Modeling of insect biodiversity and population dynamic on vegetable crops under temperature fluctuation

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY …  TRẦN VĂN NAM TOPIC TITLE: Modeling of Insect Biodiversity and Population Dynamic on Vegetable Crops under Temperature Fluctuation Bachelor Thesis Study Mode: Full-Time Major : Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : K42 - AEP Thai Nguyen, 20/01/2015 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Tran Van Nam Student ID DTN1053180074 Thesis Title Modeling of Insect Biodiversity and Population Dynamic on Vegetable Crops under Temperature Fluctuation Supervisor (s) Dr.-phil ARINAFRIL - Head of Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Lecturer at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sriwijaya, Indralaya, South Sumatera, Indonesia Dr Ho Ngoc Son - Deputy Dean of Forestry Faculty, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen City, Viet Nam Abstract: Environmental concern is a very urgent issue that needs an urgent response from the people.An experiment to determine the influence of temperature fluctuation on biodiversity of insect and its population dynamic has been carried out from September 2014 to December 2014 This experiment took places in four different farm areas in Palembang and Indralaya, both are in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia The insects caught in each observation and in each farm were collected and identified Models to predict the population dynamic of insects was established by putting the variable of temperature when the experiments were carried out and by making-up the temperature to assess the influence of temperature change on insect population dynamic Results showed that the temperature could influence the existence of insects It was indicated by the differences of the number of insects caught Model established showed that if rise of temperature would be followed the reduction of insect Keywords Climate change Insect; Plant; Biodiversity; Population dynamic; Temperature Number of Pages 55 Pages Date of Submission 07 – 01 – 2015 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to express my special thanks to Dr.-phil ARINAFRIL for giving permission to accomplish my Bachelor thesis in Plant Protection program study, Agroecotechnology Deparment, Agriculture Faculty, Sriwijaya Universtiy, Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia as one of the part in his “Insect Biodiversity and Climate Change” project Secondly, I would like to thank to my research advisor Rizky Randal Cameron and all my friends ( The students who is supervised by Dr.-phil ARINAFRIL) who helped my for collecting all flying insects and soil insects in vegetable crop farms and guided for the identification of those insects Without them, this work cannot be done Especially thankful I am for the support of Dr Ho Ngoc Son Thanks a lot for your expert, valuable guidance and experiences during my working time for my research I am thankful for the Weather Station at Sriwijaya University and Agency for Climatology, Meteorology and Geophysics at Palembang for supporting me the valuable data which was the most important for my research Furthermore, I deeply thank the ASEAN International Mobility for Students (AIMS) program for giving me this valuable and unforgettable oppotunities for conducting the research in Indonesia, and also the supporting from the Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory which importantly providing me all necessary facilities, skill, and knowledge to complete my research and thesis Finally, I would like to say thanks to my families and friends who encourage and support me unceasingly Thank you very much! ii Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research’s objectives 1.3 Research Questions .3 1.4 General Background PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The distribution of insects .5 2.2 Direct effects of environment change on insects herbivores .5 2.3 The relationship between chaning temperature and insects 2.4 Insect population under temperature fluctuation 2.5 Simile program/ Software 12 PART III: METHODS 13 3.1 Overview of the methods .13 3.2 Popolation/ Samples and location .13 3.3 Materials 15 3.4 Sampling technique(s) and Procedure .16 3.5 Data Analysis 18 PART IV: RESULTS .19 4.1 Insects diversity in the research area 19 4.2 Insects biodiverstiy at all observation area 20 4.3 Dynamic of insects population under the changing of environment .22 4.3.1 How to run the Simile software 22 4.3.2 Modeling and interpretations .24 PART V: DICUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 42 5.1 Discussions 42 5.1.1 Restrictions/ Limiting Conditions 42 5.1.2 Increased temperature could increase pest insect population .43 5.1.3 Increased temperature could also decrease pest insect population 43 5.1.4 The relationship between temperature and insects .44 5.2 Conclusions 44 REFERENCES .46 APPENDICES 49 PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale Nowadays, environment is a very urgent issue that needs an urgent respond from the people Environment plays an important role not only for human beings but it also supports all of the species around the world It is conceded as one of the most crucial issues that challenge all Environmental Scientists around the world Environmental change in general and climate change in particular are the most important and the most complex review that the human has to face Effects of climate changes are the evidents in the increasing to the temperature, recurrent droughts, flooding ect And those changes may have many serious impacts not only on the production of global crop, but also on the agriculture production and it may lead to famine and starvation Beside that, precipitation and temperature are the climate factors which may have a very strong influence on the development, reproduction and survival of coleopteran, dipteran, flightless insects such as bugs, bees, flies, beetles, wasps such changes in climatic conditions could profoundly affect the population dynamics and the status of insect pests of the crops (Woiwod, 1997) According to Erik E Stange, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Lillehammer, Norway and Matthew P Ayres, Dartsmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, “ The distribution and abundance of the earth’s insect species may affected by the climate powerful, warming temperature may generate changes for the population and ecosystemsof many insects and the their inhabit Warmer or cooler temperatures associated with climate change will tend to influence on the insect special’s population dynamics directly by effecting on survival, generation time and dispersal.” Otherwise, few studies have been done on minimizing the impacts of environmental change which was invested a huge amount of money from the government Sadly, it seems to be no change at all as it is getting to be worst Furthermore, there are increasing numbers of bad impressions regarding environmental change 1.2 Research’s objectives The purpose of this study is to determine how environmental change affects insect biodiversity population dynamic, or in other words, to determine all the direct and indirect impacts of climate change to the insect biodiversity population dynamic This research is not a solution to embark upon the environmental change problem, but it could be useful to educators responsible for curriculum designing to face and tackle with in minimizing the negative effects of the environmental change It may also lead to a better understanding for environmental change So based on this research, some solution can be adopted to address the problem 1.3 Research Questions The research aims to answer the following questions that we’re concern about: What and how does environmental change affects the insect biodiversity population? How is the dynamic of insects population under the changing of environment? What are the relationship between environment and insects ? 1.4 General Background Each individual insect species has response to climate change However, it will depend on their geographic range, natural history or trophic level Insect populations are expected to benefit most from climate change through more rapid development and increased survival There are also many effects of rising warming on tropical insect species The warmer winter temperatures may decrease the insect species mortality, leading to pole ward range expansions The effects of warming on insects species also can act indirectly through trophic interaction as host plants and natural enemies The insect feature among the documented range expansions that demonstrate biological responses to the climate change Most of the insect’s species have relatively short life cycles in general, high reproductive capacity, and high mobility The responses to warming temperatures can produce large and rapid effects on species population dynamics PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The distribution of insects Insects are distributing everywhere in the World, it is the most abundant animal group of planet, there are including more than one million species which have been described There are more than a half of all living organisms, and the remaining is about million to 10 million species, insects can live in most of the environment or habitat, although only a few species can live in the seas or oceans where crustaceans predominate The distributiom of organisms can be determined by the influences to global climate change though environmental factor It plays a very important role in defining the limitation and distribution of a species (Musser & Shelton 2005).The distribution of most insect species will shift towards the poles and to higher elevations with predicted temperature increase due to climate change and temperate regions will bear the main burdenof these shifts With changes in climate, these limits are shifting as species expand into higher latitudes and altitudes and disappear from areas that have becomeclimatically unsuitable (Parmesan, 2006 and Menéndez, 2007) The environment change would change the distribution of all insects, extreme weather condition have the biggest impact on species distribution, and the distribution of these insect species will be reduced in both tropical and temperate species 2.2 Direct effects of environment change on insects herbivores Due to the change of the environment, the number of insects have been decreasing There included changing in rainfall pattern, and extreme climatic events, these seasonal and long term changes would affect the fauna and flora and population dynamics of insects, the abiotic parameters have direct impact on insect population dynamics through modulation, of development rate, survival and dispersal And in environment aspects, climate change would be the most impacts in the population dynamic of insect pest So that is why temperature plays a very important role in insect population dynamics It has been studied for long time ago about the effects of the quality of host plan, predation and all factors of biotic on thepopulation of insect herbivore (Price et al, 1980) The distribution and abundance of the Earth’s insect species are affected by climate exerts powerful, and we should expect climate warming to generate changes for many insects populations and the ecosystems According to a subtantial scientific literature, it provides a foundation for describing how insect species are responding to recent climate trends on the basic of insecct physiology, and the species distributions and population dynamics for the future The warmer temperatures generally lead to more development and survival in mid – to high latitudes of insects Due to the short life cycles, high reproductive capacity and high degree of mobility, insects physiological responses to warming temperatures can also generate particularly large and effects on species population dynamics (Stivers 1999, et al ) There has been increasely studied in how climate change and other anthropogetic on natural environment affects to the interactions In other words,it is growing interest in how such interactions may be affected in changing climate and impacts on the enviromental natural (Bale et al 2002) A recent attention have been the subject by the reponses of individuals, populations and simple assemblages The effect of their associated herbivores are known unwell (Bale et al 2002) A group of insects herbivores are included the leaf, plant, and frog hoppers and it is being greater than other group of insects, a major inflience on auchenorrhynchan have all been shown by the effects of host plant quality, plant architecture, plan species composition and successional age of plant community (e.g Waloff, 1980) Climate change may directly affects to the insects population dynamics, therefore, the influence of temperature on life history may maintain adaptive the time of development, and life- cycle, avoiding the low and cold temperature included mortality Climate change on community asociates may indrectly influence to the insect population, a high degree of complexity and uncertainty can be decided to the insects responed to climate change as the number of insects can influenced directly by temperature and indrectly by climate effects on host plant and their community (Barbara et al 2010) 2.3 The relationship between chaning temperature and insects The temperature is the most important environmental factors that influence insects, including the behavior, distribution, development survival and reproduction Climate change will result in increased temperature could impact crop pest insects population There is not only increasing the number of insects but also decreasing the insect population depends on the natural and geographic condition The distribution and ecological dynamic of nuisance species are affected by climate Therefore, it will be influenced to their economic and ecological impacts (Dukes et al.2009) Increasing the metabolism, survival or reproduction rates can be affected by warmer temperatures when there is absence of water (Dukes et al.2009) The effects of warmer winter or either wetter or drier summers on the dynamics of the auchenorrhynchan community at a calcareous grassland are reported (Safranyik et al, 1974).Host plant physiology and others will be affected by climate change, these all may have impact on plant – insect relationships Due to the complexity of indirect interaction It may be time for more attention to unsderstand and handle these issue throught conducting more research In order to validate the work we have carried our, a more indepth investigation more the systematic documentation of major as well as minor pests, developing prediction models like Simile Models and studying more evolutionary changes under modified the environment are needed Thus it would be useful to face the challenge in near future REFERENCES Andrew, N.R and Hughes L (2005) Diversity and assemblage structure of phytophagous Hemiptera along a latitudinal gradient: predicting the potential impacts of climate change Global Ecol Biogeogr 14:249-262 Baker, R.J (1987) GLIM 3.77 Reference Manual, 2nd Numerical Algerithms Group, Working Party of the Royal Statistical Society, Oxford, U.K Bale J., Master G., (2002) Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores.J Global Change biol., 1-16 Bale, J.S Masters G.J., Hodkinson I.D., Awmack C., Bezemer T.M., Brown, J Butterfield, Buse A., Coulson J.C., Farrar J., Good J.E.G., Harrington R., Hartley S., Jones T.H Lindroth R.L., Press M.C., Symrnioudis I., Watt A.D., and Whittaker J.B (2002) Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperatures on insect herbivores Global Change Biology 8:1-16 46 Bentz BJ, (2009) Bark Beetle Outbreaks in Western North America: Causes and Consequences University of Utah Press Cammell, M.E &Knight, J.D (1992) Effects of climatic change on the population dynamics of crop pests Advances in Ecological Research, 22, 117-162 Chakraborty, S., Tiedemann A.V (2001) Climate Change: Potential impact on plant diseases Environ Poll 108:317-326 Erik E Stange, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Lillehammer, Norway Matthew P Ayres, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA From: http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0022555.html (accessed on 25/11/2014) Gaston, K.J and Williams P.H (1996) Spatial patterns in taxonomic diversity In: Biodiversity 202-229 Blackwell Science, Oxford Harrington R., Fleming R, Woiwood I P (2001) Climate change impacts on insect management and conservation in temperate regions: can they be predicted? Agricultural and Forest Entomology 3:233-240 Hollier, Brown J.A (1994) Successional leafhopper assemblages: pattern and process: Ecological Research, 9, pp 185-191 Jessie S.J The Bark beetle, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography Quinsy Natural Resources Research Library Journal of Effect of climate change on rang expansion by the mountain pine beetle in British Columbia pp 223 – 227 Law, J.H (1998) Host-plant influence on insect diversity, the effect of space and time Diversity of Insects Faunas, pp 105-125 Lewis, T (1997) Thrips as crop pests CAB International, Cambridge: University Press 740 pp 47 Masters, G.J (1995) the effect of herbivore density on host plant mediated interaction between two insects, Ecological Research, 10, 125-133 Patterson, D.T (1999) Implication of global climate change for impact of weed, insects, and plant diseases, In: Interaction Crop Science Crop science Society of America Madison, WI Price P.W, Bouton, (1980) Interaction among three trophic levels: influence of plants on interactions between insect herbivores and natural enemies Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11.41-65 Yamamura, K and Kiritani K., (1998) A simple method to estimate the potential increase in the number of generations under global warming in temperate zones Apply Entomol Zool., 33: 289-298 Waloff, N (1980) Studies on grassland leafhoppers (Auchenonhuncha Homoptera) and their natural enemies Advances in Ecologycal Research, 11, 82 – 215: 48 APPENDICES Appendix 1: The insect biodiversity in the study area at the observation Sangkuriang, Name of Insects Farms Acanthosomatids Sako (Eggplant) Kenten Kenten Ashar Sukamaju Indralaya (Cumcumber) (Green (Chili) Bean) 100 400 600 400 0 1000 800 800 1200 0 Brown Leafhoppers 300 0 Burrowing Bug 150 0 Bush Crickets 0 10 Carpenter Bees 0 Club-tailed Dragonflies 1 Common Wasps 30 0 Corn earworm 0 0 Crane flies 800 0 Darking Beetles 90 0 Eurytomids 0 20 Aeshnidae Hawkers Ants Blattidae 49 Flesh Flies 20 10 20 Flower wasps Grasshoppers 60 0 Green vegetable bugs 45 80 30 Ground beetles 0 100 Honey Bees 10 10 Ladybirds 450 200 200 400 0 40 900 100 200 800 Larvae Scarab Beetls 0 20 Leaf beetles 0 10 Leaf-footed bugs 400 200 Leafhoppers 0 10 Litter house Flies 90 10 10 Locust 45 20 40 10 Locust 30 0 Mole Cricket 900 500 800 400 0 Northern Caddisflies 0 0 Pea and Bean Weevils 300 100 100 Plant Bugs 15 0 10 Potter waps 10 0 Praying mantid 0 Red Leafhoppers 90 0 Rove beetles 0 Sand Wasps 0 10 Scarab Beetles 0 20 Scarab Beetles 300 0 100 Scelionid Wasps 15 0 Larva Ground beetle Larva ladybirds Mosquitoes Narrow-winged Damselfly 50 Scentless Plant Bugs 15 160 40 Seed bugs 0 20 20 Shield bugs 15 0 Slipe flies 40 0 Squash bug 900 100 100 400 Stink bug 90 40 50 Thick headed flies 10 True Cricket 200 0 300 Weevils Appendix 2: The insects biodiversity in the study area at the observation Acanthosomatids 200 Kenten Ashar (Cumcumbe r) 1000 Aeshnidae Hawkers Ants Black Flies Brown Leafhoppers Burrowing Bug Bush Crickets Camponotus compressus Cardinal Beetles Carpenter Bees Carrion Beetle Club-tailed Dragonflies Common Wasps Corn earworm Crane flies Cuckoo Darking Beetles Dor beetles Earwig 1000 200 150 0 200 40 0 1500 90 0 1500 0 0 100 0 0 0 10 0 Name of Insects Farms Sangkuriang , Sako (Eggplant) 51 Kenten Sukamaju (Green Bean) 1200 Indrala ya (Chili) 1500 0 0 0 0 80 20 0 20 2000 20 0 0 0 0 500 Eurytomids Flesh Flies Flower wasps Grasshopper Green jewel bug Green vegetable bugs Ground beetles Honey bees Ladybirds Larva Ground beetle Larva ladybirds Larvae scarab beetles Leaf beetles Leaf-footed bugs Leafhoppers Litter house Flies Locusts Long-horned grasshopper Mosquitoes Narrow-winged Damselfly Northern Caddisflies Pea and Bean Weevils Plant Bugs Plant Lice, Greenfly Potter waps Red Leafhoppers Rove beetles Sand Wasps Scarab Beetles and Chafers Scelionid Wasps Scentless plant Bugs Seed bugs Shield bugs Slipe flies Subterranean Squash bug Stink bug Subterranean 30 30 180 300 10 600 100 150 100 40 60 45 1200 10 10 20 10 100 50 0 160 80 10 10 200 800 20 20 10 80 200 100 100 20 0 40 1200 0 20 0 100 300 100 200 20 10 10 20 40 10 400 500 2 1 30 15 60 0 300 0 10 0 150 10 0 0 0 80 20 200 10 100 10 200 0 100 10 15 10 90 900 90 0 40 40 80 100 50 0 20 150 0 100 0 30 100 10 800 20 52 Thick headed flies True Cricket Weaver ants Weevils 0 200 10 800 10 0 0 200 400 Appendix 3: The insects biodiversity in the study area at the observation Acanthosomatids (Rệp ) 300 Kenten Ashar (Cumcumbe r) 1000 Ants Black Flies Blattidae Brown Leafhoppers Brown planthopper Burrowing Bug Bush crickets Butterflies Cabbage shield bug Camponotus compressus Cardinal Beetles Carpenter Bees Carrion Beetle Club-tailed Dragonflies Common Wasps Corn earworm Crane flies 1500 150 150 0 20 40 15 1000 1200 0 100 0 100 200 0 0 0 Farm Name of Insects Sangkuriang, Sako (Eggplant) 53 Kenten Sukamaju (Green Bean) Indralay a (Chili) 1000 800 800 0 0 10 0 0 80 10 1500 20 0 0 0 800 0 Cuckoo Damsel Bug Darking Beetles Flesh Flies Flower wasps Grasshoppers Green jewel bug Green vegetable bugs Ground beetles Honey Bees Ladybirds Larva ladybirds Larvae Scarab Beetls Leaf beetles Leafhoppers Litter house Flies Locusts Longhorn Beetles Long-horned grasshopper Maggot Mole Cricket Mosquitoes Nabid nymph Narrow-winged Damselfly Northern Caddisflies Pea and Bean Weevils Plant Bugs Potter waps Praying mantid Red Leafhoppers Rove beetles Sand Wasps Scarab Beetles and Chafers Scelionid Wasps Scentless Plant Bugs Shield bugs Sitophilus Slipe flies Snipe Flies Squash bug 20 30 90 10 20 30 20 200 100 30 30 90 30 30 30 10 500 1200 0 30 10 10 0 150 10 10 10 0 900 10 0 0 20 20 0 200 50 20 10 0 100 1000 40 200 0 0 0 0 0 20 40 54 10 0 10 10 0 0 100 100 20 50 0 0 0 800 80 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 10 0 20 40 300 300 0 10 10 0 0 1000 200 0 10 10 0 200 0 20 Stilt Bug Stink bug Subterranean Thick-headed Flies Tress damsel bug True Cricket (Cricket) Water Scavenger Beetles Weaver ants Weevils 90 0 0 0 300 30 0 20 0 20 0 80 0 10 0 20 0 Appendix 4: The insects biodiversity in the study area at the observation Name of insects Farm Aeshnidae Hawkers Ants Black Flies Brown Leafhoppers Brown planthopper Burrowing Bug Bush crickets Butterflies Cabbage shield bug Camponotus compressus Carpenter Bees Carrion Beetle Club-tailed Dragonflies Common Wasps Corn earworm Crane flies Cuckoo Damsel Bug Darking Beetles Sangkuriang, Sako (Eggplant) Kenten Ashar (Cumcumber ) 1500 120 120 0 30 100 30 60 1000 20 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 55 Kenten Sukamaju (Green Bean) 1500 0 0 0 60 10 20 0 Indralaya (Chili) 2000 0 0 80 1000 10 0 20 0 Dor beetles Flesh Flies Flower wasps Grasshoppers Green jewel bug Green vegetable bug Honey Bees Ladybirds Larva ladybirds Leaf Beetles Leafhoppers Litter house Flies Locusts Longhorn Beetles Long-horned grasshoppe Maggot Mole Cricket Mosquitoes Nabid nymph Narrow-winged Damselfly Northern Caddisflies Pea and Bean Weevils Plant Bugs Plant Lice, Greenfly Potter waps Praying mantid Red Leafhoppers Rove beetles Sand Wasps Scarab Beetles Scelionid Wasps Scentless Plant Bugs Shield bugs Sitophilus Slipe flies Snipe Flies Squash bug Stilt Bug Stink bug Subterranean 0 20 30 20 150 100 60 80 20 30 20 800 1200 30 10 120 10 10 0 900 90 20 0 0 10 10 10 100 150 10 15 0 500 1000 10 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 0 0 56 10 0 0 150 100 40 0 0 150 1000 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 10 20 20 40 30 30 10 300 300 20 20 0 50 800 200 30 0 0 10 0 200 0 20 20 20 Thick-headed Flies Tree damsel bug True Cricket (Cricket) Water Scavenger Beetles Weevils 0 0 300 10 0 0 0 0 SOME PICTURES DURING MY RESEARCH TIME AT UNIVERSITY OF SRIWIJAYA, PALEMBANG, SOUTH SUMATERA, INDONEISA Appendix 5.a Eggplant vegetable farm Appendix 5.b Cucumber vegetable farm \\ 57 Appendix 5.c: Green Bean vegetable farm Appendix 6.a: Flooding Square Appendix 5.d: Chili vegetable farm Appendix 6.b: Insect nets 58 Appendix 7.a:Containers Appendix 8.a Microscope Appendix 7.b Alcohol Appendix 8.b Insects identification book Appendix 9.a Working at Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory 59 Appendix 10: conducting my research with other research group who is supervised by Dr.-phil ARINAFRIL to collect all the insects in the study area 60 [...]... of about 100 square meters per one farm There were also include the entire insect population that was present in the area There were also consider the temperature and the condition of the area that affects the population of the insects All the data that collected was based on the population of the insects and how the environmental changes affected its population dynamic Counting the number or the population. .. how the quantity of insects and the proportion of insect reproduction and insect mortality changed over the period of 25 days in Eggplant vegetable farm at the same temperature It is clear that the number of insects and the proportion of insects reproduction and insect mortality followed the trend of a pluge for most of the peroid In details, there were significant fall in the number of insects from 40... the number of insects, insect mortality and insect reproduction were the same trend of hit a low at 0 after first half of experiment Figure 7.c: The modeling of the observation 2 in green bean vegetable farm The graph (Figure 7.c) shows the correlation between the temperature and the changed in the quantity of insect and the proportion of insect mortality and insect reproduction in Green bean vegetable. .. Figure 7.b: The modeling of the observation 2 in cucumber vegetable farm The graph(Figure 7.b) illsutrates the changed in the number of insects and the percentage of insects mortality and insect s reproduction at the temperature of 34 Celsius degree in Cumcumer vegetable farm Genrerally, the quantity of insects and the percentage of insect mortality and insect reproduction are the same trend of significant... to 1.3 and at the first two day and hit a low at the same day with insects population Likewise, there was a continous reduction in the porportion of insect reproduction from 7.5 to 0 at the day of elevent at the same constant of 34 degree Figure 7.d: The modeling of the observation 2 in chili vegetable farm The graph (Figure 7.d) illustrate how the quantity of insects and the proportion of insect reproduction... continous and significant decrease in the number of insects from 20 to 0 and the proportion of insects mortality from 19.2 to 0 first day to thirteen Interestingly, at day tentyfive, all of the insects and proportion of insects reproduction and mortality his a low of 0 26 Figure 6.c: The modeling of the observation 1 in green bean vegetable farm This line graph (Figure 6.c) illustrates the effect of. .. most of the insects die under the temperature, if the temperature is high, the insects is easly die in first two weeks If the temperature is low, the lifecycle of insects is longer until the last lifecycle of each insects The result of change in the natural climate may increase by the predicting of some frequency extreme events The status of insect pest and also the population dynamics of the crops. .. should be developed and applied by predicting the insect s population success by the effects directly to temperature (e.g., Dale et al 2001) 2.4 Insect population under temperature fluctuation Mostly, when the temperature increase, it would result in increasing the number of population, Increased temperatures will accelerate the development of these types of insects The lifecycle of insects is from 28... population of the insects in the area every week to determine if there changed in the population of the insects that would occur based on the changes in temperature and other conditions like rainfall, humidity and other factors that affects the insect population and distribution Separated the types of insects that needed to identify in the research area in order for us to determine the changes in population. .. assemblages and successional processes, and these all have an impact the relationship between plants and insects, due to the complexity of indirect interaction between climate, vegetable and insects, it is very difficult to predict, but there is evidence that larger population will not depend on the response of the vegetation but the effects of predator and parasitoids will need to consider, 4.3.2 Modeling and ... environmental change affects the insect biodiversity population? How is the dynamic of insects population under the changing of environment? What are the relationship between environment and insects... seasonal and long term changes would affect the fauna and flora and population dynamics of insects, the abiotic parameters have direct impact on insect population dynamics through modulation, of. .. quantity of insect and the proportion of insect s mortality and insect s reproduction changed in chili vegetable farm in 25 days of experienced Overall, the number of insects and the percentage of insect