Electrical engineering technologies

EE 306 – ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES LECTURE NOTES PREPARED BY Prof Dr Bahattin Karagözoğlu INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS MEASUREMENT AND ERROR MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES OSCILLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS AND PICTURE DISPLAYS SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT AND MECHANICAL STRAIN PRACTICAL AND REPORTING KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING JEDDAH – SAUDI ARABIA Shawwal 1432H – September 2011G Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 19 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 20 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 21 MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES 26 QUANTITIES, UNITS AND STANDARDS 36 PROBLEMS 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY 41 FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 43 ENERGY SOURCES 44 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS 53 RESISTORS 64 CAPACITORS 81 INDUCTORS 97 TRANSFORMER 105 PROBLEMS 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY 111 MEASUREMENT AND ERROR 113 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 114 INTRODUCTION 115 CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 115 ANALYSIS OF MEASUREMENT DATA 124 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 131 THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 137 PROBLEMS 141 BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES 151 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 152 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS 153 MOVING COIL IN MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 154 MC BASED MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 157 LOADING ERRORS 163 AC VOLTMETERS 167 ELECTRONIC COUNTERS 177 THE DIGITAL VOLTMETER (DVM) 188 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICITY 197 PROBLEMS ON MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 210 BIBLIOGRAPHY 219 OSCILLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS AND PICTURE DISPLAYS 220 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 221 WAVEFORM DISPLAY DEVICES 222 BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE OPERATIONS 225 MULTI-TRACE OSCILLOSCOPES 235 DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPES (DSO) 236 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION 239 PICTURE DISPLAY 244 PROBLEMS 253 BIBLIOGRAPHY 262 SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY 263 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 264 LINEAR REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES 265 SWITCH-REGULATED (SWITCHING) POWER SUPPLY 282 BATTERIES 292 ELECTRICAL SAFETY 302 PROBLEMS ON SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY 313 BIBLIOGRAPHY 325 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 327 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 328 BASIC PRINCIPLES 329 TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICES 330 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING THERMOCOUPLES 337 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING THERMISTORS 350 PROBLEMS ON TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS 355 BIBLIOGRAPHY 359 MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT AND MECHANICAL STRAIN 361 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 362 DISPLACEMENT SENSORS 363 STRAIN GAGES (GAUGES) 369 THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 374 BRIDGE CONFIGURATIONS FOR STRAIN GAGE MEASUREMENTS 378 NOVEL PRESSURE SENSORS 383 PROBLEMS ON MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL QUANTITIES 385 BIBLIOGRAPHY 393 PRACTICAL AND REPORTING 394 LABORATORY NOTES AND SHEETS 395 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR EXPERIMENTS 399 MEASUREMENT AND ERROR 402 DETERMINING THE CHARACTERISTIC OF AN INCANDESCENT LAMP 404 DETERMINING THE CHARACTERISTIC OF A CAPACITOR 406 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY 407 TERM PROJECT 409 REFERENCES 411 APPENDICES 412 A – QUANTITIES, UNITS AND STANDARDS 412 B – OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 418 C – VISUAL DISPLAYS 421 D – PRETEST 453 E – EXIT SURVEY 454 F – RUBRICS FOR STUDENT OUTCOMES SUPPORTED BY EE 306 456 INDEX 461 Detailed Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 19 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 20 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 21 Definition of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 21 Electronics and Communications Group 22 Computer Engineering Group 23 Biomedical Engineering Group 24 MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES 26 Mechatronics 26 Automotive Industry 28 Avionics 29 Biomedical Engineering Extensions 30 Cognitive Radio 32 Fiber Optics Communication Systems 33 QUANTITIES, UNITS AND STANDARDS 36 Definitions 36 Basic Units and Derived Units 36 Standards 36 Prefixes 39 PROBLEMS 39 Review Questions 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY 41 Further Reading 41 Useful Websites 41 FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 43 ENERGY SOURCES 44 The Atom and Subatomic Particles 44 Electricity 45 Generation of Electrical Energy 49 Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Energy 51 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS 53 Definitions 53 Wire Conductors 54 Properties of Wire Conductors 60 RESISTORS 64 Definition and Use 64 Types of Fixed Resistors 66 Adjustable Resistors 70 Resistor Marking 71 Preferred Values 75 Power Ratings of Resistors 77 Resistors at High Frequencies 78 Noise in Resistors 78 Failure Modes 79 CAPACITORS 81 Definition and Use 81 Non-Ideal Behavior 84 Capacitor Types 86 Applications of Capacitors 90 Capacitive Sensing 93 Hazards and Safety 94 Supercapacitors - Electric Double-Layer Capacitors 95 INDUCTORS 97 Definition and Use 97 Types of Inductors 99 Inductors in Electric Circuits 103 TRANSFORMER 105 Definition and Use 105 Operation and Practical Considerations 106 PROBLEMS 109 Review Questions 109 General Questions 111 BIBLIOGRAPHY 111 Further Reading 111 Useful Websites 111 MEASUREMENT AND ERROR 113 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 114 INTRODUCTION 115 CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 115 Definition of Terms 115 Static Calibration 116 Accuracy and Precision 117 Accuracy versus Precision 118 Significant Figures 120 Types of Errors (Uncertainties) 121 ANALYSIS OF MEASUREMENT DATA 124 Arithmetic Mean 124 Deviation from the Mean 124 Probability of Errors 126 Some MS Excel Functions 129 Determining Random Errors 129 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 131 Mathematical Analysis of the Uncertainty 131 Sample and Population Statistics 136 THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 137 Need for the Experiment 137 Design of the Experiment 139 Optimization 139 Important Reminder 141 PROBLEMS 141 Review Questions 141 Solved Examples 142 General Questions 145 BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 Further Reading 149 Useful Websites 150 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES 151 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 152 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENTS 153 MOVING COIL IN MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 154 Balancing the Electromagnetic Torque by a Spring Torque 154 The Galvanometer 156 MC BASED MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 157 MC in Analog Electrical Measuring Instruments 157 Basic DC Ammeter (Ampermeter) 157 Multi-Range Ammeters 158 A Basic DC Voltmeter 159 Multi-Range Voltmeters 160 Ohm and VOM Meters 162 LOADING ERRORS 163 Instrument Loading 163 Loading Errors in Ammeters 164 Loading Errors in Voltmeters 165 AC VOLTMETERS 167 Average and RMS Values 167 The Full-Wave Rectifier 168 Form Factor and Waveform Errors 169 Clamp-On Meters 174 True RMS Meters 174 ELECTRONIC COUNTERS 177 Oscilloscope Versus Electronic Counters and Digital Voltmeters 177 Time and Frequency Measurements 178 Devices Commonly Used in Electronic Measuring Instruments 179 The Counter in Frequency Mode 182 The Counter in Time-Period Mode 183 The Counter in Time-Interval Mode 184 Errors in Measurements Using Counters 184 Measurement of Rotative Speed 187 THE DIGITAL VOLTMETER (DVM) 188 Use, Advantages and Operation 188 Integrating Type Analog to Digital Converters 190 Successive Approximation Type DVM 195 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICITY 197 Utilization of Electrical Energy 197 Measuring Electric Power 201 Electricity Measuring Devices 202 PROBLEMS ON MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 210 Review Questions 210 Appendix C – Visual Displays / 448 based on the cathodoluminescence principle and they can be recognized as millions of miniature CRTs filling up the screen Hence, similar to a CRT, an SED and FED display utilizes electrons and a phosphor-coated screen to create images The difference is that instead of a deep tube with an electron gun, these displays use tiny electron emitters and a flat-panel display SEDs use nanoscopic-scale electron emitters to energize colored phosphors and produce an image In a general sense, a SED consists of a matrix of tiny cathode ray tubes, each "tube" forming a single sub-pixel on the screen, grouped in threes to form red-green-blue (RGB) pixels The difference is that instead of a deep tube with an electron gun, an SED uses tiny electron emitters and a flatpanel display as illustrated in Figure C.26 Figure C.26 Structural comparison between CRT and SED displays After considerable time and effort in the early and mid-2000s, SED efforts started winding down in 2009 as LCD became the dominant technology However, in August 2010, Canon announced they were shutting down their joint effort to develop SEDs commercially, signaling the end of development efforts SEDs are closely related to another developing display technology, the field emission display, or FED, differing primarily in the details of the electron emitters Sony, the main backer of FED, has similarly backed off from their development efforts In a general sense, a FED consists of a matrix of cathode ray tubes, each tube producing a single sub-pixel, grouped in threes to form red-green-blue (RGB) pixels as illustrated in Figure C.27 Appendix C – Visual Displays / 449 Figure C.27 Comparison between CRT (a) and FED (b) displays SEDs and FEDs combine the advantages of CRTs, namely their high contrast ratios, wide viewing angles and very fast response times, with the packaging advantages of LCD and other flat panel displays They also use much less power than an LCD television of the same size (for an FED, it is about half of an LCD system) The technologies described above have all native resolution defined by the pixel count of the display All flat panel displays (FPDs) operate best at their native resolution To display a non-native resolution, the panel manufacturers interpolate the incoming signal and usually have different resolutions they support However, not all supported resolution always give a good picture, but they give some kind of picture Appendix C – Visual Displays / 450 C.8 TOUCH SCREEN MONITORS C.8.1 Touch Screens Displays with touch-screen technology let you input information or navigate applications by touching the surface of the display as illustrated in Figure C.28 A touchscreen is any monitor, based either on LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) or CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) technology, that accepts direct onscreen input The ability for direct onscreen input is facilitated by an external (for example pen) or an internal device (touch overlay and controller) that relays the X-Y coordinates of point touched to the computer Touchscreen Figure C.28 A touch screen display technology gives us the power to make our computer react without using a mouse or keyboard We just press what we see on the screen Touchscreens are also ideal for unattended public applications in high traffic environments They are extremely user-friendly and durable C.8.2 Touch Screen Technologies Touchscreen monitors make use of a range of technologies to detect touch, including capacitivesensing, sound and light sensors, and pressure on the screen surface Capacitive touchscreens sense electrical signals to determine the presence and location of our finger as it makes contact with the surface of the touchscreen Strengths of capacitive technology include a fast response time, durability and a tolerance for surface contamination Quantum Tunneling Composite (QTC) is a new class of electrically conductive material that has been developed to advance the capability of switching and sensing systems QTC is a pressure switching and sensing material technology and it will be briefly explained later in relation to mechanical pressure sensors Resistive screens use a flexible membrane with a coating of transparent metal oxide and a grid of spacers to locate the touchpoint Resistive LCD touchscreen monitors rely on a touch overlay, which is composed of a flexible top layer and a rigid bottom layer separated by insulating dots, attached to a touchscreen controller The inside surface of each of the two layers is coated with a transparent metal oxide coating (ITO) that facilitates a gradient across each layer when voltage is applied Pressing the flexible top sheet creates electrical contact between the resistive layers, producing a switch closing in the circuit The control electronics alternate voltage between the layers and pass the resulting X and Y touch coordinates to the touchscreen controller Resistive touchscreen Appendix C – Visual Displays / 451 technology exists in 4-wire, 5-wire, or 8-wire forms 4-wire resistive technology is restricted to small flatpanels (less than 10 inches) Because of its versatility and cost-effectiveness, resistive touchscreen technology is the touch technology of choice for many markets and applications (like retail point-ofsale (POS), medical monitoring devices, industrial process control, handhelds) The downside of resistive technology is that metal oxide coating and spacers may reduce the picture quality and brightness Infrared screens generate a grid of light across the face of the screen and check for interruptions to that grid as illustrated in Figure C.29 Surface acoustic wave (SAW) touchscreens send sound waves across our screen surface to look for interruptions caused by touch Guided acoustic wave runs on principles similar to SAW but sends waves through the screen substrate rather than over the surface The following are key factors in assessing touchscreen performance:  Response time (usually between 8ms and 20ms, more than 25ms may create problems for users),  to uch contact requirement (measured in milliseconds) and Appendix C – Visual Displays / 452  to uch resolution (points per inch) Figure C.29 An infrared-based touchscreen display C.8.3 Wireless Monitors Similar in looks to a tablet PC, wireless monitors use technology such as 802.11b/g to connect to your computer without a cable Most include buttons and controls for mousing and web surfing, and some also include keyboards The displays are battery-powered and relatively lightweight Most also include touch-screen capabilities (Figure C.30) Figure C.30 A wireless patient monitor Appendix D – Pretest / 453 D – PRETEST Knowledge checkout in fundamental topics Mark the correct choice in the following questions (time allowed 20 minutes): a b c d a b c d a b c d Magnitude (mA) a b c d A shorted resistor always has Infinite current through it Infinite voltage across it Zero voltage across it Zero current through it A four-band resistor with color code orange-white-brown-red is 390   5% 39   2% 39   5% 390   2% Thevenin’s theorem replaces a complicated circuit facing a load by an Ideal voltage source and parallel resistor Ideal current source and parallel resistor Ideal voltage source and series resistor Ideal current source and series resistor The voltage and current into a network are measured to be 10Vcos(377t) and 1mAcos(377t+60) respectively The input impedance of the network is 10k + j10k 10k - j10k 5.0k + j8.6k 5.0k - j8.6k The waveform represents a current in k resistor The power dissipated by the -1 -10 -5 resistor is (time in millisecond and current Time (ms) in milliampere) a 2.25 mW c 0.01 W d 0.45 W b 400 Hz a b c d 10 d Undefined b cos(2000t-45) c 3sin(2t+53) d 1000sin(1000t-53) The voltage and current into a network are measured to be 10Vcos(100t) and 1mAcos(100t +60) respectively Input impedance of the network is a 10k + j10k b 10k - j10k c 100 Hz Which one of the following sinusoidal signals has a period of msec? a 2sin(1000t) 10 The fundamental frequency of the signal in the above question is a 0.1 Hz b 3.7 mW c 5.0k + j8.6k The figure can be represented by x(t) = (1 – e-2t)u(t) x(t) = - e-tu(t) x(t) = (1 - e-t/2)u(t) x(t) = e-tu(t) A series RC is designed with R = k and C = 1F The impedance seen by the source at f = 159 Hz (1000 rad/sec) is d 5.0k - j8.6k Magnitude a 1k - j1.44k b 1k - j1k c 1.44k + j1k 0.5 -0.5 0.5 Time (s) d 1k + j1k 1.5 2.5 Appendix E – Exit Survey / 454 E – EXIT SURVEY King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EE 306 – ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES EXIT SURVEY May 2011 Please mark the appropriate boxes in the following table for your current GPA and grade you expect from the course GPA Range Expected Grade  [...]... communication systems 5 Define basic and derived units in engineering 6 Identifies engineering standards and standard units for a given application 7 Use engineering prefixes in expressing numerical values Introduction / 21 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES Definition of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline that deals with the study and... 461 Introduction / 19 INTRODUCTION ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES Definition of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Electronics and Communications Group Computer Engineering Group Biomedical Engineering Group MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES Mechatronics Automotive Industry Avionics Biomedical Engineering Extensions Cognitive Radio Fiber Optics... practitioners are called electrical engineers Electrical engineering is a broad field that encompasses many subfields and after 1980 it is generally referred to the engineering discipline that deals with electrical energy and its utilization It has two major branches: Power engineering: generation, distribution and utilization of electrical energy Machines engineering: conversion of electrical energy into... 296 Care and Maintenance of Batteries 300 ELECTRICAL SAFETY 302 Scope and Purpose of Electrical Safety 302 What Is the Electrical Shock? 303 How the Electrical Shock Occurs? 305 How to Prevent Electrical Shocks? 306 Office Electrical Safety 311 PROBLEMS ON SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY 313 Review Questions ... chemical processes The electrical information is converted into this convertible form using another type of T C h i e r 2 sensor that is called the actuator Electronic engineering principles and devices8are used in many other engineering disciplines such as telecommunications engineering, biomedical engineering, mechatronics and avionics c c u a i C i The activities of electronics engineering are handled... operation and maintenance Biomedical Engineering Group The biomedical engineering deals with applications of engineering principles and know-how in medicine and biology The specialty areas are:  bioinstrumentation,  biomaterials;  biomechanics;  cellular, tissue and genetic engineering;  clinical engineering;  medical imaging;  orthopedic surgery;  rehabilitation engineering; and  systems physiology... techniques used in biomedical engineering that are also widely utilized in industrial applications Hence, biomedical engineering graduates can easily adapt themselves into such applications Introduction / 26 MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES There are important application fields that are not currently covered in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: mechatronics,... other electrically charged particles in devices such as thermionic valves and semiconductors The pure study of such devices is considered as a branch of physics, while the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems is part of the fields of electrical, electronic and computer engineering Figure 1.1 illustrates a functional diagram of electronics engineering Electronics Engineering. .. students are expected to: 1 Define electrical and electronics engineering 2 State the responsibilities of and career opportunities for graduates of electronics and communications, computer and biomedical engineering groups 3 Express novel and emerging application fields of electronics engineering such as mechatronics, avionics 4 Recognize the applications of electronics engineering in automotive Industry,... Electronics Engineering is a specialized branch of Electrical Engineering which deals with components such as semiconductor diodes, triodes, transistors, computer and similar microcircuit chips, printed circuit boards, etc Depending on where they are to be used (the applications), electronic circuits can be built to handle a very wide range of power Electronics is the study and use of electrical devices ... INTRODUCTION ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES Definition of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Electronics and Communications Group Computer Engineering Group Biomedical Engineering. .. 20 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 21 Definition of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 21 Electronics and Communications Group 22 Computer Engineering. .. in engineering Identifies engineering standards and standard units for a given application Use engineering prefixes in expressing numerical values Introduction / 21 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING