘an’ (as well as ‘one’) 2. The definite article – ‘the’ We will take each one of these in turn, starting with the indefinite article. articles 85 A The Indefinite Article Case One: ‘a’ and ‘an’ The general rule: we use ‘a’ before a consonant, and ‘an’ before a vowel To be more accurate when deciding which one to use, however, it is better to say that it depends upon the pronunciation of the following word, and not the spelling. Therefore, a better general rule regarding the indefinite article is: a) We use ‘a’ before a noun beginning with a consonant, or a consonant sound. Examples: a dog a hat a union a onepound coin b) We use ‘an’ before a noun beginning with a vowel, or a vowel sound. Examples: an orange an uncle an hour an MP 86 articles To check that you understand and can use this rule, complete the following exercise by deciding whether the noun should be preceded with ‘a’ or ‘an’: Exercise One: 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. ..... elephant ..... umbrella ..... VIP ..... halfhour meeting ..... onehour meeting ..... Xray ..... hand ..... unit ..... exam ..... MOE 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. ..... university ..... ticket ..... honest man ..... useful book ..... SOS ..... European ..... underpass ..... CD ..... company ..... executive Case Two: ‘a’ ‘an’ and ‘one’ There are times when we use ‘one’ and not aan, such as: • In contrast with another or other(s) “One department decided to go for training, but the others decided to stay in the office” • In the expression one day “One day, I will take you to meet their representatives.” • With hundred and thousand when we want to sound precise “How many are there, about a hundred?” “Exactly one hundred and three.” • In expressions like only one and just one “We have several potential accounts, but only one active account.” articles 87 To check that you understand and can use th

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