ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS THIRD EDITION SI Units Ve r s io n R K Rajput E N G I N E E R I N G S E R I E S ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Also available : STEAM TABLES and MOLLIER DIAGRAM (S.I UNITS) Edited by R.K RAJPUT Patiala DHARM M-therm\TITLE.PM5 i i ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS [For Engineering Students of All Indian Universities and Competitive Examinations] S.I UNITS By R.K RAJPUT M.E (Heat Power Engg.) Hons.–Gold Medallist ; Grad (Mech Engg & Elect Engg.) ; M.I.E (India) ; M.S.E.S.I ; M.I.S.T.E ; C.E (India) Principal (Formerly) Punjab College of Information Technology PATIALA, Punjab LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD BANGALORE l CHENNAI JALANDHAR l KOLKATA l COCHIN l GUWAHATI l HYDERABAD l LUCKNOW l MUMBAI l RANCHI NEW DELHI l BOSTON, USA Published by : LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 Phone : 011-43 53 25 00 Fax : 011-43 53 25 28 www.laxmipublications.com info@laxmipublications.com © All rights reserved with the Publishers No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-0-7637-8272-6 3678 Price : Rs 350.00 Only First Edition : 1996 Second Edition : 2003 Third Edition : 2007 Offices : India • • • • • • • • • • Bangalore (Phone : 080-26 61 15 61) Chennai (Phone : 044-24 34 47 26) Cochin (Phone : 0484-239 70 04) Guwahati (Phones : 0361-254 36 69, 251 38 81) Hyderabad (Phone : 040-24 75 02 47) Jalandhar (Phone : 0181-222 12 72) Kolkata (Phones : 033-22 27 37 73, 22 27 52 47) Lucknow (Phone : 0522-220 95 78) Mumbai (Phones : 022-24 91 54 15, 24 92 78 69) Ranchi (Phone : 0651-230 77 64) EET-0556-350-ENGG THERMODYNAMICS Typeset at : Goswami Printers, Delhi USA • Boston 11, Leavitt Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA Phone : 781-740-4487 C—12751/06/07 Printed at : Ajit Printers, Delhi Preface to The Third Edition I am pleased to present the third edition of this book The warm reception which the previous editions and reprints of this book have enjoyed all over India and abroad has been a matter of great satisfaction to me The entire book has been thoroughly revised ; a large number of solved examples (questions having been selected from various universities and competitive examinations) and ample additional text have been added Any suggestions for the improvement of the book will be thankfully acknowledged and incorporated in the next edition —Author Preface to The First Edition Several books are available in the market on the subject of “Engineering Thermodynamics” but either they are too bulky or are miserly written and as such not cover the syllabii of various Indian Universities effectively Hence a book is needed which should assimilate subject matter that should primarily satisfy the requirements of the students from syllabus/examination point of view ; these requirements are completely met by this book The book entails the following features : — The presentation of the subject matter is very systematic and language of the text is quite lucid and simple to understand — A number of figures have been added in each chapter to make the subject matter self speaking to a great extent — A large number of properly graded examples have been added in various chapters to enable the students to attempt different types of questions in the examination without any difficulty — Highlights, objective type questions, theoretical questions, and unsolved examples have been added at the end of each chapter to make the book a complete unit in all respects The author’s thanks are due to his wife Ramesh Rajput for rendering all assistance during preparation and proof reading of the book The author is thankful to Mr R.K Syal for drawing beautiful and well proportioned figures for the book The author is grateful to M/s Laxmi Publications for taking lot of pains in bringing out the book in time and pricing it moderately inspite of heavy cost of the printing Constructive criticism is most welcome from the readers —Author DHARM M-therm\TITLE.PM5 v Contents Chapter Pages Introduction to S.I Units and Conversion Factors Nomenclature INTRODUCTION—OUTLINE OF SOME DESCRIPTIVE SYSTEMS 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Steam Power Plant 1.1.1 Layout 1.1.2 Components of a modern steam power plant Nuclear Power Plant Internal Combustion Engines 1.3.1 Heat engines 1.3.2 Development of I.C engines 1.3.3 Different parts of I.C engines 1.3.4 Spark ignition (S.I.) engines 1.3.5 Compression ignition (C.I.) engines Gas Turbines 1.4.1 General aspects 1.4.2 Classification of gas turbines 1.4.3 Merits and demerits of gas turbines 1.4.4 A simple gas turbine plant 1.4.5 Energy cycle for a simple-cycle gas turbine Refrigeration Systems Highlights Theoretical Questions BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Introduction to Kinetic Theory of Gases Definition of Thermodynamics Thermodynamic Systems 2.3.1 System, boundary and surroundings 2.3.2 Closed system 2.3.3 Open system 2.3.4 Isolated system 2.3.5 Adiabatic system 2.3.6 Homogeneous system 2.3.7 Heterogeneous system Macroscopic and Microscopic Points of View Pure Substance Thermodynamic Equilibrium Properties of Systems State (xvi)—(xx) (xxi)—(xxii) 1—13 1 4 4 7 8 10 10 12 13 14—62 14 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 21 21 ( vii ) Chapter 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 Pages Process Cycle Point Function Path Function Temperature Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics The Thermometer and Thermometric Property 2.15.1 Introduction 2.15.2 Measurement of temperature 2.15.3 The international practical temperature scale 2.15.4 Ideal gas Pressure 2.16.1 Definition of pressure 2.16.2 Unit for pressure 2.16.3 Types of pressure measurement devices 2.16.4 Mechanical type instruments Specific Volume Reversible and Irreversible Processes Energy, Work and Heat 2.19.1 Energy 2.19.2 Work and heat Reversible Work Highlights Objective Type Questions Theoretical Questions Unsolved Examples PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 Definition of the Pure Substance Phase Change of a Pure Substance p-T (Pressure-temperature) Diagram for a Pure Substance p-V-T (Pressure-Volume-Temperature) Surface Phase Change Terminology and Definitions Property Diagrams in Common Use Formation of Steam Important Terms Relating to Steam Formation Thermodynamic Properties of Steam and Steam Tables External Work Done During Evaporation Internal Latent Heat Internal Energy of Steam Entropy of Water Entropy of Evaporation Entropy of Wet Steam Entropy of Superheated Steam Enthalpy-Entropy (h-s) Chart or Mollier Diagram DHARM M-therm\TITLE.PM5 v i i 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 31 33 33 33 34 34 34 45 46 46 46 46 48 58 59 61 61 63—100 63 64 66 67 67 68 68 70 72 73 73 73 73 73 74 74 75 ( viii ) Chapter 3.18 Pages Determination of Dryness Fraction of Steam 3.18.1 Tank or bucket calorimeter 3.18.2 Throttling calorimeter 3.18.3 Separating and throttling calorimeter Highlights Objective Type Questions Theoretical Questions Unsolved Examples FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 Internal Energy Law of Conservation of Energy First Law of Thermodynamics Application of First Law to a Process Energy—A Property of System Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1 Energy of an Isolated System The Perfect Gas 4.8.1 The characteristic equation of state 4.8.2 Specific heats 4.8.3 Joule’s law 4.8.4 Relationship between two specific heats 4.8.5 Enthalpy 4.8.6 Ratio of specific heats Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Non-flow or Closed System Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process Energy Relations for Flow Process Engineering Applications of Steady Flow Energy Equation (S.F.E.E.) 4.12.1 Water turbine 4.12.2 Steam or gas turbine 4.12.3 Centrifugal water pump 4.12.4 Centrifugal compressor 4.12.5 Reciprocating compressor 4.12.6 Boiler 4.12.7 Condenser 4.12.8 Evaporator 4.12.9 Steam nozzle Throttling Process and Joule-Thompson Porous Plug Experiment Heating-Cooling and Expansion of Vapours Unsteady Flow Processes Highlights Objective Type Questions Theoretical Questions Unsolved Examples DHARM M-therm\TITLE.PM5 viii 89 89 92 93 96 97 99 99 101—226 101 101 101 103 103 104 105 105 105 106 107 107 108 109 109 150 152 155 155 156 157 157 158 159 159 160 161 162 183 210 215 216 219 219 ( ix ) Chapter Pages SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND ENTROPY 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics and Introduction to Second Law Performance of Heat Engines and Reversed Heat Engines Reversible Processes Statements of Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.4.1 Clausius statement 5.4.2 Kelvin-Planck statement 5.4.3 Equivalence of Clausius statement to the Kelvin-Planck statement Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind Thermodynamic Temperature Clausius Inequality Carnot Cycle Carnot’s Theorem Corollary of Carnot’s Theorem Efficiency of the Reversible Heat Engine Entropy 5.12.1 Introduction 5.12.2 Entropy—a property of a system 5.12.3 Change of entropy in a reversible process Entropy and Irreversibility Change in Entropy of the Universe Temperature Entropy Diagram Characteristics of Entropy Entropy Changes for a Closed System 5.17.1 General case for change of entropy of a gas 5.17.2 Heating a gas at constant volume 5.17.3 Heating a gas at constant pressure 5.17.4 Isothermal process 5.17.5 Adiabatic process (reversible) 5.17.6 Polytropic process 5.17.7 Approximation for heat absorbed Entropy Changes for an Open System The Third Law of Thermodynamics Highlights Objective Type Questions Theoretical Questions Unsolved Examples AVAILABILITY AND IRREVERSIBILITY 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Available and Unavailable Energy Available Energy Referred to a Cycle Decrease in Available Energy When Heat is Transferred Through a Finite Temperature Difference Availability in Non-flow Systems DHARM M-therm\TITLE.PM5 i x 227—305 227 227 228 229 229 229 229 230 231 231 233 235 237 237 252 252 252 253 254 255 257 257 258 258 259 260 260 261 262 263 264 265 298 299 302 302 306—340 306 306 308 310 ( vi ) Absolute pressure (bar) p ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Temp (°C) ts Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) Specific entropy (kJ/kg K) Specific volume (m 3/kg) hf hfg hg sf sfg sg vf vg 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 120.2 121.8 123.3 124.7 126.1 504.7 511.3 517.6 523.7 529.6 201.6 197.2 193.0 188.9 184.9 706.3 708.5 710.6 712.6 714.5 1.530 1.546 1.562 1.578 1.592 5.596 5.563 5.532 5.501 5.472 7.126 7.110 7.094 7.080 7.065 0.001061 0.001062 0.001064 0.001065 0.001066 0.885 0.846 0.810 0.777 0.746 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 127.4 128.7 129.9 131.2 132.4 535.3 540.9 546.2 551.4 556.5 181.0 177.3 173.6 170.1 166.6 716.4 718.2 719.9 721.5 723.1 1.607 1.620 1.634 1.647 1.659 5.444 5.418 5.392 5.367 5.342 7.052 7.038 7.026 7.014 7.002 0.001068 0.001069 0.001070 0.001071 0.001072 0.718 0.693 0.668 0.646 0.625 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 133.5 134.6 135.7 136.8 137.8 561.4 566.2 570.9 575.5 579.9 163.2 159.9 156.7 153.5 150.4 724.7 726.1 727.6 729.0 730.3 1.671 1.683 1.694 1.705 1.716 5.319 5.296 5.274 5.253 5.232 6.990 6.979 6.969 6.958 6.948 0.001074 0.001075 0.001076 0.001077 0.001078 0.606 0.587 0.570 0.554 0.538 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 138.8 139.8 140.8 141.8 142.7 584.3 588.5 592.7 596.8 600.8 147.4 144.4 141.4 138.6 135.7 731.6 732.9 734.1 735.3 736.5 1.727 1.737 1.747 1.757 1.767 5.211 5.192 5.172 5.154 5.135 6.939 6.929 6.920 6.911 6.902 0.001079 0.001080 0.001081 0.001082 0.001083 0.524 0.510 0.497 0.486 0.473 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 143.6 145.4 147.1 148.7 150.3 604.7 612.3 619.6 626.7 633.5 133.0 127.5 122.3 117.2 112.2 737.6 739.8 741.9 743.9 745.7 1.776 1.794 1.812 1.828 1.844 5.117 5.083 5.050 5.018 4.988 6.894 6.877 6.862 6.847 6.832 0.001084 0.001086 0.001088 0.001089 0.001091 0.462 0.441 0.423 0.405 0.390 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 151.8 153.3 154.7 156.2 157.5 640.1 646.5 652.8 658.8 664.7 107.4 102.7 098.1 093.7 089.3 747.5 749.3 750.9 752.5 754.0 1.860 1.875 1.889 1.904 1.917 4.958 4.930 4.903 4.876 4.851 6.819 6.805 6.793 6.780 6.769 0.001093 0.001094 0.001096 0.001098 0.001099 0.375 0.361 0.348 0.337 0.326 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 158.8 160.1 161.4 162.6 163.8 670.4 676.0 681.5 686.8 692.0 085.0 080.9 076.8 072.7 068.8 755.5 756.9 758.2 759.5 760.8 1.930 1.943 1.956 1.968 1.980 4.826 4.802 4.779 4.756 4.734 6.757 6.746 6.735 6.725 6.715 0.001101 0.001102 0.001104 0.001105 0.001107 0.315 0.306 0.297 0.288 0.280 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 ( vii ) STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM Absolute pressure (bar) p Temp (°C) Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) Specific entropy (kJ/kg K) Specific volume (m3/kg) ts hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 165.0 166.1 167.2 168.3 169.4 697.1 702.0 706.9 711.7 716.3 064.9 061.1 057.4 053.7 050.1 762.0 763.2 764.3 765.4 766.4 1.991 2.003 2.014 2.024 2.035 4.713 4.692 4.672 4.652 4.632 6.705 6.695 6.686 6.677 6.668 0.001108 0.001110 0.001111 0.001112 0.001114 0.273 0.265 0.258 0.252 0.246 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 170.4 171.4 172.4 173.4 174.4 720.9 725.4 729.9 734.2 738.5 046.5 043.0 039.6 036.2 032.8 767.5 768.5 769.4 770.4 771.3 2.045 2.055 2.065 2.075 2.084 4.613 4.595 4.577 4.559 4.542 6.659 6.651 6.642 6.634 6.626 0.001115 0.001116 0.001118 0.001119 0.001120 0.240 0.235 0.229 0.224 0.219 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 175.4 176.3 177.2 178.1 179.0 742.6 746.8 750.8 754.8 758.7 029.5 026.2 023.0 019.8 016.7 772.1 773.0 773.8 774.6 775.4 2.094 2.103 2.112 2.121 2.129 4.525 4.508 4.492 4.475 4.460 6.619 6.611 6.604 6.596 6.589 0.001121 0.001123 0.001124 0.001125 0.001126 0.215 0.210 0.206 0.202 0.198 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 179.9 182.0 184.1 186.0 188.0 762.6 772.0 781.1 789.9 798.4 013.6 005.9 998.5 991.3 984.3 776.2 778.0 779.7 781.3 782.7 2.138 2.158 2.178 2.197 2.216 4.444 4.407 4.371 4.336 4.303 6.582 6.565 6.549 6.534 6.519 0.001127 0.001130 0.001133 0.001136 0.001139 0.194 0.185 0.177 0.170 0.163 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 189.8 191.6 193.3 195.0 196.7 806.7 814.7 822.5 830.1 837.5 977.4 970.7 964.2 957.7 951.4 784.1 785.4 786.6 787.8 788.9 2.233 2.251 2.267 2.283 2.299 4.271 4.240 4.210 4.181 4.153 6.505 6.491 6.477 6.465 6.452 0.001141 0.001144 0.001146 0.001149 0.001151 0.157 0.151 0.146 0.141 0.136 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 198.3 199.8 201.4 202.8 204.3 844.7 851.7 858.6 865.3 871.8 945.2 939.2 933.2 927.3 921.5 789.9 790.8 791.7 792.6 793.4 2.314 2.329 2.343 2.357 2.371 4.126 4.099 4.073 4.048 4.024 6.440 6.428 6.417 6.406 6.395 0.001154 0.001156 0.001159 0.001161 0.001163 0.132 0.128 0.124 0.120 0.117 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 205.7 207.1 208.4 209.8 211.1 878.3 884.6 890.7 896.8 902.8 915.9 910.3 904.7 899.3 893.9 794.1 794.8 795.5 796.1 796.7 2.384 2.397 2.410 2.422 2.434 4.000 3.977 3.954 3.932 3.911 6.385 6.375 6.365 6.355 6.345 0.001166 0.001168 0.001170 0.001172 0.001174 0.113 0.110 0.107 0.105 0.102 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 vf vg ( viii ) ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Absolute pressure (bar) p Temp (°C) 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 ts Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) Specific entropy (kJ/kg K) Specific volume (m3/kg) hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 212.4 213.6 214.8 216.1 217.2 908.6 914.3 920.0 925.5 931.0 888.6 883.4 878.2 873.1 868.1 797.2 797.7 798.2 798.6 799.1 2.446 2.458 2.470 2.481 2.492 3.889 3.869 3.848 3.828 3.809 6.336 6.327 6.318 6.310 6.301 0.001177 0.001179 0.001181 0.001183 0.001185 0.0995 0.0971 0.0949 0.0927 0.0907 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 218.4 219.5 220.7 221.8 222.9 936.3 941.6 946.8 951.9 957.0 863.1 858.2 853.3 848.5 843.7 799.4 799.8 800.1 800.4 800.7 2.503 2.513 2.524 2.534 2.544 3.790 3.771 3.752 3.734 3.716 6.293 6.284 6.276 6.269 6.261 0.001187 0.001189 0.001191 0.001193 0.001195 0.0887 0.0868 0.0849 0.0832 0.0815 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 223.9 225.0 226.0 227.1 228.1 962.0 966.9 971.7 976.5 981.2 839.0 834.3 829.6 825.1 820.5 800.9 801.2 801.4 801.6 801.7 2.554 2.564 2.573 2.583 2.592 3.699 3.682 3.665 3.648 3.632 6.253 6.246 6.238 6.231 6.224 0.001197 0.001199 0.001201 0.001203 0.001205 0.0799 0.0783 0.0769 0.0754 0.0740 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 229.1 230.0 231.0 232.0 233.0 985.9 990.5 995.0 999.5 004.0 816.0 811.5 807.1 802.6 798.3 801.9 802.0 802.1 802.2 802.2 2.601 2.610 2.619 2.628 2.637 3.615 3.599 3.584 3.568 3.553 6.217 6.210 6.203 6.196 6.190 0.001207 0.001209 0.001211 0.001213 0.001214 0.0727 0.0714 0.0701 0.0689 0.0677 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 233.8 234.7 235.6 236.5 237.4 008.4 012.7 017.0 021.2 025.4 793.9 789.6 785.4 781.1 776.9 802.3 802.3 802.3 802.3 802.3 2.645 2.653 2.662 2.670 2.678 3.538 3.523 3.508 3.494 3.479 6.183 6.177 6.170 6.164 6.158 0.001216 0.001218 0.001220 0.001222 0.001224 0.0666 0.0655 0.0645 0.0634 0.0624 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5 238.3 239.2 240.0 240.9 241.7 029.6 033.7 037.8 041.8 045.8 772.7 768.6 764.4 760.3 756.3 802.3 802.3 802.2 802.1 802.1 2.686 2.694 2.702 2.710 2.717 3.465 3.451 3.438 3.424 3.410 6.152 6.146 6.140 6.134 6.128 0.001225 0.001227 0.001229 0.001231 0.001233 0.0615 0.0605 0.0596 0.0587 0.0579 35.0 35.5 36.0 36.5 37.0 242.5 243.3 244.2 245.0 245.7 049.8 053.7 057.6 061.4 065.2 752.2 748.2 744.2 740.2 736.2 802.0 801.8 801.7 801.6 801.4 2.725 2.732 2.740 2.747 2.754 3.397 3.384 3.371 3.358 3.345 6.122 6.117 6.111 6.105 6.100 0.001234 0.001236 0.001238 0.001239 0.001242 0.0570 0.0562 0.0554 0.0546 0.0539 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 vf vg ( ix ) STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM Absolute pressure (bar) p Temp (°C) 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0 39.5 246.5 247.3 248.1 248.8 249.6 40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0 ts Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) Specific volume (m3/kg) hfg hg sf sfg sg 069.0 072.7 076.4 080.1 083.8 732.3 728.4 724.5 720.6 716.8 801.3 801.1 800.9 800.8 800.5 2.761 2.768 2.775 2.782 2.789 3.333 3.320 3.308 3.296 3.284 6.095 6.089 6.084 6.078 6.073 0.001243 0.001245 0.001247 0.001249 0.001250 0.0531 0.0524 0.0517 0.0511 0.0504 250.3 251.8 253.2 254.6 256.0 087.4 094.6 101.6 108.5 115.4 712.9 705.3 697.8 690.3 682.9 800.3 799.9 799.4 798.8 798.3 2.796 2.809 2.823 2.836 2.848 3.272 3.248 3.225 3.202 3.179 6.068 6.058 6.048 6.038 6.028 0.001252 0.001255 0.001259 0.001262 0.001266 0.0497 0.0485 0.0473 0.0461 0.0451 45.0 46.0 47.0 48.0 49.0 257.4 258.7 260.1 261.4 262.6 122.1 128.8 135.3 141.8 148.2 675.6 668.3 661.1 653.9 646.8 797.7 797.0 796.4 795.7 794.9 2.861 2.873 2.885 2.897 2.909 3.157 3.136 3.114 3.093 3.073 6.019 6.009 6.000 5.991 5.982 0.001269 0.001272 0.001276 0.001279 0.001282 0.0440 0.0430 0.0421 0.0412 0.0403 50.0 51.0 52.0 53.0 54.0 263.9 265.1 266.4 267.6 268.7 154.5 160.7 166.8 172.9 178.9 639.7 632.7 625.7 618.8 611.9 794.2 793.4 792.6 791.7 790.8 2.920 2.931 2.943 2.954 2.965 3.052 3.032 3.013 2.993 2.974 5.973 5.964 5.956 5.947 5.939 0.001286 0.001289 0.001292 0.001296 0.001299 0.0394 0.0386 0.0378 0.0371 0.0363 55.0 56.0 57.0 58.0 59.0 269.9 271.1 272.2 273.3 274.4 184.9 190.8 196.6 202.3 208.0 605.0 598.2 591.4 584.7 578.0 789.9 789.0 788.0 787.0 786.0 2.975 2.986 2.996 3.007 3.017 2.955 2.936 2.917 2.899 2.881 5.930 5.922 5.914 5.906 5.898 0.001302 0.001306 0.001309 0.001312 0.001315 0.0356 0.0349 0.0343 0.0336 0.0330 60.0 61.0 62.0 63.0 64.0 275.5 276.6 277.7 278.7 279.8 213.7 219.3 224.8 230.3 235.7 571.3 564.7 558.0 551.5 544.9 785.0 784.0 782.9 781.8 780.6 3.027 3.037 3.047 3.056 3.066 2.863 2.845 2.828 2.810 2.793 5.890 5.883 5.875 5.867 5.860 0.001318 0.001322 0.001325 0.001328 0.001332 0.0324 0.0319 0.0313 0.0308 0.0302 65.0 66.0 67.0 68.0 69.0 280.8 281.8 282.8 283.8 284.8 241.1 246.5 251.8 257.0 262.2 538.4 531.9 525.4 518.9 512.5 779.5 778.3 777.1 775.9 774.7 3.075 3.085 3.094 3.103 3.112 2.776 2.760 2.743 2.726 2.710 5.852 5.845 5.837 5.830 5.823 0.001335 0.001338 0.001341 0.001345 0.001348 0.0297 0.0292 0.0287 0.0283 0.0278 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 hf Specific entropy (kJ/kg K) vf vg (x) ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Absolute pressure (bar) p Temp (°C) 70.0 71.0 72.0 73.0 74.0 285.8 286.7 287.7 288.6 289.6 75.0 76.0 77.0 78.0 79.0 Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) Specific volume (m3/kg) hfg hg sf sfg sg 267.4 272.5 277.6 282.7 287.7 506.0 499.6 493.3 486.9 480.5 773.5 772.2 770.9 769.6 768.3 3.121 3.130 3.139 3.148 3.157 2.694 2.678 2.662 2.646 2.630 5.816 5.809 5.802 5.794 5.788 0.001351 0.001355 0.001358 0.001361 0.001364 0.0274 0.0269 0.0265 0.0261 0.0257 290.5 291.4 292.3 293.2 294.1 292.7 297.6 302.5 307.4 312.3 474.2 467.9 461.6 455.3 449.1 766.9 765.5 764.2 762.8 761.3 3.165 3.174 3.182 3.191 3.199 2.615 2.599 2.584 2.569 2.554 5.781 5.774 5.767 5.760 5.753 0.001368 0.001371 0.001374 0.001378 0.001381 0.0253 0.0249 0.0246 0.0242 0.0239 80.0 81.0 82.0 83.0 84.0 294.9 295.8 296.7 297.5 298.4 317.1 321.9 326.6 331.4 336.1 442.8 436.6 430.3 424.1 417.9 759.9 758.4 757.0 755.5 754.0 3.207 3.215 3.223 3.232 3.239 2.539 2.524 2.509 2.495 2.480 5.747 5.740 5.733 5.727 5.720 0.001384 0.001387 0.001391 0.001394 0.001397 0.0235 0.0232 0.0229 0.0225 0.0222 85.0 86.0 87.0 88.0 89.0 299.2 300.1 300.9 301.7 302.5 340.7 345.4 350.0 354.6 359.2 411.7 405.5 399.3 393.2 387.0 752.5 750.9 749.4 747.8 746.2 3.247 3.255 3.263 3.271 3.279 2.466 2.451 2.437 2.423 2.409 5.714 5.707 5.701 5.694 5.688 0.001401 0.001404 0.001408 0.001411 0.001414 0.0219 0.0216 0.0213 0.0211 0.0208 90.0 91.0 92.0 93.0 94.0 303.3 304.1 304.9 305.7 306.4 363.7 368.3 372.8 377.2 381.7 380.9 374.7 368.6 362.5 356.3 744.6 743.0 741.4 739.7 738.0 3.286 3.294 3.301 3.309 3.316 2.395 2.381 2.367 2.353 2.340 5.682 5.675 5.669 5.663 5.656 0.001418 0.001421 0.001425 0.001428 0.001432 0.0205 0.0202 0.0199 0.0197 0.0194 95.0 96.0 97.0 98.0 99.0 307.2 308.0 308.7 309.4 310.2 386.1 390.6 395.0 399.3 403.7 350.2 344.1 338.0 331.9 325.8 736.4 734.7 733.0 731.2 729.5 3.324 3.331 3.338 3.346 3.353 2.326 2.312 2.299 2.285 2.272 5.650 5.644 5.638 5.632 5.625 0.001435 0.001438 0.001442 0.001445 0.001449 0.0192 0.0189 0.0187 0.0185 0.0183 100.0 102.0 104.0 106.0 108.0 311.1 312.4 313.8 315.3 316.6 408.0 416.7 425.2 433.7 442.2 319.7 307.5 295.3 283.1 270.9 727.7 724.2 720.5 716.8 713.1 3.360 3.374 3.388 3.402 3.416 2.259 2.232 2.206 2.180 2.154 5.619 5.607 5.595 5.583 5.571 0.001452 0.001459 0.001467 0.001474 0.001481 0.0181 0.0176 0.0172 0.0168 0.0164 ts dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 hf Specific entropy (kJ/kg K) vf vg ( xi ) STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM Absolute pressure (bar) p Temp (°C) ts hf hfg hg 110.0 112.0 114.0 116.0 118.0 318.0 319.4 320.7 322.1 323.4 450.6 458.9 467.2 475.4 483.6 258.7 246.5 234.3 222.0 209.7 709.3 705.4 701.5 697.4 693.3 3.430 3.444 3.457 3.470 3.484 2.129 2.103 2.078 2.053 2.028 5.559 5.547 5.535 5.523 5.512 0.001488 0.001496 0.001504 0.001511 0.001519 0.0160 0.0157 0.0153 0.0149 0.0146 120.0 122.0 124.0 126.0 128.0 324.6 325.9 327.1 328.4 329.6 491.8 499.9 508.0 516.0 524.0 197.4 185.0 172.6 160.1 147.6 689.2 684.9 680.6 676.1 671.6 3.497 3.510 3.523 3.536 3.548 2.003 1.978 1.953 1.928 1.903 5.500 5.488 5.476 5.464 5.452 0.001527 0.001535 0.001543 0.001551 0.001559 0.0143 0.0139 0.0137 0.0134 0.0131 130.0 132.0 134.0 136.0 138.0 330.8 332.0 333.2 334.3 335.5 532.0 540.0 547.9 555.8 563.7 135.0 122.3 109.5 096.7 083.8 667.0 662.3 657.4 652.5 647.5 3.561 3.574 3.586 3.599 3.611 1.879 1.854 1.830 1.805 1.780 5.440 5.428 5.416 5.404 5.392 0.001567 0.001576 0.001584 0.001593 0.001602 0.0128 0.0125 0.0123 0.0120 0.0117 140.0 142.0 144.0 146.0 148.0 336.6 337.7 338.8 339.9 341.1 571.6 579.5 587.4 595.3 603.1 070.7 057.6 044.4 031.0 017.6 642.4 637.1 631.8 626.3 620.7 3.624 3.636 3.649 3.661 3.673 1.756 1.731 1.706 1.681 1.656 5.380 5.367 5.355 5.343 5.330 0.001611 0.001619 0.001629 0.001638 0.001648 0.0115 0.0112 0.0110 0.0108 0.0106 150.0 152.0 154.0 156.0 158.0 342.1 343.2 344.2 345.3 346.3 611.0 618.9 626.8 634.7 642.6 004.0 990.3 976.5 962.6 948.5 615.0 609.2 603.3 597.3 591.1 3.685 3.698 3.710 3.722 3.734 1.632 1.607 1.581 1.556 1.531 5.317 5.305 5.292 5.279 5.266 0.001658 0.001668 0.001678 0.001689 0.001699 0.0103 0.0101 0.00991 0.00971 0.00951 160.0 162.0 164.0 166.0 168.0 347.3 348.3 349.3 350.3 351.3 650.5 658.5 666.5 674.5 683.0 934.3 920.0 905.6 891.0 875.6 584.9 578.5 572.1 565.5 558.6 3.747 3.759 3.771 3.784 3.797 1.506 1.480 1.455 1.429 1.402 5.253 5.239 5.226 5.213 5.199 0.001710 0.001721 0.001733 0.001745 0.001757 0.00931 0.00911 0.00893 0.00874 0.00855 170.0 172.0 174.0 176.0 178.0 352.3 353.2 354.2 355.1 356.0 691.7 700.4 709.0 717.6 726.2 859.9 844.0 828.1 811.9 795.6 551.6 544.4 537.1 529.5 521.8 3.810 3.824 3.837 3.850 3.863 1.374 1.347 1.319 1.292 1.264 5.185 5.171 5.157 5.142 5.127 0.001769 0.001783 0.001796 0.001810 0.001825 0.00837 0.00819 0.00801 0.00784 0.00767 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) Specific entropy (kJ/kg K) sf sfg Specific volume (m3/kg) sg vf vg ( xii ) Absolute pressure (bar) p ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Temp (°C) ts Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) hf Specific entropy (kJ/kg K) Specific volume (m3/kg) hfg hg sf sfg sg vf vg 180.0 182.0 184.0 186.0 188.0 356.9 357.8 358.7 359.6 360.5 734.8 743.4 752.1 760.9 769.7 779.1 762.3 745.3 727.9 710.1 513.9 505.8 497.4 488.8 479.8 3.876 3.889 3.902 3.916 3.929 1.236 1.207 1.179 1.150 1.120 5.112 5.097 5.082 5.066 5.049 0.001840 0.001856 0.001872 0.001889 0.001907 0.00750 0.00733 0.00717 0.00701 0.00684 190.0 192.0 194.0 196.0 198.0 361.4 362.3 363.2 364.0 364.8 778.7 787.8 797.0 806.6 816.3 692.0 673.3 654.1 634.2 613.5 470.6 461.1 451.1 440.7 429.8 3.942 3.956 3.970 3.984 3.999 1.090 1.059 1.027 0.995 0.961 5.033 5.016 4.998 4.980 4.961 0.001926 0.001946 0.001967 0.001989 0.002012 0.00668 0.00652 0.00636 0.00620 0.00604 200.0 202.0 204.0 206.0 208.0 365.7 366.5 367.3 368.2 368.9 826.5 837.0 848.1 859.9 872.5 591.9 569.2 545.1 519.5 491.7 418.4 406.2 393.3 379.4 364.2 4.014 4.030 4.047 4.065 4.084 0.926 0.889 0.851 0.809 0.765 4.941 4.920 4.898 4.875 4.849 0.002037 0.002064 0.002093 0.002125 0.002161 0.00588 0.00571 0.00555 0.00538 0.00521 210.0 212.0 214.0 216.0 218.0 369.8 370.6 371.3 372.1 372.9 886.3 901.5 919.0 939.9 967.2 461.3 427.4 388.4 341.6 280.8 347.6 328.9 307.4 281.6 248.0 4.104 4.127 4.154 4.186 4.227 0.717 0.663 0.602 0.529 0.434 4.822 4.791 4.756 4.715 4.662 0.002201 0.002249 0.002306 0.002379 0.002483 0.00502 0.00483 0.00462 0.00439 0.00412 220.0 221.2 373.7 374.1 011.1 107.4 184.5 0.0 195.6 107.4 4.294 4.442 0.285 4.579 0.0 4.442 0.002671 0.003170 0.00373 0.00317 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 ( xiii ) STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM TABLE III Superheated Steam at Various Pressures and Temperatures ↓p (bar) (t s) t (°C) → 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 0.01 (7.0) v u h s 149.1 2445.4 2594.5 9.242 172.2 2516.4 2688.6 9.513 195.3 2588.4 2783.6 9.752 218.4 2661.6 2880.0 9.967 241.5 2736.9 2978.4 10.163 264.5 2812.2 3076.8 10.344 310.7 2969.0 3279.7 10.671 356.8 3132.4 3489.2 10.960 0.05 (32.9) v u h s 29.78 2444.8 2593.7 8.498 34.42 2516.2 2688.1 8.770 39.04 2588.4 2783.4 9.009 48.66 2661.9 2879.9 9.225 48.28 2736.6 2977.6 9.421 52.9 2812.6 3076.7 9.602 62.13 2969.6 3279.7 9.928 71.36 3133.0 3489.2 10.218 0.1 (45.8) v u h s 14.57 2443.9 2592.6 8.175 17.19 2515.5 2687.5 8.448 19.51 2587.9 2783.0 8.688 21.82 2661.3 2879.5 8.904 24.14 2736.0 2977.3 9.100 26.44 2812.1 3076.5 9.281 31.06 2968.9 3279.6 9.608 35.68 3132.3 3489.1 9.898 0.5 (81.3) v u h s 34.18 2511.6 2682.5 7.695 3.889 2585.6 2780.1 7.940 43.56 2659.9 2877.7 8.158 4.821 2735.0 2976.0 8.356 5.284 2811.3 3075.5 8.537 6.209 2968.5 3278.9 8.864 7.134 3132.0 3488.7 9.155 0.75 (92.0) v u h s 2.27 2509.2 2679.4 7.501 2.587 2584.2 2778.2 7.749 2.900 2659.0 2876.5 7.969 3.211 2734.4 2975.2 8.167 3.520 2810.9 3074.9 8.349 4.138 2968.2 3278.5 8.677 4.755 3131.8 3488.4 8.967 1.0 (99.6) v u h s 1.696 2506.2 2676.2 7.361 1.936 2582.8 2776.4 7.613 2.172 2658.1 2875.3 7.834 2.406 2733.7 2974.3 8.033 2.639 2810.4 3074.3 8.216 3.103 2967.9 3278.2 8.544 3.565 3131.6 3488.1 8.834 1.01325 (100) v u h s 1.912 2582.6 2776.3 7.828 2.146 2658.0 2875.2 7.827 2.375 2733.6 2974.2 8.027 2.603 2810.3 3074.2 8.209 3.062 2967.8 3278.1 8.538 3.519 3131.5 3488.0 8.828 1.5 (111.4) v u h s 1.285 2579.8 2772.6 7.419 1.143 2656.2 2872.9 7.643 1.601 2732.5 2972.7 7.844 1.757 2809.5 3073.1 8.027 2.067 2967.3 3277.4 8.356 2.376 3131.2 3487.6 8.647 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 ( xiv ) ↓p (bar) (t s) ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS t (°C) → 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 2.0 (120.2) v u h s 0.960 2576.9 2768.8 7.279 1.080 2654.4 2870.5 7.507 1.199 2731.2 2971.0 7.709 1.316 2808.6 3071.8 7.893 1.549 2966.7 3276.6 8.222 1.781 3130.8 3487.1 8.513 2.5 (127.4) v u h s 0.764 2574.7 2764.5 7.169 0.862 2655.7 2868.0 7.401 0.957 2734.9 2969.6 7.604 1.052 2813.8 3070.9 7.789 1.238 2973.9 3275.9 8.119 1.424 3139.6 3486.5 8.410 3.0 (133.5) v u h s 0.634 2570.8 2761.0 7.078 0.716 2650.7 2865.6 7.311 0.796 2728.7 2967.6 7.517 0.875 2806.7 3069.3 7.702 1.031 2965.6 3275.0 8.033 1.187 3130.0 3486.1 8.325 4.0 (143.6) v u h s 0.471 2564.5 2752.8 6.930 0.534 2646.8 2860.5 7.171 0.595 2726.1 2964.2 7.379 0.655 2804.8 3066.8 7.566 0.773 2964.4 3273.4 7.899 0.889 3129.2 3484.9 8.191 450 500 ↓p (bar) (t s) t (°C) → 200 250 300 350 400 600 5.0 (151.8) v u h s 0.425 2642.9 2855.4 7.059 0.474 2723.5 2960.7 7.271 0.523 2802.9 3064.2 7.460 0.570 2882.6 3167.7 7.633 0.617 2963.2 3271.9 7.794 0.664 3045.3 3377.2 7.945 0.711 3128.4 3483.9 8.087 0.804 3299.6 3701.7 8.353 6.0 (158.8) v u h s 0.352 2638.9 2850.1 6.967 0.394 2720.9 2957.2 7.182 0.434 2801.0 3061.6 7.372 0.474 2881.2 3165.7 7.546 0.514 2962.1 3270.3 7.708 0.553 3044.2 3376.0 7.859 0.592 3127.6 3482.8 8.002 0.670 3299.1 3700.9 8.267 7.0 (165.0) v u h s 0.300 2634.8 2844.8 6.886 0.336 2718.2 2953.6 7.105 0.371 2799.1 3059.1 7.298 0.406 2879.7 3163.7 7.473 0.440 2960.9 3268.7 7.635 0.473 3043.2 3374.7 7.787 0.507 3126.8 3481.7 7.930 0.574 3298.5 3700.2 8.196 8.0 (170.4) v u h s 0.261 2630.6 2839.3 6.816 0.293 2715.5 2950.1 7.038 0.324 2797.2 3056.5 7.233 0.354 2878.2 3161.7 7.409 0.384 2959.7 3267.1 7.572 0.414 3042.3 3373.4 7.724 0.443 3126.0 3480.6 7.867 0.502 3297.8 3699.4 8.133 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 ( xv ) STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM ↓p (bar) (ts) t (°C) → 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 9.0 (175.4) v u h s 0.230 2626.3 2833.6 6.752 0.260 2712.7 2946.3 6.979 0.287 2795.2 3053.8 7.175 0.314 2876.7 3159.7 7.352 0.341 2958.5 3265.5 7.516 0.367 3041.3 3372.1 7.668 0.394 3125.2 3479.6 7.812 0.446 3297.3 3698.6 8.078 10.0 (179.9) v u h s 0.206 2621.9 2827.9 6.694 0.233 2709.9 2942.6 6.925 0.258 2793.2 3051.2 7.123 0.282 2875.2 3157.8 7.301 0.307 2957.3 3263.9 7.465 0.330 3040.3 3370.7 7.618 0.354 3124.4 3478.5 7.762 0.401 3296.8 3697.9 8.029 15.0 (198.3) v u h s 0.132 2598.8 2796.8 6.455 0.152 2695.3 2923.3 6.709 0.169 2783.1 3037.6 6.918 0.187 2867.6 3147.5 7.102 0.203 2951.3 3255.8 7.269 0.219 3035.3 3364.2 7.424 0.235 3120.3 3473.1 7.570 0.267 3293.9 3694.0 7.839 20.0 (212.4) v u h s 0.111 2679.6 2902.5 6.545 0.125 2772.6 3023.5 6.766 0.139 2859.8 3137.0 6.956 0.151 2945.2 3247.6 7.127 0.163 3030.5 3357.5 7.285 0.176 3116.2 3467.6 7.432 0.200 3290.9 3690.1 7.702 25 (223.9) v u h s 0.0870 2662.6 2880.1 6.408 0.0989 2761.6 3008.8 6.644 0.109 2851.9 3126.3 6.840 0.120 2939.1 3239.3 7.015 0.130 3025.5 3350.8 7.175 0.140 3112.1 3462.1 7.323 0.159 3288.0 3686.3 7.596 30 (233.8) v u h s 0.0706 2644.0 2855.8 6.287 0.0811 2750.1 2993.5 6.539 0.0905 2843.7 3115.3 6.743 0.0994 2932.8 3230.9 6.921 0.108 3020.4 3344.0 7.083 0.116 3108.0 3456.5 7.234 0.132 3285.0 3682.3 7.509 40 (250.4) v u h s 0.0588 2725.3 2960.7 6.362 0.0664 2826.7 3092.5 6.582 0.0734 2919.9 3213.6 6.769 0.080 3010.2 3330.3 6.936 0.0864 3099.5 3445.3 7.090 0.0989 3279.1 3674.4 7.369 50 (263.9) v u h s 0.0453 2698.0 2924.5 6.208 0.0519 2808.7 3068.4 6.449 0.0578 2906.6 3195.7 6.646 0.0633 2999.7 3316.2 6.819 0.0686 3091.0 3433.8 6.976 0.0787 3273.0 3666.5 7.259 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 ( xvi ) ↓p (bar) (ts) ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS t (°C) → 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 60 (275.5) v u h s 0.0362 2667.2 2884.2 6.067 0.0422 2789.6 3043.0 6.333 0.0474 2892.9 3177.2 6.541 0.0521 2988.9 3301.8 6.719 0.0567 3082.2 3422.2 6.880 0.0653 3266.9 3658.4 7.168 70 (285.8) v u h s 0.0295 2632.2 2838.4 5.931 0.0352 2769.4 3016.0 6.228 0.0399 2878.6 3158.1 6.448 0.0442 2978.0 3287.1 6.633 0.0481 3073.4 3410.3 6.798 0.0557 3260.7 3650.3 7.089 375 400 450 500 550 600 ↓p (bar) (t s) t (°C) → 350 700 80 (294.9) v h s 0.02995 2987.3 6.130 0.03222 3066.1 6.254 0.03432 3138.3 6.363 0.03817 3272.0 6.555 0.04175 3398.3 6.724 0.04516 3521.0 6.878 0.04845 3642.0 7.021 0.05481 3882.4 7.281 90 (303.3) v h s 0.0258 2956.6 6.036 0.02796 3041.3 6.169 0.02993 3117.8 6.285 0.03350 3256.6 6.484 0.03677 3386.1 6.658 0.03987 3511.0 6.814 0.04285 3633.7 6.959 0.04857 3876.5 7.222 100 (311.0) v h s 0.02242 2923.4 5.944 0.02453 3015.4 6.089 0.02641 3096.5 6.212 0.02975 3240.9 6.419 0.03279 3373.7 6.597 0.03564 3500.9 6.756 0.03837 3625.3 6.903 0.04358 3870.5 7.169 110 (318.0) v h s 0.01961 2887.3 5.853 0.02169 2988.2 6.011 0.02351 3074.3 6.142 0.02668 3224.7 6.358 0.02952 3361.0 6.540 0.03217 3490.7 6.703 0.03470 3616.9 6.851 0.03950 3864.5 7.120 120 (324.6) v h s 0.01721 2847.7 5.760 0.01931 2958.9 5.935 0.02108 3051.3 6.075 0.02412 3208.2 6.300 0.02680 3348.2 6.487 0.02929 3480.4 6.653 0.03164 3608.3 6.804 0.03610 3858.4 7.075 130 (330.8) v h s 0.01511 2803.3 5.663 0.01725 2927.9 5.859 0.01900 3027.2 6.009 0.02194 3191.3 6.245 0.0245 3335.2 6.437 0.02684 3469.9 6.606 0.02905 3599.7 6.759 0.03322 3852.3 7.033 140 (336.6) v h s 0.01322 2752.6 5.559 0.01546 2894.5 5.782 0.01722 3001.9 5.945 0.02007 3174.0 6.192 0.02252 3322.0 6.390 0.02474 3459.3 6.562 0.02683 3591.1 6.712 0.03075 3846.2 6.994 150 (342.1) v h s 0.01145 2692.4 5.442 0.01388 2858.4 5.703 0.01565 2975.5 5.881 0.01845 3156.2 6.140 0.02080 3308.6 6.344 0.02293 3448.6 6.520 0.02491 3582.3 6.679 0.02861 3840.1 6.957 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 ( xvii ) STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM ↓p (bar) (ts) t (°C) → 350 400 450 0.01245 2818.9 5.622 0.01426 2947.6 5.188 0.01701 3138.0 6.091 500 550 600 700 0.01930 3294.9 6.301 0.02134 3437.8 6.480 0.02323 3573.5 6.640 0.02674 3833.9 6.922 160 (347.3) v h s 170 (352.3) v h s 0.01117 2776.8 5.539 0.01302 2918.2 5.754 0.01575 3119.3 6.042 0.01797 3281.1 6.259 0.01993 3426.9 6.442 0.02174 3564.6 6.604 0.02509 3827.7 6.889 180 (356.9) v h s 0.00996 2727.9 5.448 0.01190 2887.0 5.689 0.01462 3100.1 5.995 0.01678 3267.0 6.218 0.01868 3415.9 6.405 0.02042 3555.6 6.570 0.02362 3821.5 6.858 190 (361.4) v h s 0.00881 2671.3 5.346 0.01088 2853.8 5.622 0.01361 3080.4 5.948 0.01572 3252.7 6.179 0.01756 3404.7 6.369 0.01924 3546.6 6.537 0.02231 3815.3 6.828 200 (365.7) v h s 0.00767 2602.5 5.227 0.00994 2818.1 5.554 0.01269 3060.1 5.902 0.9477 3238.2 6.140 0.01655 3393.5 6.335 0.01818 3537.6 6.505 0.02113 3809.0 6.799 210 (369.8) v h s 0.00645 2511.0 5.075 0.00907 2779.6 5.483 0.01186 3039.3 5.856 0.01390 3223.5 6.103 0.01564 3382.1 6.301 0.01722 3528.4 6.474 0.02006 3802.8 6.772 220 (373.7) v h s 0.00482 2345.1 4.810 0.00825 2737.6 5.407 0.01110 3017.9 5.811 0.01312 3208.6 6.066 0.01481 3370.6 6.269 0.01634 3519.2 6.444 0.01909 3796.5 6.745 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 0.00975 2615.7 5.302 375 ( xviii ) ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS TABLE IV Supercritical Steam p(bar) t (°C) → 350 375 400 425 450 500 600 700 800 230 v h s 0.00162 1632.8 3.137 0.00221 1912.2 4.137 0.00748 2691.2 5.327 0.00915 2869.2 5.587 0.01040 2995.8 5.765 0.01239 3193.4 6.030 0.01554 0.01821 0.02063 3510.0 3790.2 4056.2 6.415 6.719 6.980 250 v h s 0.00160 1623.5 3.680 0.00197 1848.0 4.032 0.00600 2580.2 5.142 0.00788 2806.3 5.472 0.00916 2949.7 5.674 0.01112 3162.4 5.959 0.01414 0.01665 0.01891 3491.4 3775.5 4047.1 6.360 6.671 6.934 300 v h s 0.00155 1608.5 3.643 0.00179 1791.5 3.930 0.00279 2151.1 4.473 0.00530 2614.2 5.150 0.00673 2821.4 5.442 0.00868 3081.1 5.790 0.01145 0.01366 0.01562 3443.9 3745.6 4024.2 6.233 6.561 6.833 350 v h s 0.00152 1597.1 3.612 0.00110 1762.4 3.872 0.00210 1987.6 4.213 0.00343 2373.4 4.775 0.00496 2672.4 5.196 0.00693 2994.4 5.628 0.00953 0.01153 0.01328 3395.5 3713.5 4001.5 6.118 6.463 6.745 400 v h s 0.00149 1588.3 3.586 0.00164 1742.8 3.829 0.00191 1930.9 4.113 0.00253 2198.1 4.503 0.00369 2512.8 4.946 0.00562 2903.3 5.470 0.00809 0.00994 0.01152 3346.4 3681.2 3978.7 6.011 6.375 6.666 500 v h s 0.00144 1575.3 3.542 0.00156 1716.6 3.764 0.00173 1874.6 4.003 0.00201 2060.0 4.273 0.00249 2284.0 4.588 0.00389 2720.1 5.173 0.00611 0.00773 0.00908 3247.6 3616.8 3933.6 5.818 6.219 6.529 600 v h s 0.00140 1566.4 3.505 0.00150 1699.5 3.764 0.00163 1843.4 3.932 0.00182 2001.7 4.163 0.00209 2179.0 4.412 0.00296 2567.9 4.932 0.00483 0.00627 0.00746 3151.2 3553.5 3889.1 5.645 6.082 6.411 700 v h s 0.00137 1560.4 3.473 0.00146 1687.7 3.673 0.00157 1822.8 3.877 0.00171 1967.2 4.088 0.00189 2122.7 4.307 0.00247 2463.2 4.762 0.00398 0.00526 0.00632 3061.7 3492.4 3845.7 5.492 5.961 6.307 800 v h s 0.00135 1556.4 3.444 0.00142 1679.4 3.638 0.00152 1808.3 3.833 0.00163 1943.9 4.031 0.00177 2086.9 4.232 0.00219 2394.0 4.642 0.00339 0.00452 0.00548 2982.7 3434.6 3803.8 5.360 5.851 6.213 900 v h s 0.00133 1553.9 3.419 0.00139 1673.4 3.607 0.00147 1797.7 3.795 0.00157 1927.2 3.984 0.00169 2062.0 4.174 0.00201 2346.7 4.554 0.00297 0.00397 0.00484 2915.6 3381.1 3763.8 5.247 5.753 6.128 1000 v h s 0.01308 1552.7 3.396 0.00137 1669.4 3.579 0.00144 1790.0 3.762 0.00152 1914.8 3.944 0.00163 2043.8 4.126 0.00189 2312.8 4.485 0.00267 0.00355 0.00434 2859.8 3332.3 3726.1 5.151 5.664 6.050 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 ( xix ) STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM TABLE V Conversion Factors Force = = = kg-m/sec2 0.012 kgf 9.81 N bar = = = = 750.06 mm Hg 0.9869 atm 105 N/m2 103 kg/m-sec2 N/m2 = = = pascal 10 – bar 10 – kg/m-sec2 atm = = = 760 mm Hg 1.03 kgf/cm2 = 1.01325 bar 1.01325 × 105 N/m2 joule = = = = = newton metre watt-sec 2.7778 × 10 – kWh 0.239 cal 0.239 × 10 – kcal cal = = 4.184 joule 1.1622 × 10 – kWh kcal = = = 4.184 × 103 joule 427 kgfm 1.1622 × 10 – kWh kWh = = = 8.6 × 105 cal 860 kcal 3.6 × 106 joule kgfm = FG IJ kcal = 9.81 joules H 427 K watt h.p = = = = = joule/sec = 0.86 kcal/h 75 mkgf/sec = 0.1757 kcal/sec 735.3 watt 1000 watts 860 kcal/h newton kgf Pressure Work, Energy or Heat Power kW dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 ( xx ) ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Specific heat kcal/kg - °K = 4.18 kJ/kg-K = = = 0.8598 kcal/h-m-°C 1.16123 watt/m-K 1.16123 joules/s-m-K = = 0.86 kcal/m2-h-°C 1.163 watt/m2-K Thermal conductivity watt/m-K kcal/h-m-°C Heat transfer co-efficient watt/m2-K kcal/m2-h-°C IMPORTANT ENGINEERING CONSTANTS AND EXPRESSIONS IN SI UNITS Engineering constants and expressions M.K.S system Value of g0 Universal gas constant 9.81 kg-m/kgf-sec2 848 kgf-m/kg mole-°K Gas constant (R) 29.27 kgf m/kg-°K for air Specific heats (for air) cv = 0.17 kcal/kg-°K cp = 0.24 kcal/kg-°K S.I units kg-m/N-sec2 848 × 9.81 = 8314 J/kg-mole-°K ( kgf-m = 9.81 joules) 8314 = 287 joules/kg-K for air 29 cv = 0.17 × 4.184 = 0.71128 kJ/kg-K cp = 0.24 × 4.184 = kJ/kg-K Flow through nozzle-exit velocity (C2) 91.5 √U where U is in kcal 44.7 √U where U is in kJ Refrigeration ton = 50 kcal/min = 210 kJ/min Heat transfer The Stefan Boltzman Law is given by : Q = σT4 kcal/m2-h when σ = 4.9 × 10 – kcal/h-m2-°K4 Q = σT4 watts/m2-h when σ = 5.67 × 10 – W/m2K4 dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5 [...]... V.S m2.kg.s–2.A–1 magnetic flux density tesla T Wb/m2 kg.s–2.A–1 inductance henry H Wb/A m2.kg.s–2.A–2 luminous flux lumen lm — cd.sr illuminance lux lx — m–2.cd.sr dharm \M-therm\th0-1 (xviii) ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Table 4 Examples of SI Derived Units Expressed by means of Special Names SI Units Quantity Name Symbol Expression in terms of SI base units dynamic viscosity pascal second Pa-s m–1.kg.s–1... × 10–6 kWh 1 kcal = 4.184 × 103 joule = 427 kgf-m = 1.1622 × 10–3 kWh 1 kWh = 8.6042 × 105 cal = 860 kcal = 3.6 × 106 joule 1 kgf-m = dharm \M-therm\th0-1 FG 1 IJ kcal = 9.81 joules H 427 K (xx) ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 4 Power : 1 watt = 1 joule/sec = 0.860 kcal/h 1 h.p = 75 m kgf/sec = 0.1757 kcal/sec = 735.3 watt 1 kW = 1000 watts = 860 kcal/h 5 Specific heat : 1 kcal/kg-°K = 0.4184 joules/kg-K... 0.8598 kcal/h-m-°C 1 kcal/h-m-°C = 1.16123 watt/m-K = 1.16123 joules/s-m-K 7 Heat transfer co-efficient : 1 watt/m2-K = 0.86 kcal/m2-h-°C 1 kcal/m2-h-°C = 1.163 watt/m2-K C IMPORTANT ENGINEERING CONSTANTS AND EXPRESSIONS Engineering constants and expressions M.K.S system SI Units 1 Value of g0 9.81 kg-m/kgf-sec2 1 kg-m/N-sec2 2 Universal gas constant 848 kgf-m/kg mole-°K 848 × 9.81 = 8314 J/kg-mole-°K... number of cylinders P power p absolute pressure pm mean effective pressure pi indicated mean effective pressure pb brake mean effective pressure, back pressure dharm \M-therm\th0-1 (xxi) (xxii) ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Q heat, rate of heat transfer q rate of heat transfer per unit area R gas constant ; thermal resistance ; radius ; total expansion ratio in compound steam engines R0 universal gas... turbine From there it is exhausted through the condenser into the hot well The condensate is heated in the feed heaters using the steam trapped (blow steam) from different points of turbine 1 2 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS To atmosphere Chimney Air from boiler Air preheater Coal/Oil Boiler with Superheater Economiser Steam turbine Flue gases Generator Condenser Cooling tower Feed water pump Pump Fig... runs an electric generator thereby producing electrical energy In order to maintain the flow of coolant, condensate and feed water pumps are provided as shown in Fig 1.2 dharm \M-therm\Th1-1.pm5 4 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 1.3 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 1.3.1 Heat Engines Any type of engine or machine which derives heat energy from the combustion of fuel or any other source and converts this energy... all the remaining gases are driven away from the cylinder, while the inlet valve remains closed and the piston returns to the top dead centre The cycle is then repeated dharm \M-therm\Th1-1.pm5 6 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Air-fuel mixture S.P S.P E.V I.V I.V S.P S.P Exhaust gases E.V Gases E.C C.R C Suction stroke Compression stroke Working stroke Exhaust stroke I.V = Intel valve, E.V = Exhaust valve,... combustion The characteristic features of a gas turbine as we think of the name today include a compression process and an heat addition (or combustion) process The gas dharm \M-therm\Th1-1.pm5 8 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS turbine represents perhaps the most satisfactory way of producing very large quantities of power in a self-contained and compact unit The gas turbine may have a future use in conjunction... temperature and pressure, then expands in the turbine unit thereby generating power Part of the power generated is consumed in driving the generating compressor and accessories dharm \M-therm\Th1-1.pm5 10 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS and the rest is utilised in electrical energy The gas turbines work on open cycle, semiclosed cycle or closed cycle In order to improve efficiency, compression and expansion of working... wire-tube type) — In the condenser the vapour refrigerant at high pressure and at high temperature is condensed to the liquid refrigerant at high pressure and low temperature dharm \M-therm\Th1-1.pm5 12 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Low pressure gas High pressure gas High pressure liquid Condenser (wire-tube type) Evaporator Low pressure liquid Sound deadner Expansion device (Capillary tube) Filter Discharge line .. .ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Also available : STEAM TABLES and MOLLIER DIAGRAM (S.I UNITS) Edited by R.K RAJPUT Patiala DHARM M-thermTITLE.PM5 i i ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS [For Engineering. .. despite encounters dharm M-therm/th2-1.pm5 18 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 2.2 DEFINITION OF THERMODYNAMICS Thermodynamics may be defined as follows : l Thermodynamics is an axiomatic science which... LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS l ‘Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems are each equal in temperature to a third, they are equal in temperature to each other Fig 2.7 Zeroth law of thermodynamics