Generations of wireless technologies and networks

Course 331 Generations Generations of of Wireless Wireless Technologies Technologies and and Networks Networks 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1-1 Generations of Wireless ■ First generation wireless systems used Analog technologies to provide circuit-switched access for mobile voice telephony • AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) • MTS, IMTS, NMT, TACS, ETACS, JTACS, others ■ Second generation wireless systems use the earliest digital technologies to provide mainly circuit-switched access for mobile voice telephony • GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) TDMA • IS-54, IS-136 TDMA • IS-95 CDMA ■ Third generation wireless systems use improved digital technologies to provide packet-switched access for advanced voice and data applications • wider-bandwidth, higher-capacity, more features and applications • CDMA2000 1xRTT, 1xEV DO, DV, 3xRTT - migration path from IS-95 • GPRS & UMTS - migration path from GSM and IS-136 TDMA • EDGE - migration path from TDMA, but will anybody use it? ■ Fourth Generation technologies are erupting into the marketplace, a revolution that could topple (or be absorbed by) the established players 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1-2 2G Wireless Data: SLOW! ■ Each wireless technology offers limited data capability today ■ One or more circuit-switched traffic channels are dedicated to fast data instead of voice • Dial-up modem emulation is provided at the wireless switch • Packet data access may be provided by a router at the switch, but the RF link is circuit-switched • Data rates are slow; compression may be provided ■ Even 2G CDPD and Mobitex Data-Only technologies are slow! ■ 3G technologies are much better! • Much faster RF traffic channels • True packet-switched channel management 4-2002 Circuit Switched AMPS TDMA Circuit IS-136 Switched GSM Circuit Switched IDEN Circuit Switched CDMA Circuit IS-95 Switched CDPD IP Packets Mobitex IP Packets GPRS IP Packets CDMA2000 IP Packets 1xRTT CDMA2000 IP Packets 1xEV WCDMA UMTS 9600 2G 14400 9600 9600 14400 19200 9600 14400 64K 19200 9600 Shared 9000 40,000 115K 2.5G 153K 230K 307K 2.4 M IP Packets Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 3G 5+M 1M 2M 1-3 What’s Interesting in 3G? 3G is a multi-ring circus, with two big areas of improvement: ■ Radio: New Air Interface Technologies and Adaptations • Higher bandwidth, faster data • More flexible channel architectures and call processing protocols • True packet data access with multiple IP sessions • CDMA technology is predominant! ■ Data: New Back-Side Packet-switched networks • New architecture provides direct connection from wireless network to IP networks including Internet! • The new data network architecture parallels existing voice connections and will surpass the traffic volume of the voice network • New functional blocks, protocols, connectivity! 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1-4 3G Perspectives: Operators & Manufacturers ■ System Operator • What our customers want? – What are our competitors doing with 3G, and when? – What are the features and services we can offer? • Which 3G technology should we deploy? • Do we need more spectrum? • What parts of our network can be used with 3G - what must be new? • How soon can we get 3G, and how long will it take to install it? • How can we make money with this? • Can we get financing? ■ Network Manufacturer • Which 3G technologies we have to provide? • When are customers expecting this, and how much will they order? • How we implement - can we add this to existing network products? • What will it cost to manufacture, are there any IPR dollar swamps? • Where will we get capital? • Will customers expect us to finance their purchases? 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1-5 3G Perspectives: Handsets & Test Equipment ■ Handset Manufacturer • What are the technologies? What are the features? • What is the demand, and when? • Can we make distinctive products and get major market share? • Whose chipsets will I use? What will it cost to manufacture? • Can we make money in this framework? What are the risks? • Where can we get capital? ■ Test Equipment Manufacturer • What are the technologies? • What operators need to see to test and optimize their networks? • Whose handsets will I use as my front-end? • What will IPR and handset agreements cost? • When is the market window? Can we make money with this? • Where can we get capital? 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1-6 3G Perspectives: End-Users and Technical ■ End-User • This is cool! What applications will I get? Will it change my lifestyle? • Will the battery last long enough for my style of use? • Will the screen be big enough? • Will it cost too much? • Will I be able to use it where I need it? ■ System Design and Operations Personnel • What are the technology choices? • How they work? – How much capacity will they have? • What’s involved in designing and implementing a 3G network? – Is any of my old equipment usable? Can 3G coexist or overlay? – What new equipment is available, when, and what will it cost? • What’s the “feel” of a 3G network? – What’s involved in optimizing 3G networks? • How soon we have to this? ■ What’s after 3G? Is there a 4G? 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1-7 4G – Evolution or Revolution? When? Low-Tier $ High-Tier $$$ Technology 1G: AMPS Service Provider/ Infrastructure Owner Environment Near-Universal Macro-Coverage 2G: TDMA, GSM, IS95 CDMA, IDEN 2.5G: GPRS, EDGE 3G: IS2000 1xRTT, 1xEV DO, 1xEV DV UMTS WCDMA PSTN IP/VPNs 4G: Wireless LAN 802.11b 802.11a HIPERLAN Type HIPERLAN Type Bluetooth Infrared Hotspots freenetworks.org ■ There’s a revolution going on out there! • New 2.5G services arriving now, new 3G arriving 2002 through 2005 • A groundswell of commercial (and even free!) WILAN deployment ■ Who owns it? Who drives it? Who benefits from it? Fear it?! Love it?! ■ Ultimately 3G and 4G will be integrated - by operators, users, manufacturers?! 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1-8 Wireless Wireless Development Development and and the the Recent Recent History History of of 3G 3G 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1-9 The Age of Science and Technology Ampere Einstein Relativity Ohm Volta Maxwell’s Equations Keppler Watt Kelvin Rayleigh N S U Galileo Isaac Newton •Gravitational Theory •Visible Light Spectrum LF HF VHF UHF MW IR UV XRAY Faraday •Electromagnetic Spectrum The Wireless Age The Telecommunications Age Electromagnetics Scientific Method, Principles, Basic Mathematics 1600s 4-2002 1700s 1800s 1900s Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 2000s - 10 W-CDMA Potential Frequency Deployment 900 MHz Band - Europe 890 MHz 915 935 ? The 900 MHz Band in Europe is presently occupied with GSM systems and is not available for UMTS WCDMA carriers If it were, there would be room for five carriers 960 North American PCS Licensed Blocks ? VoiceStream, AT&T MHz 1850 TDD 1910 1930 1990 UK Spectrum Auctions - Summer, 2000 TIW Cellnet Vodafone One2One Orange 1900 1920 1980 2110 2170 ■ Auctions just completed in the UK divided spectrum as shown and raised more than $US34 Billion UMTS W-CDMA is expected to deploy as shown for the five winner companies ■ The US PCS 1900 MHz Block is usable for W-CDMA and the hypothetical W-CDMA carriers are shown Voicestream and AT&T Wireless are expected to deploy at least one carrier each ■ Will there ever be W-CDMA over the ashes of the GSM 900 MHz allocation? 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 67 Wideband LAN (WiLAN) Technologies Infrared IRDA Bluetooth 802.11b 802.11a Optical 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz GHz GHz GHz Single User per Optical Carrier various DSSS DSSS OFDM 3.84 MHz Modulation Type various GFSK FH CCK BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, or 64QAM FSK or GMSK BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, or 64QAM Max Raw Data Rate Mb/s Mb/s 11 Mb/s 54 Mb/s 23.5 Mb/s 54 Mb/s Technology Frequency Band Access Method HIPERLAN HIPERLAN Type Type BLUETOOTH Infrared IRDA 802.11A, B, WIFI, WILAN 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 68 3G 3G Information Information Resources Resources Bibliography Bibliography Articles Articles Web Web Links Links 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 69 Bibliography, 3G Air Interface Technologies “3G Wireless Demystified” by Lawrence Harte, Richard Levine, and Roman Kitka 488pp Paperback, 2001 McGraw Hill, ISSBN 0-07-136301-7 $50 For both non-technical and technical readers An excellent starting point for understanding all the major technologies and the whole 3G movement Comfortable plain-language explanations of all the 2G and 3G air interfaces, yet including very succinct, complete, and rigorously correct technical details You will still want to read books at a deeper technical level in your chosen technology, and may sometimes turn to the applicable standards for finer details, but this book will give you what you won’t find elsewhere how everything relates in the big picture, and probably everything you care to know about technologies other than your own "Wireless Network Evolution 2G to 3G" by Vijay K Garg 764pp 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc ISBN 013-028077-1 $80 Excellent technical tutorial and reference The most complete and comprehensive technical detail seen in a single text on all these technologies: IS-95 2G CDMA, CDMA2000 3G CDMA, UMTS/WCDMA, Bluetooth, WLAN standards (802.11a, b, WILAN) Includes good foundation information on CDMA air interface traffic capacity, CDMA system design and optimization, and wireless IP operations Excellent level of operational detail for IS95 systems operating today as well as thorough explanations of 2.5G and 3G enhancements "3G Wireless Networks" by Clint Smith and Daniel Collins 622pp Paperback 2002 McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-136381-5 $60 An excellent overview of all 3G technologies coupled with good detail of network architectures, channel structures, and general operational details Good treatment of both CDMA2000 and UMTS/WCDMA systems “WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet” by Tero Ojanpera and Ramjee Prasad 476pp 2001 Artech House, ISSBN 1-58053-180-6 $100 The most complete and definitive work on UMTS (excellent CDMA2000, too!) CDMA principles, Mobile Internet, RF Environment & Design, Air Interface, WCDMA FDD standard, WCDMA TDD, CDMA2000, Performance, Heirarchical Cell Structures, Implementation, Network Planning, Basic IP Principles, Network Architectures, Standardization, Future Directions This is a MUST HAVE for a one-book library! 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 70 More Bibliography, 3G Air Interface Technologies “The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology” by Dr Jonathan P Castro, 354 pp 2001 John Wiley, ISBN 471 81375 3, $120 An excellent, well-organized, and understandable exploration of UMTS Includes radio interface, channel explanations, link budgets, network architecture, service types, ip network considerations, a masterful tour de force through the entire subject area Very readable, too! “WCDMA for UMTS” by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, 322 pp 2000 Wiley, ISBN 471 72051 8, $60 Very good overall treatment of UMTS Excellent introduction to 3G and summary of standardization activities, every level of UMTS/UTRA Good overview of CDMA-2000, too! “The GSM Network - GPRS Evolution: One Step Towards UMTS” 2nd Edition by Joachim Tisal, 227pp paperback, 2001 Wiley, ISBN 471 49816 5, $60 Readable but not overwhelming introduction to GSM in all its aspects (140pp), DECT (11pp), GPRS (6pp), UMTS (7pp), WAP (25pp), EDGE (10pp) 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 71 Bibliography, The IP Aspect of 3G “Mobile IP: Design, Principles and Practices” by Charles E Perkins, 275 pp., 200, 1998 AddisonWesley, ISBN 0-201-63469-4 $60 Comprehensive view of Mobile IP including home and foreign agents, advertisement, discovery, registration, datagrams, tunneling, encapsulation, route optimization, handoffs, firewalls, IPv6, DHCP Tour-de-force of mobile IP techniques “Mobile IP Technology for M-Business” by Mark Norris, 291 pp., 2001 Artech House, ISSBN 158053-301-9 $67 GPRS overview and background, Mobile IP, Addressing, Routing, Mbusiness, future prospects, IPv4, IPv6, Bluetooth & IrDA summaries “TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1, The Protocols” by W Richard Stevens, 1994 Addison-Wesley, ISBN0-201-63346-9, 576pp., $66 Comprehensive, definitive, and authoritative exposition of each protocol in modern networking – IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP, IP, dynamic routing, UDP, Broadcasting & multicasting, IGMP, DNS, TFTP, BOOTP, TCP including sections on connection establishment and termination, interactive data flow, bulk data flow, timeout and retransmission, all its parameters; SNMP, Telnet, FTP, SMTP, NFS, and much, much more Very highly recommended “TCP/IP Explained” by Phillip Miller, 1997 Digital Press, ISBN 1-55558-166-8, 518pp $50 In-depth understanding of the Internet protocol suite, network access and link layers, addressing, subnetting, name/address resolution, routing, error reporting/recovery, network management “Cisco Networking Academy Program: First-Year Companion Guide” edited by Vito Amato, 1999 Cisco Press, ISBN 1-57870-126-0, 438pp Textbook supporting a year-long course on networking technologies for aspiring LAN/WAN (and 3G) technicians and engineers It covers every popular networking technology (including all its elements and devices) in deep and practical detail Excellent real-world understanding of TCP/IP, as well as the nuts-and-bolts of everything from physical components to protocols to actual devices such as routers, switches, etc You might even want to take the evening courses at a local community college near you 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 72 Bibliography - General CDMA “IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000: Cellular/PCS Systems Implementation” by Vijay K Garg 422 pp 2000 Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-087112-5, $90 IS-95 and CDMA2000 Access technologies, DSSS, IS-95 air interface, channels, call processing, power control, signaling, soft handoff, netw planning, capacity, data CDMA2000 layers, channels, coding, comparison w/ WCDMA “CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook” by Jhong Sam Lee and Leonard E Miller, 1998 Artech House, ISBN 0-89006-990-5 Excellent treatment of CDMA basics and deeper theory, cell and system design principles, system performance optimization, capacity issues Recommended “CDMA RF System Engineering” by Samuel C Yang, 1998 Artech House, ISBN 0-89006-991-3 Good general treatment of CDMA capacity considerations from mathematical viewpoint “CDMA Internetworking: Deploying the Open A-Interface” by Low and Schneider 616 pp 2000 Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-088922-9, $75 A tour-de-force exposition of the networking between the CDMA BSC, BTS, and mobile, including messaging and protocols of IS-634 Chapters on SS7, Call Processing, Mobility Management, Supplementary Services, Authentication, Resource Management (both radio and terrestrial), 3G A-Interface details One-of-a-kind work! "CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication" by Andrew J Viterbi 245 p AddisonWesley 1995 ISBN 0-201-63374-4, $65 Very deep CDMA Theory Prestige collector’s item 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 73 Bibliography - General Wireless “Mobile and Personal Communication Services and Systems” by Raj Pandya, 334 pp 2000 IEEE Press, $60 IEEE order #PC5395, ISBN 0-7803-4708-0 Good technical overview of AMPS, TACS< NMT, NTT, GSM, IS-136, PDC, IS-95, CT2, DECT, PACS, PHS, mobile data, wireless LANs, mobile IP, WATM, IMT2000 initiatives by region, global mobile satellite systems, UPT, numbers and identities, performance benchmarks “Wireless Telecom FAQs” by Clint Smith, 2001 McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-07-134102-1 Succint, lucid explanations of telecom terms in both wireless and landline technologies Includes cellular architecture, AMPS, GSM, TDMA, iDEN, CDMA Very thorough coverage; an excellent reference for new technical people or anyone wishing for clear explanations of wireless terms "Mobile Communications Engineering" 2nd Edition by William C Y Lee 689 pp McGraw Hill 1998 $65 ISBN 0-07-037103-2 Lee’s latest/greatest reference work on all of wireless; well done 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 74 Web Links and Downloadable Resources Scott Baxter: http://www.howcdmaworks.com Latest versions of all courses are downloadable Category - Username - Password Intro - (none required) - (none required) RF/CDMA/Performance - shannon - hertz 3G - generation - third Grayson - telecom - allen Agilent - nitro - viper Dr Ernest Simo’s Space2000: http://www.cdmaonline.com/ and http://www.3Gonline.com/ CDG: http://www.cdg.org (check out the digivents multimedia viewable sessions) The IS-95 and IS-2000 CDMA trade marketing webside, CDMA cheerleaders GSM: http://www.gsmworld.com The GSM Association website Worldwide GSM marketing cheerleaders but also includes some excellent GSM and GPRS technical overview whitepapers and documents; latest user figures UWCC: http://www.uwcc.com The IS-136 TDMA trade marketing website, TDMA cheerleaders RCR News: http://www.rcrnews.com Wireless Industry trade publication - regulatory, technical, business, marketing news Subscribers can access text archives of past articles; very handy in researching events Wireless Week: http://www.wirelessweek.com Wireless Industry trade publication - regulatory, technical, business, marketing news 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 75 More Web Links 3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org/ The operators’ harmonization group concerned mainly with ETSI-related standards 3GPP2: http://www.3gpp2.org/ The operators’ harmonization group concerned mainly with IS-95-derived CDMA standards ITU: http://www.itu.int/imt/ ETSI: http://www.etsi.fr/ UMTS forum: http://www.umts-forum.org/ GSM MoU: http://www.gsmworld.com/ TIA: http://www.tiaonline.org/ T1: http://www.t1.org/ ARIB: http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/index.html TTC: http://www.ttc.or.jp/ TTA: http://www.tta.or.kr/ ETRI: http://www.etri.re.kr/ RAST: http://www.rast.etsi.fi/ 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 76 Articles and Publications (1) ITU Circular Letter April 1997 (8/LCCE/47), “Request for Submission of Candidate Radio/Transmission Technologies (RTTs) for IMT 2000/FPLMTS Radio Interface.” Zeng, Annamalai, and Bhargava: Harmonization of Third Generation Mobile Systems, IEEE Communications Magazine, December, 2000, pp 94-104 Good summary of present state of harmonization among 3G proposals and developments of late 1999 and early 2000 Agilent Technologies: Concepts of IS-2000 3G, rev 2.5, 2000 67pp Excellent introduction to CDMA2000 with emphasis on transmission mechanics, features, and IS-95 delta Oliphant: Radio Interfaces Make the Difference in 3G Cellular Systems, IEEE Spectrum, October 2000, pp 53-58 Good introduction to UMTS WCDMA, GPRS, EDGE, CDMA2000 Chaudhury, Mohr, Onoe: The 3GPP Proposal for IMT-2000, IEEE Communications Magazine, December 1999, pp 72-81 Detailed report of UMTS structure, harmonization activities, migration strategies Huber, Weiler, Brand: UMTS, the Mobile Multimedia Vision for IMT-2000: A Focus on Standardization, IEEE Communications Magazine, September, 2000 pp 129-136 Thorough history of UMTS development and outlook for applications and migration Sarikaya: Packet Mode in Wireless Networks: Overview of Transition to Third Generation, IEEE Communications Magazine, September, 2000, pp 164-172 Evolution of GSM to GPRS and UMTS data, evolution of IS-95 to CDMA2000 data, IP integration Dinan, Jabari: Spreading Codes for Direct Sequence CDMA and Wideband CDMA Cellular Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, September 1998, pp 48-54 Theory of spreading sequences for CDMA including maximal length, Gold, Kasami sequences, orthogonal codes, multiple spreading, channelization, and scrambling for CDMA and W-CDMA 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 77 Articles and Publications (2) Sweet: Cell phones answer Internet’s Call, IEEE Spectrum, August 2000 pp 42-46 Broad summary of technologies, market and regulatory developments, industry direction for 3G Luediger, Zeisberg: User and Business Perspectives on an Open Mobile Access Standard, IEEE Communications Magazine, September 2000, pp 160-163 Observations on a multistandard philosophy, open mobile access network, ultra wideband impulse technology NTT DoCoMo: At the Core of 3G Mobile, advertising supplement to RCR Wireless News November 27, 2000, pp 18-19 Overview of NTT DoCoMo network architecture for 3G, ATM, Intelligent Mobile Network, virtual home environment Zeng, Annamalai, and Bhargava: Harmonization of Third Generation Mobile Systems, IEEE Communications Magazine, December, 2000, pp 94-104 Good summary of present state of harmonization among 3G proposals and developments of late 1999 and early 2000 Agilent Technologies: Concepts of IS-2000 3G, rev 2.5, 2000 67pp Excellent introduction to CDMA2000 with emphasis on transmission mechanics, features, and IS-95 delta Oliphant: Radio Interfaces Make the Difference in 3G Cellular Systems, IEEE Spectrum, October 2000, pp 53-58 Good introduction to UMTS WCDMA, GPRS, EDGE, CDMA2000 Ojanpera, Prasad: An Overview of Air Interface Multiple Access for IMT-2000/UMTS, IEEE Communications Magazine, September, 1998 pp 82-86 Early details of UMTS WCDMA and wideband cdmaOne 3G proposals 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 78 Articles and Publications (3) Dahlman, Gudmundson, Nilsson, Skold: UMTS/IMT-2000 Based on Wideband CDMA, IEEE Communications magazine, September, 1998, pp 70-80 Details of early UMTS proposal including protocols, coding, channels at 4.096 mcps before further harmonization Wee, Shin: Current IMT-2000 R&D Status and Views in Korea, IEEE Communications Magazine, September, 1998, pp 160-164 Sasaki, Yabusaki, Inada: The Current Situation of IMT-2000 Standardization Activities in Japan, IEEE Communications Magazine, September, 1998, pp 145-153 Adachi, Sawahashi, Suda: Wideband DS-CDMA for Next-Generation Mobile Communications Systems, IEEE Communications Magazine, September, 1998, pp 56-69 Thorough review of W-CDMA design concepts including most of transmission and channel-specific enhancements Andrisano, Verdone, Nakagawa: Intelligent Transportation Systems: The Role of Third-Generation Mobile Radio Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, September, 2000 pp 144-151 Futuristic but reasonable exploration of role of 3G mobile systems in future intelligent transportation Main focus on UMTS-based systems Comerford: Handhelds duke it out for the Internet, IEEE Spectrum, August, 2000, pp 35-41 Overview and summary of competing PDA and handheld data devices, wireless connectivity, and mobile internet access currently available Schneiderman: Bluetooth’s Slow Dawn, IEEE Spectrum, November, 2000, pp 61-65 Survey of current status of Bluetooth technology for local interconnection of wireless devices 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 79 Articles and Publications (4) Williams: Turbo-Charging Next-Gen Wireless, Optical Systems, Communications Systems Design, February 2001, pp 39-47 Practical explanation of turbo coding algorithms, benefits, applications to 3G and high-bandwidth fiber systems Jorguseski, Fledderus, Farserotu, Prasad: Radio Resource Allocation in Third-Generation Mobile Communication Systems, IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2001, pp 117-123 Discussion of radio resource allocation, Quality of Service, bandwidth reservation, uplink and downlink admission control, for WCDMA and TD-CDMA Dixit, Guo, and Antoniou: Resource Management and Quality of Service in Third-Generation Wireless Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, February, 2001 pp 125-133 A good overview of the bandwidths and capabilities of the 3G technologies, with QoS discussions for each family and detailed QoS considerations of UMTS Kuo, Ko, and Kuo: A Probabilistic Resource Estimation and Semi-Reservation Scheme for FlowOriented Multimedia Wireless Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, February, 2001, pp 135-141 Description of an advanced algorithm with perspectives Chakrabarti and Mishra: QoS Issues in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, February, 2001, pp 142-148 QoS revisited from the standpoint of the mobile user with special emphasis on management of service in the world of handoffs and mobile impairments Andrews, Kumaran, Ramanan, Stolyer, Whiting, and Vijayakumar: Providing Quality of Service over a Shared Wireless Link, IEEE Communications Magazine, February, 2001 pp 150-153 Discussion of scheduling algorithms exploiting variations in mobile channels for maximum capacity at desired QoS 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 80 Articles and Publications (5) TCP Performance Issues over Wireless Links, IEEE Communications Magazine, April, 2001, pp 52-58 Discussion of problems and considerations for internet access over wireless links How Network Assymetry Affects TCP, IEEE Communications Magazine, April, 2001, pp 60-67 Many wireless technologies provide links with assymetrical capacities uplink vs downlink This article examines the effects of assymetry on TCP performance 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter - 81 [...]... Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 01 02 03 04 2000s 1 - 12 Communications Technology Family History A Story of Births, Weddings and Funerals ■ ■ ■ ■ Commercial telegraphy gave birth to telephony, then died Telephony and Land Mobile Radio married, giving IMTS & Cellular IP networks developed, their usage and bandwidth are increasing 3G is the wedding of IP and Wireless! Land Mobile Radio... CATT China ARIB ETSI Association of Radio Industries and Businesses Japan European Telecommunications Standards Institute Global System for Mobile TTA ETRI Telecommunications Technology Council Japan Korea Universal Mobile Telecommunications Business Forum IMT2000 Consortium Each of these groups is a forum for global wireless operators, network manufacturers, and handset manufacturers 4-2002 Telecommunications... IS-41-based HLR and VLR paradigm for intersystem handoff and call delivery ■ IS-2000 CDMA systems will be further harmonized to achieve operability on the GSM-MAP (Group Speciale Mobile Mobile Application Part), the network architecture of GSM • Protocol stacks of both IS-2000 and UMTS have been largely harmonized already 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1 - 20 CDMA... 6.8% 72.6% 48.8% 51.2% 0.0% 0.0% 27.4% 11.4% 47.0% 16.8% 24.9% TDMA AT&T Wireless Cingular Wireless Vodafone Airtouch Verizon Wireless Alltel US Cellular Western Wireless CenturyTel Inc Dobson Cellular Centennial Price Communications Rural Cellular Triton Cellular Partners Wireless One Cellcom Cellular Midwest Wireless Plateau Wireless Bluegrass Cellular 4-2002 CDMA GSM 15,172,000 21,200,000 1,650,000... IS-95A and J-Std008 ■ Improved Access Methods • Mobiles originally could use only one sector during an access attempt – Multipath fading causes roughly 2% failed accesses! • IS-95B allows mobiles to use alternate sectors as “backup” during access in case the original sector fades ■ Improved Handoff Methods • Original CDMA provided only fixed-threshold handoff triggers – Inflexible, can skip needed handoffs... HF, VHF, UHF, Trunked IP Networks The Internet Voice over IP Wireless Voice and IP Data IMTS-Cellular-GSM-GPRS-WCDMA Commercial Switched Telephony Extinction? Digital Switching Commercial Telegraphy 50 60 70 1800s 4-2002 80 90 10 20 Extinction! 30 40 50 1900s 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 2000s Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1 - 13 Wireless Standards Organizations ITU... 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 2001 2002 1 - 21 Migration Migration Paths Paths from from 2G 2G Technologies Technologies to to 3G 3G 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1 - 22 Global Wireless Users by Technology Global Wireless Users by Technology (millions) 80.4 65.8 GSM IS-136 TDMA IS-95... PacBell Wireless 2,000,000 AT&T Wireless 2,728,000 Cingular/SBC/BellSouth 20,500,000 Other TDMA 5,580,010 3xRTT Leap Wireless Cricket Comms ? AT&T Wireless 15,172,000 1xRTT 1xEV cdma2000 DO, DV Verizon 2,000,000 WCDMA UMTS EDGE UTRA GPRS ? Nextel 7,700,000 Other TDMA 949,000 ??! ? X 136HS Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1 - 25 US Operators’ 3G Migration Plans Wireless. .. submitted to the ITU-R in mid-1998 as a candidate radio transmission technology for third generation systems Eight of the submissions proposed some form of wideband CDMA; the other two were TDMA-based 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1 - 16 Contrasting US/International CDMA Viewpoints ■ Should we have one worldwide 3G standard? • Great idea, but is anybody willing... 62,500 62,500 Airadigm Communications 26,000 26,000 Airgate PCS 179,000 179,000 Amica Wireless 10,000 10,000 Ubiquitel 9,897 9,897 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1 - 26 Wireless Operators’ Internet Plans As reported in RCR August 13, 2001 Operator Data Offerings Verizon Wireless Cingular Wireless Mobile Web phone browsing Circuit-switched data using phone as modem Mobile ... then died Telephony and Land Mobile Radio married, giving IMTS & Cellular IP networks developed, their usage and bandwidth are increasing 3G is the wedding of IP and Wireless! Land Mobile Radio... Generation Wireless v1.58 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 1-8 Wireless Wireless Development Development and and the the Recent Recent History History of of 3G 3G 4-2002 Introduction to Third Generation Wireless. .. fades ■ Improved Handoff Methods • Original CDMA provided only fixed-threshold handoff triggers – Inflexible, can skip needed handoffs but waste unneeded ones • IS-95B uses slope and intercept-based