wish and if only clauses, clauses and phrases of purpose, result, concession, as if, as though, would rather, its time..... exercises I. WISH – Clauses IF ONLY – Clauses (Mệnh đề ao ước): Diễn đạt ước muốn (thường là không có thật). (If only mạnh hơn rõ ràng hơn Wish). Sau Wish If Only có 3 loại mệnh đề được dùng để chỉ sự ao ước ở tương lai, hiện tại và quá khứ. 1. Ao ước ở tương lai: S1 + wish + S2 + would (not) + V(bare –inf). If only Ex. I wish you would stop smoking. If only Jane would take the trip. NOTE: trong câu với Wish, không thể dùng với would , thay vào đó ta dùng với could ( I wish I would… → I wish I could…..) 2. Ao ước ở hiện tại: S1 + wish + S2 + would (not) + V2ed. If only Ex. I wish I werewas rich. (Now I’m poor) NOTE: trong câu với Wish, không thể dùng với would , thay vào đó ta dùng với could ( I wish I would… → I wish I could…..) 3. Ao ước ở quá khứ: S1 + wish + S2 + had (not) + V3ed. If only Ex. I wish I hadn’t failed my exam last year. II. PHRASES CLAUSES OF PURPOSE (Cụm từ Mệnh đề chỉ mục đích): 1. PHRASES OF PURPOSE: Diễn tả mục đích của hành động, ta dùng cụm từ bắt đầu bằng Toinf in order so as + to – inf. To – inf In order + to – inf So as Ex. He went to France (in order so as) to study French. 2. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE S + V + so that cancould in order that + S + willwould + bare – inf maymight ex. He went to France so that he could study French.
CLAUSES & PHRASES (Mệnh đề & Cụm từ) I WISH – Clauses & IF ONLY – Clauses (Mệnh đề ao ước): Diễn đạt ước muốn (thường thật) (If only mạnh & rõ ràng Wish) Sau Wish & If Only có loại mệnh đề dùng để ao ước tương lai, khứ Ao ước tương lai: S1 + If only wish + S + would (not) + V (bar e –in f) Ex I wish you would stop smoking / If only Jane would take the trip * NOTE: câu với Wish, dùng với would , thay vào ta dùng với could ( I wish I would… → I wish I could… ) Ao ước tại: wish + S + would (not) + V 2/- ed S1 + If only Ex I wish I were/was rich (Now I’m poor) * NOTE: câu với Wish, dùng với would , thay vào ta dùng với could ( I wish I would… → I wish I could… ) Ao ước khứ: S1 If only + wish + S + had (not) + V 3/- ed Ex I wish I hadn’t failed my exam last year II PHRASES / CLAUSES OF PURPOSE (Cụm từ/ Mệnh đề mục đích): PHRASES OF PURPOSE: Diễn tả mục đích hành động, ta dùng cụm từ bắt đầu To-inf / in order / so as + to – inf To – inf In order + to – inf So as Ex He went to France (in order / so as) to study French CLAUSES OF PURPOSE S + V + so that can/could in order that + S + will/would + bare – inf may/might ex He went to France so that he could study French III PHRASES / CLAUSES OF RESULT (Cụm từ /Mệnh đề kết quả) PHRASES OF RESULT 1.1 Too… to….(quá … không thể…): Được dùng trước tính từ trạng từ S+ V + Too + Adv + (for O) + to – inf Tobe Adj Ex He is too short to play basketball / He spoke too quickly to understand 1.2 Enough … to….(đủ … để có thể….): dùng sau tính từ/trạng từ S+ V + Adv + enough + (for O) + to – inf Tobe Adj S+ V + enough + Noun + (for O) + to – inf I am strong enough to lift that box / I am enough strength to lift that box The coffee is too hot for me to drink CLAUSES OF RESULT 2.1 SO…THAT…: Qúa… đến nỗi… S + V + so + Adj / Adv + that + S + V Ex Ex It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything S + tobe + so + Adj + a + N(singular/countable) + that + S + V Ex It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors 2.2 SUCH ….THAT….: Qúa… đến nỗi… S + tobe + such + (a/an) Adj + N + that + S + V Ex It was such (a) heavy piano(s) that we couldn’t move it IV PHRASES/ CLAUSES OF REASON (Cụm từ/ Mệnh đề lý do) PHRASES OF REASON Because of / Owing to / Due to + Noun / Pronoun / V-ing phrases Ex We didn’t go out due to/ because of the cold weather CLAUSES OF REASON (Because / Since / As / Seeing that / For / In that / In as much as / Now (that) = because of the fact that) + S + V Ex Since/ Because it was too dark, we camped there V PHRASES / CLAUSES OF CONCESSION (Mệnh đề/ Cụm từ nhượng bộ) PHRASES OF CONCESSION In spite of / Despite + Noun / Pronoun / V-ing phrase / (the fact that + S + V) Ex Despite the danger, Kitty wanted to report on the war CLAUSES OF CONCESSION 2.1 Although, though, even though (có thể đứng trước/sau mệnh đề chính) Although / Though / Even though + S + V Ex Although the weather was bad, we had a wonderful holiday Note: Khi mệnh đề nhượng & mệnh đề có chủ ngữ, ta bỏ chủ ngữ động từ “Be” mệnh đề nhượng Ex (Al)though (she was) a disabled girl, she was confident 2.2 No matter, whatever (cho dù, bất kể): (luôn đứng trước mệnh đề chính) No matter + what/ who/ when / where / why / how (adj/adv) + S + V Whatever (+N)/ whoever/whenever/ wherever/however(+Adj)+ S + V Ex No matter who you are, I still love you VI AS IF/ AS THOUGH/ IT ’S (HIGH)TIME / WOULD RATHER AS IF/ AS THOUGH: (như thể là): 1.1 Diễn tả người/vật trông nào, xảy (thường với động từ: Look, sound, feel) Ex I feel as if I am dying 1.2 Diễn tả điều thật S + V + as if / as though + S + V2/-ed Ex He talks as if he knew everything IT’S (HIGH) TIME: (đã đến lúc) It’s (high) time + S + V2/-ed (for O) + to-inf Ex It’s time we went home / It’s time for us to go home WOULD RATHER: (thà…hơn là) Hiện tại: S + would rather (not) + bare–inf (+than + bare–inf) Ex I would rather stay at home (than go out with you) Quá khứ: S + would rather (not) + have + V3/-ed (+than + bare–inf) Ex Tom would rather have gone fishing than skiing last week Mong muốn HT/TL: S1 + would rather (that) + S2 + V2/-ed (nhưng không xảy ra) Ex I would rather you went home Mong muốn QK: S1 + would rather (that) + S2 + had + V3/-ed (nhưng không xảy ra) Ex I would rather you hadn’t left yesterday EXERCISES EXERCISE 1: Decide whether they are CLAUSES or PHRASES He works hard every day 11 If they want to talk to me After a good day 12 Towards the north If I need to call you 13 In front of the building In a dark and dangerous hallway 14 Jumping up and down on the bed Before the next light 15 Until the next time Because it's the right thing to 16 Until she finds a car As quickly as possible 17 I don't know the answer This car's not working 18 Turn off the computer Working for himself 19 Across the street from us 10 Whenever it gets cold 20 Inside a deep, dark well EXERCISE 2: Put the verbs into the correct form I feel sick I wish……………….(I / not / eat) so much cake I’m fed up with this raining I wish ……………….(it/ stop) raining It’s a difficult question I wish ……………….(I / know) the answer I should have listened to you I wish……………(I / take) your advice I wish ……………….(Ann/be) here She’d be able to help us Aren’t they ready yet? I wish ……………….(we / not / have) to go now What’s her name again? I wish ……………….(I / can) remember her name I spent all my money I wish ……………….(I / save) it The phone has been ringing for minutes I wish …………….(somebody/answer) it 10 I looked everywhere for the key I wish ……………….(I /find) it EXERCISE 3: Choose the best answer A: Could you lend me some money? – B: I wish I …… , but I’m broke myself a can b could c would d will A: Are you lost? – B: I think so I wish we……a map with us today a were bringing b brought c had brought d would bring A: What are you doing later this afternoon? B: I wish I ……the answer of that question a knew b know c could know d would know A: I told you mother that you had left your job – B: Well, I wish you ….her It’s none of your business 5 a wouldn’t tell b didn’t tell c hadn’t told d doesn’t tell A: I wish you….making that noise It’s bothering me – B: Sorry, I’ll stop it now a would stop b are going to stop c stop d can stop A: These figures are too complicated to work out in your head – B: Yes, …a calculator a I wish we would have b if only we had c if only we had had d I wish we have A: You look so tired – B: Yes, I’m really sleepy today I wish I … Bob to the aiport late at night a didn’t have to take c hadn’t had to take A: It’s raining I wish it… – B: Me too If only the sun….so that we could go fishing a stopped/ shined c had stopped/ had shined b weren’t taking d didn’t take b would stop/ were shining d would stop/ would shine A: Did you study for the test? – B: No, but now I wish I ….because I flunked it a had studied b studied c would study d have studied 10 A: My feet are killing me! I wish I … more comfortable shoes B: Yeah, me too I wish I …that we were going to have to walk this much a had worn / knew b am wearing/ had known c were wearing/ would know d wore/had known EXERCISE 4: Combine the ideas, using a clause of purpose Rachel wanted to watch the news She turned on the TV I’ll post the card today I want it to get there on Daniel’s birthday Please turn down the radio I want to sleep She locked the door She didn’t want to be disturbed I gave her my address I wanted her to contact me I’m saving up I’m planning a holiday Nick keeps a dog It guards the house I’m going on a diet I want to lose weight I had to go to Birmingham I had a business meeting 10 I often switch off the heating It saves money EXERCISE 5: Make one sentence from two Use too / enough We couldn’t eat the food It was very hot A taxi would have been best But I didn’t have much money Sarah can’t take a day off She’s very busy A picnic would be nice But it’s wet Nobody could move the piano It was very heavy I don’t wear this coat in winter It isn’t warm All my guests will need chairs But I haven’t got many We shouldn’t swim in this river The water isn’t clean You can’t see some things without a microscope They are very small 10 He didn’t get the job He wasn’t experienced EXERCISE 6: Combine the sentences, using so/such…that… The weather was hot You could fry an egg on the sidewalk We took a walk It was a nice day I couldn’t understand her She talked too fast Grandpa held me tightly when he hugged me I couldn’t breathe for a moment The classroom has comfortable chairs The students find it easy to fall asleep I can’t figure out what this sentence says His handwriting is illegible We did a lot of gymnastics We couldn’t walk afterwards Too many people came to the meeting There were not enough seats for everyone 9 The tornado struck with great force It lifted automobiles off the ground 10 I have so many problems I can use all the help you can give me EXERCISE 7: Rewrite the sentences, using Because & Because of Due to the cold weather, we stayed home Most people hear jogging is a good exercise, so they begin to jog A computer can be used for various purposes, so it becomes popular We stopped our car as the traffic light turned red Mark’s doctor has advised him to exercise regularly since he is overweight Harry had to stay in hospital due to his broken leg People like to live in this country due to its healthy climate Stacey retired in 1987 due to his ill health She couldn’t see the road, for the wall was too high 10 Sarah will not walk across a bridge since she’s afraid of heights EXERCISE 8: Make one sentences from two Use the word in brackets I enjoyed the film The story was silly (in spite of) We live in the same street We hardly ever see each other (despite) My foot was injured I managed to walk to the nearest village (although) I couldn’t sleep I was tired (despite) He liked the sweater He decided not to buy it (though) I didn’t get the job I had all the necessary qualification (in spite of) Laura wants to fly She feels afraid (in spite of the fact that) Trevor didn’t notice the sign It was right in front of him (even though) I’m no better I’ve taken the pills (despite the fact) 10 Henry’s friend is a millionaire He hates spending money (despite) EXERCISE 9: Choose the best answers John would rather…… free tomorrow a is b was c be d will be I would rather he…… her to his birthday party last Sunday a have invited b had invited c invited d would invite We’d better take an umbrella with us because it looks as if it…… a is going to rain b would rain c is raining d rained It’s time we all …… now a had gone b go c should go d went It’s high time you…… the tea ready a have got b got c get d had got I don’t like Nick He talks as if he…… everything a knew b had known c knows d will know I’d rather you…… me now a had paid b is paying c paid d pay You’re very selfish It’s high time you…… that you’re not the most important a realize b had realized c have realized d realized When I told them my plan, they looked at me as if I …… mad a was b am c had been d will be 10 Jack spent his money as if he…… lottery a won b had won c has won d wins 11 Peter would rather …… on a mattress than on the floor a to sleep b sleeping c sleep d have slept 12 The medicine mad e me feel dizzy I felt as though the room… around and around a were spinning b will spin c spins d is spinning 13 It’s time for everybody …… to bed a go b to go c goes d went 14 Did you go to the concert last night? – Yes, but I’d rather…… to the concert a not go b haven’t gone c not have gone d not had gone 15 It was so quiet that it seemed as if the earth ……… a had stopped b would stop c stopped d had been stopped - ... IV PHRASES/ CLAUSES OF REASON (Cụm từ/ Mệnh đề lý do) PHRASES OF REASON Because of / Owing to / Due to + Noun / Pronoun / V-ing phrases Ex We didn’t go out due to/ because of the cold weather CLAUSES. .. that) + S + V Ex Since/ Because it was too dark, we camped there V PHRASES / CLAUSES OF CONCESSION (Mệnh đề/ Cụm từ nhượng bộ) PHRASES OF CONCESSION In spite of / Despite + Noun / Pronoun / V-ing... whether they are CLAUSES or PHRASES He works hard every day 11 If they want to talk to me After a good day 12 Towards the north If I need to call you 13 In front of the building In a dark and dangerous