19 CHỦ điểm NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH miễn phí

+ Động từ 1 âm tiết hoặc 2 âm tiết mà trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 kết thúc bằng MỘT nguyên âm và MỘT phụ âm thì nhân đôi phụ âm cuối trước khi thêm "-ing" ngoại trừ động từ kết thúc

C : được phát âm bằng nhiều âm khác nhau: /s/ ; /k/; / /;/t/

C /s/ khi đằng sau nó là E, I, Y: cent, cell, city, recycle

C /k/ khi đi sau bất cứ mẫu tự nào trừ E, I, Y: come; cot; picture

C / / như : official, delicious

C  /t/ như: cello, concerto

G thường được phiên âm là /g /khi nó đi sau bất cứ mẫu tự nào trừ ( E, Y, I )

G /[dʒ]/ khi sau nó là E, Y, I và tận cùng là “ge” của một từ: village, gym, giant,

gentle ( ngoại lệ g /g / sau get, tiger )

G trong ng  / /, khi /ng/ đứng cuối 1 từ hoặc một gốc từ  / /tức là /g /câm : sing, running

Ngoại lệ: Get /get/, Geese /gi:s/, Girl /gə:l/

N thường được phát âm là / n/

N / / khi nó đứng trước mẫu tự mang âm/ k/,/ g/

uncle, drink, English

4 Qu thường được phiên âm là /kw/ : quite, quick, require

đôi khi qu  /k/: quay, antique, liquor, queue

T thường được phiên âm là /t/

T trước U được phiên âm là /t / picture, century, hoặc 1 số từ như question, suggestion

T được phiên âm là  / / : notion, potential

6 TH TH thường được phiên âm là  / /

TH thường được phiên âm là  / / they, this ,

7 GH,PH GH, PH thường được phiên âm là  / f/: cough , phone , photo

F thường được phiên âm là  /f /

F được phiên âm là  /v / : of

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9 CH CH thường được phiên âm là  /t∫ /: watch, catch, teach,

CH được phiên âm là  / k/ : Christmas, school, chemistry, chorus, monarch, echo, mechanic, chaos

CH được phiên âm là  / ∫ / :machine, chef, chute, Chicago, mustache ( moustache),

parachute

* Quy tắc phát âm /s/ ở dạng động từ ngôi thứ 3 số ít + DT số nhiều +SH cách

s  s nếu tận cùng là các âm k  , t,p, f , 

es  iz hoặc z sau các từ có tận cùng là các âm ks,  , t, 

S dʒ ,  , z : glasses, washes, Felix's , Gorge's

s  z sau các từ tận cùng bằng các phụ âm còn lại và nguyên âm khác  b,  v,  d,  g,  l,  m,  n,  , ә ,  ei, eә

* “Se” ở cuối từ thường được phát âm là / s/ hoặc /z/

• Được phiên âm là / s/ sau :

nurse mouse sense, condense, promise purpose

Được phiên âm là / z/ sau :

/ ai/ rise / i/ noise / :/ vase

NOTES:

* Se: sau các nguyên âm thường được đọc là / s/ hoặc / z/ tùy thuộc vào từng từ cụ thể

/ s/ /z /

/ei / base raise

/u: / loose lose

/i: / increase please

/ :/ horse cause

- ED phiên âm là / t/ sau / t/ , / k/ , / p/, / s/, / /, / t, / /, / ks/

washed , booked , stopped , faxed

- ED phiên âm là / d/ sau các nguyên âm : m , l, b, c , r , v, n ,

Note: some special adjectives ending in ed, and some adverbs pronounced / id /

Adj : naked, crooke, rugged, learned,beloved

Adv: deservedly, supposedly, markedly, allegedly

 SILENT CONSONANTS

1 B thường câm sau M : climb, dumb

thường câm trước /T/: doubt, debt

2 C thường câm trước /K/ : black / blæk/

thỉnh thoảng câm sau /S/ : scene / sin/ ; science

3 D : Câm trong những từ sau: handsome, grandchildren , wednesday , handkerchief

thường câm trước /N/ : gnash / næ/

4 G

thường câm trước N, M khi N, M đứng cuối từ sign , paradign ( mÉu )

5 GH : thường câm sau I: sign / sai/ , sight / sait/ , high / hai/

6 K : thường câm trước N: knife / naif/ , knee / ni/

7 H : thường câm : honest , hour , heir , honour , vehicle , exhaust

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8 L : thường câm : could / k d / , chalk / t k /

9 N : thường câm sau M : column , damn , autumn / : t m/

10 W : thường câm trước R : wrong , write / rait/

H : who / hu: / , whole / houl /

B VOWELS (NGUYÊN ÂM)

[æ] Trong những từ 1 âm tiết, tận cùng là 1 hay nhiều phụ âm : lad, dam

Trong âm tiết mang trọng âm của từ nhiều âm tiết và đứng trước 2 PÂ

( Phụ âm) : Candle [ei] Từ một âm tiết có tận cùng là: A+ PÂ( Phụ âm) + E : Bate

- Động từ có tận cùng ATE : intimate, deliberate Trong âm tiết trước tận cùng -ION và –IAN: Nation, Translation

Ngoại lệ: Companion [k∂m`pænj∂n], Italian [i`tælj∂n],

[ɔ:] Trong từ một âm tiết tận cùng là “LL”

Examples: all, call, tall, small

[ɔ] Trong những âm tiết có trọng âm của một từ , hoặc từ một âm tiết bắt đầu bằng W: Was, Want

[a:] Trong những từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng bằng R hoặc R+ PÂ hoặc trong âm tiết của từ khi A đúng trước R+ PÂ

Examples: Bar, Far Ngoại lệ: scarce [ske∂]

[i] Trong tận cùng - ATE của tính từ

Examples: Itimate [`intimit], Animate, Delicate [`delikit]

Trong tận cùng - AGE của danh từ 2 âm tiết

Examples: Village, Cottage

[∂] Trong những âm tiết không có trọng âm Again, Balance

[e] Trong những từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng bằng 1 hay nhiều PÂ(trừ R).Hoặc trong

âm tiết có trọng âm của 1 từ : Bed, get Ngoaị lệ: Her, term

[i:] Khi đứng liền trước tận cùng PÂ+ E và trong những từ be, she, he, me:

Cede, Scene

[i] Trong những tiền tố BE, DE, RE; begin, become, decide, return

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[∂] : silent, open

[ei] Khi AI đứng trước 1 PÂ trừ R

Examples: Mail, Sail

[e∂]: Khi đứng trước R: air, fair

[ɔ:]Trong hầu hết các từ chứa AU : Fault, Launch [a:]Trong một số từ mà ta phải ghi nhớ

Examples: Aunt, laugh

5 AW Tất cả các từ chứa AW thường đọc là [ɔ:]: law, draw, crawl, drawn

6 AY [ei] trong hầu hết các từ chứa AY: clay, day, play

Ngoại lệ: Quay, Mayor, Papaya

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EA

[e] Head, Bread, Breakfast, Steady, Jealous, Measure, Leather [i:] East, Easy, Heat, Beam, Dream, Breathe, Creature

[ə:] learn, earth, heard

[eə] bear, pear, swear [iə] tear, clear

[ei] great, break, steak

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“eks” Khi EX là âm tiết mang trọng âm: exercise, Excellent Iks Khi EX là âm tiết không mang trọng âm, đứng trước 1 PÂ: Explain, Experience

“igz” Khi EX là âm tiết không mang trọng âm, đứng trước 1 nguyên âm hoặc

âm H câm: Examine, Existence

“ei” they, prey, grey

“i:” money, key

[əʊ]

- Khi nó đứng cuối một từ: no, go, so

- Khi nó đứng trong từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng bằng 2 PÂ hay PÂ+ E và trong âm tiết có trọng âm của từ nhiều âm tiết: comb, cold

Ngoại lệ: long, strong, bomb

[ɔ] Khi nó đứng trong từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng bằng 1 PÂ và trong âm tiết có trọng

âm của một số từ nhiều âm tiết : dot, nod [ɔ:] Khi nó đứng trước R+ PÂ : born, north [] Khi nó đứng trong từ 1 âm tiết và trong âm tiết có trọng âm của một số từ

nhiều âm tiết : come, some

[ʊ:] / [u:] do, move

[oʊ]Trong những từ một âm tiết tận cùng bằng 1 hay 2 phụ âm : coal, coat [ɔ: ] Khi đứng trước R : roar, Board

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16 OO

[u] : book, look

[u:] cool, food

[] : blood, flood

[ɔ:] door, floor

[aʊ] bound, clound

[aʊə] our, hour [ʊə] tour, tourist [ɔ:] four, pour [ oʊ] Soul, Shoulder

[] Trong những từ có tiền tố là UM-, UN- hoặc 1 số từ thông dụng : but, cup, Unhappy, Umbrella

[ai] Trong những từ có UI+ PÂ+ E : guide, quite [i] built, guitar

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[ai] khi nó là âm cuối của từ có 1 âm tiết : dry ; cry

ở các từ có đuôi là ify và các từ deny , reply, rely, [i] khi nó là âm cuối của từ có nhiều âm tiết: copy

C STRESS (TRỌNG ÂM)

 TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS (TỪ CÓ HAI ÂM)

1 Đa số các động từ 2 âm tiết , trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2

for'get , re'lax Ngoại lệ : 'enter , 'happen , 'open , 'listen

2 Đa số danh từ và tính từ 2 âm tiết trọng âm rơi vào âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất :

'butcher , 'standard , 'porter ( trừ mis'take , ma'chine )

3 ) Trọng âm của từ chỉ số đếm

thir'teen, four'teen

'thirty, 'forty, 'fifty

4 ) Hầu hết danh từ ghép trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 1

'raincoat , 'airport , 'tea-cup

5 ) Tính từ ghép có từ đàu là tính từ hoặc trạng từ  trọng âm rơi vào âm thứ 2 tận cùng là ed

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 THREE – SYLLABLE WORDS OR MORE THAN THREE-SYLLABLE ONES

1 Những từ tận cùng bằng các đuôi sau có trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết ngay trước âm tiết

c ) -IC , -ICAL : ar'tistic e'lectric 'musical scien'tific po'litical

d ) -ITY : a'bility , ac'tivity , possi'bility

e ) - IAL , -IALLY : artificially , official, es'sential, social

f ) -ITIVE : com'petitive , 'sensitive

g ) -LOGY : tech'nology , e'cology , physi'ology

h ) -GRAPHY : ge'ography

2 Những từ có đuôi là ATE và ARY thì trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết thứ cách nó 2 âm

a ) ATE : con'siderate , com'municate

'illustrate , 'fortunate

b ) ARY : 'january , 'literary

'necessary , 'dictionary

Trừ: docu'mentary , supple'mentary , ele'mentary , ex'traodinary

3 Những từ có đuôi là những từ sau thì trọng âm rơi vào chính nó

a ) EE : refu'gee, nomi'nee ( trừ com'mittee, 'coffee )

b ) EER : pio'neer, mountai'neer , engi'neer

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c ) ESE : Vietna’mese , Portu'gese , Chi'nese

d ) AIRE : million'naire , question'naire

e ) IQUE : tech'nique, u'nique, an'tique

f ) ESQUE : pictu'resque

II PRACTICE

PRONUNCIATION

Which word has the stress pattern pronounced differently from the others?

1 A polite B entrance C attempt D agree

2 A category B accompany C experience D compulsory

3 A attract B social C verbal D signal

4 A apply B approach C primary D accept

5 A unexpected B optimistic c education D responsible

6 a qualified B specialize C vacancy D identify

7 A depression B informal C interview D attention

8 A obedient B candidate C attendance D security

Which word has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others?

9 A interviewed B performed C finished D delivered

10 A misses B goes C leaves D potatoes

11 A adopted B appealed C dedicated D wounded

12 A grows B tends C roars D sweeps

13 A university B duty C early D apply

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14 A indicate B average C application D grade

15 A chemical B approach C achieve D challenge

16 A bride B confide C determine D oblige

17 A humour B honest C honour D hour

18 A future B resume C enthusiasm D pressure

19 A character B chores C technical D psychology

20 A breath B threaten C great D healthy

21 A gather B there C ethnic D although

22 A secure B shuttle C future D contribute

23 A close-knit B compulsory C campus D certificate

24 A ordinary B pollution C doctor D alcohol

25 A straight B celebrate C break D pleasure

26.A endangered B threatened C recovered D advanced

27.A elephants B decades C poachers D actions

28.A southern B athlete C healthy D enthusiast

29.A chemical B character C technical D charming

30.A caps B posts C players D roofs

31.A spirit B describe C title D final

32.A honor B exhibit C hour D habitat

33.A forged B noticed C struggled D composed

34.A damaged B increased C destroyed D proposed

35.A protected B developed C balanced D established

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36.A carried B organized C impressed D involved

37.A earthquakes B countries C epidemics D delegates

38.A sufferings B disasters C species D advantages

39.A politics B beliefs C rights D pioneers

40.A laugh B cough C rough D plough

41.A identify B carry C typical D penalty

42.A mutual B initiate C picture D question

43.A legal B medal C level D effort

44.A pool B good C look D book

45 A spread B measure C weapon D increase

46.A accompany B fascinating C discriminate D scoreboard

47.A panda B swallow C parrot D advocate

48.A wounded B combined C considered D believed

49.A supports B colonies C leaders D victims

50.A color B note C go D opponent

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THEME 2: TENSES (THÌ CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ)

I PRESENT TENSES (THÌ HIỆN TẠI)

1 Present simple (Hiện tại đơn)

a “TO BE”

Form

Eg I am a student

She isn’t a teacher

Are they workers? – Yes, they are

Where is Lan? – She is in the kitchen

(+) S + am/is/are

(-) S + am/is/are + not

(?) – Yes/No question: Am/Is/Are+ S ?

- Wh- question: Wh- + am/is/are + S?

b ORDINARY VERBS (Động từ thường)

Eg (+) They live in Tuyen Quang

(-) They don’t live in Ha Giang

(?) Do they live in Tuyen Quang? – Yes, they do

(+) He works in Hanoi

(-) He doesn’t work in Tuyen Quang

(?) Does he work in Hanoi? – Yes, he does

* Wh-questions:

(?) Where do they live? – They live in Tuyen Quang

(+) S (I, We, You, They) + V (infinitive without “to”)

S (He, She, It) + V (s/es)

(-) S (I, We, You, They) + do not (don’t ) + V(infinitive without “to”)

S (He, She, It) + does not (doesn’t) + V(infinitive without “to”)

(?) Do + I/we/you/they + V(infinitive without “to”) ?

Does + he/she/it + V(infinitive without “to”) ?

* Wh- + do/does + S + V(infinitive without “to”) ? (Chú ý: Khi từ để hỏi là chủ ngữ thì

không áp dụng cấu trúc này mà trật tự từ trong câu ở dạng khẳng định)

Eg Who does it?

What makes you sad?

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* Đối với các chủ ngữ là các đại từ nhân xưng I, We, You, They và các danh từ số nhiều thì động

từ chia ở dạng nguyên thể không “to”:

Eg They often play volleyball in the afternoon

* Nếu chủ ngữ ở dạng số ít (He, she, it) thì thêm “s” hoặc “es” vào sau động từ:

- Cách thêm ‘s, es’ :

+ Thông thường ta thêm "s" vào sau động từ: works, likes, loves, wants,

+ Thêm “es” vào sau động từ tận cùng là "ss, x, z, ch, sh, o": misses, kisses, passes, relaxes, boxes,

buzzes, teaches, approaches, finishes, washes, goes, does

+ Động từ tận cùng là phụ âm + "y", chuyển thành ‘i+es’: cry cries, fly  flies, study  studies,

+ Động từ tận cùng là nguyên âm + "y" thì vẫn tuân theo quy tắc thêm “s” thông thường: play 

plays, say  says, pray  prays

+ Số ít của “have” là “has”

Cách dùng:

a Diễn tả một chân lí, một sự kiện khoa học hay một hiện tượng tự nhiên

Ex : Water boils at 100oC

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west

b Diễn tả một phong tục, thói quen ở hiện tại, thường có các trạng từ: always, often, usually,

sometimes, occasionally, never, generally, forever, rarely, every day/ year/ once/ three times a week/a month,

Ex: We always go to school at 6 a.m

He often gets up at 5.30

c Một tình huống, công việc lâu dài, hoặc một chương trình, thời khóa biểu, lịch tàu xe

Ex: I’m a teacher

He works in a bank

The train to Ho Chi Minh City leaves at 5.30 am

There is a football match at 9 p.m on TV tonight

*The adverbs: often, sometimes, always, usually, every

- Một tình huống, công việc lâu dài, , hoặc một chương trình, thời khóa biểu, lịch tàu xe

*Note:

Cách thêm ‘s, es’ : Thông thường ta thêm "s", tuy nhiên :

+ Động từ tận cùng là "s, x, z, ch, sh, p.âm+o" ta thêm "es "

+ Động từ tận cùng là "p.âm+y", chuyển thành ‘p.âm+ies’

+ Số ít của “have” là “has”

2 Present continuous (Hiện tại tiếp diễn)

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a FORM (cấu trúc)

Eg (+) I am reading an English book

(-) She is not cooking in the kitchen at the moment

(?) Are they playing handball with their friends now?

* Wh-questions: Why is she crying?

(+) S + am/is/are + V -ing

(-) S + am/is/are + not + V -ing

(?) Am/Is/Are+ S + V -ing ?

Wh-questions: Wh- + am/is/are + S + V -ing ?

(Chú ý: Khi từ để hỏi là chủ ngữ thì không áp dụng cấu trúc này mà trật tự từ trong

câu ở dạng khẳng định Eg Who is talking in the room?)

a) Cách thêm đuôi "-ing": Thông thường, ta thêm "-ing" vào sau động từ, tuy nhiên :

+ Động từ tận cùng là "e", bỏ ‘‘e’’ rồi thêm ‘‘-ing’’: live  living, drive  driving,

+ Động từ tận cùng là "ie", chuyển thành ‘‘y + ing’’: die  dying, lie  lying,

+ Động từ 1 âm tiết hoặc 2 âm tiết mà trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 kết thúc bằng MỘT nguyên âm

và MỘT phụ âm thì nhân đôi phụ âm cuối trước khi thêm "-ing" (ngoại trừ động từ kết thúc bằng "w",

- Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra tại thời điểm nói hoặc xung quanh thời điểm nói, thường dùng

với : now, right now, at the moment, at present,

Ex: Tom is having dinner at the moment

What are you doing now?

Be quiet! The baby is sleeping

Listen! Someone is crying somewhere

- Diễn tả hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai có kế hoạch trước:

Ex: George is leaving for New York tomorrow

What are you doing tonight?

*The adverbs: now , at the moment

*The following verbs are never used in continuous forms:

+Verbs of perception(Các động từ về nhận thức):

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see, hear, notice, recognize, smell, feel

+Verbs of emotion(Các động từ về cảm xúc ): want, desire, refuse, forget, wish, care, love, hate, like, dislike

+Verbs of thinking(Các động từ về suy nghĩ ): think, feel, relize, understand, know, mean, suppose, believe, remember, mind, recollect, recall, trust

3 THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (Hiện tại hoàn thành)

a Formation:

Examples: (+) Nam has lived in Hanoi for 10 years

(-) I have not found my door keys yet

(?) Have you ever met him before? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t

(?) What have you just done?

(+) S + have/has + V (past participle)

(-) S + have not (haven’t)/has not (hasn’t)+ V (past participle)

(?) Have/Has + S + V (past participle) ?

* Wh- + have/has + S + V (past participle) ?

(I/We/You/They + have … ; He/She/It + has …)

b Usage:

- The Present Perfect Tense is used to express an action happening in the past and still continuing at the

present time (often used with since and for)

Eg: We have lived in this city for 10 years

She has worked in that company since 2000

- The Present Perfect Tense is used to express past actions whose time is not definite

Eg: I have read the instructions but I don’t understand them

He has gone away

- The Present Perfect Tense is used to express an action happening in an incomplete period

Eg: It has been cold this winter

Have you seen him today?

- The Present Perfect Tense is used to express a past experience

Eg: I have been to Ho Chi Minh City several times

He has done this job before

- The Present Perfect Tense is used to express an action which will be completed in the future

Eg: I will go when I have finished my homework

He will phone you as soon as he has finished his work

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- The Present Perfect Tense is used with just for a recently completed action

Eg: I have just bought a dictionary

- The Present Perfect Tense is used with “not …… yet”

Eg: I have not written to him yet

- The Present Perfect Tense is used with “It is the first time/the second time….”

Eg: It is the first time that he has been to Tuyen Quang

- The Present Perfect Tense is used with the following adverbs: never, ever, recently, lately, already, up

to now, so far, for a long time, for ages…

4 THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)

a Formation:

Examples: (+) Nam has been living in Hanoi for 10 years

(-) I have not been finding my door keys yet

(?) Have you been cooking? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t

(?) What have you been doing ?

(+) S + have/has + been + V -ing

(-) S + have not (haven’t)/has not (hasn’t)+ been + V -ing

(?) Have/Has + S + been + V -ing ?

* Wh- + have/has + S + been+ V -ing ?

(I/We/You/They + have … ; He/She/It + has …)

Eg: Alice has always worked hard

(Không dùng has always been working hard)

Không dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn với các động từ được liệt kê ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn(các động từ chỉ nhận thức, tri giác)

Eg: How long have Bob and Alice been married?

(Không dùng have Bob and Alice been being married)

Các từ hay đi kèm là:

* Since: + Mốc thời gian

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* For: + khoảng thời gian

Eg: I have been studying French for five years

II PAST TENSES (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ)

1 Past simple (Quá khứ đơn)

Form:

a) Đối với động từ “to be”:

Examples: (+) It was hot yesterday

(-) I wasn’t at home last Sunday

(?) Were they worried about the result of the exam?

Yes, they were./No, they weren’t

Where were you last night? – I was at the theatre with my girlfriend

S + was/ were (not) + …

Was/Were + S + ?

Wh- + was/were + S + ?

(I, he, she, it + was; you, we, they + were)

b) Đối với động từ thường:

Examples: (+) She prepared the lessons carefully last night

(-) I did not go to the beach last summer

(?) Did they live here ? No, they didn’t

* What did you do last night? I watched the film on T.V

- Thông thường ta thêm “-ed” để thành lập quá khứ đơn và quá khứ phân từ:

Eg Worked, played,

+ Những động từ tận cùng là “e”, chỉ thêm “d” Eg: live  lived, like  liked

+ Động từ tận cùng là phụ âm + "y", chuyển thành ‘i+ed’: cry cried, fly  flied, study  studied,

+ Động từ tận cùng là nguyên âm + "y" thì vẫn tuân theo quy tắc thêm “ed” thông thường: play 

played, pray  prayed, obey  obeyed

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- Đối với động từ một âm tiết tận cùng là một phụ âm, trước phụ âm đó là một nguyên âm ta gấp đôi

phụ âm cuối rồi thêm “ed”: stop stopped ,drop dropped

- Đối với động từ 2 âm tiết mà trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 mà tận cùng là một phụ âm, trước phụ

âm đó là một nguyên âm ta gấp đôi phụ âm cuối rồi thêm “ed”: permit permitted, prefer  preferred,

b Động từ bất quy tắc (Irregular verbs): (Xem Bảng động từ bất quy tắc)

Eg : come  came do  did go  went

cut  cut write  wrote see  saw

Use:

- Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ với thời gian xác định

Eg: She went shopping with me yesterday afternoon

Lan wrote a long letter to her sister last night

- Diễn tả một thói quen hay một công việc lâu dài trong quá khứ: used to + V-infinitive

Eg: They used to play on the swings when they were children

When I was a student, I always went to the library to borrow books

- Các trạng từ thường dùng: ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last

week/month/year/Christmas, in 1995,

2 The Past Continuous Tense (Quá khứ tiếp diễn)

a Form

Eg: He was writing a short story at 9 p.m last night

They were not visiting Ho Chi Minh Museum at 8a.m last Sunday

Was Jack swimming at this time yesterday?

What were you doing when the light went out?

S + was/were + V- ing S+ was/ were + not + V-ing Was/Were + S + V-ing?

Wh- + was/were + S + V-ing?

* Chú ý: Khi từ để hỏi là chủ ngữ thì không áp dụng cấu trúc này mà trật tự từ trong câu ở dạng

khẳng định Eg What was happening at your house when I phoned you last night?

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- Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ (QKTD) thì một hành động khác xảy ra (quá khứ đơn)

Eg: I was having dinner when he came

- Diễn tả hai hoặc nhiều hành động xảy ra đồng thời tại cùng một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ

Eg: At 8p.m yesterday, Mary was watching TV while Tom was reading a newspaper

3 The Past Perfect Tense (Quá khứ hoàn thành)

a Formation:

Examples:

(+) By the end of 1999, Tom had lived in Hanoi for 5 years

(-) We had not done anything about it before the problem was solved

(?) Had you finished all the work before you left the office? Yes, I had./ No, I hadn’t

* Why hadn’t you finished your homework before you went to bed?

(+) S + had + V (past participle)

(-) S + had not (hadn’t)+ V (past participle)

(?) Had + S + V (past participle) ?

* Wh- + had + S + V (past participle) ?

b Usage:

2.1 The Past Perfect Tense is used to express an action happening before a specific point of time in the past

Eg: He had worked in that company for 5 years before 1995

They had left before 5 o’clock

2.2 The Past Perfect Tense is used to express an action happening before a past action

Eg: She had known the news before I told her about it

The train had gone when we arrived the station

2.3 The Past Perfect Tense is used in conditional sentences type 3 in if clauses

Eg: If I had known that she was in hospital, I would have come to visit her

If you had worked hard, you would have passed the examination

4 The past perfect continuous tense (Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn)

a Formation:

Examples: (+) Nam had been living in Hanoi for 10 years before he moved to Hai Phong

(-) I had not been finding my door keys until you told me

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(?) Had you been cooking for 30 minutes before you had a bath? Yes, I had./No, I

hadn’t

(?) What had you been doing before you met her?

(+) S + had + been + V -ing

(-) S + had not + been + V -ing

(?) Had + S + been + V -ing ?

* Wh- + had + S + been+ V -ing ?

b Usage

Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn diễn tả một hành động quá khứ đã xảy ra và kéo dài cho đến khi hành động quá khứ thứ 2 xảy ra(hành động thứ 2 dùng Past Simple) thường khoảng thời gian kéo dài được

êu rõ trong câu

Eg The man had been playing cards for 3 hours before I came

They had been living in London for ten years when I met them

III FUTURE TENSES (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI)

1 Future simple tense (Tương lai đơn)

a Form:

Examples: (+) I think it will rain this Sunday

(-) He won’t win the race

(?) Will youc go to Hanoi tomorrow? Yes, I will/ No, I won’t

(?) What will you do tomorrow?

(+) S + will + V-(without “to”)

(-) S + will not (won’t) + V(without “to”)

(?) Will + S + will + V(without “to”)

(I và We có thể dùng với “shall”; will not = won’t, shall not = shan’t)

b Use:

- Diễn tả:

+ Hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai

Eg: He will be 20 next week

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I won’t go there tomorrow

+ Đề nghị: Will you open the door?

+ Một hành động tương lai được quyết định ngay lúc nói

Eg : - Nam is in hospital

- Really? I will visit him

+ Dùng để yêu cầu ai đó làm việc gì

Eg: Will you please be quiet?

+ Dùng để hứa hẹn làm điều gì đó

Eg: I promise I will call you as soon as I arrive

I won’t tell John what you said, I promise

+ Dùng Shall I và Shall we để đề nghị hoặc gợi ý

Eg: Where shall we go this evening?

Shall I open the window?

+ Dùng I think I will hoặc I don’t think I will…khi ta quyết định làm điều gì

Eg: I think I will stay at home this evening

I don’t think I will go out tonight I am too tired

* Các trạng từ thường dùng: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next month, next week, next year,

next Christmas, next Sunday, soon, sooner or later,

2 TO BE GOING TO

Be going to

a Form

Examples: (+) I am going to spend my summer holiday with my family in Paris

(-) She is not going to be a doctor

(?) Are you going to apply for the job? Yes, I am./ No, I’m not

(+) S + is/am/are + going to + V(without “to”)

(-) S + is/am/are + not + going to + V(without “to”)

(?) Is/Am/Are + S + going to + V(without “to”)?

b Use:

Diễn tả:

- Hành động sắp và sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai gần dựa vào dấu hiệu của hiện tại

Eg: Look at the black clouds in the sky It's going to rain

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- Hành động tương lai có dự định trước:

Eg I am going to sell my house next week

3 THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE (Tương lai tiếp diễn)

+ Diễn tả hành động đang tiến hành tại một thời điểm ở tương lai

Eg: At 10 o’clock tomorrow morning he will be working at his office

I will be watching TV at 9 o’clock tonight

+ Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra ở tương lai thì có hành động khác xen vào( hành động đang xảy ra dùng Future continuous, hành động xen vào dùng ở Present Simple)

Eg: I will be studying when you return this evening

They will be travelling in Italy by the time you arrive here

+ Dùng Will you be + V-ing? để hỏi về dự định của một người khi ta cần điều gì hoặc cần người đó làm điều gì

Eg: A: Will you be using your motorbike this evening?

B: No, you can take it

A: Will you be passing the post office when you go out?

B: Yes, why?

4 THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (Tương lai hoàn thành)

a Form:

(+) S + will + have + PP +(O+A)

(-) S + will not (won’t) + have +PP + (O+A)

(?) Will + S + have + PP + (O+A)?

(I và We có thể dùng với “shall”; will not = won’t, shall not = shan’t)

b Usage:

- Thì tương lai hoàn thành diễn tả một hành động sẽ hoàn tất vào một thời điểm cho trước ở tương lai

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- Thì này dùng trong câu có các cụm từ chỉ thời gian như: “By + mốc thời gian”; “BY THE TIME”; “BY

THEN”

Eg I will have finished my work by noon

They have built that house by July next year

When you come back, I’ll have written this letter

5 THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn)

a Form:

(+) S + will + have + been + V-ing +(O+A)

(-) S + will not (won’t) + have + been + V-ing + (O+A)

(?) Will + S + have + been + V-ing + (O+A) ?

(I và We có thể dùng với “shall”; will not = won’t, shall not = shan’t)

b Usage:

Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ và kéo dài đến 1 thời điểm cho trước ở tương lai

- Các cụm từ chỉ thời gian thường đi kèm là:

+ By for + ( khoảng thời gian)

+ By then

+ By the time

Eg By November, we will been living in this house for 10 years

By March 15th, I wil have been working for this company for 6 years

Note

1 Không dùng các thì tiếp diễn (continuous tenses) với các động từ chỉ nhận thức tri giác ( see, be, hear ) Không dùng các thì tương lai (Future tenses) trong các mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, thì Simple Future đựoc thay bằng Simple Present, thì Future Perfect (hoặc Future Perfect Continuous) đựoc thay bằng thì Present Perfect ( hoặc Present Perfect continuous)

PRACTICE (THỰC HÀNH)

1.1 PRESENT AND PAST TENSES

Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D to complete each sentence

1 He was writing to his friend when he a noise

A was hearing B heard C had heard D hears

2 I many people since I came here in June

A met B has met C was meeting D have met

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3 We maths at this time last week

A were learning B are learning C was learning D learnt

4 She was playing games while he a football match

A watched B watches C was watching D watching

5 She to Ho Chi Minh city last year

A goes B has gone C go D went

6 Since we came here, we a lot of acquaintances

A have had B had C have D are having

7 he playing football now?

A Will B Does C Was D Is

8 Every morning, I often sit in my garden and to my nightingale sing

A listening B listen C listened D listens

9 She school when she was six

A start B started C has started D are starting

10 I TV when the telephone rang

A watched B was watching C are watching D have watched

11 She lunch by the time we arrived

A had finished B finished C have finished D finishing

12 This record-shop be a book-shop a few years ago

A used to B use C used D used

13 I couldn't come to the party because I go to work

A have B had to C have got D had

14 Yesterday, I _ for work late because I _ to set my alarm

A had left / forgot B was leaving / was forgetting

C left / had forgot D had been leaving / would forget

15 By the time we to the train station, Susan _ for us for more than two hours

A will get / has been waiting B got / was waiting

C got / had been waiting D get / will wait

16 While her brother was in the army, Sarah _ to him twice a week

A was writing B wrote C has written D had written

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17 The Titanic _ the Atlantic when it _ an iceberg

A was crossing / struck B had crossed / was striking

C crossed / had struck D is crossing / strikes

18 In the 19th century, it _ two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon

A took B had taken C had taken D was taking

19 Last night at this time, they _ the same thing She and he _ the

Newspaper

A are not doing / is cooking / is reading B were not doing / was cooking / was reading

C was not doing / has cooked / is reading D had not done / was cooking /read

20 When I _ home last night, I that Jane a beautiful candlelight dinner

A had arrived / discovered / prepared B was arriving / had discovered / was preparing

C have arrived / was discovering / had prepared D arrived / discovered / was preparing

21 After he his English course, he went to England to continue his study

A finish B finishes C finished D had finished

22 Angelina Jolie is a famous actress She in several films

A appears B is appearing C appeared D has appeared

23 Mai in HCM for five years

A lives B has lived C is living D was living

24 My little sister "sleeping beauty" several times

A watches B is watching C has watched D watched

25 I to New York three times this year

27

A have been B was C were D had been

26 I her since I _ a student

A know/ am B knew/ was C have known/ am D have known/ was

27 The train _ when we got to the station

A just left B just leaves C had just left D will leave

28 Her father when she was a small girl

A dies B died C has died D had died

29 Almost everyone _ for home by the time we arrived

A leave B left C leaves D had left

30 I to the same barber since last year

A am going B have been going C go D had gone

Choose the underlined part among A, B,C or D that needs correcting

31 When I walk past the park, I saw some children play football

Choose one sentence that best rewrites the sentence given

41 They last visited me five years ago

A They haven't visited me for a long time C I haven't been visited for a long time

B They have known me for five years D They haven't visited me for five years

42 Mike turned off the light, then he went to bed

A.Before Mike went to bed, he had turned off the light

B.Before Mike turned off the light, he had gone to bed

C After Mike had gone to bed, he turned off the light

D.Mike turned off the light as soon as he had gone to bed

43 I haven't visited the museum for three months

A It is three months since I have visited the museum

B I didn't visit the museum three months ago

C The last time I had visited the museum was three months ago

D It is three months since I visited the museum

44 "John began playing the piano 10 years ago"

A.John played the piano 10 years ago C John has played the piano for 10 years

B.John used to play the piano 10 years ago D John doesn't play the piano anymore

45 The last time I saw her was a week ago

A.I haven't seen her for a week C I haven't seen her since a week

B.I have seen her for a week D I have seen her since a week

46 My father hasn’t smoked cigarettes for a month

A It’s a month since my father last smoked cigarettes

B It’s a month ago that my father smoked cigarettes

C It’s a month that my father hasn’t smoked cigarettes

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D It’s a cigarette that my father smoked a month ago

47 Mr Brown bought this car five years ago

A Mr Brown started to buy this car five years ago

B It has been five years when Mr Brown bought this car

C Mr Brown has had this car for five years

D It is five years ago since Mr Brown bought this car

48 I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years

A It’s years since I enjoyed myself so much

B It’s years since I have enjoyed myself so much

C It was years since I had enjoyed myself so much

D It has been years since I have enjoyed myself so much

49 It’s a long time since we last went to the cinema

A We have been to the cinema for a long time.B We haven’t been to the cinema for a long time

C We don’t go to the cinema as we used to D We wish we went to the cinema now

50 The last time I saw Rose was three years ago

A I didn’t see Rose for three years B I haven’t seen Rose three years ago

C I haven’t seen Rose since three years D I haven’t seen Rose for three years

1 2 FUTURE TENSES

1 They the exercise when their teacher comes back

A are doing B will be doing C do D would do

2 By Christmas, I for the company for five years

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A shall have been working B shall work

C have been working D shall be working

3 We exam at 8 o’clock next Monday

A will take B will be taking C take D would take

4 By the end of next year, my son _ English for six months

A will learn B will have learned C has learned D had learned

5 I will contact you as soon as I _the information

A will get B get C got D had got

6 “ How long have you been with the company?”

“ I there for ten years by September”

A will work B was working C will be working D will have worked

7 He left today, which is Tuesday, and he _back tomorrow week

A will be B would be C would have been D is

8 I a famous pop star when I'm older

A am going to be B am being C am D was

9 I just want to know what you at this time tomorrow afternoon

A were doing B will be doing C are doing D do

10 I am reading this novel By the time you come back from work I _ it

A will finish B will have finished C have finished D had finished

11 A: You’re just missed the last train!

B: Never mind, I _

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A will walk B will be walking C walk D will have walked

12 Whenever she came to see me, she _ something to my children

A would give B had given C will have given D was giving

13 The chairs _ from the ballroom before the dance begins

A will have been removed B will have removed

C will remove D were removed

14 Clare _five years old next month

A is going to be B will be C will have been D is

15 If he's late again, I _ very angry

A am going to be B will be C would be D am

16 I an exam next October

A am taking B have taken C take D will be taken

17 “Can I come by for my check tomorrow?”

“ Yes, by then I _ time to go to the bank”

A will have had B will have C have had D have

18 There is going to be a bus strike Everyone to work

A will walk B will be walking C will have walk D shall walk

19 A: “The phone is ringing” B “ I it”

A answer B will answer C have answered D will be

answering

20 We should learn how to choose our words carefully or they our speech silly and vulgar

A made B will make C would make D have made

21 You to take the entrance exam if you fail GCSE exam

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A are allowed B won’t be allowed C aren’t going to take D won’t allow

22 Do you think that _ pass your exams in June?

A you B to C you’ll D will you

23 There are a lot of black clouds in the sky It _

A is going to rain B will rain C is raining D rains

24 She hopes that he _ to the party

A will come B will be coming C comes D would come

25 A: You’re just missed the last train!  B: Never mind, I

A will walk B will be walking C walk D will have walked

26 Mary, we go to the cinema?

A did B will C do D shall

27 You _ something to drink, won’t you?

A will hav B will be having C will have had D have

28 What _ next Sunday morning?

A does Carol B will Carol do C do Carol do D does

29 A: Why are you getting out the jack?

B: we have a puncture and I _ the wheel

A: I _ you

A am going to change/ will help B will change/ am going to help

C will change/ will help D am going to change/ am going to help

30 A: I’ll ring you tomorrow at six

B: No, don’t ring at six I the baby then ring later

33

A shall bath B will be bathing C will have bathed D bath

31 What do tomorrow, girls?

A shall we B do we C we will D would we

32 I’ve just enrolled at the local technical college I _ pottery classes next winter

A am going to attend B will attend

C will be attending D will have attended

33 A: Why are you peeling that bit of garlic?

B: I it in the stew

A am going to put B will put C will have put D will be putting

34 A: me your fishing rod?  B: yes, of course Where

A will you lend/ are you going to fish

B are you going to lend/ are you going to fish

C will you lend/ will you fish

D are you going to lend/ will you fish

35 A: Why are you getting out the jack?

B: we have a puncture and I the wheel

A: I you

A am going to change/ will help B will change/ am going to help

C will change/ will help D am going to change/ am going to help

36 I think I won’t come to the party because I will have an interview for a job with a

A B C D

publishing firm

40 Mother: Your face is dirty

Child: All right, I _ ( wash) it

41 I’ve hired a type writer and I (learn) to type

42 I (work) for Mr Pitt next week as his own secretary will be away

43 Do you think that you (pass) your exams in June

44 At this time tomorrow we (fly) over the Atlantic

45 By the time I go to bed tonight, I ( finish) my work for the day

46 A: I don’t feel well enough to go to the station to meet him

B: I (meet) him for you But how _(recognize) him?

A: He’s small and fair, and he (wear) a black and white school cap

47 He (live) in this city for exactly two years by next Monday

48 I’m turning this cupboard into a darkroom I _ (develop) my own films

49 “ If you don’t pay the ransom, we’ll kill your boy” the kidnappers told us

 The kidnappers threatened _

50 She promised to come round and see me everyday

 She said, “ I will _.”

31.A 32.A 33.A 34.D 35.C 36.A 37.D 38.C 39.B 40.B

41.D 42.A 43.D 44.C 45.A 46.A 47.C 48.B 49.B 50.D

KEY TO FUTURE TENSES

1.B 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.D 7.A 8.A 9.B 10.B

11.A 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.A 17.A 18.B 19.B 20.B

21.B 22.C 23.A 24.A 25.A 26.D 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.B

31A 32.A 33.A 34.A 35.A 36A 37.A 38.B 39.C

40 will pass 41 am going to learn 42 will be working

43 will pass 44 will be flying 45 will have finished

46 will meet/ shall I recognized/ will be wearing

47 will have lived 48 am going to developed

49 The kidnappers threatened to kill our boy if we refused to pay the ransom

50 She said, "I will come round and see you every day."

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THEME 3: MODAL VERBS

(TRỢ ĐỘNG TỪ)

I Modal Verbs là gì ?

_ Model verbs gồm : will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should , must

_ Modal Verbs dùng chung cho tất cả các ngôi và không chia theo thì

_ Theo sau Modal Verbs là động từ nguyên thể

_Các động từ bán tình thái ( semi-modal verbs) gồm : have to, have got to, had better, ought to, would like, would rather, would prefer, be able to

_ Có ý nghĩa và tính chất gần giống hoặc giống như động từ tình thái

_ Theo sau có thể là động từ nguyên thể có “ to “ hoặc không có “ to” và có thể chia theo thì hiện tại hoặc quá khứ

EX: _ I will be able to swim very fast after this swimming courses

_ They didn’t have to wear uniforms to that class

1 Khả năng hoặc kỹ năng ( ability ) : can , could, be able to

EX: _He can speak five languages

_ Were you able to finish your assignment last night ?

_ She could swim when she was 5 years old

Note : _ can : chỉ dùng ở hiện tại

_ could : chỉ dùng ở quá khứ

_ be able to : dùng cho mọi thì

• phân biệt can và be able to

S + can + V : phổ biến hơn

S am / is / are + able to V : trang trọng hơn

EX: _ Can you play the guitar ? _ Yes, I can

_ Nowadays we are able to cure AIDS

• could và be able to

S + could + V1 : ai biết làm việc gì ở 1 thời điểm trong quá khứ

S + was / were + able + V : manage + to V = succeed in + Ving

(Ai cố làm việc gì trong hoàn cảnh khó khăn)

EX : _ The bus was full but I was able to find a good seat

2 Phỏng đoán việc gì có thể xảy ra

_ Will , can , be going to

_ must (90%) , may (50%) , could (30%) , might (20%) , can’t (0%)

EX : _ He may win the race

_ It’s likely that + clause = S + be + likely + to V ( 20% - 50% )

EX : _ He may be ill = Maybe he is ill

_ It’s likely that he has already left home

= He is likely to have already left home

3 Đưa ra một yêu cầu : can / will / could / would + you + V … ? (=> Mức độ trang trọng tăng lên)

Ex : _ Can you close the window ?

_ Will you explain it again ?

_ Could you tell me the way to the station, please ?

_ Would you look at my report ?

4 Đưa ra một lời đề nghị : can / shall + I / we + V … ?

Ex : _ Can I help you ?

_ Shall we do it for you ?

5 Xin phép

a Xin phép : Can / may / could / might + I / we + V…?

Ex : _ Can we go to the movie tonight, Mom ?

_ May I leave early today ?

_ Could I use your computer for a moment ?

_ Might I have next Monday off ?

b Cho phép : may , can

EX : _ you can stop if you feel tired

_ you may leave now

6 Diễn tả sự cần thiết

a Should / ought to : đưa ra 1 lời khuyên

EX : She should prepare for her exam carefully

b Should / ought to : đưa ra 1 ý kiến tổng quát

EX : Students ought not to do too much homework

c Had better : lời cảnh báo

EX : you’d better study for the test if you don’t want to fail

• Note :

_ Should + v : lời khuyên về bản chất

EX : you should study harder

_ should be Ving : khuyên về những hành động đang diễn ra

EX : you are in class now You shouldn’t be talking to your friend

_ should have PII : đáng lẽ ra phải

EX : you should have done your home

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_ should have been Ving : phàn nàn về 1 việc đang xảy ra trong quá khứ hoặc 1 việc liên tục xảy ra

EX : she shouldn’t have been working so hard

7 Diễn tả sự bắt buộc

must, need, have to / have got to

• Must = need : dùng khi người nối cùng nghĩ cần thiết phải làm như vậy và chỉ dùng ở hiện tại

Ex : _ Motorists must obey all traffic lights in the city

• Have to : dùng để diễn tả sự bắt buộc đến từ bên ngoài, đặc biệt là những quy định , luật lệ, có thể

dùng ở các thì khác

Ex : _You have to stop when the red light is on

• Mustn’t : không được ( sự ngăn cấm )

Ex : _ you must not leave the room before the end of the test

• Needn’t = don’t have to : không cần ( không bắt buộc làm gì )

Ex : _in my country, you don’t have to vote if you don’t want to

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A Your homework has been done every day B Your homework has to do by you every day

C Your homework has to be done every day D Your homework have to be done every day

17 You shouldn’t tell her the news It might kill her

A She shouldn’t be told by the news She might be killed

B The news shouldn’t be told her She might be killed

C She shouldn’t be told the news She might be killed

D She shouldn’t been told the news It might be killed

18 It wasn't obligatory to submit my assignment today

A My assignment must have been submitted today

B I needn't have submitted my assignment today

C My assignment was required to submit by today

D I mustn't submit my assignment today

19 It's time we left for the disco

A We may leave for the disco now B We needn't leave for the disco now

C We should leave for the disco now D We must have left for the disco now

20 It was a mistake of you to lose your passport

A You shouldn't have lost your passport B There must be a mistake in your passport

C You needn't have brought your passpor D Your passport must be lost

21 My car keys are possibly in the kitchen

A My car keys should be put in the kitchen B My car keys cannot be in the kitchen

C I don’t know whether my car keys are in the kitchen D My car keys might be in the kitchen

22 Is it possible for me to come to your house at about 7pm?