NGQNNGO -—i SO 2008 NGHIEN CLfU NGOVAN THI GIAC TRONG NGON NGtf ThS NGUYEN TAT THANG M o t t r o n g n h u n g vai tro cua ngon n g i i la dung de mo ta nhiing gi chung ta nhan biet dddc t r i the gidi ben ngoai thdng qua cac giac quan Trong cac giac quan, cd le t h i giac ddng v a i t r d quan va chiem t i le ldn khdi lddng thdng t i n ciia the gidi ben ngoai dddc hap t h u vao kho tang k i e n thdc ciia mdi ca nhan Dddi quan diem cua ngdn ngfl hoc t r i nhan, ngdn n g d cd t i n h hien than Hay ndi each khac, trai nghiem cua chung ta, t r o n g dd cd v a i t r d ciia t h i giac, anh hddng t d i ngdn ngd chiing ta sii dung Bai viet t r i n h bay v a i t r d ciia t h i giac dddi quan diem ciia ngdn ngd hoc t r i nhan Trddc k h i ban ve vai trd ciia t h i giac ngdn ngd, chiing ta hay diem sd lddc qua l i thuyet ve tinh hien than ciia ngdn ngd Tinh hien than ciia ngdn ngd (embodiment) ddng mdt vai trd quan trong l i thuyet ciia ngdn ngd hoc t r i nhan Cam n h a n ciia ngddi ve the gidi anh hddng den each ngddi sii dung ngdn ngd N d i mdt each khac, dieu cd nghia rang nhdng cam n h a n cua chung ta ddi vdi the gidi ben ngoai l a m nen tang va dddc the h i e n t r o n g ngdn n g d chiing ta sii dung de md ta ve sii vat, hien tddng dang dddc chung ta ndi tdi (xem them Janda, 2000; Taylor, 2002; Lee, 2001; Croft, 2001) K h a i n i e m ve t i n h hien t h a n ciia ngdn n g d bat nguon t d quan diem cho rang nhan thdc cua chiing ta mang t i n h hien than; cac qua t r i n h x i i l i cua t r i nao cua chung ta lam cho chiing ta tddng tac vdi n h d n g mdi trddng, ngoai canh quanh ta; va ket qua la nhdng qua t r i n h xu" l i thdng t i n dddc h i n h t h a n h va chiu sii anh hddng bdi ngoai canh ma chiing ta tddng tac [5, 248] M d i chiing ta cd mdt each n h i n rieng ve the gidi, bat ngudn t d sd khac ve mat sinh hoc ciia cd the mdi chung ta [3] Tat ca nhdng thdng t i n chung ta cd dddc deu p h a i di qua bd loc t r i giac N h d n g cd quan giiip ta tich luy thdng t i n cd the la mat, mui, tai, chan tay, v.v Va di nhien la k h i chung t a tddng t h u a t l a i nhdng thdng t i n chiing ta cd dddc, n h d n g thdng t i n dd da t r a i qua mdt qua t r i n h loc cua n h a n thdc ciia chung ta va dieu dd mang theo t i n h chu quan cua cam n h a n cua rieng tdng chii the rieng biet Dieu cd the thay r a t r d d viec k h i cho chung ta xem mdt bde t r a n h hay doc/ nghe mdt bai thd, mdi ngddi deu cd cam nhan rieng biet ve bde t r a n h h a y h a i t h d vda dddc thddng thdc C/Vv £SV The gi6i cua chung ta luon van dong va r a t phiic tap; vay nen khong co the am hieu het hoan toan n h i i n g gi dang xay ra; va khong co the n h i n n h a n sii vat dudi tat ca moi gdc canh C h i n h v i vay, mdi mdt ngdn n g i i , hay la mdt ngiidi cu the n h i n n h a n sii vat, hien ttfdng vdi mdt gdc n h i n rieng, mdt moi quan t a m rieng Dieu dtfdc phan anh qua nhtfng gi chii quan ma t t f n g ngtfdi rieng biet cam n h a n va md ta ve the gidi Ngdn ngtf chung ta sii dung khdng the md ta chinh xac n h t f n g gi dang xay d the gidi ben ngoai; ma that ngdn ngtf cua chtfng ta md ta n h a n thtfc ciia chtfng ta ddi vdi the gidi ben ngoai [4] N h t f n g t r a i nghiem ciia chtfng ta cd dtfdc deu l i e n quan den cd the ve mat sinh hoc Ndi mdt each khac, chtfng ta chi cd the n d i ve n h t f n g thtf chtfng ta cd the n h a n thtfc dtfdc, hieu dtfdc Va n h t f n g thtf chtfng ta n h a n thtfc dtfpc x u a t p h a t ttf n h t f n g t r a i nghiem ciia chtfng ta cudc sdhg h a n g [3] Mdt n h t f n g ye'u t d dtfdc stf dung qua t r i n h trai nghiem cua chiing ta chinh la cd quan t h i giac Langacker [8, 53] cho r a n g de h i n h t h a n h nen gia t r i k h a i niem ciia nghia va ngtf phap, chiing ta can quan t a m den v a i t r d cua n h t f n g t r a i nghiem ve khdng gian va t h i giac viec h i n h t h a n h nen n h t f n g yeu td' khac cua n h a n thtfc Langacker n h a n m a n h r i n g vai trd ciia t h i giac vtfa mang t i n h chat bao p h i i , nghia la sau rpng, d dau ciing tdn tai, vtfa mang t i n h chat rat quan trpng (highly important) Ngdn ngOr so nam 2008 Langacker cho rang hien ttfpng bay td viec h i d u hoac bie't n g h i a cua mdt cau hoac mdt stf vat, hien t t f p n g t h d n g qua t h i giac la hien t t f d n g dien h i n h , (xem cac t h i d u d phan sau) va c h i n h dieu cho c h i i n g t a tha'y dtfdc each thtfc ma ngdn ngtf p h a n a n h md'i q u a n he gitfa n h t f n g cam n h a n ve mat sinh hpc va qua t r i n h y n i e m hoa t i n h than T h i giac k h d n g c h i ddng vai t r d giiip c h i i n g t a d i n h v i t r o n g khdng g i a n m a cdn g i i i p chtfng ta xac lap n h i i n g q u a n diem cu the cua t t f n g ca n h a n va ttf dd dtfa n h t f n g n h a n xet ve stf vat, hien t t f p n g p h a n a n h q u a n diem ciia m i n h T r o n g p h a n tiep theo ciia bai viet, c h i i n g t d i se t r i n h bay hai k h a i n i e m cd ban t r o n g ngdn ngtf hpc t r i n h a n m a t r o n g dd t h i giac ddng v a i t r d q u a n t r p n g M d t k h a i n i e m cd md'i lien ket chat che v d i v a i t r d , c u a t h i giac la k h a i n i e m ve Hinh - Nin (Figure - G r o u n d Relationship) Cac k h a i niem H i n h - Nen va md'i quan he gitfa c h i i n g l a r a t quan trpng ngdn ngtf hpc t r i nhan K h i chtfng ta quan sat stf vat, hien ttfdng t r o n g k h d n g gian, chiing ta t h t f d n g tap t r u n g vao n h t f n g thtf noi t r d i hdn, dtfpc gpi la H i n h Cdn n h t f n g thtf i t noi t r d i hdn ddng vai t r d cua N e n - cai k h u n g de cho chiing ta t h a m chieu v d i H i n h C h u n g t a q u a n sat the gidi x u n g q u a n h va md t a l a i n h t f n g gi chtfng ta tha'y dtfdc K h i chtfng ta quan sat, nhtfng gi t h u h i i t chiing ta se t r d t h a n h H i n h , va n h t f n g gi cdn l a i la N e n H i n h t h t f d n g la n h t f n g g i hay d i chuyen, nhd hdn T h j giac Nen, thu hut stf chu y nhieu hdn; Nen t h t f d n g la n h t f n g gi i t d i chuyen, to hdn, va i t t h u h t f t stf tap t r u n g hdn K h i chung ta stf dung ngon ngtf de mieu ta n h t f n g gi chung ta t i c h l u y ttf the gidi ben ngeai, cau true cau, thdng thtfdng chii ngtf cua mdt cau la H i n h T h i du ta cd cau: "Cdi xe dgp nam triidc cdng triidng" T r o n g cau cdi xe dap la H i n h , cdn cdng triidng la Nen De cd dtfdc n h t f n g n h a n biet nay, t h i giac ddng vai trd quan trong viec dinh v i cho ngtfdi ndi v i t r i ciia n h t f n g thtfc the tdn t a i t r o n g khdng gian va giiip cho ngtfdi md ta cd dtfdc n h t f n g nhan xet cd t i n h ld gich K h a i niem tiep theo chtfng tdi mud'n gidi t h i e u la phoi cdnh (Perspectives) (each dich t h u a t ngtf ciia N g u y i n Hda [9]) Phdi canh d day mudn ndi den n h t f n g gi chiing ta quan sat va cam nhan thdng qua t h i giac va ttf nhtfng thdng sd' chtfng ta nhan biet dtfdc qua lang k i n h chii quan cua ttfng ngtfdi, chtfng ta cd n h t f n g thdng t i n ve stf vat hien ttfdng N h t f n g thdng t i n se dtfdc chuyen vao nao bd va chtfa dtfdi dang k h a i niem Langacker [8] cho rang cd mdt so ltfdng dang ke ve stf ttfdng dong gitfa n h a n thtfc ve mat t h i giac va qua t r i n h y niem hoa t i n h than Trong k h a i niem phd'i canh, dinh htfdng (orientation) va htfdng (directionality) la n h t f n g yeu to cd lien quan nhieu tdi t h i giac Ve d i n h htfdng, ngtfdi ndi cd the can ctf vao gdc nhin cua minh ma htfdng ngtfdi nghe ttf theo phtfdng thtfc ma ngtfdi ndi dinh san O h i n h ve sau, chtfng ta thay k h i V cd the mieu ta X la ben t r a i hoac la ben phai ciia Y t u y thudc vao htfdng ciia V k h i mieu ta stf vat hien ttfdng dd a) X d phia trdi Y b) X d phfa phdi Y (Theo Langacker, 1988) Nhtf vay, vao dinh htfdng, ngtfdi ndi cd the md ta stf vat, hien ttfdng theo nhtfng each khac nhau, va dieu ddng nghia vdi viec se cd n h t f n g san pham ve ngdn ngtf khac nhau, mac dtf nd deu dtfdc sii dung de md ta ctfng mdt stf vat, hien ttfdng Ve htfdng phd'i canh, chtfng ta hay xet hai t h i du sau: c) Chdn ngon nui hiing vi vtfdn xudng den tan ben bd ddng song d) Ngon nui sung sitng len tii bd dong song moc Chung ta thay d day viec md ta stf vat, h i e n ttfdng khdng t u y thudc vao d i n h htfdng khach quan ciia ngtfdi ndi/ viet, ma nd p h u thudc vao t i n h chii quan ciia ngtfdi dd k h i ho dtfa htfdng - diem bat diu va cd the la diem ke't thtfc, d day la khdng gian ciia khung canh dtfdc mieu ta Nhtf vay, viec xac dinh diem xuat phat ciia t h i giac ddng vai t r d viec kien tao nen ngdn ngfl de md ta stf vat hien ttfdng Ngdn ngtf so nam 2008 Tir n h t f n g l u a n diem l i thuyet va t h i d u tren, chung ta thay rang t h i giac dong v a i t r o quan t r o n g t r o n g viec tao nen ngon ngtf cua chung ta C u n g mpt su" vat, h i e n t u p n g t r o n g the gidi k h a c h quan, n h t f n g t h d n g qua l a n g k i n h t r i n h a n cua ngtfdi ndi/ viet, chung ta cd the dtfa r a n h t f n g phat bieu md ta khac ve mat ngdn ngii Dieu c h t f n g td ngdn ngtf b i anh htfdng l d n bdi cam n h a n t r i giac va dac biet la cd quan t h i giac cua ngtfdi T r o n g p h a n tiep theo, c h t f n g tdi se p h a n t i c h h a i ddng t i f (cd tac gia gpi la vi tii, n h t f n g de de dang hdn cho m p i ddc gia, chung tdi van ctf stf dung t h u a t ngtf xtfa da quen dung, dd la dgng tii) lien quan trtfc tiep den cd quan t h i giac - dd la ddng ttf to see tieng A n h va ddng ttf thdy t r o n g tieng Viet P h a n se d a n h r i e n g cho stf p h a n t i c h va so sanh h a i ddng ttf to see va thdy de t h a y v a i t r d cua t h i giac t r o n g ngdn ngtf H a i ttf cho t h a y r a n g t h i giac k h d n g n h t f n g p h a n a n h stf t r i n h a n ve t h i giac cua ngtfdi ndi/ viet ma nd cdn p h a n a n h ttf duy, quan d i e m ciia hp t h d n g qua n h t f n g ddng ttf Va cong t r i n h ciia minh, Baker p h a n t i c h 23 t r t f d n g nghia cd ban ciia dpng ttf Cdn Tii dien Anh Viet cua V i e n ngdn ngtf hpc (1993) cd dtfa r a trtfdng nghia chinh D o i vdi dpng t i i thdy cua t i e n g V i e t , Tii dien tieng Viet cua V i e n ngdn ngtf hpc (1992) va Dgi tii dien tie'ng Viet cua Nguyen Nhtf Y (chtf bien, 1999) deu dtfa r a t r t f d n g n g h i a c h i n h M d t la n h a n biet dtfpc b a n g mat; h a i la n h a n biet dtfdc qua cac giac quan ndi chung; ba la n h a n r a dtfdc, biet dtfdc qua n h a n thtfc; va bdn la ndi ve h i e n t t f d n g a i cd cam giac, cam t h a y nhtf the nao, nhtf Horn toi thdy vui chang h a n Tuy nhien, vdi n h t f n g gidi han ve khdng gian va t h d i gian, chung tdi chi dtfa r a n h t f n g nghia cd ban ciia dpng ttf n h i m phuc v u cho muc d i n h ciia b a i viet Ngoai nghia cd ban lien quan tdi stf nhan biet stf vat, h i e n t t f p n g thdng qua cd quan t h i giac, h a i dpng ttf cdn cd n h t f n g nghia khac hen quan t d i qua t r i n h n h a n t h t f c cua mdi c h t f n g ta H a i ddng t i i cd the dtfpc sii dung t r o n g cung n h t f n g trtfdng hdp sau, nghia la cd the dich ttfdng dtfdng: Ddi v d i dpng ttf to see t r o n g tieng A n h , Baker [1] dan r a 34 t r t f d n g nghia l i e n quan t d i ddng ttf dtfpc liet ke t r o n g cudn ttf the dien The Random House ct trong/tren Unabridged a Mom, I can see a cat on mat Me oi, thdy cdi mot meo chieu T h j giac that I didn't Tdi say qud nen chdng gi cd thdy see b I was so drunk anything c I saw him open the door and took the bike out Toi thdy no md cda vd chiec xe mdy mang Y nghia dau t i e n va cd ban nhat tat nhien lien quan den viec nhan biet stf vat, hien ttfdng the gidi ben ngoai thdng qua cd quan t h i giac, cu the la ddi mat Cac cau l a va l b ndi ve kha nang phat hien stf vat the gidi ben ngoai Cau l c ndi den stf nhan biet mdt qua t r i n h ttf nhien Ddi vdi n h t f n g trtfdng hdp nay, chung ta khdng can ban gi nhieu v i nghia ciia t t f n g cau da rd rang Trong n h t f n g trtfdng hdp sau, cd the thay rang cd mdt md'i quan he chat che gitfa cd quan t h i giac vdi n h a n thtfc ciia ngtfdi k h i cac ttf chi ve t h i giac dtfdc sii dung de ndi ve n h a n thtfc a We can see the difficulties in the next coming years Chung toi co the thdy kho khdn nhdng nam b He can see that nothing change her mind dtidc tdi could Anh dy thdy rang khdng gi co the thay ddi (quyet dinh I suy nghi l a i cung nhtf n h t f n g gi dang xay r a dau ngtfdi khac Vay rd rang la ttf thdy b day dtfdc stf dung de chi ve viec ttf 16 gich, hay nhan thtfc ciia ngtfdi k h i ngtfdi ta tong hdp kien thtfc va suy dien ket qua K h d n g the ndi r a n g viec sii dung n h f l n g ddng ttf de t r i n h bay ve n h t f n g van de thudc n h a n thtfc, (nghia la ttf thdy la mang nghia cua hieu, biet) la mang t i n h chat vd doan, hay la ngau nhien T h i du nhtf chtfng ta khdng sfl dung ttf nghe de thay cho ttf thdy b cau 2a va 2b mac du t h i n h giac cung la mdt cd quan tiep nhan t r i thtfc Dieu cd the bat ngudn ttf viec t h i giac chinh la cd quan tiep n h a n t r i thtfc nhieu nha't, va nd cung chinh la cd quan giup chd ngtfdi tiep can vdi stf vat, hien ttfdng nhieu nhat Ngoai ra, cdn cd mdt sd' trtfdng hdp khac k h i ddng ttf dtfdc dich ttfdng dtfdng nhtf sau: a I only want to see you hanh Anh chi mudn phuc thdy em b Don't you see I am Anh khong ban hay sao? you happy diioc busy? thdy la tdi You'll see that he will again dang bother Roi anh se thdy no lai ldm phien anh cho coi cua) co dy Did you see Nam's column this morning? It is a nice piece of writing Chung ta khdng the nhin thdy dtfdc nhtfng gi se xay ttfdng Anh thdy bdi viet cua anh sdng chiia? Bdi viet hay Nam ldm Ngon ngfir so nam 2008 Nhu'ng t h i d u t r e n mot l a n They niia cho nhu'ng dan c h i i n g ve sii lien quan m a t t h i e t giiia t h i giac a couple voi sii t r i nhan ciia ngiidi Chang han, cac cau t h i du (2), nhiing vdi ndm dong t i i (thdy va see) cho chiing ta biet chiing hen quan tdi sii nhan biet ciia ngddi thdng qua nhung sii vat, h i e n t d d n g dang xay Ngddi ta cd the biet dddc mdt ngddi dang hanh phuc thdng qua n h i i n g bieu hien ciia ngddi dd Va cd quan t h i giac ddng mdt phan quan trong viec giup chung ta t h u nhan dddc t i n hieu va bd nao se p h a n tich cho chung ta biet n h d n g hien tddng bieu hien sii h a n h phuc hay khdng V a v i vay chung ta cd the ndi r a n g t h i giac ddng v a i t r d quan trong viec hd trd chung ta t d Ngoai nhiing trddng hdp tddng dddng chinh dddc t r i n h bay d tren, cac ddng t d cdn xuat hien n h d n g t r d d n g hop khac Mac d u khdng dddc dich qua lai mdt each c h i n h xac, chung ta v a n cd the nhan biet rang nhiing ddng t d (thdy va see) dddc sii d u n g t r o n g cac l i n h vdc l i e n quan den nhan thdc cua chung ta T h i d u mdt sd cau sau t r o n g t i e n g A n h : 5.1 see what you want to say Tdi hieu anh mudn noi gi 6.1 think you should see a doctor about that cough Chac anh nen di khdm si cho cdi benh ho ndy di bac of have been seeing for years Ho dd hen hb vdi diidc roi Vietnam has seen its worst natural disasters ever since in history Viet Nam vda trdi qua nhdng thdm hog tii nhien toi te nhdt lich sd T h i giac khdng chi xuat hien t r o n g ngdn n g d d n h d n g ddng t d vda dddc p h a n t i c h d t r e n , ma nd cdn hien dien d n h d n g trddng hdp khac; va d i n h i e n n h d n g t d cung cd mdi lien ket chat che mot each cd he t h d n g v d i t d duy, t i n h cam cua n g d d i T h i du: k h i n d i r a n g mdt bai viet cd t i n h ld gich, de hieu t h i ngddi ta goi la a clear writing - bai viet ro rang Tii ro rang 6" day khdng chi ndi ve viec c h d dep hay ddn gian la de doc ve n g h i a den ma day c h i n h la s i i k e t n d i gida t h i giac v d i t d duy, n h a n thdc cua ngddi doc K h i n g d d i doc cd the hieu ddpc n h d n g gi bai viet mudn ndi N g h i a la bai v i e t ddpc t r i n h bay mach lac, sue tich, g i i i p cho ngddi dpc t h a m t h a u tot, ta gpi bai viet dd r d r a n g Mdt t h i du nda la bright idea y kien sdng sua C h u n g t a khdng the hieu cum t i i theo nghia den dddc ma phai hieu theo nghia bdng K h d n g p h a i ngau n h i e n ma chung ta s i i d u n g t d sdng sua de chi ve t d P h a i cd m d i quan T h j giac he khang khit giiia t h i giac va nhan thiic t h i moi co n h i i n g t i i ngQ n h i i vay diidc K h i moi t h i i sang sua, chiing ta de n h a n biet su* vat, hien ttfdng Va k h i mot quan diem, mot y kien nao l a m cho moi ngtfdi de hieu, d l lam theo, chtfng ta noi la y kien ly tiidng sdng sua Tom lai, nhan thtfc ve mat t h i giac dong vai tro thiet yeu ttf n h a n thtfc cua ngtfdi, va do cac ttf ngtf chi ve t h i giac cung gop p h a n l a m cho ngon ngtf cua chtfng ta vtfa phong phii vtfa cu the, d l hieu hdn Noi each khac, n h a n thtfc mang t i n h hien than; va nhan thtfc thong qua t h i giac chinh la mot p h a n ciia t i n h hien t h a n T h i giac gop phan quan trong viec h i n h va sii dung ngon ngtf TAI L I E U THAM KHAO Baker, C F., Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psycholinguistic, and Cross-linguistic Approaches to the Semantics of the English Verb See, Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1999 Cmft, W & Cruse, D A, Cognitive Linguistics, UK: Cambridge Press, 2004 University Evans, V., Bergen, B K., & Zinken, J., The Cognitive Linguistics Enterprise: An Overview, In The Cognitive Linguistics Reader, Equinox Publishing Company, 2006 Janda, L., Cognitive Linguistics, University of Carolina, 2000, revised, 2006 Langacker, R W., Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Volume 1, California: Stanford University Press, 1987 Langacker, R W., A View of Linguistics Semantics I n RudzkaOstyn (Ed.) 1988, Topics in Cognitive Linguistics, Amsterdam: NJ Benjamins, ISBN: 9027235449, 1988 Lee, D., Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001 Langacker, R., Cognitive grammar, In J Verschueren, J-O, Ostman,&J Blommaert (Eds.), Handbook of pragmatics manual, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995 Nguyen Hod, He hinh nhan thuc nghien cUu ngon ngii, T/c Ngon ngU, Sol, 2007 10 Taylor, J R., Cognitive Grammar, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 ... cdn cdng triidng la Nen De cd dtfdc n h t f n g n h a n biet nay, t h i giac ddng vai trd quan trong viec dinh v i cho ngtfdi ndi v i t r i ciia n h t f n g thtfc the tdn t a i t r o n g khdng... stf ttfdng dong gitfa n h a n thtfc ve mat t h i giac va qua t r i n h y niem hoa t i n h than Trong k h a i niem phd'i canh, dinh htfdng (orientation) va htfdng (directionality) la n h t f n... nghia l i e n quan t d i ddng ttf dtfpc liet ke t r o n g cudn ttf the dien The Random House ct trong/ tren Unabridged a Mom, I can see a cat on mat Me oi, thdy cdi mot meo chieu T h j giac that