English Collocations in Use Intermediate

Tài liệu về "English Collocations in Use Intermediate".

Acknowledgements 3

To the student (and the teacher) 4

Learning a b o u t collocations

1 W h a t is a collocation?

2 Finding, recording and learning collocations

3 Using your dictionary

4 Types of collocation

5 Register

Grammatical aspects of collocations

6 Intensifying adverbs highly unlikely, utterly ridiculous, strongly object

7 Everyday verbs 1 make a mistake, do your best, do damage

8 Everyday verbs 2 go bald, become extinct, fall ill

9 Everyday verbs 3 have fun, take action, pay a compliment

Special aspects of collocation

10 Synonyms and confusable w o r d s 1 close a meeting, antique furniture, only child

11 Synonyms and confusable w o r d s 2 gain power, achieve your goals, defeat an opponent

12 M e t a p h o r sunny smile, ideas flow, heated discussion

Topics: Travel and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t

13 Weather strong wind, blanket of fog, river bursts its banks

14 Travel tiring journey, aisle seat, family-run hotel

15 Countryside surrounding countryside, well worth seeing

16 Towns and cities lined with shops, sprawling city, volume of traffic

Topics: People and relationships

17 People: character and behaviour have a vivid imagination, lose your patience

18 People: physical appearance slender waist, immaculately groomed

19 Families distant cousin, expecting a baby, stable home

20 Relationships casual acquaintance, love at first sight

21 Feelings and emotions lasting happiness, worried sick, emotional wreck

Topics: Leisure and lifestyle

22 H o u s e s , flats and r o o m s move into a flat, spacious living room

23 Eating and drinking nourishing meal, spoil your appetite, dying of hunger

24 Films and b o o k s film critic, go on the stage, renew a library book

25 Music give a performance, go on tour, strum a guitar

26 Sport go snowboarding, take a penalty

11 Health and illness catch a cold, vigorous exercise, be taken ill

Topics: W o r k and s t u d y

28 C o m p u t e r s forward a message, e-mail bounces

29 Study and learning do research, attend a lecture, first draft

30 Work high-powered job, hand in your notice

31 Business set up a business, launch a product, rival company

English Collocations in Use I

32 Academic writing 1: giving opinions

33 Academic writing 2: structuring

an argument

key factor, challenge a theory, carry out research make reference to, argue convincingly, research suggests

Topics: Society and

34 Laws and punishments

42 Distance and size

43 Colour and light

51 Starting and finishing

52 Talking about success and failure

53 Talking a b o u t cause and effect

54 Remembering and sensing

55 Agreeing and disagreeing

56 Talking a b o u t beliefs and opinions

57 Deciding and choosing

58 Claiming and denying

59 Liking and disliking

60 Praising and criticising

institutions

break the law, bend the rules, fair trial hardened criminal, juvenile crime, tackle crime hit the headlines, hold talks, take hostage squander money, price soars, go cheap war breaks out, restore order, call a truce irreparable damage, eradicate poverty, earthquake hits

save time, ungodly hours, from dawn till dusk break the silence, excessive noise, almighty bang within commuting distance, painfully thin bright colour, beam of light, shed some light on choppy sea, soft pillow, ice melts

fragrant perfume, have a taste, smell danger significant number, come to a total of, rare species prompt payment, painfully slow, lose your balance make an adjustment, break a habit, change the subject brief chat, raise a subject, drop a hint

pace up and down, wander aimlessly, faltering steps

promising start, bring something to an end make a breakthrough, fail miserably cause alarm, adverse effects, have a major impact vaguely remember, blot out a memory, have a feeling settle a dispute, agree to differ, heated argument firmly believe, colour someone's judgement arrive at a decision, have second thoughts, tough choi make the point that, contradictory evidence

have a liking, state a preference, take offence offer your congratulations, speak highly of

Key

Index

126

159

We say

fast cars fast food

to native speakers of English For example, the adjective

fast collocates with cars, but n o t with a glance

Learning collocations is an i m p o r t a n t p a r t of learning the vocabulary of a language Some collocations are fixed, or very strong, for example take a p h o t o , where no w o r d other than

take collocates with photo to give the same meaning Some collocations are more open,

where several different w o r d s may be used to give a similar meaning, for e x a m p l e keep t o / stick to the rules H e r e are some more examples of collocations

You must m a k e an effort and study for your exams ( N O T de an effort) Did you w a t c h TV last night? ( N O T look at TV)

This c a r has a very powerful engine It can do 2 0 0 km an hour ( N O T strong engine) There are some ancient m o n u m e n t s nearby ( N O T antique m o n u m e n t s )

Sometimes, a pair of w o r d s may not be absolutely w r o n g , and people will understand what

is m e a n t , but it m a y n o t be the n a t u r a l , n o r m a l collocation If someone says / did a few mistakes they will be understood, but a fluent speaker of English would probably say

It is not always easy to separate collocations and c o m p o u n d s a n d , where they are useful for learners or an i m p o r t a n t p a r t of the vocabulary of a topic, we include some c o m p o u n d s in this book t o o

Idioms are groups of w o r d s in a fixed order t h a t have a meaning that c a n n o t be guessed by

k n o w i n g the meaning of the individual w o r d s For example, pass the b u c k is an idiom meaning 'to pass responsibility for a problem to a n o t h e r person to avoid dealing with it

oneself We deal with idioms in detail in the book English Idioms in Use in this series

W h y learn collocations?

Learning collocations is a g o o d idea because they can:

a) give you the most natural way to say something: smoking is strictly forbidden is m o r e natural than smoking is strongly forbidden

b) give you alternative ways of saying something, which may be m o r e colourful/expressive or

more precise: instead of repeating It was very cold and very dark, we can say It was bitterly cold and pitch dark

c) improve your style in writing: instead of saying poverty causes crime, you can say poverty breeds crime; instead of saying a big meal you can say a substantial meal You

may not need or w a n t to use these in informal conversations, but in writing they can give your text more variety and make it read better: this book includes notes a b o u t formality wherever the collocations are especially formal or informal

6 English Collocations in Use

Exercises

I I Read A and B a n d a n s w e r these questions

1 W h a t is a collocation?

2 Which of these w o r d s does fast collocate with: car, food, glance, meal?

3 Which of these are c o m p o u n d s : computer, narrow-minded, teapot, ancient monument, car park ?

4 W h a t do we call expressions like pass the buck and be over the moon}

1.2 M a k e ten collocations from the w o r d s in the b o x

an effort ancient bitterly make breakfast cold dark

engine forbidden mistakes have make meal monument

pitch powerful strictly substantial TV watch

1.3 Are these statements a b o u t collocations true or false?

1 Learning collocations will m a k e y o u r English s o u n d m o r e n a t u r a l

2 Learning collocations will help you to express yourself in a variety of ways

3 Learning collocations will help you to write better English

4 Using collocations properly will get you better m a r k s in e x a m s

5 You will n o t be understood unless you use collocations properly

1.4 Put the expressions from the b o x i n t o the correct category in the table below

make a mistake a s t o r m in a tea cup live music checkpoint key ring

pull somebody's leg heavy snow valid passport teapot bitterly disappointed

1.5 Underline the collocations in this text

When I left university I made a decision to take up a

profession In which I could be creative I could play the

guitar, but I'd never written any songs Nonetheless I

decided to become a singer-songwriter I made eome

recordings but I had a rather heavy cold so they didn't

sound good I made eome more, and sent them to a

record company and waited for them to reply

So, while I was waiting to become famous, I got a job

in a fast-food restaurant That was five years ago

I'm still doing the same job

Finding collocations

T h e r e are t w o main w a y s in which you can find collocations

• You can train yourself to notice them whenever you read or listen to anything in English Look at the collocations that are w o r t h learning from this short text in English

After giving Mark a lift to the airport, Cathy m a d e h e r w a y home What an exciting life he led! At times Cathy felt d e s p e r a t e l y j e a l o u s of him She s p e n t h e r t i m e doing little more than t a k i n g c a r e of him and the children Now her sister was g e t t i n g d i v o r c e d and would doubtless be m a k i n g d e m a n d s on her too Cathy had promised to give her sister a call as soon as she got home but she decided to r u n herself a b a t h first She had a s h a r p p a i n in her side and hoped that a hot bath might e a s e t h e p a i n

a G e t into the habit of making a note of any good collocations you come across in any English t e x t you read

• You c a n find them in any good learner's dictionary

For example, if you look up the w o r d sharp you will find some of these collocations:

For example: I don't have access to that kind of secret information

O r : J i m gave me a very useful piece of advice

C L e a r n i n g collocations

Learning collocations is not so different from learning any vocabulary item T h e key things are t o :

• regularly revise w h a t you w a n t to learn

• practise using w h a t you w a n t to learn in contexts that are meaningful for you personally

• learn collocations in groups to help you fix them in your memory You might g r o u p together collocations relating to the same topic Or you might g r o u p collocations based

on the same w o r d , for example:

I must find a way to help him

Can you find your way back to my house?

I learnt the h a r d way that Jack can't be trusted

Please tell me if I'm getting in y o u r w a y You must give way to traffic from the left

I've tried every possible way to get him to change his mind

8 English Collocations in Use

Exercises

2.1 Underline 11 collocations in this text

My f r i e n d Beth Is desperately worried about her son at

trie moment He wants to enrol on a course of some sort

but j u s t can't make a decision about what to studu I

gave Beth a, ring a n d we h a d a long c h a t about It l a s t

night She scad he'd Like to study f o r a degree but i.s

a f r a i d he won't meet t h e requirements f o r university

entry Beth thinks he should do a course In Management

because h e ' d tike to set up his own business In t h e

future, I agreed t h a t t h a t would be a wise choice

2 2 Match the beginning of each sentence on the left with its ending on the right

1 She's having her duty

2 She's taking a lecture

3 She's giving a party

4 She's m a k i n g an e x a m

5 She's doing good progress

2 3 Correct the eight collocation errors in this text Use a dictionary to help you if necessary

In the m o r n i n g I m a d e some w o r k in the g a r d e n , then I spent a rest for a b o u t an h o u r before going out to have some shopping in t o w n It w a s my sister's birthday and I

wanted to do a special effort to cook a nice meal for her I gave a look at a new T h a i cookery book in the b o o k s h o p and decided to buy it It has some totally easy recipes and I managed to do a good impression with my very first Thai meal I think my sister utterly enjoyed her birthday

2 4 Look at this entry for the verb lead in the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

W h a t collocations could you learn from this entry? Underline or highlight t h e m T h e n write one new sentence for each of t h e m

l e a d ICONTRQLI © /li:d/ verb [I or T] (led, led) to control a

group of people, a country, or a situation: / think we've

chosen the right person to lead the expedition, o I've

asked Gemma to lead the discussion, o Who will be

lead-ing the inquiry into the accident?

• lead sb by the nose INFORMAL to control someone and

make them do exactly what you want them to do

See also Unit 3, Using your dictionary

i Use a dictionary to find three or four other good collocations for each of these words: desperately pain wise run

Write the collocations you find in an appropriate way in your vocabulary notebook

A good learner's dictionary will give you information on collocations Sometimes the information is highlighted in some special way In other cases, the examples used in the dictionary include the most c o m m o n collocations

In the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (CALD), c o m m o n and useful collocations are given in bold type Look at the C A L D entry for the w o r d pain a n d note h o w useful

collocations are highlighted in bold

p a i n <^ /pein/ noun [c or u] 1 a feeling of physical

suffer-ing caused by injury or illness: Her symptoms included abdominal pain and vomiting, o Are you in (= suffering

from) pain? o She was in constant pain, o These tablets should help to ease the pain, o I felt a sharp pain in my foot, o He's been suffering various aches and pains for

years 2 emotional or mental suffering: It's a film about the pains and pleasures of parenthood, o The parents are

still in great pain over the death of their child

• a pain (in the neck) INFORMAL someone or something

that is very annoying: That child is a real pain in the

neck

C D - R O M versions of dictionaries are useful because you can usually search for a lot more information very quickly indeed T h e C A L D C D - R O M h a s a special button labelled jfapffWli,TfT'*lll1r^

in m a n y entries Clicking on this button gives you a list of collocations H e r e

are the verb collocations for pain T h e

dictionary also gives adjectives and

n o u n s which are used with pain

/ experienced chest pains and dizziness

a l l e v i a t e / ease / lessen / relieve / s o o t h e p a i n

A hot bath may help to relieve the pain

He is emaciated and racked with pain

A good dictionary will also tell you if a collocation is formal or informal For example,

C A L D indicates t h a t to t a k e somebody up on an offer is an informal collocation (accept an offer w o u l d be a more formal alternative)

Offer <^ /'Df.sV c® /'cu.f^/ noun [C] when someone asks

you if you would like to have s o m e t h i n g or if you would

like them to do something: "If you like I can do some shopping for you." "That's a very kind offer." o / must say the offer of a weekend in Barcelona quite tempts me

o INFORMAL One day I'll take you up on (= accept) that

Exercises

3.1 Answer these questions a b o u t collocations and dictionaries

1 H o w does the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary s h o w collocations?

2 So, which five collocations with pain can you see in the t o p b o x on the opposite page?

3 Why is a C D - R o m dictionary particularly useful?

4 What h a p p e n s if you click on the Collocations b u t t o n w h e n using the Cambridge

Advanced Learner s Dictionary C D - R o m ?

5 H o w does the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary indicate t h a t a collocation is

informal?

6 Look at the dictionary that you normally use Does it indicate collocations? If so h o w ?

7 Look up pain in your o w n dictionary Which of the collocations on the left-hand page

does it either highlight or illustrate in example sentences?

Does it s h o w any o t h e r interesting collocations for pain}

8 Look up the noun offer in your own dictionary W h a t collocations can you find?

Does the dictionary indicate w h e t h e r the collocations are formal/informal? If so, how? 3.2 Put the expressions from the b o x into the correct category in the table below

to suffer pain to alleviate pain to be racked w i t h pain to cause pain

to complain of pain to ease pain to experience pain to feel pain

to inflict pain to lessen pain to relieve pain to soothe pain pain subsides

making others experience pain the experience of being in pain making pain go away

3.3 Look in a g o o d learner's dictionary W h a t collocations do you find there for the w o r d ache}

Look up t w o or three words that you have recently learnt, using a good learner's dictionary

W r i t e down any interesting collocations that are shown for those words

1

There are m a n y different types of collocations Here are some examples

Adjectives and nouns

Notice adjectives t h a t are typically used with particular n o u n s Jean always wears red or yellow or some other bright colour

We had a brief chat a b o u t the e x a m s but d i d n ' t have time to discuss them properly

U n e m p l o y m e n t is a major p r o b l e m for the g o v e r n m e n t at the m o m e n t Improving the health service is a n o t h e r key issue for g o v e r n m e n t

N o u n s and verbs

Notice h o w n o u n s a n d verbs often go together T h e examples below are all to do with economics and business

The economy b o o m e d in the 1990s, [the economy was very strong]

T h e c o m p a n y has g r o w n and n o w employs 50 more people t h a n last year

T h e c o m p a n y has e x p a n d e d and n o w has branches in most major cities

T h e t w o companies merged in 2 0 0 3 and n o w form one very large c o r p o r a t i o n

T h e c o m p a n y launched the p r o d u c t in 2 0 0 2 [introduced the product]

T h e price increase poses a problem for us [is a problem]

T h e Internet has created opportunities for o u r business, [brought new opportunities]

N o u n + noun

There are a lot of collocations with the pattern a of

As Sam read the lies a b o u t him, he felt a surge of anger, [literary: a sudden angry feeling] Every p a r e n t feels a sense of pride when their child does well or wins something

I felt a p a n g of nostalgia when I saw the old p h o t o s of the village w h e r e I grew up

Verbs and expressions w i t h prepositions

Some verbs collocate with particular prepositional expressions

As Jack went on stage to receive his gold medal for the j u d o competition you could see his parents swelling with pride, [looking extremely p r o u d ]

I w a s filled with h o r r o r when I read the newspaper report of the explosion

When she spilt juice on her new skirt the little girl burst into tears, [suddenly started crying)

Verbs and adverbs

Some verbs have particular adverbs which regularly collocate with them

She pulled steadily on the rope and helped him to safety, [pulled firmly and evenly)

He placed the beautiful vase gently on the w i n d o w ledge

'I love you and w a n t to marry y o u , ' Derek whispered softly to M a r s h a She smiled proudly as she looked at the p h o t o s of her new g r a n d s o n

A d v e r b s and adjectives

Adjectives often have particular adverbs which regularly collocate with t h e m They are happily married

I am fully a w a r e that there are serious problems [I k n o w well]

H a r r y was blissfully u n a w a r e that he was in danger [Harry had no idea at all, often used

a b o u t something unpleasant]

12 English Collocations in Use

Exercises

4.1 Complete each sentence with a collocation from A

1 C o m e to my office ten minutes before the meeting so we can have

2 With her lovely d a r k hair Uma looks best w h e n she w e a r s

3 In your essay on the influence of TV, d o n ' t forget to discuss these

4 There is some crime in o u r town but it isn't

4 2 Replace the underlined w o r d s with a collocating verb from B

1 We are going to introduce an exciting new p r o d u c t in J u n e

2 T h e economy w a s extremely high 20 years a g o

3 T h e new university they are planning will provide a lot of job o p p o r t u n i t i e s

4 There are always some problems when t w o c o m p a n i e s join together but I think it will be

w o r t h it in the long run

5 T h e increase in oil prices certainly creates a problem for us

6 T h e c o m p a n y got bigger and has n o w added children's clothing to its p r o d u c t range

4 3 C h o o s e the correct feeling from the b o x to complete each sentence

anger h o r r o r tears nostalgia pride pride

1 M o s t older people feel a slight p a n g of as they think back on their

4 Swelling with , Dan w a t c h e d his daughter pick up her violin a n d play

5 When she saw her e x a m results, Kate burst into

6 If people have a sense of in their t o w n , they are more likely to behave

well there

4 4 Look at E and F and choose the correct adverb to complete these sentences

1 Perhaps it's a good thing that Ken's u n a w a r e of w h a t people really think of him

2 I am a w a r e that there will be problems whatever we decide

3 N a d y a smiled as she watched the children playing happily in the garden

4 My g r a n d p a r e n t s have been married for 45 years

5 Place the glasses in the box - they're very fragile

6 Paul whispered in Anna's ear t h a t he w o u l d always love her

4 5 Which of the sections A - F on the opposite page w o u l d each of these collocations fit into?

1 m a k e a decision 6 roar with laughter

2 blissfully h a p p y 7 a key factor

3 tread carefully 8 prices rise

4 a surge of e m o t i o n 9 a ginger cat

5 acutely embarrassing 10 burst into song

i opposite page Make a page in your vocabulary notebook for each of the types of collocations listed on the

Often, collocations rather than individual w o r d s suggest a particular register For example,

phrases using pretty meaning fairly sound informal when used with negative adjectives

(pretty awful, pretty dreadful, pretty dull), and are typical of spoken English

(get off the bus)

(get off their bicycles]

T r e s p a s s e r s will

b e p r o s e c u t e d [people who go onto someone's land or enter their building without permission

TO AXE JOBS [make staff redundant]

AIRLINE SLASHES PRICES

leuts prices drastically]

GOVERNMENT S P E N D I N G WILL R O C K E T THIS YEAR

POLICE CRACK DOWN ON SPEEDING [start dealing with it in a more severe way]

Some collocations are characteristic of business English

to submit a tender [present a d o c u m e n t offering to do a job and stating the price]

to raise capital [get money to p u t into a business]

to go into partnership with someone [agree to start or run a business with someone]

to start up a business

14 English Collocations in Use

Exercises

5.1 Underline formal (F) or informal (I) collocations in these sentences (one per sentence) and put F or I in the brackets at the end

1 Cyclists should d i s m o u n t before crossing the footbridge ( )

2 Never dispose of batteries and similar items by t h r o w i n g them o n t o a fire ( )

3 The students were all bored stiff by the lecture ( )

4 Passengers must alight from the bus t h r o u g h the rear door ( )

5 The grass badly needs cutting ( )

6 Please place all used tickets in the receptacle provided as you leave the building ( ) 5.2 Underline typical n e w s / m e d i a collocations in these n e w s p a p e r clips

There was good news for motorists today Towns and villages in the Central region

as pump prices were lowered by the major w e re battling against floods tonight as oil companies heavy rain continued

B^SMAQNUOVER 4 CAR FIRM TO A X E 200 J O B S

MISSING TEENAGER T h e Presco car firm has a n n o u n c e d that 2 0 0 w o r k e r s Senior detectives will he made r e d u n d a n t at its Kenton factory T h e interviewed a man who job losses are the result of falling profits

has been named as prime

suspect in the case of a

missing 18 year-old w h o

is feared to have been

abducted

5.3 Rewrite the headlines in exercise 5.2 using collocations m o r e typical of ordinary

conversation, as if you w e r e telling a friend the n e w s Start each a n s w e r with ' H a v e y o u

h e a r d ? ' Use a dictionary if necessary

5.4 Match the beginning of each sentence on the left with its ending on the right to m a k e

typical collocations used in business English

1 We raised partnership to develop a new range of p r o d u c t s

2 They submitted capital to e x p a n d the business

3 They w e n t into a business to supply sports e q u i p m e n t to schools

4 We started up a tender for the new stadium

5 5 Choose a formal or informal collocation as instructed at the end of each sentence Use a

dictionary if necessary

1 She w a s dead I extremely keen to meet the new director, (informal)

2 We should be boarding the aircraft I getting on the plane in a b o u t ten minutes, (formal)

3 Mr Trotter paid for I bore the cost of the repairs, (formal)

4 I withdrew from I dropped out of my university course after a year, (informal)

5 The president launched into I embarked upon a detailed explanation of his policies

(informal)

In English there are lots of other ways of saying very or very much For example, we can use w o r d s such as highly, utterly, bitterly, deeply These alternatives collocate strongly with

specific w o r d s , and o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n s often s o u n d u n n a t u r a l

unusua/) W i t h the exception of highly

controversial it usually combines w i t h very

positive words E x t r e m e l y can also be used

with all the opposite adjectives except recommended

It is highly unlikely that I'll finish my work on time

Jill's highly unusual behaviour began to w o r r y her p a r e n t s

w i t h adjectives w i t h very extreme meanings where we

can't use very For example, we say a b s o l u t e l y / u t t e r l y

e x h a u s t e d , not vefy exhausted, whereas we say very tired,

but not absolutely or utterly tired Often, but not always,

these words have negative connotations

It was an absolutely stupid c o m m e n t to m a k e

T h e w h o l e area was utterly devastated after the e a r t h q u a k e

Bitterly, deeply, ridiculously, strongly

r e c o m m e n d s u p p o r t c o n d e m n suggest feel a r g u e o b j e c t

comments

carries a feeling of deep sadness; used slightly more in writing than in conversation collocates mainly w i t h words associated with feelings; used slightly m o r e in w r i t i n g than in conversation

suggests something extreme, which seems unbelievable or unreasonable

collocates w i t h verbs, particularly verbs that relate to having an opinion

I was bitterly disappointed when I failed the e x a m Professor McDellvit was always deeply committed to her students

T h e restaurant was ridiculously expensive I d o n ' t think we'll go there again

I would strongly r e c o m m e n d that you learn a foreign language

16 English Collocations in Use

Exercises

Choose an adverb from the b o x to replace very in each of these expressions

utterly strongly bitterly ridiculously highly deeply

1 The flight from L o n d o n to R o m e w a s It only cost 20 euros

2 Some people love her new b o o k , others are very angry a b o u t it It is

t o war

for the whole class We had all

3 His father was a pacifist all his life and was

4 T h e e x a m results were

expected to do much better

5 When I realised h o w much my selfish behaviour had upset everyone, I w a s

c o m p a n y which m a d e o u t s t a n d i n g

remark

6 In the 1990s she ran a(n)

profits

7 Everyone got more than 9 5 % correct in the test; it was

8 You must apologise immediately It was a(n)

t o m a k e

9 She has always been a b o u t the environment and w o u l d

like to w o r k for a conservation agency

10 T h a t you should even think t h a t I would steal money from you is !

You must be crazy!

In each of these sets of phrases, one is not a correct collocation Cross out the incorrect o n e

1 strongly r e c o m m e n d strongly influence strongly love strongly dislike

2 highly educated highly profitable highly unusual highly exhausted

3 bitterly regard bitterly regret bitterly resent bitterly criticise

4 absolutely convinced absolutely tired absolutely devastated absolutely a b s u r d

5 deeply u n h a p p y deeply religious deeply successful deeply committed

In this short text, the writer has often misused the w o r d strongly Correct the w r o n g

collocations using adverbs from t h e b o x Use each a d v e r b once only

bitterly strictly deeply utterly

Everyone w a s complaining strongly

when they heard a b o u t the new plan

People were strongly shocked to hear

that children would be strongly

forbidden to use the sports g r o u n d and

most people were strongly opposed to

the new rules Even people w h o

normally never expressed an opinion

were strongly appalled by the proposals

This unit deals with make and do, t w o verbs that m a n y learners have problems with If you remember t h a t the basic m e a n i n g of make is a b o u t p r o d u c i n g something a n d the basic meaning of do is a b o u t performing an action, then the collocations on this page may seem

make a comment / comments

make a contribution to make a decision make an effort make an excuse make friends make an improvement make a mistake make a phone calf make progress

example

The school can m a k e a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r pupils with special needs

The new manager is planning to m a k e s o m e changes

Jill had to m a k e a choice between her career and her family

W o u l d anyone like to m a k e any c o m m e n t s on the talk?

She m a d e a useful c o n t r i b u t i o n to the discussion

I'm glad it's you w h o has to m a k e t h e decision, n o t me

Joe is really m a k i n g an e f f o r t w i t h his maths this t e r m I'm t o o tired to go o u t tonight Let's m a k e an excuse and stay at home Karen is very good at m a k i n g friends

Repainting the r o o m has really m a d e an i m p r o v e m e n t They've m a d e a m i s t a k e in o u r bill

I've got to m a k e s o m e p h o n e calls before dinner

Harriet is m a k i n g progress w i t h all her schoolwork

•

Changing the rules may do more h a r m than good

N o , I'm not ready 1 haven't d o n e my hair yet

My son has to do his h o m e w o r k straight after school

I'll do t h e washing if you do t h e ironing

We'll do s o m e w o r k on o u r project and then we'll go to the cinema

I Notice all the patterns that you can see in these tables For example, make a comment, make an

excuse and make a contribution to a discussion are all connected w i t h saying things

Noticing connections like this may help you to remember the correct collocation

18 English Collocations in Use

Exercises

7.1 Use a collocation with make and a n o u n instead of the underlined w o r d s in each of these

conversations

1 Miriam: T h e bill says we've had three desserts We only had t w o

Rosa: T h e waiter must have been mistaken

2 Kim: It's so difficult Should I t a k e the job or n o t ?

Todd: I k n o w it's difficult But you have to decide one way or the other

3 Jane: C a n you and Brian come to dinner on Saturday?

Jill: Yes, we'll have to arrange to get a babysitter, but it should be O K

4 Brona: Did you hear a b o u t the air traffic controllers' strike in the USA?

Aaron: Yes We had to change our travel itinerary because of it

5 Pete: Can I have chips and rice with my lunch?

Clare: N o , you have to choose, chips or rice, but not b o t h

6 Fran: Do you intend to speak at the meeting?

Gloria: Yes, I hope I can contribute to the debate

7.2 Choose the correct collocation, do or make

1 Did the fire do / make much d a m a g e to the factory?

2 I hate doing I making my h o m e w o r k at the last minute

3 You must do I make an effort to w o r k harder

4 Did you do I make a n y w o r k at the weekend?

5 We are trying to do I make improvements to the system for registering

6 Do you think it w o u l d do I make any harm if I cut some leaves off this plant?

7.3 You are designing a questionnaire for y o u r school magazine C o m p l e t e each question with

do or make

ffm MZ M*t t{0nf

1 Do you always your best to be on

t i m e w h e n m e e t i n g a friend?

2 Do you ever t h e cooking at home?

3 Do y o u excuses if someone asks

you to a big favour f o r t h e m ?

4 Do you ever negative comments

a b o u t your friends' hair, clothes, etc?

5 Do you f i n d it easy to friends?

Give yourself three points for 'always', t w o for

'sometimes', one for 'never' Turn the page to

f i n d o u t h o w nice you really are

Get is a very c o m m o n verb in English, but it is not always a p p r o p r i a t e for talking about changes N o t e also alternatives to get which can improve y o u r style

G o , n o t get

Go is used for changes in people's personality, a p p e a r a n c e and physical abilities:

People go m a d / b a l d / g r e y / b l i n d / d e a f

Go is often used for sudden, usually negative, changes:

He was very embarrassed and his face went red

Suddenly the sky went very d a r k and it started to rain

Go can also be used for slower colour changes:

The pages of the book had gone yellow over the years

Turn, n o t get

Turn often collocates with colours:

T h e sky turned gold as the sun set

When the t o m a t o e s turn red, the farmers pick them and sell them

T h e news gave his m o t h e r such a shock that her hair turned white overnight

Get and become

Get and become can often be used with the same collocations, but become is m o r e formal

and is therefore m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e in essays:

She gave up smoking when she became p r e g n a n t

I would like to b e c o m e involved in raising m o n e y for charity

T h e same is true for collocations with adjectives such as angry, bored, excited, depressed, upset, impatient, violent:

He b e c a m e depressed after his wife's death

Become, n o t get, is used with the following: extinct, (un)popular, homeless, famous

O u r local baker's has become famous for its apple tarts

A l t e r n a t i v e s to get and become

She fell ill and was taken to hospital

Everyone fell silent when they heard the shocking news

As my father grew older, he spent less time w o r k i n g

T h e noise g r e w l o u d e r a n d soon we realised it w a s a plane a p p r o a c h i n g

O v e r u s i n g a n d misusing get

H e r e are some sentences from students' essays where get is wrongly used

sentences with get

1 was able to get new friends

A year ago he got a heart attack

If 1 get a child of my o w n one day

1 was getting crazy

In June, 1 got a baby, James

more appropriate alternatives

1 was able to m a k e new friends

A year ago he had/suffered a h e a r t a t t a c k

If 1 have a child of my o w n one day

1 was g o i n g c r a z y

In June, 1 had a baby, James

20 English Collocations in Use

Exercises

8.1 Answer these questions using collocations from A a n d B

1 W h a t can happen to men as they get older? (Clue: Think of their hair.)

2 W h a t can h a p p e n if you are embarrassed? (Clue: T h i n k of your face.)

3 W h a t can happen if you get bad news? (Clue: Think of your face or hair.)

4 W h a t can happen to the pages of a n e w s p a p e r after a long time?

5 What happens to strawberries as they ripen?

6 T h e poet J o h n Milton lost his eyesight at the end of his life W h a t is a n o t h e r way of

9 If it is a b o u t to rain, w h a t might happen to the sky?

8.2 Look at C, D and E opposite Correct these sentences

1 Dinosaurs got extinct t h o u s a n d s of years ago

2 When I get married, I'd like to get lots of children

3 Janet fell depressed after failing her final exams

4 H a m i d has always d r e a m t of getting famous

5 Would you be interested in growing involved in this project?

6 M o r e people have got homeless this year than in any previous year

7 My sister got a baby last week

8 My grandfather got a heart attack last winter

8.3 Replace each use of get with a verb from the b o x

become fall become grow have make

As yow get older, you'll begin to u n d e r s t a n d your parents better Getting angry with them ail t h e time d o e s n ' t help You may not w a n t to go to summer camp when none,

of your friends will be t h e r e , but ^O(AY parents know you will soon get new friends

t h e r e You would all h a v e gone on a family holiday together If i^our grandmother

h a d n ' t got III, but surely you can u n d e r s t a n d why thex^ don't w a n t to leave h e r

You'll feel much more sympathetic to \^our parents* feelings when I^OIA. get a child

of your own!

8.4 Complete the collocations in these sentences

1 I think I'd go if I had to put up with such a terrible boss!

2 It was a wonderful sunset T h e sky gold and we sat on the terrace enjoying

it

3 Once u p o n a time the walls were probably cream but they have b r o w n n o w and badly need repainting

4 When I start greY» I 'm definitely going to dye my hair

5 As the headmaster walked into the hall, the children all silent

6 The noise on the street louder a n d I looked out of the w i n d o w to see w h a t was happening

7 My g r a n d m o t h e r is a little afraid of ill while she is a b r o a d

8 I was so embarrassed t h a t I bright red

Have

N o t e that these verbs collocate with have rather than any other verb (e.g get or make) collocation

have an accident have an argument / a r o w have a break

have a conversation/chat have difficulty

have a dream/nightmare have an experience have a feeling have fun / a good time have a look

have a party have a problem / problems have a try/go

example

Mr Grey had an a c c i d e n t last night but he's OK now

We had an a r g u m e n t / a r o w about how to fix the car

Let's have a b r e a k when you finish this exercise

1 hope we'll have time to have a c h a t after the meeting

The class had difficulty understanding what to do

1 had a n i g h t m a r e last night

1 had a frightening e x p e r i e n c e the other day

1 have a feeling that something is w r o n g I'm sure you'll have fun on the school trip

The teacher wanted to have a look at what we were doing

Let's have a p a r t y at the end of t e r m Ask the teacher if you have p r o b l e m s w i t h the exercise

I'll explain what to do and then you can have a g o / t r y

Take

Hi, J e a n ,

Were eo glad we decided to take

a holiday here Yesterday we took a trip to t h e mountains

First we took a train to a little

town and then we took a b u s going to various villages and got off when we saw one that we took a Irking t o Of course, we were taking a risk as we didn't know exactly what wed find there f3ut we were lucky Some kids took an interest in us and

; showed us some great places

\ We took a lot of photos

Have you done anything y e t about your job? Id take a chance and leave if I were you No point

in staying somewhere where t h e

Ellen

Pay

collocation

pay attention pay a compliment pay your (last) respects pay tribute [formal]

example

You must pay a t t e n t i o n to the teacher

1 was trying to pay her a c o m p l i m e n t but she misunderstood

At a funeral people pay t h e i r last respects to the person w h o has died

W h e n Jack retired, his boss made a speech paying t r i b u t e to all he had

done for the company

1 There are other common verbs in English which have strong and possibly surprising collocations

Notice any that you find w i t h , for example, break, fall, run and take

22 English Collocations in Use

Exercises

Complete the questions using collocations from A o p p o s i t e

1 You w a n t a friend to look at a letter you have written before you send it

YOU: Could you ?

2 You w a n t to k n o w why your t w o friends aren't speaking to each other

YOU: W h y aren't you speaking to Rosa? Did you ?

3 A friend comes to school on crutches with a b a n d a g e r o u n d her head

YOU: W h a t happened? Did you ?

4 You w a n t to k n o w if a friend did lots of enjoyable things on their recent holiday

YOU: H o w w a s the holiday? Did you ?

5 You are having a meeting with some colleagues You think it is time to stop for half an

hour or so

YOU: Shall we ?

6 A friend has just bought a new bicycle You'd like to ride it to see w h a t it's like

YOU: Nice bike! C a n I ?

7 You w a n t to talk informally to your teacher a b o u t w h a t to do next year

YOU: W h e n you're free, could I ?

8 A friend is trying with difficulty to read your address, which you have just written d o w n

for them

YOU: W h a t ' s the matter? Are you ?

Choose the correct collocation

1 She bad I took I paid attention to w h a t I told her a n d started w o r k i n g harder

2 I bad /made I took over a h u n d r e d p h o t o g r a p h s on my trip to Antarctica

3 She made / paid I brought me a nice compliment yesterday

4 I got I made I bad a bad dream last night and w o k e up sweating

5 The President made I gave /paid tribute to all the people w h o had supported him

6 I got t took / bad a liking to o u r new teacher the m o m e n t I met her

7 I gave I made / bad a feeling I had met Richard before, but I couldn't remember where

8 I went to Douglas F a r n h a m ' s funeral to give I take I pay my last respects to a fine m a n

9 I think I'll take I make I do a chance and leave my flight b o o k i n g till the last minute

I may get a cheaper ticket

10 Shall we make I get I have a party for Jane? She's leaving the school next week

11 We need to make I get I take action immediately!

12 1 bad I got I took a feeling that he w a s trying to hide something from me

Which collocations in this text could be replaced by collocations with take instead of the

verbs used?

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Why suffer endless delays in long traffic jams? And why run risks when you're travelling

-travel by train and arrive safely What's more, if you decide to have a holiday in the capital

city, you'll have a more relaxing time if you go by rail Or why not pay a surprise visit to an

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C o m m o n synonym pairs

T h e (a) and (b) w o r d s in each pair in the table have similar meanings Sometimes either word can be used in a sentence to give the same meaning, but in the collocations below onlj one w o r d is possible

synonyms

(a) cfose (b) shut

(a) start (b) begin

(a) big (b) large (a) end (b) finish

It was a big decision to make

There were some big p r o b l e m s to solve

The f i l m e n d e d w i t h the hero dying

They e n d e d t h e i r relationship a year ago

[End here means decide to stop.]

(b) example

She was very rude She said ' S h u t your

m o u t h ! ' [impolite way of telling someone not

to speak] A dentist might ask you to close your mouth Shut is generally more informal

Before the universe b e g a n , time and space

did not exist

[Begin is preferred in more formal and

abstract contexts.]

1 wanted the sweater in the large size but

they only had medium

1 haven't finished my h o m e w o r k yet

[Finish here means complete.]

G r o u p s o f words w i t h similar meanings

W o r d s m e a n i n g ' o l d '

I met an old friend the other day It's a very old building

She studied ancient history In ancient times, life w a s very h a r d This s h o p sells antique furniture She collects antique jewellery, [old and valuable]

I helped an elderly person w h o w a s trying to cross the road, [elderly is more polite than old]

W o r d s m e a n i n g ' w i t h n o o n e o r n o t h i n g else o r w i t h n o t h i n g similar*

D o n n a is a single p a r e n t ; it's difficult for her to w o r k full time

He lives in a very lonely place/spot up in the m o u n t a i n s

At first I felt desperately lonely when I moved from L o n d o n to the countryside

I live alone, but I d o n ' t like travelling alone; it's nice to be with someone

There was just one solitary figure on the otherwise deserted beach, [one person on their own]

She was the sole survivor of the crash Everyone else died, [only survivor)

I am an only child; I sometimes w o n d e r w h a t it would be like to have a brother or sister This is a u n i q u e occasion, with three past Prime Ministers all together in one r o o m

C O t h e r synonym pairs

synonyms

(a) charge (b) load

(a) injure (b) damage

(a) g r o w (b) raise

(a) example

1 need to c h a r g e my p h o n e

[used for batteries, electrical items]

Three injured p e o p l e were taken to

hospital after the accident

[collocates with words to do w i t h people]

In the south the farmers g r o w crops

[collocates w i t h crops, plants]

(b) example

They l o a d e d t h e l o r r y and drove away

[used for cargoes, lorries, vans, ships, etc and f o r weapons]

The shop tried to sell me a d a m a g e d sofa

but 1 noticed it just in time

[collocates w i t h words for things]

In the north the farmers mostly raise cattle

[collocates w i t h animals, children]

24 English Collocations in Use

Exercises

10.1 Choose the correct collocation

1 The dentist told me to shut / close my m o u t h

2 I didn't k n o w w h a t to do w h e n I got into my car and c o u l d n ' t start I begin the engine

3 I w a n t to buy a sweater for my dad He needs one in a big I large size

4 I haven't finished I ended my essay yet I c a n ' t decide h o w to finish I end it

5 At w h a t time do y o u plan to shut I close the conference?

6 All societies develop their o w n stories a b o u t h o w the w o r l d started / began

7 It's far t o o big I large a problem for you to solve on y o u r o w n

8 It's never easy to finish I end a relationship

I 0.2 Look at B Complete each phrase with a w o r d meaning either ' o l d ' or ' a l o n e '

1 a figure on the horizon

2 a shop selling furniture

1 Were many people damaged in the earthquake?

2 Single parents g r o w i n g children w i t h o u t a partner's s u p p o r t are entitled to financial help

from the government

3 My mobile isn't w o r k i n g I need to load the battery

4 She has a lot of beautiful elderly jewellery

5 When we moved house, t w o men helped us to charge the van

6 That's not news - it's antique history!

7 I d o n ' t k n o w h o w to charge a g u n , let alone fire o n e

8 I've never been very successful at raising plants

Which of the collocations on the opposite page do these pictures illustrate?

• suggests for them Look up big and large in a good learner's dictionary of English and see what o t h e r collocations it

Verbs c o n n e c t e d w i t h gaining, w i n n i n g a n d achieving

N o t e these typical collocations connected with 'gaining' or 'achieving'

a reputation, publicity, recognition,

an advantage

an award, a prize, a medal,

a team,

an opponent

example

The socialist party gained c o n t r o l

of the National Assembly

H e r paintings g a i n e d r e c o g n i t i o n

thanks to a major exhibition in

N e w York

comments Gain is often used w i t h abstract

nouns relating to political authority

Gain is often used w i t h abstract

nouns that suggest benefit to the 'gainer'

Win is often used in contexts

etc., n o t just by working

Achieve is used mainly w i t h abstract

You'll need to take w a r m

clothes when you go to

Alaska ( N O T c u r ry )

I always carry my mobile

phone whenever I go out

( N O T wear)

She was wearing a hat

( N O T carrying)

He kindly offered to carry

my suitcase for me

She's wearing a dress

( N O T « ^ « g )

He's using a laptop

WARNING

Notice how spend is used when talking about time and money

We spent t h r e e days in the mountains It was wonderful ( N O T pasaed)

If you buy a big car you'll have to spend m o r e m o n e y on petrol ( N O T «se) Last night I s p e n t t w o hours watching TV ( N O T stayed)

I spent an h o u r looking for the keys before I found them in my bag ( N O T pasood)

26 English Collocations in Use

Exercises

I I I Look at A Use a verb from the b o x in the correct form to complete each collocation

achieve beat earn gain make win

1 I don't have ambitions to a lot of money, I just w a n t to be happy in life

2 Jack has already a very good reputation as a talented lawyer

3 Kim has several prizes for her singing

4 It is i m p o r t a n t to have goals even if you do n o t always t h e m

5 Chris a lot of money w h e n he sold some old shares on the stock exchange

6 In the t o u r n a m e n t H a n n a h all her o p p o n e n t s and the gold medal

7 N o w a d a y s John a very good salary

8 In the cycle race, Henrik an a d v a n t a g e when several of his o p p o n e n t s had punctures

I 1.2 Look at the picture and answer the questions

1 What is the w o m a n wearing?

2 What is the w o m a n carrying?

3 What is the w o m a n using?

4 What is the man wearing?

5 What is the man carrying?

6 What is the man using?

I 1.3 Correct the nine collocation errors in this p a r a g r a p h

Last year I got a new job and started gaining a lot more money I realised I could afford to use more money on my holiday than I usually do and decided to pass a month in Australia I knew

it would be hot there and so I wouldn't need to carry warm clothes with me In fact, I used a t-shirt and jeans all the time I was there I carried a hat all the time too, of course, to protect me from the sun It was fantastic there I passed a week sightseeing in Sydney and then stayed the rest of the time travelling round the country I even did my lifelong ambition of stroking a koala

I 1.4 Change the underlined w o r d s so that each sentence has the opposite m e a n i n g

1 T h e Democratic Party lost the election

2 The ruling p o w e r has lost control of the situation

3 O u r team w a s defeated in the match

4 I spent a lot of money last m o n t h

5 O u r c o m p a n y m a d e a loss last year

I 1.5 Complete these questions T h e n answer t h e m

1 W h e r e did you y o u r last holiday?

2 H o w much money did you last week?

3 W h a t do you always with you w h e n you go out?

4 Have you ever a trophy?

5 W h a t aim would you particularly like to in life?

If someone uses a metaphor, they use a word in a way that is slightly different from its basic

meaning For example, the first meaning of sunny is connected with the weather, so we talk about a sunny day However, sunny can also be used in expressions like a sunny smile, the children's sunny faces to mean happy; in these collocations sunny is used in a metaphorical

way Metaphors are more common in written than spoken English and often have the effect

of sounding quite poetic

Light and dark

Light in English is associated with happiness So a face shines with pleasure and eyes shine with excitement or delight If someone's face lights up or their eyes light up, they show that they suddenly feel happy If an atmosphere lightens or a mood lightens, it becomes more relaxed or cheerful than it was

Darkness is associated with unhappiness and negative feelings Dark thoughts are gloomy or sinister ones and dark days or dark times are unpleasant times to live through If someone's face darkens or their eyes darken or someone's expression darkens, then we know that that person is unhappy, often because they are feeling angry

W a t e r

collocation

ideas flow, conversation flows

a f l o o d / floods of tears, tears streaming down someone's face people pour/stream somewhere

people trickle

a stream of visitors/

traffic

example

It was a very successful meeting

The ideas flowed

The little girl was in floods of tears

Tears w e r e s t r e a m i n g d o w n h e r face

People p o u r e d o u t of the hall at the

end of the lecture

People t r i c k l e d into the concert hall

There was a s t r e a m of traffic outside

o u r r o o m all night

comment Flow suggests that things progress easily,

Stream suggests continuous movement

Fire and heat

Words associated with fire and heat often suggest anger in English A heated debate, a heated discussion or a heated conversation is one in which people disagree in an angry way with each other If you say that someone has a fiery temper, you mean that they often get

suddenly angry The word flare means show a bright light in the dark If you say tempers

flared, you mean that people became angry with each other Similarly violence flares up and troubles flare up These all mean that problems which existed in the past suddenly become serious again

However, not all metaphors relating to fire suggest anger If you feel very embarrassed, your

cheeks burn with embarrassment A blaze is a very bright fire We talk about a blaze of

glory or a blaze of publicity meaning there is a lot of it and it is spectacular

1 W h e n you are reading English, t r y to notice metaphorical uses of language.This will help you to see how familiar words can be used in extra, interesting ways

28 English Collocations in Use

12 Metaphor

If someone uses a metaphor, they use a w o r d in a w a y that is slightly different from its bask

meaning For example, the first meaning of sunny is connected with the weather, so we talk

a b o u t a sunny day However, sunny can also be used in expressions like a sunny smile, the children's sunny faces to m e a n h a p p y ; in these collocations sunny is used in a metaphorical

way M e t a p h o r s are m o r e c o m m o n in written than spoken English and often have the effect

of sounding quite poetic

Light and d a r k

Light in English is associated with happiness So a face shines with pleasure a n d eyes shine with excitement or delight If someone's face lights up or their eyes light up, they show that they suddenly feel happy If an a t m o s p h e r e lightens or a m o o d lightens, it becomes more relaxed or cheerful than it w a s

Darkness is associated with unhappiness and negative feelings D a r k t h o u g h t s are gloomy 01 sinister ones and d a r k days or d a r k times are unpleasant times to live t h r o u g h If someone's face darkens or their eyes darken or someone's expression d a r k e n s , then we k n o w that that person is unhappy, often because they a r e feeling angry

W a t e r

collocation

Ideas flow, conversation flows

a flood / floods of tears, tears

streaming down someone's face people pour/stream somewhere

people trickle

a stream of visitors/

traffic

example

It was a very successful meeting

The ideas flowed

The little girl was in floods of tears

Tears w e r e s t r e a m i n g d o w n her face

People p o u r e d out of the hall at the

end of the lecture

People t r i c k l e d into the concert hall

There was a s t r e a m of traffic outside

our r o o m all night

comment Flow suggests that things progress easily,

suddenly angry T h e w o r d flare means show a bright light in the dark If you say tempers

flared, you mean that people became angry with each other Similarly violence flares up and troubles flare u p These all mean that problems which existed in the past suddenly become serious again

However, not all m e t a p h o r s relating to fire suggest anger If you feel very e m b a r r a s s e d , your

cheeks burn with e m b a r r a s s m e n t A blaze is a very bright fire We talk a b o u t a blaze of

glory or a blaze of publicity meaning there is a lot of it and it is spectacular

I W h e n you are reading English, t r y to notice metaphorical uses of language.This will help you to see how familiar words can be used in extra, interesting ways

I 2.1 Use a w o r d from the b o x in the correct form to complete each collocation Use each w o r d

once only

12.2

shine dark light up sunny lighten darken

1 I could tell M a r i a was in a good m o o d by the smile on her face

2 The little boy's eyes w h e n he saw his daddy a p p r o a c h i n g

3 Let's put some happy music on to the a t m o s p h e r e Everyone's t o o serious

4 My g r a n d p a r e n t s lived through the days of civil w a r from 1936 to 1 9 3 9

5 The girl's eyes with excitement as she prepared for the party

6 Mr G a r n h a m ' s expression as he w a s told the terrible n e w s

Read these remarks by different people, then answer the questions

Jason: 1 was in floods of tears It was such a sad film

T h o m a s : An h o u r before the match there w a s already a trickle of vehicles entering

the car park

Emma: I had a heated conversation with Helena the other day

Paula: I didn't think there'd be much traffic t o d a y but there w a s a steady stream of

vehicles on the main highway

R o b : Tempers flared, I'm afraid, a n d mine w a s o n e of t h e m

Yvonne: Everyone was pouring o u t of the stadium as I drove past

1 W h o saw a lot of cars?

2 W h o got very angry indeed?

3 W h o saw a lot of people all at once?

4 W h o had a disagreement or argument?

5 W h o saw a small number of cars?

6 W h o cried over something?

name(s)

I 2 3 Put these w o r d s in order to m a k e sentences

1 with / cheeks / e m b a r r a s s m e n t / b u r n i n g / were / My

2 city / up / has / in / capital / flared / the / Violence

3 flowed / T h e / during / discussion / ideas / the

4 divorce / was / footballer's / T h e / publicity / s u r r o u n d e d / famous / a / by / blaze / of

I 2 4 Answer the questions

1 W h a t is most likely to be fiery: (a) someone's intelligence (b) someone's temper?

2 Which is the most typical collocation: a blaze of (a) temper (b) glory (c) joy?

3 W h a t is most likely to be heated: (a) discussions (b) cheeks (c) troubles?

4 W h a t is most likely to flare up: (a) love (b) interest (c) violence?

I 2 5 Use a dictionary to find collocations using these w o r d s in a metaphorical way

1 bright 2 w a r m 3 cold

English Collocations in Use 29

Weather

Talking about the weather

It's great here Have had unbroken sunshine ever since we arrived We're

having a wonderful time - though in the middle of the day it's j u s t too scorching hot to do anything but lie on the beach

soaking up the sunshine This is the life!

Anna

1 o n l y s u n s h i n e , no c l o u d s in t h e s k y

e x t r e m e l y h o t

e n j o y i n g t h e s u n s h i n e

It's been pouring wi±h ram Alt

cUy In -fact I've never seen such

torrential raix\ 4 \ It's freezu^

coU-tn the tent - we oil got soaked,

to the skin5 £very half Hour we Look out of the tent hoping for A- break In t*ie cloucU In vcun!

We're going to a hotel next year!

It raided heavuly all May yesterday but It's dry at the v*ov*tv& There's thucte

clou-d! though, a^d It certainly lootes Utee raL^ 6 GlutlUfl s t r o i ^ wi-^d Is b l o w u p

Am glad we brought warm clothes!

4 h e a v y r a i n 5 v e r y w e t 6 l o o k s as if it is g o i n g to rain

W e a t h e r conditions

collocation

weather deteriorates [opposite: improves]

thick/dense fog patches of fog/mist

a blanket of fog [literary]

fog/mist comes down [opposite: lifts]

strong sun [opposite: weak]

heavy rain ( N O T strong rain)

driving rain heavy/fresh/crisp/thick/

driving snow hard frost

htgh/strong/light/biting winds

the wind picks up [opposite: dies d o w n ] the wind blows/whistles

example

The w e a t h e r is likely to d e t e r i o r a t e

later on today

There is t h i c k f o g on the motorway

There are patches of fog on the east coast but these should lift by midday

Avoid going on the beach at midday

when the sun is strongest

Road conditions are difficult because of

the d r i v i n g rain

The snow is lovely and crisp this

morning

There will be a h a r d frost tonight

The w i n d was light this morning but it's picking up now and will be very

s t r o n g by the evening

The w i n d w a s whistling through the

trees

comment Deteriorate is quite formal — the

w e a t h e r is g e t t i n g w o r s e is

m o r e informal

Patches of fog/mist are small areas

of fog/mist, whereas a blanket of fog/mist is thicker and more

biting winds = y/ery cold winds

If the wind picks up, it gets stronger

E x t r e m e w e a t h e r

F R E A K S T O R M S D E V A S T A T E S W

Yesterday freak weather conditions hit 2 t h e south-west of England Gale-force winds 3

caused a lot of damage to property A number of buildings were destroyed, roofs were

1 very u n u s u a l or u n e x p e c t e d 3 e x t r e m e l y s t r o n g w i n d s

13.1 Look at A and B opposite and complete these w e a t h e r collocations

1 There w a s a light wind yesterday

2 The wind picked up in the evening

3 T h e weather is likely to improve t o m o r r o w

4 It w a s scorching h o t here yesterday

5 There may be some light rain later on today

6 The mist came d o w n at a b o u t midday

I 3.3 Replace the underlined w o r d s in this letter with collocations from the opposite page

I wish I'd worn a warmer jacket There's a very c o l d wind At l e a s t i t ' s n o t raining heavily t o d a y

I g o t e x t r e m e l y w e t y e s t e r d a y I wish I w a s s u n b a t h i n g on a Mediterranean beach

13.4 Answer these questions a b o u t the collocations on the opposite page

1 W h a t might m a k e a river burst its banks?

2 W h a t can you probably see if someone says, 'It looks like rain'?

3 W h a t kind of wind is a freak wind?

4 Is it harder to drive if there's dense fog or if there are patches of fog?

5 W h a t kind of weather conditions have you got if the rain is described as driving rain?

6 If we talk about severe weather conditions hitting or striking an area, w h a t kind of image is

created?

7 W h a t , a p a r t from wind, can blow or whistle?

8 Which of these verbs suggests most destruction and which least?

T h e s t o r m destroyed I damaged I devastated the t o w n

13.5 Look up these w o r d s in y o u r dictionary N o t e d o w n t w o more collocations for

Make a note of any o t h e r useful weather collocations that you find

English Collocations in Use 3 I

Travel

Travel, journey, trip

Look at these e-mails and note t h e different collocations for travel, journey a n d trip

• mm

Jane, Have you made your travel arrangements for the sales conference yet? If you want a good travel agent, I can recommend Atlas World They specialise in business travel Their number is 2587996 They're very helpful

Rickie

t e a

t e e

Hi Mel, I'm finally here after an extremely tiring journey! The flight was three hours late, they lost my luggage, then there were no taxis at the airport I hope my return journey1 is better! I'm at the Hotel Rex, room 1305, tel: 987745 Give me a call

said to someone who is about to make a joun

Flights

These collocations are all rather formal ones connected with flying:

Palair offers excellent in-flight entertainment, with the latest films and music

T h e in-flight magazine includes m a p s and information a b o u t major airports

[ a n n o u n c e m e n t by a cabin a t t e n d a n t ] Ladies and gentlemen, we'll shortly be landing at Dublin Airport Please fasten your seatbelts

T h e passenger b o a r d e d the plane on time, b u t it w a s delayed t a k i n g off a n d she missed her connecting flight in A m s t e r d a m

Domestic flights are often more expensive than international ones, [flights within a country]

Do you normally prefer a w i n d o w seat or an aisle seat w h e n you fly?

We managed to get a charter1 flight; it was half the price of the scheduled2 flight

'flight on a plane rented for special use

2regular flight organised by the company which owns the plane

T h e weather en route is fine, and we anticipate a s m o o t h flight3 to Stockholm today

3The opposite is a bumpy flight

A c c o m m o d a t i o n

We stayed in a small, family-run hotel

T h e P a n o r a m a is a rather r u n - d o w n hotel in a back street near t h e city centre

T h e Palace is a luxury hotel on the main square of P o r t o Alegre

As a student, I c a n ' t afford to stay in smart hotels I always have to look for b u d g e t

a c c o m m o d a t i o n , [very cheap]

I'd advise you to m a k e a reservation before you go T h e hotels near the beach are very

p o p u l a r and get fully b o o k e d during the summer

14.1 Complete each sentence with trip, travel or journey

1 I'll get some brochures today and we can start planning our holiday

2 J o h n is a w a y on a business all week

3 It's a rather difficult overnight to the m o u n t a i n s but it's well w o r t h it

4 I prefer to arrange my holidays myself rather t h a n use a agent

5 On Saturday we w e n t on a day to an interesting old castle

6 Was it a tiring from Seoul to Los Angeles?

7 On s u m m e r weekends we often used to go on c a m p i n g

8 Do you use a special firm to arrange business for your staff?

9 Do you m a k e your o w n arrangements or does your secretary do it all?

10 I hope your flight is on time t o m o r r o w Safe ! See you at the airport

14.2 Complete these sentences

1 We c o u l d n ' t a reservation; all the hotels were b o o k e d

2 As I've got long legs I usually ask for an seat on a long flight, but on the

flight to N e w York I had a seat and I got a great view of M a n h a t t a n as

we came in, even though I didn't have m u c h leg-room

3 We're only scheduled to have a b o u t half an h o u r in D u b a i , so I hope we d o n ' t miss our

flight

4 They seem to have much better in-flight on t h a t airline; they have the

latest films and you can play video games

5 Passengers must their seatbelts before take-off and landing

6 Passengers with seats in rows one to 25 are n o w invited to the plane

7 T h e Principality Hotel was rather - d o w n and we were very disappointed

8 You can spend a lot of money and stay in a hotel or you can look for

budget

14.3 Answer these questions a b o u t travel collocations

1 W h a t is the opposite of a s m o o t h flight?

2 Which of these t w o kinds of flight do most people prefer and why?

3 W h a t do we call a flight which is n o t a charter flight?

4 W h a t do airlines often provide for passengers to read?

5 W h a t is the difference between a business trip and business travel}

6 W h a t is the opposite of outward journey}

7 If a hotel is family-run, is it especially trying to attract families as guests?

14.4 Write a b o u t 100 w o r d s describing a recent personal travel experience Use the collocations

from this unit

N e x t time you fly, look at the signs at the airports you pass through, which are often in English

as well as the local language(s) Find and make a note of three useful collocations

1

English Collocations in Use 33

Countryside

W r i t i n g about the landscape

From my r o o m I look out over the surrounding countryside It's very different f r o m the

f a m i l i a r landscape I see from the windows at home At home it's a g e n t l e landscape 1

with o p e n fields Here it's a bleak landscape with rocky m o u n t a i n s in the distance

1 a landscape with nothing extreme or threatening about it

2 fields uninterrupted by woods or houses

Yesterday we followed a p a t h down to the lake As we t u r n e d a c o r n e r , we c a u g h t a

glimpse of 3 a kingfisher standing in the water John tried to t a k e a p i c t u r e 4 of it but it

c a u g h t sight of us and flew off A little f u r t h e r on we r o u n d e d a b e n d 5 and St John's Abbey

c a m e into view.The Abbey fell into r u i n 6 about three hundred years ago Although it lies in

ruins, it is w e l l w o r t h seeing as it stands in a d r a m a t i c s e t t i n g on a steep slope beside a fast-flowing river with m o u n t a i n s t o w e r i n g 7 above it

3 saw for a moment

4 take a photo

5 turned a corner

6 became a ruin

7 mountains rising dramatically

The cottage is in some wonderful unspoilt c o u n t r y s i d e 8 on the edge of a dense forest 9

Unfortunately the trees block t h e view of the snow-covered m o u n t a i n s It has a little garden with a stream at the end of it.The s t r e a m winds 1 0 through the forest.They wanted to

build a timber factory here but the local people said that it would destroy t h e countryside and, fortunately, their campaign to p r o t e c t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t succeeded

8 countryside that has not been changed by industry or modern buildings

9 thick forest l0 makes lots of bends, doesn't flow in a straight line

The language of tourism

dominate the landscape

beach stretches sandy beach secluded beach golden sands peaceful/tranquil countryside

example

From most rooms there are u n i n t e r r u p t e d views of the castle

[nothing blocks the views of the castle]

From the top f l o o r restaurant diners have a p a n o r a m i c view of the

countryside, [view over a very wide area]

From the balcony there is a spectacular v i e w of the mountains

[very dramatic view]

We stopped for a few minutes to a d m i r e t h e view

The area has some b r e a t h t a k i n g scenery — mountains, cliffs, lakes

[extremely striking and beautiful views]

The castle d o m i n a t e s t h e landscape for miles around

[can be seen f r o m a long way away]

A beautiful beach stretches for miles along the coast

The hotel has its o w n sandy beach

You'll love the secluded beaches, [ w i t h o u t many people]

You can wander for miles along the golden sands

You can quickly go f r o m the hustle and bustle of the t o w n to the

t r a n q u i l countryside, [formal]

I 5.1 Look at A C o m p l e t e the collocations to fit these pictures

3 We walked t h r o u g h a forest; it was very d a r k a m o n g the trees

15.2 Correct the underlined collocation errors in this p a r a g r a p h

A chain of snowy mountains runs down the east of the country The Wassa River, the country's biggest,

dances slowly from the northern mountains to the sea Even in summer it is a sour landscape, with its dark, stony mountains and its cold streams But for me it is the family landscape of my childhood and I am happy that the government has decided to guard this environment It is a dramatic set which is a lot worth visiting for anyone who likes spectacle views

15.3 Choose the correct collocation

1 We made I took I put a lot of p h o t o g r a p h s because it was such a beautiful day

2 As I returned I turned the corner I made I caught I took a glimpse of the house t h r o u g h

the trees

3 A long sanded I sandy beach reached I ran I stretched for miles in front of us

4 Unfortunately, the new hotel blocks /jams /stops the view of the castle

I 5.4 Complete this collocation w e b for countryside

adjective meaning

'beautiful because it has

not been changed or

damaged by people'

adjective meaning 'peaceful, quiet'

surrounding

Example: adjective meaning 'lying a r o u n d it' verb meaning ' d a m a g e something so badly

that it no longer exists or c a n n o t be used'

Replace the w o r d s in brackets in each sentence with one w o r d which collocates with the underlined w o r d

1 It's a beautiful t o w n and the countryside (which is all a r o u n d it) is even m o r e beautiful

2 The t o w e r (is the most i m p o r t a n t and visible thing on) the landscape From the t o p of the tower, you get a view (which allows you to see a very wide stretch) of the s u r r o u n d i n g area

3 There are lovely beaches (with very few people on them)

4 We travelled t h r o u g h some scenery (which was extremely exciting and beautiful)

5 From the w i n d o w s of o u r villa we had views (which were c o n t i n u o u s , w i t h o u t any

obstacles,) of the lakes and m o u n t a i n s

English Collocations in Use 35

Towns and cities

D e s c r i b i n g t o w n s a n d c i t i e s f o r v i s i t o r s

Look at these extracts from a magazine article a b o u t tourist cities

The city skyline is a wonderful mix of old and new, and the city itself has a lot of busy, narrow cobbled 1

streets The old town is a conservation area and it has a lot of quaint 2 old buildings dating back to the

city's foundation in the 1500s

made of a regular pattern of stones attractive because of being unusual and especially old-fashioned

Doradella Street has a lot of upmarket 3 shops and rather pricey 4 , sometimes overpriced, restaurants,

but not far away is the Genasia district, where you'll find restaurants which offer good value and a more

relaxed atmosphere

3 for people with expensive tastes

4 expensive, in a negative sense

Royal Avenue runs from north to south, and is lined with shops Behind it, the streets are full of lively bars

and fashionable clubs The pavement cafes and shops of Luna Square are pleasant but very expensive

As you drive into the city, the tree-lined avenues of the residential areas are soon replaced by the high-rise

flats of the inner city 5 Then come the imposing buildings of the Parliament and government departments

5 central part of a city where poorer people live and where there are often social problems

B T o w n s a n d c i t i e s a n d t h e i r p r o b l e m s

Here are some descriptions of the more negative aspects of t o w n s a n d cities

Some of the inner-city areas are an urban wasteland 1 and are somewhat dangerous for

visitors In fact some streets have become n o - g o 2 areas, with high crime Many streets are strewn w i t h litter and there are numerous r u n - d o w n 3 buildings There are some deprived 4 areas round the city centre with huge social problems The industrial z o n e s

which lie on the edge of the city are grey and polluted

a city area which is empty and in a bad condition where the police and other authorities are afraid to enter

in very bad condition not having the things that are necessary for a pleasant life, e.g enough money, good living conditions

Triope is a sprawling 5 city with bumper-to-bumper 6 traffic all day long.The exhaust fumes

can be a nightmare.The volume of traffic has increased in recent years and the incessant roar 7

of trucks and buses makes the city centre an extremely noisy place

The comfortable suburbs 8 away from the city centre contrast sharply with the poor shanty

towns 9 one sees on the way to the airport

spread over a large area (slightly negative)

so many cars and so close that they are almost touching each other very loud noise which never stops

a place from which many people travel in order to work in a bigger town or city very poor houses made of discarded materials (e.g tin, cardboard, plastic, etc.)

16.1 Which of the collocations in A opposite do these drawings illustrate?

16.2 Which of the collocations in the b o x have a positive meaning (+) and which have a

negative m e a n i n g (-)?

relaxed atmosphere lively bar over-priced restaurants urban wasteland no-go area

imposing building shanty t o w n fashionable club run-down buildings

16.3 Answer these questions using collocations from the opposite page

1 W h a t might prevent you from sleeping in a house near a busy m o t o r w a y ?

2 Exhaust fumes will get worse if w h a t increases?

3 W h a t is the opposite of a restaurant which is good value?

4 W h a t kind of area with poor, h o m e - m a d e houses could certainly be called a deprived

area?

5 If an area is very interesting historically, w h a t may it officially be called?

6 W h a t is a n o t h e r way of saying an expensive restaurant?

7 W h a t do we call blocks of flats which have many storeys, p e r h a p s 20 or more?

8 W h a t adjective could be used a b o u t an attractive and p e r h a p s slightly unusual old

6 Some of the more deprived

7 The main street in t o w n

8 T h e main street is lined

9 On the outskirts are some industrial

10 T h e streets were strewn

traffic all the way to the airport

runs from the castle to the river

zones and some large s u p e r m a r k e t s with shops and cafes

city covering an e n o r m o u s area

with litter

area but w o r k in the city centre

areas are not far from the city centre

fumes in the city centre

s h o p s , which are t o o expensive for me

Find a description in an encyclopaedia, tourist brochure or guide book of a city that you k n o w well or are interested in Make a note of any interesting collocations that you find there

I 7 People: character and behaviour

A Y o u r m o n t h of b i r t h and y o u r c h a r a c t e r

I January

J u n e

] You are good company' but you

I may have a selfish streak 2

I You have an outgoing personality and a good sense of humour

I You have a vivid imagination, but

you tend to lose your temper too

easily

You are highly intelligent with a

razor-sharp mind

; You set high standards for yourself

and are fiercely 3 loyal to your

friends

I The best aspect of your personality

is the way you always put others

Although you can be painfully shy

in social situations, at work you give

the impression of being supremely confident

You have a tendency to make

snap decisions 4

You have a strong sense of

responsibility and always keep your word 5

You are good at keeping secrets and never bear a grudge 6

You find it hard to keep your

temper 7 if you think someone is

making a fool out of you 8

You can be brutally honest 9 and

sometimes hurt others' feelings

1 people enjoy being with you

2 you sometimes act in a selfish way

3 stronger than extremely

4 quick decisions

5 do w h a t you say you will do, keep your promises

B e h a v i o u r : verb + noun collocations

6 resent for a long time bad things others have done to you

7 not get angry

8 trying to deceive or trick you

9 honest in a way that may hurt

The children played a j o k e on the

teacher by hiding under their desks before she came into the r o o m

Fortunately, the teacher could t a k e a

j o k e and didn't punish them

Jane swallowed h e r p r i d e and

admitted that she was wrong

The child t h r e w a t a n t r u m when 1

wouldn't buy him any sweets

Finally 1 lost my p a t i e n c e and shouted

= didn't mind a joke being played on her

= she did it even though it was embarrassing for her

= behaved in a very uncontrolled manner

= lost my temper, became angry

= accept something psychologically

opposite = conceal/hide your true character

s Associating these collocations w i t h people you k n o w may help you to learn them

I 7.1 Which of the collocations in A describe negatives aspects of character?

I 7.2 Add the missing words in these letters to a magazine where readers are discussing their

and others' characters You are sometimes given the first letter

But perhaps it might be better to

I my temper and let her know how I really feel?

Silvia M

2 I have always tried to others

first and not to think of myself I believe you should not lose your p w i t h your friends, but if someone seems to

enjoy a fool out of you in f r o n t

of other people, do those rules of friendship still apply?

Stefan P

3 I'm a little shy, t h o u g h not p

shy, but sometimes I think I the impression that I'm unfriendly How can I

convince people that I'm good c and w o r t h getting to know?

Tom W

4 Should I talk about personal matters to my closest colleague at work? She is not very good at secrets and she has a very v imagination She always promises not to tell other people, but I'm not sure she always her w o r d

Jan H

5 My boyfriend has a really friendly,

o personality and a great

of humour He's intelligent and has a -sharp mind

The perfect man We've been together now for a year, and I like him a lot, but don't love him any more Should I be b honest with htm and tell him?

Lydia T

6 I think a friend is destroying himself w i t h drugs I feel a of responsibility towards him He has always been

f loyal to me in good and bad

times, which is a wonderful a of

his personality I feel I ought to contact the police or social services, but I don't

want to make a s decision

which I'll regret later

Gary J

I 7.3 Complete B's remarks in these conversations so that they mean more or less the same as A's,

using collocations from the opposite page

1 A: Bob's found it hard to accept psychologically the fact t h a t he's n o w divorced

B: Yes, he's found it hard with his new situation

2 A: Kevin's problem is he can't laugh when people play jokes on him

B: N o , it's true He just can't , c a n he?

3 A: Well, Sara's behaviour last night certainly s h o w e d the t r u t h a b o u t her

B: Yes, it certainly

4 A: She always has very high expectations of both herself and her children

B: Yes, she always

5 A: Sam started screaming and stamping his feet when I tried to put him to bed

B: Well, two-year-olds often

I 7 4 Look in your dictionary Can you find any other collocations

1 where word has the meaning of promise?

2 where temper relates to behaviour?

3 where sense of relates to an aspect of character?

English Collocations in Use 39

People: physical a p p e a r a n c e

W o r d s d e s c r i b i n g p e o p l e ' s p h y s i c a l a p p e a r a n c e

Read these q u o t a t i o n s taken from essays w h e r e students were asked to describe their family members

My father has a round face, with chubby1 cheeks and a droopy2 moustache

My mother has a more pointed face and a straight nose My younger sister is more like my

, 3 \ father She has an oval face and an u p t u r n e d nose My older sister is like a model She has a slim figure and a slender4 waist She has a lovely complexion and beautiful sleek6, shoulder-length hair, and she's always immaculately groomed 1 feel so ordinary next to h e r - I've got coarse hair and rather broad hips, but she always says I look nice

fat in a pleasant and attractive way long and hanging down heavily shaped like an egg

attractively slim (a rather formal, poetic word)

5 the natural colour and quality of a person's skin

6 smooth and shiny

7 her appearance is always tidy and looked after wid great care

8 rough, and not smooth or soft

My father and my t w o o l d e r b r o t h e r s are all w e l l - b u i l t 9 w i t h b r o a d s h o u l d e r s My father is g o i n g b a l d b u t he still has a very y o u t h f u l a p p e a r a n c e f o r s o m e o n e w h o is

o v e r forty My b r o t h e r s b o t h have t h i c k h a i r and bushy 1 0 e y e b r o w s My younger

b r o t h e r is only t w o — he's just a t i n y t o t " , b u t he's very cute My mother's side of the family mostly have d a r k h a i r — in fact my m o t h e r had j e t - b l a c k hair 1 2 w h e n she was

younger, before she w e n t g r e y - but on my father's side some have f a i r h a i r and some have ginger 1 3 h a i r

9 have strong, attractive bodies

I w o u l d n ' t like people to see me with dishevelled hair and dirty clothes, [very untidy; used

of people's hair and appearance)

He bears a striking resemblance to his father, [looks remarkably like) The lady w h o entered the r o o m had a very striking appearance, [unusual a p p e a r a n c e , in a positive, attractive sense]

I ginger and auburn are only used of people's hair (not, for example, their clothes or other objects) Sometimes words are very restricted in what they can collocate with.The colour adjectives blonde,

When a word has restricted collocations, make a special note in your vocabulary notebook

reddish brown

I 8.1 Put the w o r d s from the b o x into the 'fat' or ' t h i n ' c o l u m n , then answer the questions

portly lanky slender dumpy slim chubby

'fat' words 'thin'words

1 Which w o r d s could be used to describe someone's waist?

2 Which w o r d is likely to be used of a rather physically a w k w a r d y o u n g person?

3 Which w o r d m e a n s 'fat but in a pleasant w a y ' ?

4 Which w o r d is more likely to be used to describe a man rather t h a n a w o m a n ?

5 Which w o r d is more likely to be used to describe a w o m a n rather t h a n a man?

18.2 Look at B T h e n match the adjectives in the first box below with the nouns in the second box

bushy tiny oval striking broad droopy chubby dishevelled

cheeks moustache shoulders hair eyebrows resemblance t o t face

18.3 Fill the gaps with a p p r o p r i a t e collocations You are sometimes given the first letter(s)

I h a d n ' t seen W i l l since he was j u s t a (1) t t , so I was surprised

to see t h a t he was n o w a t a l l y o u n g m a n He w a s (2) im gr , smart a n d e l e g a n t H e was w i t h a p r e t t y y o u n g w o m a n w i t h (3) j -black, (4) s h o u l d e r - hair a n d a (5) I c o m She c o u l d have

been a m o d e l , she h a d such a (6) str ap He h a d his a r m r o u n d

her (7) s wa W i t h t h e m was a (8) po g ,

w h o l o o k e d a s t h o u g h h e e n j o y e d g o o d f o o d , a n d w h o was p r o b a b l y her f a t h e r W h e n

I i n t r o d u c e d myself to W i l l , he s m i l e d ' O f course, I r e m e m b e r y o u , ' he said ' Y o u used

t o w o r k w i t h m y f a t h e r But y o u h a v e n ' t a g e d a t a l l ! You have a m u c h m o r e

(9) y a t h a n my f a t h e r n o w does D a d has (10) v e r y grey.' I f e l t very pleased w h e n he said t h a t ; he o b v i o u s l y d i d n ' t n o t i c e I was b e g i n n i n g

t o (11) b a l d Everyone likes t o t h i n k t h e y l o o k y o u n g w h e n t h e y g e t older

18.4 Use the w o r d s from the b o x to fill the gaps to give contrasting meanings

round coarse upturned fair pointed straight dark sleek

1 H e r hair's n o t , it's quite , in fact it's almost black

2 She has an nose but her brother has a nose

3 H e r m o t h e r has a face but her father has a face

4 My hair is so a n d ugly; Sally's is so and lovely

Find a description of the hero or heroine in an English novel or short story N o t e d o w n any interesting collocations that you find there