Understanding technical english 2

Contents To the Teacher Care and Use of Woodworking Tools First Aid Making Electricity Squares Polishing Concrete 7, Inventions Wheels Main Services 10 Flats Today 1 Water in the Air 12 Holding Things Together 13 Lightning Protection 14 Irrigation 15 Ferrous Metals 16 The Jet Engine 17 Aircraft 18 Lathes Electric Locomotives 20 The Civil Engineer UNDERSTANDING TECHNICAL ENGLISH K METHOLD & D DDWATERS UNDERSTANDING TECHNICAL ENGLISH KEN METHOLD D.D WATERS DWl.E.T.(MANC), F I O B , F A l B M B I M CHARTERED BUILDER ( A U S T ) LONGMAN GROUP (FAR EAST) LIMITED Quarry Bay, Hong Kong Associated companies, branches and representatives throughout the world (' Longrnan Group Ltd 1974 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Copyright owner First published 1974 Eleventh impression 1983 Printed in Hong Kong by Commonwealth Printing Press Limited The cover photograph shows the mixing and heating installation for the impervious asphalticconcrete core of the dams to be used o n the High Island Reservoir, H o n g Kong To the Teacher This four-stage, graded reading course is intended for students of English as a foreign language w h o wish t o relate their reading i n English t o topics relevant t o their future careers as craftsmen or technicians The course contains the following features: The reading passages Each passage is complete i n itself The length of the passages varies from about 250 words i n Book One t o 750 words in Book Three The topics are of general interest t o all technical students and require little specialised technical knowledge on the part of either the student or the teacher A l l technical terms can be understood from the context or from accompanying illustrations The course can, therefore, be used w i t h confidence by general English teachers w h o have little technical knowledge The vocabulary N o attempt has been made t o teach a highly specialised.technical vocabulary The emphasis throughout is on presenting a general technical vocabulary common t o all crafts and technologies The vocabulary has been selected from a careful analysis of the words most frequently used i n basic texts on woodwork, metalwork, technical drawing, mechanics and fundamentals of electrical technology Full details of this tech nical lexis and of the core general English lexis are given i n the teacher's handbook t o the series Structural control All the material is structurally graded A basic assumption has, been made concerning the students' knowledge at point of entry, and details of w h a t the students are expected t o know, if only passively, are given i n the teacher's manual A l l other structures are introduced gradually, in a pre-determined order, and are fully dealt w i t h i n the exercises The complete structure list is provided i n the teacher's manual This list differs from other widely used lists i n that it takes into account those sentence patterns most commonly used in technicat writing The exercises These are designed t o 'exercise' and t o test the students' knowledge A l l the exercises require the students t o use those words and structures that they have encountered in the reading passages A n important feature of the exercises is that they continually revise the vocabulary introduced in earlier passages There is, therefore, a carefully built-in revision factor throughout the book For this reason there are n o separate revision units Objectives This course is not intended t o be a basic English course, and should be used in conjunction w i t h any good general English course Its purpose is to provide supplementary material w i t h a technical bias t o the usual English programme CARE AND USE OF WOODWORKING TOOLS The good craftsman takes care of his tools He does not keep them all mixed up in a box, with the chisels cutting into the sole of his plane He has a special place for each tool, and he keeps each tool separate from the others Each tool should usually be used only for the purpose it was made for This does not mean that it is wrong to sharpen a pencil with a chisel It is wrong, however, to clean off the tops of nails with a plane A tool box Cutting tools must always be sharp A blunt tool will damage the wood For this reason, the good craftsman frequently uses the oilstone to keep his cutting tools sharp He does not wait until they will no longer cut at all All tools should be of the best quality There are many cheap tools in the shops, but most of them will give the craftsman -trouble It is better to buy expensive tools and take care of them They will last a life-time Exercises Vocabulary The Right Word Each part of a tool or a machine has a name We should try to learn the names of the parts of all the tools or machines that we use If we not know these names, it is difficult to write or talk about the tools or machines Read these sentences: (ii) I ! The wheel turns on a long rod of metal The wheel turns on an-axle We must make sure that the -piece - - of the saw that cuts into the wood is sharp We must make sure that the blade o f the saw is sharp It is much easier to say axle or blade than use a long description Here are some pictures of some w o o d w o r k i n g tools, and a fist of their parts Each part has a description o f it D r a w these pictures and label them with t h e correct parts (iii) (i) Blade: made of steel with teeth to cut wood Handle: made of polished wood for the worker to hold Rivets: made of brass to join blade to the handle ( i i ) Blade: made of steel with sharpened edge to cut wood Handle: made of polished wood for worker to hold the tool (iii) Chuck: this is turned so that jaws will open and the bit (cutting tool) may be inserted Ratchet: this is useful when the tool is used in a corner or close to the wall Handles: for worker to hold the tool ( i v ) Handles: for worker to push the tool backwards and forwards Cutter (Blade): made of steel with a cutting edge to smooth wood the flat underside of the tool Sole: Wedge: to hold the cutter (blade) in position made of polished wood with a brass ( V ) Stock: strip to the inside edge Blade: made of steel and fixed at right angles to the stock Rivets: made of brass and used to join the stock to the blade Comprehension A Look at the pictures Write the sentences f r o m the passage that are about the pictures: - (ii) (iii) - B Choose the correct answer a, b, c or d, t o each of these questions: (i) Why should a craftsman buy the best quality tools a They not need to be sharpened b They can be used for any purpose c They give less trouble than cheap tools d They will not damage other tools (ii) What does a good craftsman always d o ? a He buys the cheapest tools he can find b He sharpens all his tools every day c He sharpens his tools as soon as they are blunt d He takes good care of his tools (iii) Look at the pictures in 2A Which would a good craftsman approve of a all of them b none of them c only iv d i, iv and v (iv) Why is it wrong to use blunt tools? a They are dangerous b They damage the wood c They damage other tools d They are expensive to sharpen Language Practice A Read these sentences: ( i ) It is b e t t e r t o use sharp t o o l s t h a n b l u n t ones ( i i ) It is b e t t e r t o buy expensive t o o l s t h a n cheap ones Make sentences like these about the following: p (ii) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) clean brushes - dirty brushes a smooth surface - a rough surface useful things - useless things a good craftsman - a bad craftsman a slow careful worker - a fast careless worker B Study these sentences ( i ) A b l u n t t o o l will damage w o o d (keep t o o l s sharp) ( i i ) For t h i s reason a good craftsman keeps his t o o l s sharp Add a sentence to the following, beginning 'For this reason ' (iii) Example: Very t h i c k paint w i l l take a long t i m e t o dry (use t h i n paint) For t h i s reason a painter uses t h i n paint ( iv) r - - L ( i ) Loose clothing often causes accidents (wear overal Is) ( i i ) Cheap tools usually give trouble (buy good tools) ( i i i ) Dirty brushes are difficult to clean (keep brushes clean) ( i v ) When tools are mixed up in a box, they damage each other (keep tools separate from each other) ( v ) The surface of a table should be smooth (fill holes and cracks with putty) C Look at the pictures o n the left Write a sentence about each tool, beginning with: The xx should be used f o r Composition Read the passage again and, using only ideas from the passage, write five simple 'Rules for a good craftsman: FIRST AID When we give first aid to an injured person, we not try to cure him This is the doctor's job We give first aid to prevent an injury from becoming more serious than it is If there is an accident in your workshop and someone is hurt, a doctor should be called as soon as possible However, there are some things that must be done immediately, even before you telephone for the doctor If the injured man has stopped breathing, give him artificial respiration at once This is very important A man who has had an electric shock will probably get better if yo" can make him breathe again Stop any bleeding Keep other people away from the injured man He needs as much air as possible Loosen any tight clothing he is wearing Do not move him unless you have to Do not try to too much for him You are not a doctor, and you may him more harm than good There should always be a first aid box in every workshop It should always be clean and tidy, and fully stocked A first aid box A first aid box usually contains cotton wool, plaster,' scissors, a thermometer, iodine, smelling salts and bandages Giving first aid in the workshop 18 LATHES The lathe is one of the earliest examples of a machine tool It consists of the following parts: a, a bed - or framework - which carries the different components The accuracy of the machine is dependent on the rigidity of this bed In a simple lathe all the adjustments to the speed of rotation and angle of cutting can be done by the operator A lathe can be adjusted to cut the rotating work into a circular shape in any plane at right angles to the axis of rotation The radius of the work may be varied along the axis b a 'head-stock' for holding the work This head-stock, and, of course, the work are rotated by a motor Nowadays this is usually an electric motor c a saddle for holding the cutting tool This saddle, and the tool it holds, may be moved along the length of the bed It may also be moved at right angles to the bed d a 'tail-stock'for supporting the end of the work when it is too long to be supported only by the head-stock Different objects made on a lathe A lathe in use Exercises Vocabulary Choose the correct answer a, 6, c or d t o each of the following questions: ( i ) Which of the following words is nearest in meaning to 'components' ? a consists b parts c objects d framework ( i i ) What does 'rotate' mean ? a move up and down b move from side to side c move backwards and forwards d move round a n d round (iii) What does 'varied' mean? a made different b supported d adjusted c rotated Comprehension A Look at this diagram of a lathe Name the p a r t s a, 6, c and d B Choose the correct answer a, b, c or d to each of t h e fullo wing questions: ( i ) Which of the components of a lathe is rotated? b the s a d d l e a the bed c the head-stock d the tail-stock ( i i ) Into which shape does a lathe cut the w o r k ? a square b i.ectangular C circulal d conical (iii) What must the framework of a lathe always be ? a adjusted b accurate d varied c rigid ( i v ) Which of the following can be adjusted by t h e operator a the rigidity of the bed b the number of components c the angle of cutting d the speed of rotation of the saddle Language Practice A Study this sentence The accuracy of t h e machine is dependent o n t h e r i g i d i t y o f t h e bed Make sentences like this about each of the following: (i) The ( i i ) The ( i i i ) The ( i v ) The ( v ) The thickness of t h e paint strength of the concrete speed of rotation kind of steel used cost of t h e tools B Study this sentence: The lathe is one o f t h e earliest examples o f a machine t o o l Make a sentence about this hacksa W , listing (i) the axe ( i i ) animal glue (iii) the r o u n d log over w h i c h heavy loads were rolled ( i v ) the steam e n g i n e ( v ) t h e d u g o u t canoe C Study this sentence: The components o f a lathe are a 'head-stock' f o r holding t h e work, a saddle f o r h o l d i n g t h e c u t t i n g t o o l and a 'tail-stock' f o r supporting t h e end o f t h e w o r k belt housing, (i) Look at this picture of a hacksaw M a k e a sentence about this hacksaw, listing the components and what they are for (ii) Study this labelled drawing of a drill Make a sentence about its main components and w h a t they are for Composition Study the picture sequence on the opposite page, and then write clear instructions on h o w to set up and operate a lathe The raw material Fixing raw mater~alinto the chuck Setting up the cutting tool The turning operation begins Turning The finished object 19 ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES Electricity is the best source of power for trains However, i t is expensive t o bring the electric current t o the locomotives There are three ways of supplying a locomotive w i t h electric current The Third Rail: direct current Direct current at a pressure of 750 volts is carried i n a conductor rail (or 'third rail') laid outside the track The locomotives collect the current through 'shoes' w h i c h slide along the third rail Electric current is supplied t o the third rail from substations w h i c h are placed every f e w miles along the track Overhead wires: direct current Direct current at a pressure of 1,500 volts is carried i n overhead wires above the track The locomotives collect this current through a special collector, called a pantograph, o n t o p of the locomotive Overhead wires: alternating current Alternating current at a pressure of 25,000 volts is carried in overhead wires above the track The locomotives collect this current through the pantograph I t is changed i n t o direct current b y a rectifier before i t reaches the motors This is the cheapest system of supplying electricity t o locomotives It is cheaper t o install and alternating current is more widely used than direct current in houses and factories An electric railway engine using current from an overhead wire Exercises l Vocabulary Choose the correct answer a, 6, c or d to each of the folio w i n g questions: ( i ) Which of these words could be used in place of 'slide' in the passage? a slip b move c rotate d fall ( i i ) What does a rectifier d o ? a collects the electric current from the third rai t b collects the electric current from the overhead wires c changes alternating current into direct current d changes direct current into alternating current (iii) Which of the following expressions could be used in place of 'to install' in the passage? a to bring to the locomotives b to build c to generate d to use Comprehension A Study this picture Label the parts a, 6, c and d B Choose the correct answer a, b, c or d t o the following questions (i) In what way is the current collected through a pantograph different from current collected from a third rail? a It IS direct current b It is alternating current c It has a higher voltage d It has a lower voltage (ii) What is the main advantage of using alternating current ? a It is more powerful b It can be collected by a pantograph c It can be collected from a third rail d It is cheaper (iii) Which kind of electric current is always used ( i ) to drive the motors a direct current b alternating current of 25,000 volts c either direct or alternating current d the kind of current that is most widely used in factories ( i v ) Where i s alternating current changed into direct current? a in the substation b in the pantograph c in the motors d in the rectifier Language Practice Study these sentences: ( i ) There are three ways of supplying a locomotive with electric current (ii) There are a number o f ways of making a cup of tea Look at these pictures and make a sentence about each in the style of the above Write the 'number of ways' that you can think of B Study this sentence: The electric current is changed into direct current by a rectifier (iii) Make sentences like this, using the f o l l o w i n g information: (i)electric current - measured - meter (ii) voltage - changed - transformer (iii) current -supplied -third rail -substations (iv) current - collected - pantograph - overhead wires (v) water pressure - maintained - pumping station C Study these sentences (i) Alternating current is changed into direct current by a rectifier This is-the cheapest system of supplying electricity to locomotives (ii) The cheapest system of supplying electricity t o a locomotive is to change alternating current into direct current by a rectifier Change the f o l l o w i n g i n t o t w o sentences i n the style o f ( i ) above: (i)The best way to prepare a piece of wood for polishing is to fill the grain with Plaster of Paris (ii) The best way to help an injured man is to give him first aid (iii) The safest way to handle tools is to carry them with the sharp edge pointing away from the body (iv) The easiest way to paint a large wall is to apply the paint with a spray (v) The safest way to provide electric power to a locomotive is to carry the current above the track in overhead wires Composition (v) F i n d o u t and t h e n describe h o w electric current is brought from the power station t o your workshop Mention such things as transformers, substations, overhead power lines, meters and, if necessary, rectifiers Overhead transmission tower A turbine/generator unit and control panels A power substation A transformer 20 THE CIVIL ENGlh The w o r k of the civil engineer is all around us W e travel o n his roads, cross his bridges, g o through his tunnels and drink the water from his reservoirs He has worked o n every large building H e is also responsible for the structures that bring us gas and electricity supplies and take away our waste products sewage and garbage A civil engineer's office Whenever a large structure i s needed, the civil engineer is i n control o f it, from the design stage until i t is complete Even w h e n it is complete his w o r k is n o t over He must make sure that i t is properly maintained A civil engineer must be able t o survey a site, prepare design drawings, estimate the cost of a structure and supervise its construction He must have some knowledge of mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering s o that he can w o r k w i t h experts in these subjects He must learn ail these during his basic training, in practical w o r k in a drawing office and on a works site Heavy piling A flyover complex under construction A dam Exercises Vocabulary Choose the correct answer a, 6, c or d t o each of the following questions: (i) Which of the following could be used instead of 'in control of' in the passage? a maintain b supervise c responsible for d estimate ( i i ) What does 'estimate the cost' mean ? a calculate the cost b pay for c reduce the cost d be paid for ( i i i ) What is an 'expert'? a an engineer b a builder c a person with special knowledge d a craftsman with basic training in all s U bjects Comprehension A Put these sentences in the order in which they take place: ( i) (ii) (iii) (iv) the the the the building is constructed cost of the building is estimated building is maintained building is designed B Choose the correct answer a, b, c or d to the following questions: ( i ) What is the civil engineer responsible for? a the design, construction and maintenance of all large structures b practical work in a drawing office c the supervision of water, gas and electricity supplies d all kinds of engineering ( i i ) When is the civil engineer's work on a structure completed a when it has been designed b when it is complete c when the cost has been estimated d his work is never finished ( i i i ) Where does a civil engineer learn how to his work? a in a college or university b in a drawing office c on a works site d from all of the above ( i v ) Why is the civil engineer so important? a He is an expert on all engineering subjects b His skills are needed in all kinds of major construction work c He is responsible for our main services d He has completed many years of basic training Language Practice A Study this sentence A c i v i l engineer m u s t be able t o survey a site, prepare design drawings, estimate t h e c o s t o f a building and supervise i t s construction Make sentences similar t o the above about these people.' (i)a carpenter ( i i i ) a mechanic ( v ) a brick-layer ( i i ) an electrician ( i v ) a foreman The phrases in this box will help you: t r a c e a fault, dismantle an engine, repair a broken part, c o n t r o l his workmen, organise t h e work, use every k i n d o f tool, install an electrical supply B Study this sentence: A c i v i l engineer must have some k n o w l e d g e o f mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering What must these people have some knowledge of? Example : a carpenter A carpenter m u s t have some k n o w l e d g e o f t h e properties of d i f f e r e n t woods, t h e use and care o f woodworking tools and the interpretation of design drawings (i) ( ii) (iii) (iv) (v) a metal worker an electrical engineer an architect a factory inspector a building contractor C Study this sentence: A civil engineer is responsible for all stages of the construction o f a building, What are the foffowing responsible for? (i) a teacher (ii)a doctor (iii) a policeman (iv) a fireman (v) a maintenance engineer Composition Write a composition about one of the following a carpenter a draughtsman an electrical engineer Begin your composition with the sentence: 'The work of the is all around us.' Acknowledgements TEXT We are grateful to the following for permission to use ideas and extreme adaptations: Longman Group Ltd for H o w to Build-To Shape and Size by A E S Alcock; Kaye B Ward for Fun With Architecture by W C Cartner; Dennis Dobson for Irrigation-Changing Deserts into Gardens by l & R Adler; English University Press for First Aid -A First Book for Juniors by J J Elsey; Ladybird books for Great Inventions; Blackie Son Ltd for Science is Exciting; Oxford University Press for History in Pictures-Houses by Watson & Curruthers; Lutterworth Press for Engineer-A Picture Career Book by Stuart Macmillan; A & C Black for British Railways Today by P Ransome-Wallis; Abelard Schuman for Water for People by Riedman and B T Batsford Ltd Mechanical Engineering as a Career by H F Trewman We are also grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: B T Batsford Ltd for extracts from 101 Things for a Boy to Make by A C Horton and for extracts from Engineering as a Career by H F Trewman; Brockhampton Press Ltd for extracts from Science on the Building Site by C H Doherty and Chatto Et Windus Ltd for extracts from Tools and Machines by Johnson ILLUSTRATIONS We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright photographs and illustrations: Page Cover By courtesy of the Hong Kong Government 23 (top right) Barnaby's Picture Library 26 Pioneer Concrete (HK) Ltd 27 (top right) United States Information Services (bottom right) Hong Kong Government lnformation Services Hong Kong Government Information Services 36 (top) China Light and Power CO Ltd 37 (centre) South China Morning Post (bottom) Hong Kong Government l nformation Services Hong Kong Government Information Services 41 (left) Hong Kong Government l nformation Services 45 (bottom) Hong Kong United Dockyards Ltd 49 (left) The City Hall, Hong Kong 53 (right) Paul Popper Ltd 57 Far Eastern Economic Review Barnaby's Picture Library 61 (top and bottom) Chiap Hua-Shinko Copper Alloy CO Ltd 62 (left) Barna by's Picture Library 64 (top right) Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd 68 Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd China Light and Power CO Ltd 80 (top left) J Roger Preston and Partners 81 (bottom right) Hong Kong Government Information Services We are also very grateful to the staff of the Morrison Hill Technical Institute without whose assistance many of the photographs and illustrations in this book would not have been possible U N D E R S T A N D I N G T E C H N I C A L E N G L I S H is a ttirce v o l i ~ r ~graded ~c? language practice course for craft and vocational students who are learning English as a foreign or second language The text, by Ken M e t h o l d , provides reading passages f o l l o w e d b y comprehension a n d c o m p o s i t i o n exercises that are strictly relevant t o t h e students' needs a n d interests A l l the passages are o n craft or technical topics, and the exercises are n o t o n l y carefully related t o the passage b u t t o t h e students' w o r k s h o p environment In this way, therefore, t h e language practice w o r k is fully situational a n d exists w i t h i n the c o n t e x t of t h e students' o w n experience D D Waters, the c o - a u t h o r , has had m a n y years' practical experience i n craft education, b o t h as teacher and technical college principal He has suggested m a n y of t h e passages a n d checked all the exercise material a n d illustrations for the accuracy of t h e technical content This c o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n a language teacher a n d a technical expert has resulted in a series of textbooks that craft a n d vocational schools can use w i t h confidence Some other English language textbool[...]... breadth ; p Write t w o sentences about the above pairs o f words, giving the measurements of the objects you describe Example: deep - depth (i) The city swimming pool is 2 metres deep (ii) The depth of the city swimming pool is 2 metres 2 Comprehension A Look at these pictures Write everything you k n o w about the k i n d of square in each picture: (iii) B Choose the correct answer a, b, c or d t o each... with one another (i) Certain chemicals and electricity ( i i ) A first aid box usually o f a box filled w i t h certain medicines and bandages filled w i t h certain (iii) A battery is a zinc chemicals 2 Comprehension A Look at the picture of the man (i)What is he d o i n g ? (ii) What kind of electricity w i l l his action produce? (iii) How can he show that he has produced electricity ? (iv) What is... line to one of the corner pegs Using a bricklayer's square Hold it along the edge of the square This line is now square with the front of the building There is another kind of square which is used for technical drawing This is a set square Its shape is a triangle, but it is used for drawing right angles A set square Exercises 1 Vocabulary A Shapes There are many different shapes We should know the names... t h e phrase 'as s o o n as possible ': (i) When should we give an injured man first aid? ( i i ) When should we try to stop any bleeding ? ( i i i ) When should we loosen an injured man's clothing ? 2 Comprehension A Choose the correct answer a, b, c or d t o each of these questions: ( i ) Why do we give first aid to an injured person? a We try to cure him b We do the work of a doctor c We try to... inwards to the building Write sentences like these about these pictures ( i ) turn on/come out (iii) presslring (ii) put/lig ht (iv) switch on/go on 4 Composition Describe the squares w h i c h you use for technical drawing Explain clearly h o w t o use them t o draw a right angle The photographs w i l l help you (ii) (iii) 5 POLISHING A polished desk There are many kinds of polishes, but the three most... polish, oil polish and w a x polish Each of these polishes can be bought ready-made from stores, but they can also be easily made in the workshop French polish is made by dissolving 85 gm of shellac in 28 0 cc of methylated spirit Oil polish is simply boiled linseed oil Wax polish is beeswax dissolved in turpentine In all kinds of polishing the first stage is to prepare the surface to be polished The... make from shellac and methylated spirit? (iv) How do we make wax polish? (v) How many different things do we need make oil polish? B What different things do w e need t o prepare surface for polishing? 2 Comprehension Here are seven pictures Describe w h a t is happening i n each picture b y using a short phrase (The first is done for you.) (i) glasspapering the surface of the table top to be polished... stopping can be made w i t h French chalk and gum Write sentences like this about the following: ( i ) rubber solution (ii) glass (iii) lemonade (iv) French polish 4 Composition Study the pictures in 2A Explain clearly h o w t o French polish a table D o g copy from the passage 6 CONCRETE Concrete consists of small stones and grains of sand mixed together with water and cement Thousands of years ago... when it was first made In a month it is four times as strong In a year it is A Roman aqueduct A stockpile of sand Also, unlike wood or brick, concrete can be poured into a mould to form any shape "the technical name for small stones and sand \$' , w4_; A china clay mine An aerial view of a cement factory A heap of aggregate A concrete mixer Exercises l Vocabulary (i A Answer these questions: !TT.... e are talking about collections of t h e same things, e.g a set of tools M a t c h the w o r d s i n ( i ) w i t h those i n ( i i ) : (i) pile bunch crowd row block (ii) flats shops sand keys people 2 Comprehension A List all the different substances that are used t o make concrete (There are 5) Choose the correct answer a, b, c or d, t o each of the following: (i) What kind of cement did the Romans .. .UNDERSTANDING TECHNICAL ENGLISH K METHOLD & D DDWATERS UNDERSTANDING TECHNICAL ENGLISH KEN METHOLD D.D WATERS DWl.E.T.(MANC), F I O B... basic English course, and should be used in conjunction w i t h any good general English course Its purpose is to provide supplementary material w i t h a technical bias t o the usual English. .. l technical terms can be understood from the context or from accompanying illustrations The course can, therefore, be used w i t h confidence by general English teachers w h o have little technical