Tài liệu này rất hữu ích cho những bạn đang cần có thêm kiến thức về video với phần mềm after effects, nó được trình bày dưới dạng bài thuyết trình nên rất dễ hiểu, chúc bạn hài lòng với tài liệu này...................................
th Edition Trish & Chris Meyer Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London New York • Oxford • Paris • San Diego San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier This eBook does not include ancillary media that was packaged with the printed version of the book D E D I C AT E D to the memory of Vera McGrath, who always said I could anything I put my mind to – Trish and to the memory of Leroy Meyer, who taught me to be curious about how things worked – Chris Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford, OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2008 Trish Meyer and Chris Meyer Published by Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK Phone: (+44) 1865 843830; fax: (+44) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com), by selecting “Support & Contact” then “Copyright & Permission” and then click on the link to the “Obtain Permission” form Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Meyer, Trish Creating motion graphics with After Effects / Trish Meyer and Chris Meyer – 4th ed p cm ISBN-13: 978-0-240-81010-2 (pbk.) Cinematography–Special effects–Data processing Computer animation Computer graphics Adobe After Effects I Meyer, Chris – II Title TR858.M49 2007 778.59'2–dc22 2007038654 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-240-81010-2 For information on all Focal Press publications visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com 07 08 09 10 11 12 Printed in Canada 10 Table of Contents Introduction How to Use This Book PART xi xii Animation Techniques After Effects 101 An overview of the major user interface elements in After Effects, as well as how projects are organized Includes tips on how to customize the user interface and save the resulting layouts as Workspaces Creating a Composition Creating a new composition A tour of the Comp and Timeline panels Adding layers to a comp; the Layer panel Managing multiple comps Navigating in space Solid Layers Resolution and Quality Navigating and zooming in time; the Work Area Safe areas, rulers, grids, and guides Frame rate; displaying time Channel switches; color picker; background color; alpha appearance Preview Possibilities sidebar (Interactive and RAM previews; OpenGL) Basic Animation 14 14 16 18 20 22 23 24 26 28 30 32 34 42 Position, including spatial keyframes and motion paths; keyframe types Keyframe navigation; editing values numerically Opacity values and keyframing Scale values and keyframing Rotation values and keyframing; 3D Orientation Working with the Anchor Point Transitions, arcs, and orbits Motion control moves Keyboard shortcuts; keyframe tips Quality issues; subpixel positioning; resampling 43 48 50 51 54 58 60 62 64 66 iii Keyframe Velocity Easy Ease; Auto Bezier keyframes Working with the Graph Editor; Value Graphs Velocity (Speed) Graphs Coordinating multiple values; keyboard shortcuts Position graphs; graph gotchas Hold interpolation Roving keyframes Animation Assistance 88 Keyframe tips and tricks; copying, nudging, and scaling motion paths Motion Sketch and The Smoother keyframe assistants Auto-Orient Rotation The Wiggler keyframe assistant Time-Reverse and Exponential Scale keyframe assistants PART 88 92 95 96 99 102 The Layer Essentials Trimming 114 Motion Blur and More 114 120 122 124 126 Applying motion blur; Samples Per Frame and Adaptive Samples Shutter Angle and Phase; blur and masks; Render Settings Echo-style effects; Cycore time effects 126 128 130 134 Modes, Masks, & Mattes Blending Modes Blending modes explained; applying blending modes Overview and example of each mode 10 All About Masking 134 138 150 Masking basics; creating simple masks; shortcuts Transforming masks; selecting mask points and segments iv 102 104 106 108 112 Trimming in and out points; slip editing Sequence Layers keyframe assistant; trimming by work area Splitting layers Overlay and Ripple Insert Edits Layer Management Selecting and moving layers Duplicating, soloing, renaming, and replacing layers Comp and layer markers Snapshots; align and distribute; edit original; color-coding layers Beswitched sidebar (layer property switches in the Timeline panel) PART 68 68 70 74 76 79 83 86 150 154 Mask Feather, Mask Expansion, and Mask Opacity Creating and editing Bezier and RotoBezier masks Animating masks; mask tips and gotchas Inverting masks; mask seams Managing multiple masks Auto-trace Rotoscoping advice; panning layers inside masks Masks and effects; interchanging masks with other paths; Illustrator paths Smart Mask Interpolation keyframe assistant 11 All About Track Mattes 156 158 161 166 167 172 173 176 180 184 Mattes explained; luma versus alpha mattes; inverting mattes Improving matte contrast; choosing a matte channel; Set Matte effect Animated mattes; using parenting and null objects Mattes and effects; building a track matte hierarchy Unmultiplying mattes and other tips; mattes for custom transitions 12 Stencils and the “T” 184 191 195 197 204 208 Stencils explained; luma versus alpha stencils; silhouettes Preserve Transparency; glints; stencils versus mattes; Alpha Add mode PART 208 212 214 Cameras! Lights! Action! 13 3D Space The Z dimension; rotation and orientation in 3D Z scale; offsetting the Anchor Point in 3D Camera and orthogonal views; multiple comp views Layer axes handles; Local, World, and View Axis Modes 3D motion paths; accelerated previews; auto-orient in 3D Render order issues; intersections; mixing 2D and 3D layers 14 Cameras 214 218 220 224 226 230 236 Camera basics; using multiple cameras Camera settings; angle of view; depth of field Aiming the camera Animating cameras; auto-orientation; one-point versus two-point cameras Vanishing Point Exchange 15 Lighting in 3D 236 240 245 248 254 256 Light basics; rotating lights Light parameters and types of lights Layer Material Options Creating and managing shadows Light Transmission; creating gels and gobos; shadows on 2D layers Adjustment Lights 256 262 267 270 274 280 v PART Building Hierarchies 16 Parenting Skills Parenting basics Parenting exercises Under the Hood sidebar (the math behind parenting) Null Objects Nonuniforming scaling issues; 3D issues Jump parenting 17 Nesting Compositions 294 Nesting basics Effects; nesting a video sequence Comp Flowchart View Using over-sized comps (motion control techniques) Nesting options; nesting tips Render order issues; problem solving 18 Precomposing 294 297 299 300 302 304 308 Precomposing to group layers Leave All Attributes versus Move All Attributes Render order issues Clipped layers; trimming “empty calories” 19 Collapsing Transformations 308 309 312 314 316 Maintaining resolution How collapsing changes the render order Special cases including 3D issues Continuous rasterization of vector artwork, text, and solids Continuous rasterization and effects PART 316 318 324 327 329 330 Text Animation 20 Textacy Creating, editing, and formatting text using the Type tool Cycling Text sidebar (keyframing the Source Text parameter) Paragraphs of text Text along a path Creating a Text Animator; the Range Selector Randomize Order More on animated properties Cascade-style animations Per-character 3D; text in 3D space Animator Shapes; Ease High and Ease Low vi 282 282 284 286 289 291 293 330 333 334 335 336 338 339 340 342 346 More on the Advanced section; animating property values Anchor Point Grouping and Alignment; Fill & Stroke options; blending modes The Wiggly Selector Modes of Confusion sidebar (selector modes) Managing multiple selectors and animators Exporting text to SWF; converting Photoshop text The Expression Selector PART 348 349 350 351 353 356 357 358 Effects & Presets 21 Applying and Using Effects Applying effects The Effects & Presets panel; searching for effects Common effect controls Animating effects; effect point paths Effects that use mask paths; Render Settings; CC Composite Adjustment Layers, including masks and alpha channels Applying effects to solids; dropping out the black Layer Styles 22 Effects Roundup Overview 358 358 361 365 368 370 374 376 378 A quick reference for which chapters discuss which families of effects 22B Effects Roundup (Bonus Chapter PDF on DVD) Tips on 125 of the effects that come with After Effects CS3 Professional, organized by category Includes a sidebar on 16-bit-per-channel mode and effects 22C Particle Playground (Bonus Chapter PDF on DVD) Tips on using this powerful – but daunting – particle system By J J Gifford 23 Compound Effects How compound effects work Compound Blur Texturize; managing maps using nesting and precomposing Displacement Map Troubleshooting 24 Presets and Variations 380 380 382 382 386 388 390 Saving and applying Animation Presets Presets and masks; presets and effects Browsing the factory presets using Adobe Bridge Text presets; saving text styles Behaviors Brainstorm 390 394 396 398 400 401 vii PART Color & Keying 25 Color Management Overview of color management; Project Working Space Input profiles; output profiles; display management Luminance range issues; Match Legacy Gamma Linear blending modes 32-bit floating point and HDR images; camera raw Cineon log space Broadcast safe colors 26 Keying 404 404 406 410 412 414 418 420 422 Keying approaches An overview of the different keying plug-ins Keylight tutorial Color correction and edge improvements 422 424 427 430 26B Color Difference Keyer (Bonus Chapter PDF on DVD) A legacy tutorial on how to use the most powerful of the Adobe keyers PART Time & Tracking 27 Frame Rate Manipulation Time Stretching Reversing layers Time Remapping; freeze frames Manipulating the timing of clips Manipulating keyframed animation, sequenced layers, and frame sequences Step-frame animation Frame Blending, including Pixel Motion and Timewarp 28 Motion Stabilization 454 Overview of the motion tracker/stabilizer, including settings Tracking; applying a track Masking and Motion Stabilization Stabilization practice and advice 29 Motion Tracking 454 459 461 462 466 Tracking Position, including working with the Attach Point Tracking Scale and Rotation Applying a track to an effect point Exercise on multipart tracking; motion blur advice Corner pinning exercises viii 434 434 436 438 442 445 449 450 466 469 470 471 474 PART 10 Drawing, Painting, & Puppetry 30 Shape Layers Shape tools and options Working with parametric shapes Working with pen path shapes Strokes, Fills, and Gradients Line caps, corners, and segments Managing multiple shapes Grouping; Merge Paths Shapes from Other Places sidebar (mask and Illustrator paths into shapes) Shape effects The Repeater Other tips including using Brainstorm with shapes 478 479 480 483 485 487 488 490 493 494 496 499 500 Getting started, editing and managing strokes; Paint on Transparent Transforming Brush Strokes; Channels; Modes Eraser tool; erase Paint Only and erase Last Stroke Only options Animating strokes; using Write On mode; replacing strokes Rotoscoping frame by frame Brush Tips and tablets Interpolating strokes Using Paint with other effects Clone Stamp tool; Clone Presets; Clone Source Overlay; Source Time Shift Using motion tracking and expressions to automate cloning Other tips including painting in a straight line and revealing a title 500 504 506 508 510 511 511 513 514 518 521 31 Paint and Clone 32 Vector Paint Vector Paint overview Animating strokes; stroke speed; Quick Paint mode Compositing Modes Wiggling strokes; logo reveal exercise Transforming strokes; cleaning up keyed alpha channels Onion skinning 33 The Puppet Tools 522 522 524 527 528 530 531 532 Puppet Pin tool Keyframing pins; motion sketching pins Overlap tool Starch tool Mesh issues Multiple shapes in a mesh; animating text exercise 532 534 536 538 539 540 ix compositions (continued) “live” nature of, multiple, 20 multiple sources for, 21 multiple views of, 222–23 naming, 303 navigating in space, 22 navigating in time, 26 navigating large, 300 nesting (see nesting compositions) new, 14–16, 21 New Composition from Selection dialog, 21 precomposing (see precomposing) previewing, 34–41 remapping, 445–47 renaming, 104 rendering to movies, 630 render order, 134–35, 230–31, 304–7 resizing, 24 resolution, 15, 24 rulers, 29 safe areas, 28 saving, 20 settings, 15 size, 15, 16 sources, adding, 18, 21 start offset, 31 Synchronize Time, 199 tabs indicating, 20 views, new, 222–23 compound effects 3D Layer switch, 235 defined, 380–82 troubleshooting, 388 Comp panel 3D views in, 220–21 creating additional, 222 disabling rendering in, 28 introduced, 3, 16 locking, 21 masking in, 151 multiple, 222–23 split-screen, 21, 152 transforming shapes in, 484 updates, disabling, 629, 634 video previews, 41 zooming in, 22 comp proxy defined, 659 looping, 660 compression artifacts, 423, 617 676 comps See compositions computer monitors, video monitors versus, 625 concatenation, 319 Conformed Media Cache preference, 669 Consolidate All Footage, 584, 648 Continuous Bezier keyframes, 46 Continuously Rasterize switch, 23 Continuous Rasterization, 327–29 Convert Audio to Keyframes, 555 Convert to Point Text option, 334 corner pinning, 474, BC22B correspondence points, BC22B cracked surface effect, 388 CRAW images, 415 Create a New Composition button, 21 Create Layers at Composition Start Time preference, 664–65 Create New Layers at Best Quality preference, 665 Create Outlines, 356, 492 Create Split Layers Above Original Layer preference, 665 cropping (compositions) to current comp size, 320 in output module, 643 trim to work area, 121 crossfades automatic, 120–21, BC35B problems with, 50 Custom Output Simulation, 409 Cycle Mask Colors option, 172, 173, 669 Cycore See Third-Party sidebar D D1/DV conversion, 621 D1 footage, 423, 616, 617–18, 620 Dancing Dissolve mode, 144 Darken mode, 139, 169 decibels, 548 Default Device preference, 670 Default Drag Import As preference, 667 Default Spatial Interpolation to Linear preference, 665 Deform Puppet Pins, 533, 534 depth of field, 228, 237, 243–44, BC38B Device Central (Adobe), 655 difference matting, 147 Difference mode, 147, 167 Diffuse parameter, 268 Digital Anarchy See Third-Party sidebar Digital Film Tools See Third-Party sidebar dimensions, in expressions, 561–62, BC35B direct video output cards, 627 Disable Thumbnails in Project Panel preference, 666 disk caching, 39, 633 displacement maps, 386–89 display preferences, 666–67 distance, measuring, BC35B distortion clipping, 548, 550 distributed rendering See network rendering dot crawl, 420, 626 dpi (dots per inch), Draft 3D switch, 228, 267 drift removal See Motion Stabilization drop-frame timecode, 31, 614 DV/D1 conversion, 621 DV footage, 423, 616, 617–18, 620 dvGarage See Third-Party sidebar Dynamic Link, 596 Dynamic Resolution See Adaptive Resolution E Ease High/Low parameters, 347 Easy Ease keyframe assistant, 68 Echo effect, 130–31 edges blurs for, 433 compression artifacts, 617 keyed object, 431–33 problems, 144, 213 softness in, 156 torn edge matte, 188, 201–2 Edit Original, 110 Effect Controls panel, 89, 359, 395 Effect Favorites See Animation Presets effect points, 363, 365–66, 470 effects For individual effects, see also Adobe Effects and Third-Party sidebars accessing, 379 animation and, 365–66 Animation Presets and, 394–95 applying, 358–59 applying to black solids, 374–75 color swatches, 362 compound, 380–89 Continuous Rasterization and, 328 Adobe Effects 3D Channel Extract, BC38B Add Grain, BC22B Advanced Lightning, BC22B Alpha Levels, BC22B Angle Control, 565, BC35B Audio Spectrum, 368, BC22B Audio Waveform, BC22B Auto Color, BC22B Auto Contrast, BC22B Auto Levels, BC22B Bass & Treble, BC34B Bevel Alpha, BC22B Bezier Warp, BC22B Blend, BC22B Block Dissolve, BC22B Box Blur, BC22B Broadcast Colors, 420 Calculations, 193, BC22B Card Dance, BC22B Card Wipe, BC22B Caustics, BC22B CC effects See Third-Party sidebar Change Color, BC22B Change to Color, BC22B Channel Blur, 432 Channel Combiner, BC22B Channel Mixer, 430, BC22B Checkbox Control, BC35B Cineon Converter, 419 Colorama, BC22B, BC38B Color Balance, BC22B Color Balance (HLS), BC22B Color Control, 566, BC35B Color Difference Key, 425, BC26B Color Key, 424 Color Profile Converter, BC22B Color Range Key, 425–26 Color Stabilizer, BC22B Compound Blur, 382, BC22B, BC38B Corner Pin, BC22B Curves, BC22B, BC38B Delay, BC34B Depth Matte, BC38B Depth of Field, BC38B Difference Matte, 426 Directional Blur, BC22B Drop Shadow, 297, BC22B, BC35B Dust & Scratches, BC22B Echo, 130–31 Exposure, 417 Expression Controls, 564–67 Extract, 426 Eyedropper Fill, BC22B Fast Blur, BC22B Fill, BC22B, BC35B Flange & Chorus, BC34B Foam, BC22B Fog 3D, BC38B Fractal Noise, 403, BC22B Gaussian Blur, 370, BC22B Glow, BC22B Gradient Wipe, BC22B, BC22C Grow Bounds, 329, BC22B HDR Highlight Compression, 416, 419 High-Low Pass, BC34B Hue/Saturation, 421, 431, BC22B, BC38B ID Matte, BC38B Inner Outer Key, 426 Layer Control, BC35B Leave Color, BC22B Lens Blur, 382, BC22B, BC22C, BC38B Lens Flare, 363, 365–66, 374–75 Levels, 191, 193, 194, BC22B, BC38B Levels (Individual Controls), BC22B Lightning, BC22B, BC35B Linear Color Key, 425 Liquify, BC22B Luma Key, 424 Match Grain, BC22B Matte Choker, 431, BC22C Median, BC22B Mesh Warp, BC22B Minimax, 395, BC38B Modulator, BC34B Mosaic, BC22B Motion Tile, BC22B Noise, BC22B Noise Alpha, BC22B Noise HLS, BC22B Noise HLS Auto, BC22B Numbers, 302, BC22B, BC35B Offset, BC22B Optics Compensation, BC22B Paint, 500–521 Parametric EQ, BC34B Particle Playground, BC22C Photo Filter, BC22B Point Control, BC35B Polar Coordinates, BC22B Puppet, 532–41 Radial Blur, BC22B Radial Shadow, BC22B Radio Waves, BC22B Ramp, BC22B, BC22C Remove Color Matting, 204 Remove Grain, BC22B Reshape, BC22B Reverb, BC34B Ripple, BC22B Roughen Edges, BC22B Scribble, BC22B Set Channels, BC22B Set Matte, 193, 194, BC22B Shadow/Highlight, BC22B Sharpen, BC22B Shatter, 240, BC22B, BC35B Shift Channels, 193, BC38B Simple Choker, 204, 431, BC22B, BC22C, BC38B Slider Control, 565, BC35B Smart Blur, BC22B Stereo Mixer, 549–51 Stroke, 367, 368, 375, BC22B Texturize, 382–85 Timewarp, 452 Tint, BC22B Tone, BC34B Transform, 306, 307, 373, 565, BC22B Tritone, 362, 403, BC22B Turbulent Displace, BC22B Unsharp Mask, BC22B Vector Paint, 500, 522–31 Vegas, BC22B, BC35B Warp, BC22B Wave Warp, BC22B Wave World, BC22B Write-on, BC22B 677 effects (continued) copying, 367 custom interfaces, 364 deleting, 359 duplicating, 367 echoed, 130–31 editing, 359, 361–63 keyframe settings, 365 keying, 424–29 masks and, 176 master effects checkbox, 358 missing, 364 Options dialogs, 364 Paint and, 502, 513 pasting, 367 point animation, 365–66 popups, 363 processing order, 361 renaming, 374 render settings for, 368–69 rotary dials, 362 searching for, 360 shape (see shape layers) Show Effects option, 299 sliders, 361 stacking, 361 stencils, applied to, 209 switch, 113 third-party (see also Third-Party sidebar), 379 Effects & Presets panel, 359–60 Effects switch, 113 EIZ file format, BC38B Electric Image, 601, 602, BC38B embossing, 382–85 Enable JavaScript Debugger preference, 665 Enable Motion Blur button, 113 Enable OpenGL switch, 666 Encore (Adobe), 593, 596 EPS files, 582–83 Eraser tool, 506–9 Exclusion mode, 147 explosions, compositing, 424 Exponential Scale keyframe assistant, 100–101, 329, 447 exporting files, 646 GIF files, 591 SWF files, 592 exposure, altering, 416–17 678 Expression Controls, 564–67 Expression Pick Whip Writes Compact English preference, 665 expressions absolute value in, BC35B in Animation Presets, 397 array math, 563 broken, 554–55 color manipulations within, BC35B comments in, 569 conditional statements, BC35B controlling, 564–66 creating, 556–57 defined, 553 degrees-radians conversions, BC35B deleting, 554 disabling, 554, 555 enabling, 553–54 end-of-line punctuation, 568–69 error dialogs, 555 exposing, 552 in Graph Editor, 70, BC35B hiding, 554 interpolation, 559, BC35B language menu, 569, BC35B layer space transform methods, BC35B length methods, BC35B linking dissimilar properties, 558–60 linking properties with different dimensions, 561–62, BC35B linking effects and transformations, 559–60 looping, BC35B math symbols used in, 557, BC35B measuring distances with, BC35B multiline, 567–69, BC35B naming conventions for, 568 as offsets, 558 revealing, 552, 554 rounding numbers, BC35B saving, as Animation Presets, 565 Show Expression Editor in Graph Editor, 70, 566, BC35B text manipulation with, 333, BC35B triggered, by markers, BC35B trigonometric functions in, BC35B user interfaces for, 565–66 variables in, 567–69, BC35B vector math, BC35B wiggle, 570–71, BC35B Expression Selector (for text), 357 eyeball icon, 112 F Fade Out Over Layer Below behavior, 400 fades See also crossfades adjustment layers and, 322 audio, 551 expressions and, BC35B flickering, 205–6 layer group, 50, 322 Mask Opacity for, 157 mattes, 205–6 multiple layers at once, 322, 373 opacity, 413 Opacity keyframes for, 303, 322–23 staggered, 322 text, 338 text presets, 398 Fade Up Characters preset, 398 Fast Previews button, 34 field flicker, 613–14 field order, 612, 643 fields See also field order defined, 612 interlaced, 612 interpreting, 586 masking on, 164 render, 635 stretched, 642 File Name Templates, 631, 653 files forcing type, 577 importing layered, 580–582 importing multiple, 573 missing, 573, 631 Fill Options, 479 fill over stroke, 485 film Cineon format, 418–19 frame rates, 615 glow simulation, 142 Film Size parameter, 240 Final Cut Pro (Apple), importing from, 595 find source in Project panel, 109 fire, compositing, 424 First Vertex Point, 164 Flash, 591–92 See also SWF files Flash Video Cue Point and Parameters, 107 Flash Video (FLV) format, 592, 640 floating point See 32-bit floating point flowchart view, 6, 16, 201, 299 FLV export capability, 592 Third-Party Products 2d3 Boujou, 454, 476 Andersson Techologies SynthEyes, 454 Apple Final Cut Pro, 595 Motion, 595 Autodesk 3ds Max, 598, BC38B Maya, 598, 599, 603, 607 Automatic Duck Pro Import AE, 124, 595 Avid various, 595 Boris FX BCC Alpha Process, 205 BCC Optical Flow, 132 BCC Posterize Time, 132 BCC Sequencer, 132 BCC Temporal Blur, 132 BCC Trails, 132 BCC Velocity Remap, 132 Cycore CC Ball Action, BC22B CC Bender, BC22B CC Bend It, BC22B CC Bubbles, BC22B CC Composite, 369, BC22B CC Cylinder, BC22B CC Flo Motion, 401 CC Force Motion Blur, 132–33 CC Glass Wipe, BC22B CC Grid Wipe, BC22B CC Image Wipe, BC22B CC Kaleida, BC22B CC Lens, BC22B CC Light Burst, BC22B CC Light Rays, BC22B CC Light Sweep, BC22B CC Light Wipe, BC22B CC Particle Systems II, BC22B CC Particle World, BC22B CC Pixel Polly, BC22B CC Power Pin, BC22B CC PS Classic, BC22B CC PS LE Classic, BC22B CC Radial Blur, BC22B CC Radial Fast Blur, BC22B CC Radial Scale Wipe, BC22B CC RepeTile, BC22B CC Ripple Pulse, BC22B CC Scale Wipe, BC22B CC Sphere, BC22B CC Split, BC22B CC Split 2, BC22B CC Spotlight, 276, BC22B CC Tiler, BC22B CC Time Blend, 133, 453 CC Time Blend FX, 133 CC Toner, BC22B CC Twister, BC22B CC Vector Blur, BC22B CC Wide Time, 132–33, 453 CycoreFX HD, BC22B Digital Anarchy 3D Assistants, 232 Designer Blur, BC22B ToonIt!, BC22B Digital Film Tools (DFT) Composite Suite, 278, 433 Light!, 278 dvGarage Composite Toolkit, 429 dvMatte, 423, 429 The Foundry Furnace, 452 Keylight, 427–29 Kronos, 452 GridIron Software Nucleo Pro, 652 Imagineer Systems mocha, 454 motor, 173 Maxon Cinema 4D, 597, 604–11 NewTek LightWave, 599, BC38B REALVIZ MatchMover, 476 Red Giant Software Key Correct Pro, 433 Knoll Light Factory, BC22B True Camera Blur, BC22B RE:Vision Effects RE:Flex, BC22B ReelSmart Motion Blur, 132 SmoothKit, 423, BC22B, BC38B Twixtor, 132 Silhouette FX SilhouetteRoto, 173, 454 Softimage XSI, 599, 602, BC38B Synthetic Aperture Color Finesse, 625 EchoFire, 627 Toolfarm.com contact info, 379, 690 Trapcode Form, BC22B Lux, 274, 379, BC22B Particular, 379, BC22B Shine, 379, BC22B Starglow, 379 Ultimatte AdvantEdge, 423 Zaxwerks 3D Flag, 379, BC22B 3D Grid Warp, 234 3D Layer Warp, 234 3D Warp, 379 Glintwerks, BC22B Invigorator, 240, 379, BC35B Layer Tools, 232 ProAnimator, 379 Reflector, 379 679 focus, camera, 243–44 Focus Distance parameter, 243–44 fog, 3D, BC38B folders importing, 573 in Project panel, fonts, 332 footage collecting files, 649–50, 652 consolidating, 648 converting to layered comps, 582 defined, duplicating, 574 Edit Original, 110 finding, importing, 7, 8, 573–74 interpreting, 585–89 masking interlaced, 164 missing, 2, 573 photographs, digital, 407 proxy, 659 removing unused, 648 renaming, replacing, 108 usage information, 304 Footage panel, foreground, separating from background See keying Format Options dialog, 640 The Foundry See Third-Party sidebar Frame Blending applying, 451–52 approaches, 453 enabling, 113, 444, 451–52 Frame Mix, 450–51 Pixel Motion, 450–51 rendering with, 452 Render Settings options, 634 switch, 113 Timewarp, 452 tips, 453 types of, 450 Frame Mix, 450 frame rates 3D integration, 607 animation, 614 common, 15 defined, 30 high-definition video, 614 interpreting, 586 manipulating, 434–53 motion blur, 128, 129 680 frame rates (continued) NTSC, 614 PAL, 614 p and i suffixes, 616 pulldown, 635 Render Settings, 629, 636 frames See also fields; frame rates D1, 616 DV, 616 freeze, 439 maximizing, 12 rotoscoping, 510 sizes (common video), 616 time remapping, 448–49 Free Transform Points, 154–55, 484 freeze frames, 439 F-stop, 243 fx switch, 358 G gamma, 411, 412–13 gels, 276–77 General preferences, 664–65 GIF files, 590–91 glints, 212 gobos, 277–78 gradients, 485–87 Graph Editor Keyframe Velocity dialog, 75 multiple values in, 76–78 Position graphs, 79–81 problems, 82 scrolling, 72 shortcuts for, 78 toggling, 71 Tool Tips in, 73 Value Graphs, 70–72 Velocity Graphs, 74–75 viewing and editing keyframes in, 70–72 viewing expressions in, 566 grayscale images conversion, shootout, BC22B imported, 187 as mattes, 187 greenscreen See bluescreen, keying grids, 29, 498 Grid preference, 668 grouping See nesting compositions; parenting; precomposing; shape layers Grouping Alignment control, 349 Guide Layers, 105, 546 guides, 29 Guides preference, 668 H handles adding (time), 444 editing (path), 72–73 too long or short, 82 Hand tool, 22 Hard Light mode, 145 Hard Mix mode, 146 Hardware Accelerate Composition, Layer, and Footage Panels preference, 667 Help file, 378 hierarchies creating, 294–96 track matte, 198–203 high-definition video, 614 Highlight Compression, 416 highlights, adding, 212 hold keyframes, 57, 83–84 Horizontal Type tool, 336 hot keying, 110 Hue mode, 148 I IAR See image aspect ratios I-beam icon, 88 Illustrator Alpha Mattes, 186–87 continuous rasterization of files from, 327–29 gradient quality, 582–83 hot keying to, 110, 582 importing files from, 582–83 Pathfinder panel, 168 paths into masks, 177–78 paths into motion paths, 179 paths into shapes, 493 image aspect ratios, 616 Image Cache preference, 669 images See also still images combining (see blending modes) high dynamic range (HDR), 414, 416 high resolution, 24 Imagineer Systems See Third-Party sidebar Import File dialog, 572 importing with alphas, 574–75 audio, 577–78 from Avid systems, 595 camera data, 251, 598–99 defined, EPS files, 582–83 from Final Cut Pro (Apple), 595 footage, 7, GIF files, 590–91 Illustrator files, 582–83 layered file as comp, 580–582 from Motion (Apple), 595 movies, 577 multiple files, 573 PDF files, 582–83 Photoshop files, 580–82 pixel aspect ratio setting, 617 preferences for, 667 from Premiere Pro, 594–95 projects, 3, 584 sequences, 579 still images, 578 SWF files, 591–92 in points, 114–17 “instant sex,” 369, BC22B integration See also importing with 3D applications, 597–611 Dynamic Link, 596 with NLE systems, 594–95 overview, 590–96 web, 590–92 interlacing See field order, fields interpolation animated mask shapes, 165 expressions, 559, BC35B hold, 83–84 keyframe, 45–47 spatial, 43 temporal, 43 Interpret Footage dialog, 406, 585–88 Interpret Unlabeled Alpha As preference, 667 intersections 3D, 231 holes in shapes, 488 Intersect mask mode, 167 J JavaScript See expressions, scripting JavaScript debugger preference, 665 jump parenting, 293 K kerning, 332 keyboard shortcuts 3D shadows on/off, 270 3D Views, 221 Active Camera view, 221 Audio Levels in Timeline, 546 Audio panel, 547 camera, adding, 238, 256 Casts Shadows toggle, 270 centering text, 336 Comp and Timeline panels, toggling between, 16 comps, closing, 20 comps, creating new, 14 comps, multiple, 21 copying, 90 Custom view, 221 deselect all, 89, 391 deselect all keyframes, 89 duplicating queued items, 644 Edit Original, 110 Effect Controls panel, 190 Erase Last Stroke, 507 expressions, revealing, 552 footage, importing, General preferences, 664 Go To Time, 226 for Graph Editor, 71, 78 grid, 29 guides, 29 Help file, 378 Info panel, 116 in/out point, going to, 102, 117 kerning, 332 keyframe navigation, 48 layer, locking, 112 layer, moving, 103 layer, ordering, 103 layer, precomposing, 200 layer, reversing, 436 layer, scrolling to top, 103 layer, selecting, 102 layer, snapping to edges or center, 18 layer, splitting, 122 keyboard shortcuts (continued) layer, stacking order, 103 layer, stretching, 52 layer, trimming, 116 light, adding, 256 list of, 88 masks, creating, 153 masks, editing, 158–60 masks, reveal parameters, 170 mode (blending), 134 modified parameters, displaying, 366, 395 motion path, editing, 46-7 navigating Comp panel, 22 null object creation, 289 Paint and Clone, 501, 510, 515, 521 Pan Behind tool, 174 Parent column toggle, 282 Position dialog, 241 preferences, restoring default, 664 Puppet Pin tool, 533 Quality, 25 Resolution, 24 Rotation property, 54 rulers, 29, 287 safe areas, 28 selecting all, 333 shapes, creating, 482 shapes, editing, 483–84 shapes, grouping selected, 488 snapshot, 109 solid, creating, 23 solo selected, 56 split-screen Comp panel, 152 stopwatch, 44 Switches/Modes toggle, 134 text selection, hiding, 355 time navigation, 26 time stretching, 435 toggling Paint tools, 500 transform properties, 64 Type tool selection, 330 undo, 109 Use System Shortcut Keys, 665 Video Preview toggle, 41 views, 3D, 221 windows, resizing, work area, 28, 121 workspaces, switching between, 13 zooming, 22, 27 681 Keyframe Assistants 3D Assistants (Digital Anarchy), 232 Convert Audio to Keyframes, 555 Easy Ease, 68 Exponential Scale, 100–101, 329, 447 Motion Sketch, 92–93, 98 Sequence Layers, 120–21, 447 Smart Mask Interpolation, 180–83 The Smoother, 94 Time-Reverse Keyframes, 99 The Wiggler, 96–98 keyframes adding, 88 converting audio amplitude to, 555 copying, 90 defined, deleting, 88, 89 duplicated, 303 editing numerically, 49 hold, 57, 83–84 icons, 84 interpolation types, 45–47 moving, 89, 91 navigating, 48, 365 nudging, 89, 91 pasting, 90 puppets, 534–35 reversing layers, 437 reversing only, 434 roving, 86–87 selecting multiple, 88–89 setting for effects, 365 slipping, 119 time-reversing, 99 time-stretching, 437 tips, 65, 250 Keyframe Velocity dialog, 75 keying AdvantEdge, 423 Binary (Color) Key, 424 cleaning up the results, 430–33 Color Difference Key, 425, BC26B Color Key, 424 Color Range Key, 425–26 Composite Toolkit (dvGarage), 429 defined, 422 Difference Matte, 426 DV footage, 423 dvMatte, 423, 429 Extract keyer, 426 Inner Outer Key, 426 Keylight, 427–29 682 keying (continued) Linear Color Key, 425 Luma Key, 424 luminance key, 422–23 techniques used, 422–23 tips for, 423–24, 426 web resources, 429 L Label Colors preferences, 668 Label Defaults preferences, 668 labels, 111 Layer Bar mode, 78 Layer panel disabling rendering in, 28 masking in, 152 navigating, 116 Render checkbox in, 152 trimming layers, 116 two timelines in, 445 unable to be opened, 326 View menu in, 152 layers See also adjustment layers 3D, 217, 292, 325–26 3D rotation, 286–87 adding to comps, 18 aligning, 109 Anchor Point, 219 background, 210–12, 279 Best Quality, 25 collapsed, 318–19, 325–26 color defaults, 111 continuously rasterized, 327–29 converting footage to, 104 copying, 104 defined, 2–3, 17 distributing, 109 Draft Quality, 25 duplicating, 104 editing, 114–25, 294 effects applied, viewing, 190 flipping horizontally or vertically, 53 freeze frame, 439 grouping (see nesting compositions; parenting; precomposing) Guide Layer, 105 in/out points, 114–15 intersecting, 231 length of, 111 lighting options, 267–70 locking, 112 layers (continued) marking audio, 545–46 mattes, 187 mixing 2D and 3D, 232 motion blur for, 127 moving in 3D, 224 moving in layer stack, 103 moving in time, 103 naming, 104, 105 nesting, 563 order of, 19, 103 parenting, 282–93 pasting, 104 positioning, 109, 111 precomposing, 123–24, 200–202, 290 Quality default, 25, 665 renaming, 105 replacing sources, 137 resizing, 162 reversing playback, 436–37 reversing stack order, 103 rotating, 217–18 scale (stretch) to fit, 52 scaling, 287 selecting, 102 Sequence Layers, 120–21 Show Layers option, 299 Shy, 112 slip editing, 118–19 solid, 23 soloing, 104–5 source name restoration, 105 sources, 137 speed of, 43, 69, 71 splitting, 122–24 stabilizing (see Motion Stabilization) stencils, 208–13 text layer, default name of, 331 text layer, renaming, 354 time remapping, 438–44 time-stretching, 434–35 tracking (see Motion Tracking) trimming, 115–18, 121 trim work area to selected layers, 121 Wireframe Quality, 25 Layer Groups (Sets), in Photoshop, 581 Layer Styles, 376–77 Levels of Undo preference, 664 Lighten mode, 141–42, 169 lighting See also shadows adding, 258 ambient, 256, 265 lighting (continued) angle of, 256–57, 260–61 back lighting, 274, 277 books, 280 color, 266 Cone Angle, 262–63 default, 214, 256 disable, 228 editing settings, 259–60 effects, BC22B factors affecting, 256–57 Intensity, 265–66 layer issues, 280–81 Material Options, 267–70 moving lights, 259 Parallel, 264, 272, 274 Point, 263–64, 272 Point of Interest, 259 rotating, 261 source, 256 Spot, 262–63, 272, 274 types, 256 Light Transmission, 274–75 light wrap, 433 LightWave (NewTek), 599, BC38B linear blending, 412–13 Linear Burn mode, 139 Linear Dodge mode, 142 Linearize Working Space, 412, 413 Linear keyframes, 47, 68, 80 Linear Light mode, 145–46 lines, creating, 498 Live Update button, 34, 45 Local Axis Mode, 225 Lock Source Time, 516 Lock switch, 112 Lock to Zoom option, 243 looping, 588, 660, BC35B luminance, 149, 191, 208–11 keying, 422–23 range issues, 410–11 Luminescent Premultiply mode, 144 Luminosity mode, 149 M magnification, 22 markers comments for, 107 comp, 106–7 expressions and, BC35B layer, 107 masking (masks) alpha-based, 172 anchor points for, 154 animation of, 119, 161–65 Animation Presets and, 394 applying to adjustment layers, 372 Auto-trace and, 172 basics of, 150–52 Bezier, 158–59, 161 color-coding, 170 in Comp panel, 151 constraining aspect ratio, 154 copying, 170 deleting, 171 deleting mask points, 159, 165 deleting mask shapes, 159 editing, 158–60 editing multiple, 170 effects and, 176 expansion, 156 feathering, 156, 328 First Vertex Point, 164 Free Transform Points, 154 hiding, 171 Illustrator, pasting from, 177, 179 interlaced footage, 164 interpolating between, 180–83 inverting, 166 in Layer panel, 152 keyboard shortcuts, creating, 153 keyboard shortcuts, editing, 159–60 keyboard shortcuts, parameters, 170 locking, 171 mask modes, 167–68 motion blur for, 129, 161, 163 moving entire, 154–55 multiple, 167–71 nested comp issues, 129 nudging, 152 opacity, 157, 169 outline colors of, 669 panning inside, 174–75 pasting, 170, 176, 366–67 as paths, 368 paths, opening/closing, 159 paths for, 176–79 Photoshop, pasting from, 178, 179 points, 158–59, 165 Preserve Frame Rate option, 165 renaming, 170 rendering issues, 165 re-ordering, 170 masking (continued) resetting, 153 resizing, 154, 162 reverse path direction, 183 rotating, 154–55, 164 RotoBezier, 173, 174 rotoscoping tips, 173–74 scaling, 154 selecting multiple, 170 selecting points on, 154, 155 shape shortcuts, 153 shape layers versus, 478, 492 shortcuts, 170 slipping problems, 165 Smart Mask Interpolation, 183–85 stabilized footage, 461 sync with source frames, 165 Target menu, 171 text and, 176 tools for, 150 tracing outlines to create, 172 turning off, 171 velocity and, 162–63 vertex count when editing, 665 Mask Shape dialog, 162 master effects checkbox, 358 Match Legacy Gamma switch, 411 mattes See track mattes Maximum Memory Usage preference, 669 Maxon Cinema 4D, 597, 604–11 Maya (Autodesk), 598, 599, 603, 607 measurement conversions, 49, 241, BC35B measuring distance, BC35B Memory & Cache preferences, 668–69 Mesh Expansion, 539 Mesh Triangles, 539 Metal parameter, 269–70 methods in expressions, 559, 569 Minimum Diskspace Before Overflowing preference, 667 mobile devices, 655 modes See blending modes Modes column, 112, 136 monitoring results, 626–27 Motion (Apple), importing from, 595 motion blur 3D, 228, 598 adaptive, 126 applying, 127 in Collapse Transformations, 321 described, 126–27 frame rates, 128, 129 683 motion blur (continued) gamma and, 412 on masks, 129, 161, 163 Render Settings, 129, 636 Shutter Angle, 128 Shutter Phase, 128–29 switch, 113, 127, 228, 321 motion control moves, 62–63 motion paths 3D, 226–29 appearance preference, 666 color of, 45 editing, 45–47 editing for effect point, 366–67 moving, 91 nudging, 91 scaling, 91 Motion Path preference, 666 motion sketching, 535 Motion Sketch keyframe assistant, 92–93, 98 Motion Stabilization advice on, 463 basics of, 454–57 masking and, 461 options, 457–58 setup, 454–59 Motion Tracking See also Motion Stabilization 3D, 476 Adapt Feature on Every Frame option, 458 Affine Corner Pin, 474 alternative trackers, 454 Attach Points, 466–68 defined, 466 displaying track keyframes, 466 with dots, 475–76 effect points, 470 Extrapolate Motion option, 458 Options dialog, 467 Perspective Corner Pin, 474, 476 removing/cloning objects, 518–20 setup, 454–58 Tracking Regions, 455–56, 464–65, 467 types of, 469–70 mouse wheel scrolling, 22 movies converting sequences to, 654–55 importing, 577 manipulating frame rates, 434–53 rendering, 630 684 movies (continued) saving RAM Previews, 39, 631, 647 scaling up, 577 segmenting, 667 time-stretching, 434–35 MPEG2 format options, 640 multipass rendering, 609, 610 Multiply mode, 139 multiprocessor rendering, 41, 650, 670 N nesting compositions 3D, 233, 325 automatic nesting, 199 basics of, 294–96 collapsed, 317–19 defined, 3, 294 effects editing, 297 effects order, 304 failure to nest, 302 flowchart views, 299 motion blur and, 129 naming, 303 nesting options, 302–3 nesting tips, 199, 303 opening nested comp, 300 opening parent comp, 303 pan behind effect using, 307 panning oversized comp, 300 Pre-compose, 308–11 Preserve Frame Rate, 302 rendering order, 304–7 size of compositions, 300 time remapping, 445–47 track mattes, 198–203 Transform effect and, 306, 307 transforming, 295–96, 303 network rendering basics of, 650 failure recovery, 652–53 setup for, 650, 651–52 tips for, 654, BC22C New Composition from Selection dialog, 21 NewTek LightWave, 599, BC38B NLE systems, integration with, 594–95 non-drop timecode, 31, 614 non-square pixels, 617–18 NTSC video See also frame rates comp presets, 15 D1 and DV formats, 621 real frame rate, 614 Nucleo Pro (GridIron Software), 652 null objects Anchor Point, 286 defined, 289 and expressions, 564-66, BC22B grouping with, 290 in jump parenting, 293 nonuniform scale solution; 291 as parent, 196–97 renaming, 290 numbers generation, BC22B, BC35B O objects, removing or duplicating, 518–20 onion skinning, 512, 531 opacity See also alpha channels Alpha Add mode, 144, 213 blending modes and, 135, 144 editing, 50 fades, 413 keyframes, 303 across multiple masks, 169 nesting compositions, 303 Preserve Underlying Transparency, 211 stacked layers and, 50 OpenGL 3D acceleration, 37, 228 depth of field and, 243 in Mac OS X, 665 previewing, 35–37, 214, 228, 243, 246 render speed, 633 shadows and, 36 OpenGL Info preference, 666 Open Parent Composition button, 203, 303, 314 Options menu, location, 13 Orbit/Track Camera tools, 221, 245, 247, 253 Orientation parameter, 56–7, 217–18, 224 orthographic views, 220–21 out points, 114–17, 448 Output Module Settings, 408, 638–44 Output preferences, 667–68 Output Simulation (color), 409 Overflow Volumes preference, 667 Overlap tool, 536–37 Overlay Edit, 124–25 Overlay mode, 143 overscan, 622 P padlock icon, 112 Paint and Clone animating strokes, 508–12 blending modes, 505 Brush Tips panel, 501, 511 Brush tool, 501 Channels popup, 504 Clone Presets, 515 Clone Source Overlay, 516–17 Clone Stamp tool, 514–15 Custom Duration, 510 editing existing strokes, 502–5 effects and, 502, 513 Eraser tool, 506–9 expressions and, 176, 520 interpolating strokes, 511–12 keyboard shortcuts, 500, 510, 515, 521 Mode popup, 505 motion tracking with, 518–20 Paint on Transparent option, 503 Paint panel, 500–501, 504 removing/duplicating objects, 518–20 rotoscoping, 510 Source Time Shift, 517 straight line stroke, 521 tablets, using with, 511 tips for, 521 transforming strokes, 504 Write On mode, 509 PAL video, 614 See also frame rates Pan Behind tool, 59–60, 174–75, 284 panels See also individual panels closing, 11 collapsing, 10 maximizing, 12 moving, 12 opening additional, 5, 13 overview, rearranging, 10–13 re-docking, 12–13 resizing, 10 workspaces, 13 panning, 62–63 PAR See pixel aspect ratios Paragraph panel, 334 Parallel lights, 264 parenting 3D layer, 292 camera, 253 character animation, 288 parenting (continued) child-parent breakups, 283–84 defined, 282, 286–87, 294 effects exclusion in, 197, 284–85 expressions and, BC35B grouping layers with, 563 jump parenting, 293 nonuniform scale problem, 291 pick whip for, 196, 283 power of, 288–89 scale skewing from, 291 track matte, 195–96, 290 using nulls for, 289–90 Pathfinder panel (Illustrator), 168 path operators (shape layers), 494 Path parameter (effects), 368 PDF files, 582–83, 656–57 Pen tool, 47, 159, 479, 483–84 Per-character 3D, 342–45 perspective, 216 Photoshop hot keying to, 110, 582 importing files from, 580–82, 583 Layer Groups (Sets), 581 Layer Styles, 376–77 pasting paths from, 178, 179 supported features, 583 text integration with, 356 PIC file format, BC38B pick whip tool, 196, 283, 556–57, 561–62, 564, BC35B Pin Light mode, 146 Pixel Aspect Ratio Correction switch, 620 Pixel Aspect Ratio popups, 618 pixel aspect ratios 3D integration, 607 interpreting, 587 nonsquare issues, 617–18 Pixel Motion, 450, 452 pixels per inch (ppi), 9, 241 PNG files, 590 Point of Interest parameter, 245–47 Point lights, 263 Position dialog, 241 Position graphs, 79–81 Position keyframes, 43, 79, 93 Position paths See motion paths Position property animating, 44–45, 79 camera, 245–47 pasting to effect point, 366–67 Post-Render Actions, 654, 655, 662 ppi (pixels per inch), 9, 241 precomposing See also precomps Collapse Transformations, 318–19 explained, 308–13 grouping, 200 Set Matte effect, 194 track mattes, 200–202 precomps See also precomposing compound effects and, 385 defined, 294 prerendering, 304 Preferences Audio Hardware, 670 Audio Output Mapping, 670 Auto-Save, 670 basics of, 664 Display, 666–67 General, 664–65 Grids & Guides, 668 Import, 667 Label Colors, 668 Label Defaults, 668 Memory & Cache, 668–69 Multiprocessing, 670 Output, 667–68 Previews, 666 restoring default, 664 text-based Preferences file, 671 User Interface Colors, 11, 669 Premiere Pro, integrating with, 124, 594–95, 596 premultiplied alpha See alpha channels prerendering, 658–59 Preserve Clipboard Data For Other Applications preference, 665 Preserve Constant Vertex Count when Editing Masks preference, 665 Preserve Edges option, 587, 614 Preserve Frame Rate comp setting explained, 302 when masking, 165 with Numbers effect, 302 Preserve Resolution comp setting, 302 Preserve Underlying Transparency, 211–13 Prevent DLL Address Space Fragmentation preference, 669 previewing 3D render, 223 audio only, 40–41, 547 Fast Previews, 34–35 Favor Active Camera option, 40 685 previewing (continued) interactive, 34–37 OpenGL, 35–37, 228 preferences, 666 RAM, 37–39 Region of Interest, 40 Video Previews, 41, 626–27 Wireframe, 35 Previews Favor Active Camera, 40 Pro Import AE (Automatic Duck), 124, 595 Project Flowchart View, 6, 299 Project panel disabling thumbnails in, 666 introduced, 6, 14 projects backing up, 649 collecting files, 649–50 importing, 3, 584 merging, for rendering, 654 missing effects in, 364 missing footage in, 2, 631 opening old, 584 streamlining, 648–49 structure of, Project Settings, 30, 405, 411, 412 Project Working Space, 404, 405 Proportional Grid preference, 668 proxies applying, 660 behavior of, 661 comp, 659–63 Collapse Transformations and, 662 Collect Files and, 654 defined, 659 examples illustrating, 661–63 footage, 659, 663 rendering with, 654, 663 Proxy switch, 660 PSD files, 593 pulldown, 165, 586–87, 615–16, 635 puppeting basics of, 532 keyframing, 534–35 mesh issues, 533, 539, 540 motion sketching, 535 Overlap tool, 536–37 Puppet Pins, 532–33, 534 Starch tool, 538 text deformation, 540–41 Puppet Record Options, 535 686 Q Quality (Best/Draft) antialiasing and, 316 in Collapse Transformations, 321 defined, 25 Render Settings, 632 setting for multiple layers, 25 subpixel positioning, 67 switch, 113, 321 quantization distortion (audio), 544 Quick Paint mode, 526 QuickTime alpha channel creation, 184 gamma, 411 settings (rendering), 639 R “rack focus” effects, 244 Raining Characters In preset, 399 RAM Previews, 37–39, 656 randomization, 401–3, BC35B realtime updating, toggling, 34, 228 Rectangle mask tool, 153 recursive switches, 323, 665 Red Giant Software See Third-Party sidebar Reduce Project, 648–49 reflections, 53, 602 Region of Interest, 40, 228, 643 Remove Unused Footage, 648 rendering See also network rendering; render order; Render Queue settings 3:2 pulldown, 635 advanced, 648–57 basics of, 3, 628–30 compound effects and, 381 Comp panel, disable update, 629, 634 disabling, 28 disk overflow, 667 fields, 129, 635, 642 with Frame Blending, 452 merging projects for, 654 multipass, 609, 610 multiprocessor, 650, 670 Output Preferences, 637 path for rendered file, 640 premultiplied alpha channel, 642 progress indicator, 667 with proxies, 663 re-, 644 settings for, 632–37 stopping, 629, 645 rendering (continued) straight alpha channel, 642 time span, 636 troubleshooting, 66–67 render log, 645 render order 2D, 230 3D, 230–31 changing, 233, 304–7, 312–13 with Collapse Transformations, 318–19 with nesting, 304–7 normal, 316, 318 Render Queue settings See also rendering 3:2 pulldown options, 635 alpha channel options, 642 audio output, 643–44 changes after queuing, 630 channels, 641 color channels, 642 compositions, adding, 644 Crop options, 643 Depth options, 641 destination folder, changing for multiple items, 630 directory path for render, 640 duplicating items, 644 Effects options, 634 embed project, 639 files missing, 631 format, 638, 640 Frame Blending options, 634–35 frame rates, 629, 636 logs, 645 Motion Blur options, 129, 636 movies, 630 multiple compositions, 629 names and file paths, 631 Output Module Settings, 638–44 post-render action, 639 progress of render, 645 proxy use, 633 Quality options, 632 QuickTime dialog, 639 RAM Previews, 631 Render Settings, 632–37 Resolution options, 633 saving, 638 Skip Existing Files, 637 Starting #, 641 Status column, 644 stills, 630–31 Stretch options, 642–43 Render Queue settings (continued) templates, 646–47 Use Storage Overflow, 637 Video Output option, 639 Render Settings dialog, 651, 663 resampling, 67 Reset Mask, 153 resolution Collapse Transformations, 316–17 defined, 24 magnification and, 24 maintaining original, 316–17 Render Settings option, 633 setting, 24 resources list, 690 Reveal in Timeline, 365–66 Reverse Layer, 436–37 reverse play See Time Remapping RE:Vision Effects See Third-Party sidebar RGB color space, 625 Ripple Insert Edit, 124–25 RLA format, 602, BC38B rotation 3D, 56–57, 217–18, 224, 248, 287 animating, 55 child-parent, 286–87 editing, 54–55, 224 Euler, 56, 218 masks, 154–55, 164 orientation, versus, 217–18, 224 Quaternion, 218 removal (see Motion Stabilization) rules, 54 text, 339, 343–44 tracking, 469–70 Rotation tool, 57, 248 RotoBezier masks, 160–61, 173, 174 RotoBezier paths for shape layers, 483 rotoscoping, 173–74, 510 See also masking (masks) RPF format, 602, BC38B rulers, 29 S safe areas, 28, 622–23, 668 Safe Margins preference, 668 sample rate, 543–44 Saturation mode, 148 scale 3D layer, 231, 287 animating, 52–53 scale (continued) editing, 51–52 resetting, 51 tracking, 469–70 Scale Bounce behavior, 400 Screen mode, 142, 205 scripting, 665, BC35C scrolling with mouse wheel, 22 scrubbing tips, 269 Segment Movie Files At preference, 667 Segment Sequences At preference, 667 Selection tool, 22, 155, 159 Sequence Footage preference, 667 Sequence Layers, 120–21, 447 sequences converting, to movies, 654–55 importing, 579 Set First Vertex, 495 Shadow Darkness parameter, 271 Shadow Diffusion parameter, 271–72, 273 shadow maps, 275 shadows 3D, 270–79, 610–11 color default, 274 collapse transformations and, 325–26 continuous rasterization and, 329 Drop Shadow effect, 297, BC22B enabling, 271 Layer Effect, 376 OpenGL and, 36 nested comps and, 325–26 rendered quality, 271 rendering engines and, 275 softness, 273 shape effects, 494–99 Shape Fill Color, 479 shapes (shape layers) Animation Presets, 481 blending modes, 485 Brainstorm and, 499 centering, 481 creating freeform, 483–84 Create Outlines, 492 creating parametric, 480–82 dashed lines, 487 editing, 483–84 fills, 479, 485 gradients, 485–86 grids, 498 grouping, 488, 490 Illustrator paths into, 493 masks versus, 478, 492 shapes (continued) Merge Paths, 490–91 multiple, 481, 488–91 Offset Paths, 494 open path, 484 Pen tool and, 483–84 Pucker & Bloat, 494 Repeater, 494, 496–99 Round Corners, 494 spiraling, 497 strokes, 479, 485, 487 transforming, 480–81, 484 Trim Paths, 494 Twist, 495, 498 Wiggle Paths, 495 Zig Zag, 495 Shape Stroke Color, 479 Shape tools, 479 Shininess parameter, 269 shortcut keys See keyboard shortcuts Show Reference Graph, 75 Show Rendering in Progress in Info Panel preference, 661, 667 Show Tool Tips preference, 664 Shutter Angle, 128 Shutter Phase, 128–29 Shy switch, 112 Silhouette Alpha mode, 144, 210 Silhouette FX See Third-Party sidebar Silhouette Luma mode, 144, 210 silhouettes, 210, 323 Skip Existing Files option, 637 sliders, 361 slip editing, 118–19 slowing down See Time Stretch; Time Remapping Smart Mask Interpolation keyframe assistant, 180–83 Smart Quotes, 332 The Smoother keyframe assistant, 94 SMPTE timecode, 30, BC35B snapshots, 108–9, 413 Softimage|XSI, 599, 602, BC38B Soft Light mode, 144 soft mattes, 192 solids applying effects to, 374–75 black, 374–75 creating, 23 Solid Footage Settings dialog, 23 soloing layers, 104–5 Solo switch, 104, 112 687 sound See audio Source Text, 333 spatial interpolation default to linear preference, 665 defined, 43 speaker icon, 112 Specular parameter, 268 speed See motion paths; Velocity Graphs speeding up See Time Stretch; Time Remapping Spot lights, 258–60, 262–63 square pixels (working in), 620 See also non-square pixels sRGB color profile, 407, BC22B stained glass effect, 274 Starch tool, 538 Starting #, 641 Star tool, 480 Start Timecode, Comp Settings, 31 Stencil Alpha mode, 144, 209 Stencil Luma mode, 144, 208 stencils 3D, 235 Alpha, 209–10 Alpha Add mode with, 213 background, issues, 210–12 Collapse Transformations, 323 creating, 208–10 disabling, 208 Preserve Underlying Transparency option, 211–13 silhouettes, 210, 323 track mattes versus, 212 step-time technique, 449–50 Still Footage preference, 667 still images See also footage color management, 407 duration of, 111 importing, 578 panning, 62–63 rendering, 630–31 scaling up, 577, 578 sequencing, 121 straight alpha See alpha channels stretching layers, 52 in Render Queue, 642–43 time, 434–35 strokes animating, 508–12, 524–26 dashed lines, 487, BC22B effect, 368, BC22B 688 strokes (continued) for shape layers, 479, 485, 487 for text, 331–332, 349 width, 331, 479 subpixel positioning, 67, 458 Subtract mask mode, 167 SWF files exporting, 592, 646 exporting text to, 356 importing, 591–92 switches See also individual switches overview of, 112–13 recursive, 323, 665 tool tips for, 111 Switches Affect Nested Comps preference, 323, 665 Switches/Modes columns, 112–13, 134, 136 Synchronize Time of All Related Items preference, 665 Synthetic Aperture See Third-Party sidebar T tablets painting with, 511, 522 puppet animations with, 541 tabs, in user interface, 11 televisions See also widescreen image aspect ratios, 616 safe areas, 625 video monitors versus, 627 templates File Name, for renders, 631 Render Settings and Output Modules, 646–47 video, 583 temporal interpolation, 43 text See also Text Animators animating as particles, BC22C animation presets for, 398–99 cascading, 340–41 centered, 336 color, 332 coloring Illustrator, 384 creating, 331–33 cycling words, 333 decoding effect, 353 editing attributes, 332 editing keyboard shortcuts, 332 exporting to SWF format, 356 expressions, BC35B fonts, 332 text (continued) hiding selection, 355 horizontal/vertical, 336 kerning, 332 paragraph, 334 paragraph/point conversion, 334 on a path, 335 Per-character 3D, 342–45 Photoshop integration, 356 point, 334 quotation marks in, 332 random character order, 338 rotation, 339, 343–44 size, 332 skew, 339 stroke attribute, 332 tracking, 332, 339 typing on, 337, 343 Text Animators adding new, 336 adding properties to, 338 Amount parameter, 348 Anchor Point Grouping in, 349 Character Offset property, 339 Character Value property, 339 copying parameters between, 355 copying selectors between, 355 defined, 336 Expression Selector, 357, BC35B Fill Opacity property, 339 Fill & Stroke options, 349 Grouping Alignment, 349 Inter-Character Blending, 349 Line Spacing property, 339 Mode parameter, 351 multiple, 354–56 Offset parameter, 337 parameter restriction, 355 parameter syncing, 355 Position property, 336 randomizing property values in, 350–52 Random Seed parameter, 338 Range Selector, 336-337, 348, 351-353 renaming, 355 Selector syncing, 355 shapes for, 347–48 “slamdown” effect, 352 Spatial Phase, 352 Temporal Phase, 352 units for, 348 Wiggly Selector, 350–52 Texturize effect basics of, 382–83 by nesting, 383 by precomposing, 384–85 thumbnails, in Project panel, 666 time centering display, 27 current, 26 display modes, 30–31 Go To Time dialog, 26 in/out points and, 114–16 posterize, 302, BC35B navigating in, 26 timecode generation, BC35B zooming in Timeline panel, 27 timecode, 614, BC35B Timecode Base popup, 30 Time Controls panel, 26 Timeline panel adjusting parameter values in, 89 basics of, 3, 17 columns in, 17 layer, bar colors in, 111 markers in, 106–7 switches in, 112–13 trimming layers in, 116 Time Remapping, 438–50, 658 Time-Reverse Keyframes, 99 Time Stretch, 434–35 titles animating, 290, 335–355 revealing, 521, 529 safe areas, 28, 622, 668 Toggle Mask and Shape Visibility button, 151, 482 Toolfarm.com, 379 Tools panel, Tool Tips enabling, 111, 664 in the Graph Editor, 73 Track Camera tools, 221 Tracker Controls window, 459–60, 467, 469 tracking (motion) See Motion Tracking tracking (text), 332, 339 track mattes in 3D renders, 602, BC38B in 3D space, 234–35 accessing, 184 Adjustment Layers and, 197, 203 Alpha Mattes, 186–88 animating, 195–96 background, adding, 188–89 track mattes (continued) choking, 205 color channels, 192–93 contrast, increasing, 191 creating, 184–88 defined, 184 details, 187 effects with, 184–90, 197, 203 fading, 205–6 fringe problem, 204–5 hierarchies, 198–203 inverted, 189–90 Luma Matte, 184–86, 188 luma versus alpha, 188 Matte Choker effect, 431 Multiply mode versus, 139 nesting, 198–99 precomposing, 200–202 Set Matte effect, 194 Simple Choker effect, 204, 431 specifying channel, 192–93 stencils versus, 212 straight alpha, 204 transitions, 206–7 Track Options, 457 transfer modes See blending modes transformations adjustment layer, 373 basics of, 43, 50, 51, 54, 58 concatenation of, 319 keyboard shortcuts, 64 parenting, 195–97 transparency See alpha channels; opacity Trapcode See Third-Party sidebar trimming layers, 115–18, 121 troubleshooting compound effects, 388 rendering, 66–67 render order, 307 “T” switch, 211, 212 Type tool See also text; Text Animators horizontal/vertical, 336 introduced, 330–33 keyboard shortcut for, 330 U Ultimatte, 422, 423 See also Third-Party sidebar underscan, 622 undo, 109, 664 unit conversions, 49, 241, BC35B Use Default File Name and Folder preference, 668 Use Gradients display preference, 669 Use Label Color for Layer Handles and Paths preference, 669 User Interface Brightness preference, 669 User Interface Colors, 11, 669 Use Storage Overflow, 637 Use System Color Picker preference, 665 Use System Shortcut Keys preference, 665 V Value Graphs, 70–72 Vanishing Point Exchange, 254–55 variables, in expressions, 567–69 Vector Paint basics of, 522–24 Composite Paint modes, 527 onion skinning, 512, 531 Paint tools versus, 500, 522 Quick Paint mode, 526 stroke animation, 524–26 stroke transformation, 530 user interface, 523 Wiggle Control, 528 Velocity Graphs, 74–75 vertex count preservation preference, 665 Vertical Type tool, 336 video See also footage anamorphic widescreen, 618–20 color advice, 421, 625 color management, 407–8 composite dot crawl, 420, 626 editing, 114–25 field flicker, 613 frames, 612 high-definition, 614, 616 interlaced, 612–13 previewing, 626–27 safe areas, 28, 622–23, 668 templates, 583 video output cards previewing through, 669 video monitors, 625, 627 Video Preview, 41, 409, 669 Video switch, 19 View Axis Mode, 225 View Options dialog, 620 Vivid Light mode, 146 volumetric lights, 274 VPE files, 254–55 689 W Wacom tablet, 511, 541 warp effects, 386–88, BC22B Watch Folder, 650–52, 653 waveforms audio, 544 effects (visual), BC22B web integration, 590–92 widescreen, 618–20 Wiggle behaviors, 400 Wiggle Control (Vector Paint), 528 wiggle expression, 570–71, BC35B Wiggler keyframe assistant, 96–98 Wiggly Selector, 350–52 windows See panels Windows Media format options, 640 Wireframe preview, 35 wobble removal See Motion Stabilization work areas defined, 27 Extract Work Area, 121 Lift Work Area, 121 rendering, 636 setting, 27–28 shortcuts for, 28, 121 Trim Comp to Work Area, 121 trim work area to selected layers, 121 workspaces, 4, 13, 222–23 World Axis Mode, 225 Write On mode (Paint), 509 Y YUV color space, 625, BC22B RESOURCES Some of our favorites places to learn more about motion graphics and After Effects: Our own website is full of information about our video training, what we write and where we speak Key pages to visit include: articles.cybmotion.com books.cybmotion.com training.cybmotion.com In particular, we write regular articles for DV magazine (www.dv.com) and Artbeats (www.artbeats.com/community/tips.php) These are some of our favorite forums, web sites, and user groups when we need to find answers to questions on After Effects: media-motion.tv/ae-list.html www.adobeforums.com www.motionscript.com www.aenhancers.com When you need to feed the other side of your brain, also visit: www.motionographer.com Here are good sources for software and plug-ins (including freebies): www.toolfarm.com, www.redgiantsoftware.com And if you are curious about what we while the computers are busy rendering: www.wildscaping.com Z Zaxwerks See Third-Party sidebar Z depth, 215–17, 231 zooming in 3D Views, 221 in Comp panel, 22 Exponential Scale keyframe assistant and, 329 with resolution change, 666 to see all layers, 221, 245 in Timeline panel, 27 Zoom parameter (Camera), 241–42 ZPIC file format, BC38B Z Position parameter, 241–42 Z Scale, 218 690 DVD Tech Support If your DVD becomes damaged, contact Focal Press Customer Service at: usbkinfo@elsevier.com The phone number is: (800) 545-2422 inside North America and +44 (0) 1865 474010 in Europe If you have trouble operating the DVD, contact Focal Press Technical Support at: technical.support@elsevier.com The phone number is: (800) 692-9010 inside North America and +1 (314) 872-8370 from overseas