nâng cao kiến thức sinh 12 và tóm lược kiến thức ôn thi đại học để có được kết quả tốt trong kì thi đại học sắp tới. Chính vì vậy nên xem tài liệu này để nắm chắc kiến thức sinh học 12. Tài liệu giúp học sinh dễ nhớ kiến thức một cách nhanh chóng. Chúc các bạn thành cong
TRINH NGUYEN GIAO - LE DINH TRUNG DI TRUYEN, TigN HOA VA SINH THAI HOC ary )► Ng NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NA:11111111111 TRINH NGUYEN GIA() - LE DINH TRUNG DI TRUYEN, TIEN HOA VA SINH THAI HOC TAN TAO UNIVERSITY LIBRARY NHA XUAT BAN GIA() DUC VIET NAM /A) t ) C206(f [-%.3 - 1-P,J Cong ti CP Dich vu xua't ban Gido duc tai Da Ming - Nha xugt ban Gasp duc Viet Nam giu quy6n cOng 136 tac 207-2009/CXB/16-344/GD Ma s6 : 81817N9 — CPD Nol DALJ Di truyen, Tio'n hoa va Sinh thai hoc la mot link vuc toong doi kho chuong trinh va not dung SGK Sinh hoc 12 va luOn chiem mOt só luong lon cac cau hOi cac ki thi tot nghiep TIIPT, tuyen sinh vao Cao dang — Dai hoc De gni') cac em hoc sinh chic (Ring hoc tap va On tap cac phan nay, chting tOi bien sop cu6n "1)i truyen, Tin hoa va Sinh thai hpc" Cau tick cu6n sach gom phan : Phan nam : DI TRUYfIN HOC Phan sau : • TIEN HOA Phan by : SINH THAI HOC "Prong m6i phan g6m cac chuong theo cat, trtic ciia SGK Sinh hoc 12 nang cao 'Prong m61 chuong, chCing tOi deu gidi thieu nhimg kien thirc co ban nhat va he th6ng cau hOi trac nghiem Ike thu throe kel qua t6t qua trinh hoc tap, cac em nen hoc ki nOi dung kien thtic co ban cua timg chuong truOc tra tai cac cau hoi trac nghiem Sau he thOng cau hOi luyen tap la phan dap an Day la cu6n sach tham khao, mai throe xu4t ban Ian dau nen kho tranh khOi thieu sot Chting t6i mong nhan -duck; kien Op cita cac em hoc sinh va qu9 thing nghiep de kin tai ban sau sach duoc t6t hon "TAP THE- TAC GIA ■ -■ DI TRUYEN HOC Phan nem Chu'ang I CC; CHE DI TRUYEN VA BIEN DI A KIEN TFRIC CO BAN CAN NHO I CAC KHAI NIEM Gen : la I doan cita phan tir ADN mang thong tin ma hoa mot chuoi pOlipeptit hay ARN ma di truyen : la trinh to cac nucleOtit gen quy dinh trinh to cac •axit amin phan tir prOtein gen chi huy tong hop Ma bn ba : cu' nucleOtit dting kd tiOp gen chi phoi sir co mat mot axit amin san pham prOtein hay gift chdc nang ket thtic chuoi pOlipeptit goi la ma bO ba Nhan doi phan tir ADN : la co chd tir snot phan tir ADN me tac &Ong cita enzim da tao nen phan tir ADN con, m6i phan tir ADN Om mach (mot mach cil va mot mach mdi) theo nguyen tAc ban bao ton, hoan toast giOng ADN me Phien ma : su truydn thong tin di truyen tir mot mach don dia gen call trite (mach g6c) sang phan tit ARN theo nguyen tdc b6 sung (NTBS) Dich ma : qua trinh 'tong hop prOtein xay ribOxOm Om giai doan : hoat hod axit amin va tang hop protein dua tren nguyen tEic ma bO ba va dOi ma di truyen co sir tham gia cua cac loaf ARN va cac enzim RibOxom : la mot to chtic cgu true Om tiau the (tiau thd be va tiau thd 16n) duck cLiu tao b6i cac phan tir protein va cac loai rARN tham gia trkrc tidp vao qua trinh tang hop prOtein, getn vao mARN tai vi trf nhan bidtva dich chuyen arng btrerc tren mARN de thuc hien qua trinh doi ma di truyen giCra 130 ba doi ma tren tARN v6i 130 ba ma phien tren mARN de tao san pharn la prOtein ARN van chuyn (tARN) : la phan tir ARN mach don &roe xoan cac thug tren ma tARN, có 130 phan quan lab() ba dOi ma va doan mang axit amin co tan ding la adenin ARN thOng tin (mARN) : la phan ti mach don duoc tong hop ta gen eau tine grim co 110 m6 ddu (AUG) va cac bc) ba ma hod axit amin phan tir protein va b6 ket thUc 10 Dieu hoa hoat thing dm gen : la qua trinh dieu hoa hoat eking gen phien ma va dich ma di truyen nham dam bao tad mot luong san pham phit'hop theo yeu eau hoat citing sinh 11 cUa to bao 11 Dot bien gen : la nhling bien d6i nhe )(ay can true cUa gen, lien quan den mot hay mot so cap nucleOtit tac nhan dot Hen hay-do cac cdc sir co ngau nhien qua trinh chep ADN Cac d6t Nen có the di truyen throe qua duOng sinh san 12 Nhkm sac the (NST) : la vat chat di truyen doge nhuOm mau bang thilOc nhuOm kiem tInh, c0 hinh clang va kich thu'dc dac trang, diroc eau tao bOi phan chinh la cac protein histOn va ADN, don vi co ban ciia nhiem sac the 1a cac nucloOxom 13 NueleOx6m : M6i nucleOxiim gOm phan tix protein histOn lien ket vol tao mot tieu the hinh cau det, phia ngoai duoc quan -boi 1- yang xoan ADN CO khoang 146 cap nucl'eOtit 14 DM bi6n cau true nhii.‘;rn sac the : la nhimg hien d(ii cau ink NST tac nhan dot Nen lam sap xep lai nhang khOi gen do lam thay d6i hinh clang, can true NST 15 DM bien so luting NST : la six thay d6i dot ng01 ye mat s6 luong NST to bao cac tac nhan gay d01 bien hoac rOi loan qua trinh phan bao, mac du NST van nhan dOi binh thuong, nhung day to vO sac bi cat din hoac khOng hinh throc vi vay NST khOng phan Ii throc ye cac cut ci.la to bao Neu xay tren loan b0 b0 NST se tao nen clang da bOi the, nen xay rad tang cap NST se tad nen Bang di bOi the (loch b6i) 16 DM bier( tech bOi : la nhung bien d6i ye so luong NST xay mot hay mOt s6 cap NST tirong (long 17 DOt hien da bni : co loai la to da bOi va di da bOi —Tu da b6i : la six tang mot so nguyen Ian b6 NST don bOi-cita loai (3n, 4n, 5n ) —Di da bOi : lir hien tuong ca N.) NST cOa ca loai cUng ton tai mot to bac) la' qua trinh lai xa H CAU TWA: CHUNG CUA GEN CAU TRU C —VC ban chat, gen cluqc tao boi cac nucloOtit (Om loai A, T, G, X) ; cac gen throe dac trung b6i s6 luong, phan, trinh to phan b6 cac nucleOtit, b6i ti A+T le G+X —M6i gen cau truc Om viing : + Wing diet' hoa : nam phan dau cna gen, mang tin hieu khui dung va kiem soat qua triph phien ma • + Viing ma hoa : mang thOng tin ma hod cac axit amin + Wing ket thilc : nam cu6i gen, mang tin hieu 1(61 thtic phien III DAC DIEM CUA MA DI TRUYEN MA di truyen ma bo ba (da &roc chung minh va duoc giai ma vao nam 1966) : CO 64 1)0 ba ma hoa, co 61 1)0 có nghia ma hoa axit amin (trong có b0 ba AUG ma hoa axit amin m6 dau) va ba b0 ma ket thfic : UAG, UAA, UGA chi lam nhiem vu ket thdc chuoi pOlipeptit &roc tong hop MA di truyen &roc doc tit mot di6m dung (diem xac dinh) tren gen tong b6 ba rnicleatit, khOng cb6ng cheo len cho den het phan cna gen MA di truyen co tinh ph6 Nen, co nghia la tat ca cac loai deu diing chung 64 b6 ma di truyen (chi tr6 mot vai ngoai le) MA di truyen CO tinh dac hieu, tut la mot b0 ba chi ma hod mot loai axit amin MA di truy6n co tinh thoai hoa, tat la có tru6ng hop nhieu 130 ba cnng xac dinh mot axit amin (trit ngoai le AUG, UGG) IV QUA TRINH NHAN DOI ADN — Qua trinh tai ban ADN sinh vat nhan so va nhan thuc cling có nhiing diem khac la khac ve he enzim xnc tac, v6 so luting don vi tai ban O day chi tenth bay sty tai ban ADN sinh vat nhan ihuc dien tren mot don vi tai ban — Qua trinh tai ban ADN dien o pha S cua chu ki to bao Day la bu&c chuan bi, vat chat di truyen tang len gap dOi cho qua trinh phan bao nguyen phan va giam phan —Co the tong hop ADN co the van tat theo buck : + Budc : Thao xodn phan tir ADN : nhd cac enzim than xodn, hai mach don cUa phan td ADN tacit dan tao nen chac tai ban hinh chit' Y de 10 mach don de thuc hien qua trinh tai ban + Budc : T6ng hop cac mach don ADN mdi : enzim ADN pOlimeraza sir dung mach don me lam khuon de t6ng hop nen mach don mdi (trudc tong hop, co skr t6ng hop doan m6i ARN de tao nen nh6m 3'0H tao dieu kien gan cac nucleOtit dal mOi tru6ng tao nen mach mdi theo NTBS) VI ADN pOlimeraza chi t6ng hop mach mdi theo chieu 5' — 3', nen tren mach khuOn 3' — 5' mach mdi duoc t6ng hop lien tuc, tren mach khuOn lai c6 chieu 5' — 3' mach mdi dopy t6ng hop ngdt quang tirng doan ngan (m6i doan goi 1a doan Okazaki) Sau d6 cac doan Okazaki throe n6i lai vdi nh6 enzim not de tao lai mach don moihoan chinh + Budc : Hai phan tir ADN duoc tao thanh, m6i ADN c6 mot mach -là nguyen lieu cu, mOt mach la nguyen lieu mdi duoc tao nen theo nguyen tdc ban bao ton • Sr tai ban ADN la co s6 hinh NST nham dam bac) so di truyen on dinh qua car the" he cap dO phan tir V CO CHE MIEN MA DI TRUYEN Gorn busk co ban sau : —M6 dau : ARN pOlimeraza barn vao vimg khdi dau lam gen cau trite thao xodn, mach khuOn dm gen c6 chieu 3' — 5' 10 lam khuOn de kh6i dau t6ng hop ARN tai vi tri (lac hieu - Keo dai : ARN pOlimeraza chuyen Bich tren mach khuOn dm gen theo chieu 3' — 5' de t6ng hop ARN theo nguyen tdc b6 sung (A—U, G—X) theo chieu 5' — 3' —Kat auk : Enzim 'ARN pOlimeraza di chuyen tdi cu6i gen gap tin hieu kat thlic thl qua trinh phien ma d'u'ng lai, giai phong phan tir ARN So ket thtic qua tenth phien ma nh6 vao cac yau to ket thuc (13 sinh vat nhan sox, phan td mARN doge tang hop tham gia vao qua trinh dich ma Con d sinh vat nhan thuc, mARN sau duoc t6ng hop chi mdi la san pham the.' do phai nhd enzim cat 136 cac doan vo nghia, n6i cac doan c6 nghia lai vdi de tao nen mARN trudng tham gia vao qua trinh dich ma Stx t6ng hop ARN la co s6 de thuc hien qua trinh tong hop protein it td- bao chat, dam bao sit truyen thong tin di truyen tir gen sang san pham prOtein Co loai ARN duoc t6ng hop vdi cac chic nang khac : —mARN : true tiep la ban phien thong tin di truyen cna gen eau true lam khuOn de t6ng hop prOtein C3 sinh vat nhan so, mARN duoc tang hop timg nhom gom nhieu mARN Con d sinh vat nhan thuc, mARN duoc t6ng hop ding mARN don le —rARN : ket hop voi cac protein tao nen cac ribOxOm, moi ribOxOm Om tidu the, tang hop prOtein chting lien ket voi nhau, tiep xtic voi mARN va chuyen dich tang buOc tren dO, mai buoy la mot b6 ba — tARN : mang cac axit amin dung lien tuc t6i riboxom Tai day, chung thuc hien co the &Si ma di truyen gitla b6 ba dOi ma tren tARN voi bq ba ma phien tren mARN lap rap theo nguyen tac b6 sung de dat chinh xac vi trf timg axit amin vao chuoi pOlipeptit VI CO CHE DICH MA DI TRUYgN GOrri giai clop : Hoat hod axit amin Cac axit amin (aa) sau duoc dieu den to bao chat, duoi tat; dung ciia mOt loai enzim, chimg duoc hoat hoti bang each lien ket voi hop chat giau nang luting „la ATP va gan vao timg tARN tao nen pink hop aa—tARN de dua den riboxom tang hop prOtein • Ting hop chuoi polipeptit : gOm btroc co ban • —MO dau chuoi pOlipeptit Tien the be dm ribOxOm gan voi mARN o vi trf nhan biet, cOdon and dau AUG tren mARN gan voi bO ba dOi ma cua tARN van chuyen axit amin and dati UAX Tieu the 16n ciia ribOxOm ket hop voi ti6u the be tao nen ribOxOm hoar' chinh tARN mang axit amin and dau foocmin metiOnin (fMet-tARN) tien vao vi trf codon mO dau tren mARN —Keo dai chuoi pOlipeptit : COdon thin nam sau cOdon and dau AUG tren mARN duoc lien ket voi anticOdon (int tARN axit amin thin (aa i —tARN) theo NTBS, mot lien ket peptit duoc hinh giira axit amin md dau voi axit.amin thir nhat (fMet-aa i ) bdi mot loai enzim xuc tac, clang thdi voi qua trinh thi iARN vita tham gia se rdi khOi ribOxOm RibOxOm lai chuyen dich sang 130 ba thin tren mARN, aa,—tARN tien vao ribOxOm, dOi ma ciia no lai khop voi ma thir tren mARN theo NTBS, lien ket peptit aid lai duoc hinh giita aa i aa? RibOxOm lai chuyen dich sang bO ba thd 3, lap lai theo co the tren, cho den tan 130 ba tiep giap voi 1)0 ba ket thtic thi qua trinh keo dai chuoi polipeptit dimg lai, san pham duoc tao aa1 -T-aa2—aa3 aan nhung van gAn voi tARN tren khung dich ma Chtfting IV HE SINH THAI, SINH QUYEN VA SINH THAI HOC VOI QUAN Li TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN A KIN TWIG CO BAN CAN NHO I HE SINH THAI Khai niem He sinh thai met he Ong luc m6, to dieu chinh NO duot xem IA met don vi cau true hoan chinh cua to nhien Cac phin cau true he sinh thai —Sinh vat san xuSt — Sinh vat tieu thu —Sinh vat phan giai — Cac chai vo co —Cac chSt hilu co — Cac yeti to hau Trong do, ba yeu to dau IA guan xa sinh vat, ba yeu to sau mOi truinig vo sinh Cac kieu he sinh thai CO loai he sinh thai : —Cac he sinh thai to nhien duqc hinh bang cac guy 101 to nhien, rat da dang Vi du : met giot nu6c lay ao, sinh quydn —Cac he sinh thai nhan tao nguori tao Vi du : be ca canh, d6ng rueng II CAC CHU TRINH SINH DIA HOA TRONG HE SINH THAI Khai niem Su trao d6i lien tuc cua cac nguyen to hod hoc gifra mOi trueing N/A quail xa sinh vat da tao nen cac chu trinh sinh dia hoa 175 Chu trinh nu& - Chu trinh nu& co vai tre quan trong diet' hoa hau town cau Chu trinh cacbon Cacbon di vao chu trinh duoi dang CO2 Thuc vat hap thu CO2 de tao nen chat him co dau tien niter quang hop Khi sir dung va phan huY cac chat chtla cacbon, sinh vat lai tra lai CO, va ntrec cho mOi trueng Chu trinh niter Thuc vat hap thu niter duoi clang NO3 va NW4 , ma &du cho chu trinh niter Qua trinh sinh hoc tong hop N0.3- dOng vai tre quan nhat chu trinh Chu trinh phOtpho PhOtpho tham gia vao chu tenth cac chat lang dong duoi dang khdi data la ph6tphat hoa tan (PO4-) Sau tham gia vao chu trinh, phan lon phOtpho lang dong xueng day bien sau, tam thai thoat khoi chu III DONG NANG LONG TRONG HE SINH THAI Sur bin doi cua nang Wong he sinh thai Birc xa quang hop di vao he sinh thai thi phan lon bi that thodt, chi met luting rat nhe &roc thuc vat hap thu, chUyen hoa nang chtla mO, tao nen san luting sinh vat so cap tho Thuc vat sir dung met phan san luting cho sinh trueng va phat tridn Phan lai danh lam thdc an cho sinh vat tieu thu, truck hel la Ong vat an co Deng vat an co lai lam thtrc an cho dOng vat an this Xac, cac chat trao clei va bai tier cua sinh vat &roc vi sinh vat hoai sinh phan giai, tra lai cho mOi trueng cac chat vO co, nang luting bi phat tan mOi trung duoi clang nhiet Nhu vay, nang luting di theo dong va chi dtroc sinh vat sir dung met lan qua chu6i auk an Khi chuydn tir bac dinh dung thap len bac dinh dung cao lien ke chuoi thdc an, nang lacing trung binh mat di toi 90% Do do, chu6i tithe an khOng keo dai mai duot Hieu swat sinh thai la ti se phan tram nang luong &rot tich too mot bac dinh dung can danh gia so vOi nang Wrong tich to a met bac dinh duang bat ki truck no 176 San Wong sinh vat so cap San luting sinh vat so Op duqc sinh vat sun xuut, tru6c la thuc vat va tao, tuo tong qua trinh quang hop Trong quang hop, cay xanh chi tip nhan tit 0,2 den 0,5% t6ng luting but x4 de' tao san luting sinh vat so cap thO Thtyc vat tieu thy trung binh tit 30 — 40% san lugng sinh vat so cap thO (hay tong san luting chat him co &Mg hod duoc) cho cac hoat &Ong song, khoang 60 70% lai dugc tich luyr lam thtic an cho sinh vat di Mang DO la san lacing sinh vat so cap tinh hay sari luting thyc te nuOi Cac nhom sinh vat di dui:ling San luting sinh vat thir cap San luong sinh vat th6 cap ducfc hinh• b6i cac /ocii sinh vat di du'ang, chi; yeit lc dOng vat bac dinh duang cang cao, nhat vat an thit cuoi cimg cita chuoi thtic an, t6ng nang luting cita dying la nha nhdt IV SINH QUYEN Khai niem Tap hop sinh,vat va cac nhan t6 mOi tru6ngvO sinh tren Trai Dat hoat Ong nhu mot he sinh thai lon nhat duoc goi la sinh quyen Cac khu sinh hoc chinh tren Trai Hat a) Cac khu sinh hoc tren can —Dong reu (Tundra) —Rang la kim phuong Bac (Taiga) —Rimg la rOng rung theo mita va rung h6n tap On dai Bac Ban Cau —Rimg am thu6ng xanh nhiQt dot b) C.& khu sinh hoc duai nuor — Khu sinh hoc nu6c ngot —Khu sinh -hoc nuOc man .V SINH THAI HOC VA VICC QUAN Li TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN Cac dang tai nguyen thien nhien va su khai iliac dm nguoi Tai nguyen thien nhien dugc chia nhom lom : tai nguyen vinh (nang luting mat trod, dia nhiQt, thug trieu, gib ), tai nguyen tai sinh (Mt, nuOc, sinh vat ) va tci nguyen khong tai sinh (khoang san va phi khoang san) 12 - DTTHSTH 177 Con ngtr6i cid lam khanh kiet dan cac tai nguyen khOng tai sinh, lam giam da Bang sinh hoc va lam suy thoai nghiem cac dang tai nguyen c6 kha nang phut: h6i Mei throng dal, nu& va khOng cang o nhid-m nang ne dang gay anh huang xau den chat luting cuoc song dm ngu6i Van de quin ti tai nguyen cho ph& trien ben yang Dd phat tridn mot nen kinh h6i bdn vi'rng, ngu6i bu6c phai thay d6i ca ve nhan tittle va hanh Ong, truck hdt la giam tic d6 gia tang dart s6, sir dung tier kiem tai nguyen khOng tai sinh, bao ton da dang sinh hoc, khai thac hap li tai nguyen tai sinh NIA bao ve ski sach cUa m6i truimg B He THONG CAU Hal LUYeN TAP I CAU H451 TRAC NGHIM Khonnh tron chi? cai chi 5, thing ear tau sau :OW Phut lieu ncio sun day la Meng clang nal ve he sinh thai A He sinh thai la sir th6ng Mat dm quan xa sinh vat yeti moi biking vo sinh ma no ion tai B He sinh thai la mot he th6ng sinh hoc hoar chinh, thuc hien cac chic Wang song flinr trao dOi nang Wong IA vat chat giira he v6i moi truing C He sinh thai la mot he Ong luc &rig, to didu chinh, he ton tai dua vao ngu6n vat chat NIA Wang Wong lir mOi inking dm he D Hoat dOng cita he sinh thai tuan theo cac guy lust nhiet Ong hoc, giOi hart sinh thai cita mirth, he co kha nang to didu chinh de tri thai can bang on dinh Cciu He sinh thui bao got'? : A Cac quart thd sinh vat va nai song Cita chting B Cac quan xa sinh vat va nai song cua chang C Cac ca thd sinh vat cUng loci va nai song cua chting D Cac loci sinh vat va nai song cua chiing Cau Car thank plan cais trek ilia he sin!, thai goni : Sinh vat sin xuat Sinh vat tieu thu Sinh vat phan giai Cac chat vo ca Cac dOc to Cac chat him ca Cac yeu to to nhien Cic ydu to hau 178 Phuong An thing IA : A 1, 2, 4, 6, B 1,2, 3, 4, C 2, 3, 4, 5, D 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, OM Cac kiert lie sinh thai gem : 1.Cac kidu he sinh thai nira to nhien nira nhan tao eic kieu he sinh thai to nhien Cic kieu he sinh thai nhan tao Phuong an dung IA : A 1, B 2, C 1, D 1, 2, Cdu S cac he sinh thai tren Trai Dirt bao gem : A He sinh thAi tren can, sinh thAi dui ntr6c B.:He sinh thAi tren khong, he sinh thAi tren can C He sinh thai dat, he sinh thai darn ntr6c D He sinh thai d6ng bang, he sinh thAi nth cao va he sinh thai dyed nuoc Cdu He sinh thai trt• nhien c6 edit trac'on dinh va horn (hitch : A Vi dtroc hinh va phAt tridn On dinh qua hang trieu nam B VI c6 chu trinh tuan hoan vat chat C VI c6 s6 Won quan the va loci Ion, On dinh D VI luon luOn tao the can bang d6ng •Cdu Hieu suet sinh thai ki : A Phfin.trarn chuyen hoA nang lacing gifra ck bac dinh during B Phan tram chuyen hod Wang luurng Anh sang nang Wang tich.luy sinh khdi C Phan tram nang luvng tich 1uy sinh vat san xuat so voi nang ltrang hap thy duqc D Phan tram nang Wong tich Iuy sinh vat tieu thu bac cao nhat so nang itrong tich luy vat san xugt Cdu CO phdi ma hinh VAC la mat he sinh thai khong ? A Khong, vi khong c6 nhieu qufin thd hop lai B Phil, vi c6 chu trinh tuan hoAn vat chat C Phil, vi c6 tat ca cAc bac dinh dtriMg D Phil, vi c6 tat ca cAc nhom sinh vat (san xuSt, tieu thu, phfin giai) Cdu Sy' (buyer, hoci cac chat he sinh thai wan theo guy buil Quy luat biro town chuyen hoA nang lucurg 179 Quy 101 hinh thap sinh thai Quy luat sinh thai va quy lust sinh 11 Phuong an dung la : A 1, B 1, D 1, 2, C 2,,3 Cciu 10 Chu trinh sinh din /WO (.6 vai tra pan doi voi he sinh thui : A Vi chat dinh duang va cac nguyen to can thie't cho so s6ng khOng phai la vO han nen phai khOng ngirngtai tao B Vi n'eu kh6ng phan giai nhirng xac chef thi be mat Trai Dat khOng c6 ch6 chda (ngimg tre moi boat &Ong) C VI &rig nang lung to nhien chi truyen tir cap to chin s6ng sang cap to chic s6ng khac qua cac chu trinh sinh dia hod D VI cac chu trinh hoot Ong sinh nhiet•lam cho be it Trai Dat am hon (duy tri he' sinh thai) Cciu 11 Sinh vat nao SU14 day la sinh vcit ? A CO B Nam va vi khuan C San hO D Giun dat Cau 12 Sinh vat nao sau day la sinh vat phan gidi ? A Giap xac B Nam va vi sinh vat C Kien va m6i D Giun va Ulu 13 Phat hie'u no() sau day la khOng thing ye' c•ac chu trinh sinh din hoa he sinh thai ? A Chu trinh sinh dia hod he sinh thai la so trao d6i khOng ngirng cac nguyen to hod hoc giiia mOi troOng va quan xa sinh vat B Cay xanh quang hop hap rho 02, mu6i khoang va nook de tong hop cacbohidrat va cac chat dinh doting khac C Chat him co (do cay xanh quang hop) doge sinh vat di duung sir dung lam thirc an, cuoi ding lai &roc sinh vat phan giai (nom, vi sinh vat ) phan giai chat don gian ban dau D Cac chu trinh sinh dia hod rat da clang va duoc gop lai hai nh6m (chu trinh cac chat kfur va chu trinh cac chat tang dong) OM 14 Car ehu trinh sinh din hoa chit yeil la : Chu trinh mak Chu trinh cacbon Chu trinh nito Chu trinh canxi Chu trinh phOtpho 18Q Phuong an dung la : B 1, 3, 4, A 1, 2, 3, D 2, 3, 4, C 1, 2, 3, Cciu 15 Nhom vi sinh vat nao dicai day khong them gin vao viec co" Minh nita ? B Nostoc A Rhizobium D Pseudomonas C Anabaena Cciu 16 Ti le nang Itcang duoc chuven hoci to bcic din!? dung thcip sung bnc clink (Wang cao han duo'c goi lu gi ? B Thar) s6.1uong.‘ A Thar, nang luting D DOng nang C Hidu suat sinh thai Cau 17 NgliOn vat chat 17a0 Sal4 day lu nguyen lieu d'di duo What (411 cho he sinh mai ? B Cacbon A Oxi D Oxit sat C NuOc o ccic he c din/i chcatig bang : Cau 18 Co thebieu dies nang luang scin B Thap s6 A Thap nang Wong D nap sinh thai C Thai) sinh khoi Ulu 19 Sinh vcit houi sinh trd lui cacbon cho khl quyen bdtig B Qua trinh quang hop A Qua trInh 110 hap D Qua trInh phan giai C Qua trinh tidu hoa Call 20 Re cciy help thy nito tit nioi tritang dung tin° ? Dang Dang NO3 Dang NH3 Phuong an dung la : B 1, A 1, D 1, 2, C 2, Cau 21 Ccic nun trinh chi yea chic trinh cachon lu : 1.Su dOng hoa CO2 Uri guy& quang hop Tra CO, cho Ulf quydn ho hap cua Ong, thuc vat Tra CO2 cho quydr; h6 hap cua vi sinh vat Su sir dung O, cho quang.hop tit quang phan li nuac Su phan giai xac Ong, thuc vat china cacbon (do vi sinh vat) 13 - DTTHSTH 181 Phuung an citing 1a : A 1, 2, 3, C 2, 3, 4, B 1, 2, 3, 1) 1, 3, 4, thu dffo hien tai iiliu the njo ? Ulu 22 Nang lii'oiig -1 Wit xa quang hop di vao hC sinh thai chi mot Wong rat nhO &Tot thuc vat hgp thu Nang luting thuc vat hOp thu duck: chuy6n hod nang Wong chda m6 tao nen san Wong sinh vat so cal) thO 'flak vat sir dung mot phan san (long sinh vat so cap th6, phOn lai danh cho sinh vat fiat thu (truck het la &Ong vat an co) DOng vat an co lam thin an cho Ong vat an thit DOng nang Wong ket thik dOng vat chef Xac che't, cac chat trao d6i va bai list duoc vi sinh vat phan giai giai phong nang Wong duoi dang nhiCt Phuong an dung Ia : B 1, 2, 3, 4, A 1, 2, 3,4, C 1, 3, 4, 5, D 1, 2, 4, 5, Cciu 23 Ilic?u such sr."( cling ming huIng cUa Nit' son (so voi bcic tru'6c•) he sinh tluii : A 100% B 50% C 90% D 10% Coll 24 thiqf slat siiih thai lu gi A La ti le tuung doi (%) cUa bac dinh duong nao so v6i bac dinh daing &mg truck bgt B La ti s6 tuong d6i (%) cua bac dinh duang nao so voi bac dinh du-Ong dang tra6c C La ti IC tuung dOi (%) nang lung &roc giir lai bac dinh throng so vai nang Wong di vao D La ti 1C (%) sir dung nang luting cho cac hoar dOng song so voi nang Wong thu &roc (0 bac dinh du-Ong nao dO) Cau 25 Sin Inolg sinh vcit so ca'p tho gi ? A La san Wong &roc sinh vat san xuat (thuc vat va tao) tao quang hop B La san (long ma cay xanh (trong quang hop) chi tiep nhan 0,2 — 0,5% • tong luting but xa de tao C La san luting thuc vat tao tit cac chgt vo cu sir dung nang luting dnh sang 182 D La san luong cac hop cl-COt him co duck sinh vat san xu'Ot tao mot he sinh thai de cac bac dinh.duang tiep theo sir dung • Cciu 26 San lu'ohg sinh vat so' cup tinh lu gi ? A La san luong sinh vat so cap th6 ma sinh vat san x.ugt sir dung cho cac hoat Ong song • B La san luong sinh vat so alp th6 duoc tich luy lam thdc an cho sinh vat di (Mang C La sari luong sinh vat di dulYng tich luy tit san luong sinh vat so cap th6 D La san luong dung cho moi hoat dOng sting cira sinh vat di duang Cciu 27 San haIng slid' vat dui' cdp lu : A San luong duoc hinh bOi cac sinh vat san xuth (chi" yeu la thuc vat) - ng (chi" yen B San Wong duoc hinh bdi cac sinh vat di duO &Ong vat) C San luong duoc hinh b6i cac sinh vat bac cao tren thang tiers hoa D San Wong duoc hinh b6i cac sinh vat bac cao chu6i thuc an Cciu 28 Sinh vat nao sau day &for _vent la sinh vat san _mat so' cup ? B Giun dgt Nen song A Dong co D Dan de ruli C Dan co Cciu 29 Trong mot chuoi Huh an C6 50000 kcal sinh vat san xuat rung cdp.Ve.• mat li thuyet; sinh vat tiey thy bar seTcon.bao nhieu kcal ? A 5000 kcal C 500 kcal B 2500 kcal D 250 kcal •Cciu 30 Trong mot chujiild an (.6 40000 kcal sinh vat san xuat rung cup V es mat li thuyet, o sinh vat ties thy bac se- bao nhieu kcal ? A 4000 kcal C 400 kcal Cciu 31 Sinh cinvA lu gi ? B 40 kcal D 800 kcal • A La tap hop sinh vat \fa cac nhan to mOi truOng v6 sinh tren Trai Dat hoat dOng nhir mot he sinh thai nhiSt B La tat ca cac he sinbthai bao quanh Trai Wt C La tap hop tat ca cac sinh quy6n (khl quyen, thus' quy6n, dia quyen) cUa Trai Wt D La tap hop cac khu sinh hoc tren Trail D'Ot.• 183 Cciu 32 -Cac• khu sinhhoc chinh tren Trai flat gain : Cdc khu sinh hoc tren can Cac khu sinh hoc dudi nudc_ Cdc khu sinh hOc tren khong Cdc khu sinh hoe long &St Phuong an dung 1a : A 1, B 1, 2, C 3, D 2, 3, Cau 33 Ccic khu sinh hoc tren can In 1.Dong reu Wing Id kim phuong Bac Wing mua Rdng la Ong rung theo mita va ring h6n tap On clOi Bac Ban Cdu Wing 'am thuong xanh nhiet ddi Phuong an dung 1a : A 1, 2, 3, B I, 2, 4, C 1, 2, 3, D 2, 3, 4, Cciu 34 Cac khu sinh hoc dual mak g6tn co Khu sinh hoc nudc ngot Khu sinh hoc nudc man Khu sinh hoc nudc lo Khu sinh hoc nudc chua Phuong an dung :" A 1, B 2, 3, C 3, D 1, 2, Cau 35 Dieu rano sau day khong dung vai (long nang hrong-trong he sinh thai ? A Nang lacing truyen qua cdc bac dinh Mang tix thap len cao B Cang len bac dinh Mang cao hon nang luongcang giam din C Cang len bac dinh dung cao bon nang facing cang tang din D Nang luting bi that thoat clan qua cac bac dinh duong Cdu 36 Nin?ng sinh vat vino satt day khong thub:c sinh rat ti eu thy ? A DOng vat an thuc vat B DOng vat an trung C Mtn, vi khuan • D Loai ngueri Cciu 37 Die'tn khac giiru cac he sinh thai la khac yes : I Kich thudc Mut d6 to chdc Su sap xep cdc chic nang Quin the dac trung Cac loci dac hilu Phuong an dung la : A 1, 2, B 1, 3, 4, C 1, 2, D 2, 3, 4, 184 Cau 38 Cac tai nguye3n thien nhien gore có : 1.Tai nguyen vinh ciru (nang luong Mat Tr6i, dia nhiet, thus' trieu, gi6 ) Tai nguyen tai sinh (dgt, nu6c, sinh vat) Tai nguyen khOng tai sinh (khoang san va phi khoang sari) Phuung an dung la :• A 1, B 1, C 2, D 1, 2, Cat, 39 ['hat hien nao sau day to khOng citing ve sinh quye'n va car khu sinh hoc tren Trai Dut ? A Tap hqp sinh vat va cac nhan to mOi twang v6 sinh tren Trai Dat boat dOn'g nhu mOt he sinh thai nhgt duoc goi la sinh quydn B Khu sinh hoc (biom) 1a (pan th6- sinh vat o trang thai dinh cisc, phan b6 tren mot \fling dia 11, kill hau xac dinh cUa hanh tinh C Cac khu sinh hoc chinh due:6 nu6c la cac vuc nu& ngot va nu6c man D Cac khu sinh hoc chinh tren can gom dong reu, ring la kim phuung Bac, rung la rang rung theo,mlia va ring hon hop On d6i, rung am thu6ng xanh nhiet d6i Cciu 40 Car giai phap chinh cua pilot trier ben vii•ng Id : 1.Giam de'n mdc thSp nhat su khanh kiet tai nguyen khong tai sinh Bao ton da dang sinh hoc BA° ve six sach cna mOi tru6ng dat, nkr6c va khOng Bao ye va khOng khai thac cac Ong, thkrc vat quy hi6m Kim soat six gia tang dan so, nang cao chgt luvng cuOc song cho ngu6i Phuting an dung la : A 1, 2, 3, B 1, 2, 3, C 2, 3, 4, D I, 3, 4, II DAP AN CAC CAU HOI TRAC NGHIEM CAU 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 CB A A B B BBD A A B B A C C AB A C C B B B A A D C A 185 myc Luc Trang Loi not dau Phan nam DI TRL.TYN HOC CHIJCNG I A B I II CO CHF DI TRUYEN VA BIN DI Kien thut co ban can nher He thong cau hOi luyen tap Cau hoi trac nghiem Dap an cac cau hOi trac nghiem 14 14 31 CHUONG II A .B I TiNH QUY LUAT COA HI N TU'QNG DI TRUYEN Kien thuc co ban can nh6 He theing cau hOi luyen tap Cau hOi trac nghiem Dap an cac cau hOi trac nghiem 32 41 41 55 11 CHUONG III A B II DI TRUYEN HOC QUAN TH6 Kien thirc CO' ban can nha He thong cau hOi luyen tap Cau hOi trac nghi4m Dap an cac cau hOi trac nghiem CHUONG IV A B II 1ING DUNG DI TRUYEN HOC Kien thirc co ban can nho He thong cau hOi luyen tap Cau hOi trac nghiem Dap an cac cau hOi trac nghiem 65 68 68 80 CHUONG V A 13 I II DI TRUYEN HOC NGUtll Kien thnt co ban can nho He thong cau hot luyen tap Cau hOi trac nghiem Dap an cac cau hoi trac nghiem 81 84 84 88 Phan sau .CHUONG I A B 186 56 58 58 64 TIEN HOA BANG CHONG TIN HOA Kien thac co ban can nho He thong cau hOi luyen tap 89 92 I II CHUONG II Cau het trac nghiem Dap an cac cau hOi trac nghiem NGUYEN NHAN VA CO CHe TIEN HOA A , Kien thdc co' ban can nhd B He thong cau hoi luyen tap I Can hOi trdc nghiem II Dap an cac cau hOi trac nghiem CHUONG III Kien thdc co ban can nho B Ile thong cau hOi luyen tap I II Cau hOi trac nghiem Dap an cac cau hoi trAc nghiem CHUONG I A I 11 CHUONG II A B II CHUONG III A B I II CHUONG IV 98 104 104 124 SU PHAT SINH VA PHAT TRIeN SU SONG TREN TRAI DAT A PhAn 1337 92 97 125 128 128 138 SINH THAI HOC CO THe VA MOI TRUONG Kien thdc co' ban can nho He thOng cau hoi luyen tap Cau hot trac nghiem Dap an cac can hot trac nghiem 139 141 141 150 QUAN THe SINH VAT Kier' thdc co ban can nhOr lie tilting can hOi luyen tap Cau hot trac nghiem Dap an cac can hot trac nghiem 151 153 • 153 161 QUAN XA SINH VAT Kien thdc co ban Can nho Ile thong cau hot luyen tap Cau hOi trdc'nghiem Dap an cac cau het trac nghiem 162 164 164 174 He SINH THAI, SINH QUYeN VA SINH THAI HOC VOI QUAN Lf TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN A B I II Muc luc Kien thdc co ban can nho lie thong cau hot luyen tap Cali hOi trac nghiem Dap an cac cau hot trAc nghiem.! 175 178 178 185 187 187 Chin trach nhiem : Chu tich HDQT kiem Tang Giam clac NGO TRAN AI PM Tang Gitim (lac kiem Tang bien tap NGUYEN QUY THAO Bien tap nal dung : DO HOU KHANH • Bien tap nil" thuat, thiet Rich vatrinh bay bid : TRINH THANH SON Vat bdn in : DOAN VAN LAN Che" &in : DO HOU KHANH DI TRUYN, TIN HOA VA SINH THAI HOC Ma so": 81817N9 - CPD In 3.000 ban (QD in s6 39), kh62 17x24cm, tai Cong ty Co plian In \TA Dich vu Quang Nam - 260 Hung Vtking„, TP Tam Ky S6 clang ki KHXB : 207-2009/ chi6u thang nam 2009 CXB/16-344/GD In xong va nip cu CON( G MIEN KIM CIKING DEPSCO 15 N$ LIVNG QU6CTt *I IS - 2013 - 0064* BO SACH THAM KHAO MON SINH HOC CUA NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VleT NAM CHUYEN DE SINH HOC 12 : TiNH QUY LUAT CUA CAC HIEN -WONG DI TRUYEN NGUYEN TAN LE (ChO bier') CHUYEN DE SINH HOC 12 : SINH THAI HOC NGUYEN TAN LE (Cho' bien) CHUYEN flE SINH HOC 12 : CO CHE DI TRUYEN VA BIEN DI NGUYEN TAN LE (Chi] bien) CHUYEN DE SINH HOC 12 : DI TRUYEN HOC QUAN THE VA DI TRUYEN HOC NGU'OI NGUYEN TAN LE (Cho Nen) DI TRUYEN, TIEN HOA VA SINH THAI HOC TRINH NGUYEN GIAO - LE DINH TRUNG REN LUYeN KI NANG SINH HOC 12 TRAN THI THANH BINH - LE HONG DIEP - LE DINH TRUNG Ban doc có the mua tai cac COng ti Sach - Thiel bi tru'ang hoc a dia phu'Ong hoac cac cCia hang sach caa Nha-xuat b6n Giao duc Viet Nam : Tai Tp Ha NOi : 187B Ging V6 232 Tay Sdn ; 23 Trang Tien ; 25 Han Thuyen ; 32E Kim Ma Tai Tp Da N5ng : 78 Pasteur; 247 Hai Ph6ng TaiTp Ho ChiMinh : 104 Mai Thi Lu'u, 2A Dinh Tien Hoang - Quan ; 231 Nguyen Van Cif, 240 Trgn Binh Trong - Qu'an ; Tai Tp Can Thos Binh Thdi - Quan 11 • 5/5 du'Ong 30 thang Website : www.nxbgd.com.vn 349 I II 987957 Gia : 26.300d [...]... killing di truyen du'o's cho doff sau hang sinh sdn hurt tinh ? A Dot Nen giao tit C DOt Nen tier' phOi B Dot bien xerna D Dot bien so Wong NST Cciu 56 Mii'e phdn awg cOa kiea gen truac moi twang co di truyen dive khOng ? Vi sao ? A Di truyen dugc ; do kidu gen quy dinh B KhOng di truyen dugc ; khOng do kieu gen quy dinh C KhOng di truyen dugc ; chi là biduhien kidu hinh D Di truyen dugc ; quyet dinh... duoc chi phOi b6i mat cap nhan to di truyen (nay goi la cap gen arcing (mg), nhan to di truyen troi quy dinh tinh trang trai, nhan to di truyen lan quy dinh tinh trang Ian Nhan to di truyen trOi luon lan at six bidu hien kidu hinh cita nhan to di truyen lan Vi vay khi nhan to di truyen i7 trang thai clang hap trai va di hop deu cho kidu hinh giang nhau + Cac nhan to di truyen trong co thd ton tai (lac... sinh 1174 Viet nil ? A On dinh vat chat di truyen, tao nhie'u bie-n di B Vat chat di truy6n gift viing qua cac the he C Vi con cai sinh ra ngay cang khac xa b6 me D Tao di6 u kien cho dOt bin lan rOng 6 th'6 he sau A _,r).4 Cciu 95 MOt loai sinh vat (.6 1)6 NST chaa cac- gen : Khi giant phan ab hinh ducting c6 the tuo ditor may loci giao A 4 B 8 C 2 D Ca A va B d6u thing S6 dung dir kien sau d6 tra 16i... te"bdo dich de' dien hod cdc gen c; do: Cat phan to do la A PrOtein, enzim va cOenzim B HoocmOn va cac nfian to tang trirOng C Cac khang the, cac ion kim loai • D Cac gen ngoai lai va cac phan tir dieu hoa cau 49 Mac do new sau day &rot Adc nhdn do la diA hoa mac sau dich m.a d' sinh vdt nhtin thyv ? A Cac gen tong hop ra cac loai san phdm ma t6 bao co nhu cau 16n dirge nhac lai nhieu Fan B Tru6c khi din... nhang lai giu vai tr6 quan trong trong dieu hoa hoat &Ong cUa gen b) Dieu hoa how dang caa gen a sinh vat nhan thgr : sinh vat nhan thuc, su dieu hoa hoat &Ong cUa gen rat ph(rc tap va 6 nhieu mac de khac nhau : o mire chat nhiem site, mac phien ma, sau phien ma, mire dich ma, mire sau dich ma 10 VIII CAU 'MCC VA CHCC NANG CUA NST 1 Ciiu &tic NST - Vat chfit di truyen 6 virut có the la mach kep hay... phan cUa hien tuong di truyen Gen —> mARN —> protein —> tinh trang VII DLEU HOA HOAT BONG CUA GEN L Cae cap (10 dieu hoa hoat Ong etia gen - 6 to bao nhan so (khOng có Mang nhan) : su phien ma, dich ma thu6ng dien ra (Jong th6i nen sudieu hoa hoat Ong gen chi yeti lien hanh o cap de phien ma — bao nhan thus : phien ma )(ay ra trong nhan, dich ma tien hanh o to bao chat, nen six dieu hoa khOng xay ra... Cciu 80 MO to- boo sinh dicang 2n = 24, sau 5'41 nguyen pluin lien tie''' Doi hdi mai twang cung cup nguyen lieu tuang.clu'ang vai bao nhieu NST ? A 744 NST B 745 NST C 768 NST D '766 NST Cciu 81 MO Ceiba() sinh &Ong 2n = 44, trdi qua 6 dot nguyen phan lien co bao nhieu thoi to va sac bi pha hay ? A 63 thoi B 64 thoi C 31 thoi thi D 127 thoi Cciu 82 MO te.bao sinh due so khui cfia rudi gicim,2n = 8 NST... CUA NST 1 Ciiu &tic NST - Vat chfit di truyen 6 virut có the la mach kep hay mach don ADN, mot s'6 virut có vat chat di truyen la ARN CS sinh vat nhan so, dien hinh 1a vi khuan, vat dial di truyen la ADN mach kep, clang yang, khOng lien ket voi prOtein - C3 sinh vat nhan thou, vat chal di: truyen duoc t6 chdc lai thanh cac NST NST duce can tao bOi 2 thanh phan chinh do la ADN va prOtein loci histOn Don... hoa khOng xay ra dong.th6i, ma rat ph(tc tap, duoc lien hanh o nhieu cap de lir mac ADN (truck phien ma) den mire phien 'ma, dich ma va cii sau dich 2 Dieu hoit hoat Ong etia gen a) Dieu hoa haat deing ctia gen a sinh vat.nhan so' : MO hinh dieu hoa operon : ine hinh duoc xay dung dim Wen cOng trinh cua 2 nha khoa hoc F Jacep va J MOne nghien eau tren vi khua'n duOng runt E coll Met operon gam cac gen... giam phan tao giao tir, thi rnoi thanh vien trong cap nhan to di truyen lai di ye cac giao tir, nghia la mai giao tir chi chira 1 nhan to di truyen trong cap nhan to di truyen turmg dn NU( do khi thu tinh, cac cap nhan to di truyen o dOi con lai ducic Neu hien tinh trang + B6 me (long gop cho con cac ',hap to di truyen trong cap nhan to di truyen wring tIng la ngang nhau Vi vay khi thu tinh, cac giao