LAND COVER CHANGE AND THE CO2 STOCK IN THE CO2 STOCK IN THE PALEMBANG CITY, INDONESIA a STUDY USING REMOTE SENSING GIS TECHNIQUE AND LUMENS

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY THINH DUC NGUYEN TOPIC TITLE: LAND COVER CHANGE AND THE CO2 STOCK IN THE PALEMBANG CITY, INDONESIA: A STUDY USING REMOTE SENSING, GIS TECHNIQUE AND LUMENS BACHELOR THESIS Study mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: International Training and Development Center Batch: 2010 – 2015 Thai Nguyen, 22/01/2015 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) Degree Program Student name Student ID Thesis Title Supervisor (s) Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Thinh Duc Nguyen DTN1053110183 Land Cover Change and The CO2 Stock in the Palembang City, Indonesia: A study using Remote Sensing, GIS technique and LUMENs Dr Iskhaq Iskandar Dr Ho Ngoc Son2 ABSTRACT A study of the land cover change and the CO2 stock in the Palembang City, Indonesia was conducted by using remote sensing and GIS data and processed by the LUMENs software The study has successfully compared the land transformation during period of 1989 – 2000 and 2000 – 2013 It reveals that the settlement area increased much faster during 2000 – 2013 compared to that of 1989 – 2000 During 2000 – 2013, a rapid development of the Palembang City after hosting the National Olympic Games in 2004 has a significant impact on the land cover change mainly from the plantation area into the settlement area In addition, the rate of CO2 emission per unit-area during the 2000 – 2013 period is also higher than that of the 1989 - 2000 period due to the increase of transformation of plantation into settlement Keywords Number of pages Date of Submission Land Cover Change, Carbon Stock, LUMENs, Remote Sensing, GIS 40 22/01/2015 Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia Faculty of Forestry, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen, Viet Nam i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In order to complete this research, first, I am thankful to the corporation between the Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) and the University of Sriwijaya (UNSRI), Palembang, Indonesia I appreciate the hospitality of the University of Sriwijaya, which provided a suitable environment for my research and also an accommodation during my stay in UNSRI from September 2014 to January 2015 Second, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my warm-hearted supervisors, Dr Iskhaq Iskandar and Dr Ho Ngoc Son It is clearly that I could never complete my research without the whole-hearted supervision of my supervisors In addition, I want to express my special thanks to Dr Iskhaq Iskandar for sharing and helping me to overcome difficulties in life during my stay in UNSRI Last, I would like to thank all friends who have supported me to overcome my difficulties while I was conducting my research in Palembang, Indonesia Thai Nguyen, 22/01/2015 Author Thinh Duc Nguyen ii TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Study area .1 1.3 Objectives .4 1.4 Research questions 1.5 Limitations .5 PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The necessary of land cover change study 2.2 CO2 emissions from land cover change 11 2.3 GIS, Remote sensing and LUMENS 12 2.3.1 GIS and Remote Sensing 12 2.3.2 LUMENS 13 2.4 Land cover change study by remote sensing data 14 PART III METHODS 15 3.1 Materials 15 3.2 Methodology 15 3.2.1 Data acquisition 15 3.2.2 Geo-referencing and visual interpretation classification 16 3.2.3 Ground Truthing Verification 18 3.2.4 Land cover change analysis and carbon stock 21 PART IV RESULTS 23 4.1 The land cover change in the Palembang city 23 4.2 Carbon stock 32 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 38 5.1 Discussion 38 5.2 Conclusion 38 REFERENCES 40 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Map of the study area .3 3.1 Map of the Waypoints of the ground truthing in the Palembang city 21 3.2 The flow chart of methodology 22 4.1 Map of the land cover change during 1989 – 2013 25 4.2 Map of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000 28 4.3 Map of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013 31 4.4 Map of the CO2 emission during 1989 - 2013 33 4.5 Map of the CO2 emission during 1989 – 2000 35 4.6 Map of the CO2 emission during 2000 – 2013 37 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Definition of land cover type (Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia) 2.2 The top 10 countries with largest annual net loss of forest area 1990 – 2000 (U.N Food and Agriculture Organization Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010) 2.3 History of the Indonesian population 1990 – 2013 (Countrymeter, Indonesia Population Clock, 2014) 10 2.4 The carbon stock of the land cover in Palembang city (World Agroforestry Center, 2014) 11 3.1 Satellite imageries used in this study 15 3.2 Type of Land Cover in the Palembang City based on the Satellite Imagery 17 3.3 Waypoints in each land cover types 19 4.1 The statistics of the land cover change during 1989 – 2013 23 4.2 The matrix of the land cover change during 1989 – 2013 24 4.3 The statistics of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000 26 4.4 The matrix of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000 27 4.5 The statistics of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013 29 4.6 The matrix of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013 30 4.7 Statistics of CO2 emission during 1989 – 2013 32 4.8 Statistics of the CO2 emission during 1989-2000 32 4.9 Statistic of the CO2 emission during 2000 – 2013 36 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Land Sat TM Land Sat SLC on Land Sat OLI GIS LUMENS Land Sat Thematic Mapper which is a sensor including bands (four infrared wavelengths and three visible wavelengths) Land Sat Scan Line Corrector Land sat carries Operational Land Imager sensor Geographic Information System Land Use Planning for Multiple Environmental Services vi PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement Since 1989, a rapid development on economics has been observed in the Palembang city This rapid development leads to problems in plan and management of the city As the economics has grown up very fast, the migration of population from countryside to the city has also significantly increases In turn, it causes a heavy pressure on the infrastructure, environment, and community This situation is a common attached consequence of the urbanization in the world and the Palembang city is not excluded In order to provide potential information for managing and planning of the administration of the city, the land cover change of the Palembang city from 1989 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2013 are studied It is believed that the vegetation change is not only affect environment and community locally but also globally The deforestation due to urbanization is believed to contribute to the global climate change Therefore, in this study, an estimation of the CO emission from land cover change in Palembang city will also be conducted 1.2 Study area Palembang city is the capital city of the South Sumatra Province, Indonesia It is the second largest city in the Sumatra Island The city is located between 104°36'38.479"E, 104°51'50.753"E and 2°52'4.159"S, 3°5'26.534"S with an area of about 400.61 km2 (Putra et al., 2011) The altitude of the city ranges between to 27 meters above sea level The population in Palembang City is the highest in the South Sumatra Province with density of 3,758 people per square km (Putra et al., 2011) Located in the tropical zone, the Palembang city’s climate has only two seasons, namely: the rainy and dry seasons The hydrology of the Palembang is characterized by the Musi River that divides the Palembang City into two major areas; the Palembang Ulu (upstream) and the Palembang Ilir (downstream) Note that the Musi River is one of the biggest rivers in the Indonesia In addition, most of the Palembang area is low land Therefore, flood is a major problem of the Palembang City during the rainy season This requires an integrated management of the city to avoid those impacts in the future development plans Figure 1.1 Map of the study area area is mainly from the conversion of plantation area (2,181 ha) In addition, it also appears that up to 1,110 of the plantation area was converted into the shrub area Table 4.4 The matrix of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000 Land cover type Grassland Open area Plantation S econdary Forest S ettlement S hrub S wamp Water body Grassland 119 0 20 0 Open area 45 0 Plantation Secondary Forest 106 15,934 14 2,181 1,110 1,080 19 0 31 0 0 Settlement 29 352 4,758 243 101 Shrub 50 504 398 1 Swamp 22 1,813 550 213 5,113 92 Water body 13 12 1673 The spatial map of the land cover change in the Palembang city during 1989 – 2000 is presented in Figure 4.2 The transformation of land cover during this period was not clearly shown However, some areas in the catchment area of the Musi River indicated a transformation from the plantation to the settlement Some areas also show a transformation from the plantation into the grassland and the open areas 27 Figure 4.2 Map of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000 28 On the other hand, the statistics of the land cover change in the Palembang city during the period of 2000 – 2013 shows that the areas with the most significant decrease are the swamp and plantation areas, with the total decrease of 1,607 and 2,766 ha, respectively (Table 4.5) The alarming in this time period is the decrease of the secondary forest About 10 of the secondary forest were lost during 2000 – 2013, with the rate of decrease of about 0.0167 per year Furthermore, the declining trend was also observed in the grassland area with the total decrease of On the other hand, only the settlement area shows significant extension, with the total expansion of 4,368 The rate of increase of the settlement area is roughly about 0.0419 per year Table 4.5 The statistics of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013 No Land cover type 2000 (ha) 2013 (ha) Overall change (ha) Rate 6,311 4,702 -1,609 -0.0196 Swamp Plantation 18,200 15,434 -2,766 -0.0117 Grassland 162 155 -7 -0.0033 Water body 1,808 1,860 52 0.0022 Settlement 8,029 12,397 4,368 0.0419 Shrub 1,965 1,994 29 0.0011 Secondary Forest 46 36 -10 -0.0167 Open area 129 142 13 0.0078 The matrix of the land cover change during the period of 2000 – 2013 is shown in Table 4.6 It is shown that most the extension of the settlement area was mostly coming from the plantation area with the total area of conversion are 3,260 It is also found that 1,251 of the shrub area and 649 of the swamp area were also transformed into the settlement area 29 Table 4.6 The matrix of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013 Land cover type Grass land Open area Plantation S econdary Forest S hrub S wamp Water body 117 0 35 10 0 Open area 127 0 0 Plantation 10 93 12,780 3,260 1,118 857 79 Secondary Forest Settlement 0 34 10 0 22 16 422 7,165 292 86 24 Shrub 202 1,251 452 50 Swamp 30 1,801 649 106 3,664 57 Water body 50 40 1,690 Grassland S ettlement The spatial map of the land cover change during the period of 2000 – 2013 reveals that there were broader expansions of the settlement area toward the outer area of the Musi river’s catchment area (Figure 4.3) The rapid development of the settlement area during the period of 2000 – 2013 compared to that of 1989 – 2000 indicates a development of the urban area in the Palembang city 30 Figure 4.3 Map of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013 31 4.2 Carbon stock The CO2 emission from the land cover change data in last 24 year is presented in the Table 4.7 The emission rate per-unit area is 1.446 ton CO2eq per in a year With the total area of 36,719 ha, this is equivalent to the emission rate of 53,095 ton CO2eq per year Note that the total area of carbon emission statistic in three time periods is different because there is some missing area due to missing data This is one of the uncertainties when we use LUMENs for a carbon stock analysis Table 4.7 Statistics of CO2 emission during 1989 – 2013 No Category Summary Period 1989 - 2013 Total area 36719 Total Emission (Ton CO2eq) 1463125 Total Sequestration (Ton CO2eq) 188844.6 Net emission (Ton CO2eq) 1274280 Emission rate (Ton CO2eq/yr) 53095 Emission rate per-unit area (Ton CO2eq/ha.yr) 1.446 The spatial map of the CO2 emission in the Palembang City during 1989 - 2013 is shown in the Figure 4.4 It is shown clearly that the emitted area is conc entrated in the Bukit Besar area (circle in Figure 4.4) These areas are the swamp area, which were transformed into the settlement area 32 Figure 4.4 Map of the CO2 emission during 1989 - 2013 33 In order to evaluate the time variation of the CO2 emission in the Palembang city, we have designed two scenarios for two time periods, which are the period of 1989 – 2000 and that of 2000 – 2013 By comparison between two time periods, we can estimate the CO2 emission due to the rapid development of the settlement area during the period of 2000 – 2013 compared to that of 1989 – 2000 This analysis may indicate the contribution to greenhouse gases from a development of the urban area in the Palembang city The CO2 emission of the Palembang city in the first time period shows that the emission rate in this time period is 46,189.91 ton CO 2eq per year In addition, the emission rate per unit area is 1.258 ton CO eq per in a year This rate is smaller than that of the total time period of 1989 – 2013 Detail CO2 emission in the Palembang city for a period of 1989 – 2000 is presented in Table 4.8 Table 4.8 Statistics of the CO2 emission during 1989-2000 No Category Summary Period 1989 - 2000 Total area 36719 Total Emission (Ton CO2eq) 752879.6 Total Sequestration (Ton CO2eq) 244790.6 Net emission (Ton CO2eq) 508089 Emission rate (Ton CO2/yr) 46189.91 Emission rate per-unit area (Ton CO2eq/ha.yr) 1.258 The spatial map of the CO2 emission in the Palembang City during 1989 – 2000 is shown in the Figure 4.5 As shown for the whole period analysis, the CO emission during 1989 – 2000 was also concentrated in the Bukit Besar However, the amount of CO2 emission is smaller 34 Figure 4.5 Map of the CO2 emission during 1989 – 2000 35 The CO2 emission of the Palembang city during 2000 – 2013 is presented in the Table 4.9 The Table shows that the rate of emission per-unit area is 1.599 ton per in a year Noted that the rate is higher than that of 1998 – 2000 by about 0.3 ton CO2eq per in a year This indicates that during 2000 – 2013, the rapid development of the settlement area caused the higher CO2 emission in the Palembang City In addition, this is also the consequence of losing secondary forest which is about 10 in whole period Table 4.9 Statistic of the CO2 emission during 2000 – 2013 No Category Period Total area Total Emission (Ton CO2 eq) Total Sequestration (Ton CO2 eq) Net emission (Ton CO2eq) Emission rate (Ton CO2/yr) Emission rate per-unit area (Ton CO2 eq/ha.yr) Summary 2000 - 2013 36625 1022179.924 260715.956 761463.968 58574.151 1.599 The spatial map of the CO2 emission in the Palembang City during 2000 – 2013 is shown in the Figure 4.6 This map shows the wider distribution of CO2 emission compared to that of 1989 – 2000 in the Palembang city due to the rapid development of settlement area The area which emitted CO the most was the place of secondary forest loss (circle in Figure 4.6) 36 Figure 4.6 Map of the CO2 emission during 2000 – 2013 37 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion A significant increase in the settlement area during 2000 – 2013 compared to that of 1989 – 2000 may be related to a rapid development of the Palembang city after hosting a National Olympic Games in 2004 Since that national event, the development of the city became more rapid in such that the demand on the settlement area was also increased As a consequence, there was more extensive transformation of the plantation area into the settlement area CO2 emission rate per unit area in the second scenario is also higher than that of the first scenario The transformation of the plantation and shrub area into the settlement area might be the cause of this increase In addition, the pressure of the settlement area during 2000 – 2013 was led the decrease of 10 hectares secondary forest, which reduced the CO2 absorption of the land covers in the Palembang city 5.2 Conclusion This study evaluates the land cover change and carbon stock study in the Palembang city, Indonesia It reveals that the study with the help of remote sensing and GIS can provide very useful information about the land cover change in a local as well as a regional scale The study showed that during 1989, 2000, and 2013, the land cover in the Palembang city is dominated by plantation which is approximately about 55.8%, 49.6 % and 42.0 % of the total area, respectively However, the plantation and swamp areas in the Palembang city are on the decline The study of land cover re veals 38 that the extension of settlement area in the Palembang city was mainly from the plantation and swamp areas In addition, the study also estimated the carbon emission associated with the change of land cover Since the plantation and swamp area in the city played a very important role in CO2 storage for the ecosystem, the extensive conversion of these two areas into the settlement area, in particular after 2000, leaded to a significant increase of CO2 emission in the Palembang city It is well known that the greenhouse gases cause the global warming Therefore, many countries are now trying to practice a new strategy of economics growth, in which the CO2 emission will be decreased for the purpose of sustainable development The estimation of CO2 emission in the Palembang city is one of the efforts for a reduction of the CO2 emission By evaluating the CO2 emission, the policy maker can have a future plan to mitigate the emission In this study, we found that the CO2 stock analysis by using software LUMENs is a very easy and a new method that can be used by the policy maker The measurement of land cover change in Palembang city is a very helpful tool for future urban planning Although urbanization cannot be stopped, it may be restricted and directed to a sustainable development with a proper management and planning Therefore, the revelation of the settlement extension in the Palembang city might help the policy maker to develop a new policy for a desirable and sustainable development 39 REFERENCES Adams (2012) World Forest Area Still on the Decline Retrieved from: http://www.tradexpoindonesia.com/indonesia-facts (accessed on 28/11/2014) Bijender, S and Joginder S (2014) Land Use / Land Cover Change of Delhi: A Study using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques International Research Journal of Earth Sciences, 2(1), pp 15-20 Country Meters, Indonesian Population Clock (2014) Retrieved http://countrymeters.info/en/Indonesia (accessed on 29/10/2014) from: Hieu, N (2013) Mapping of Land Use/Land Cover Change using Remote Sensing and GIS Tecniques in Hue City, Thua 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Pramod Kumar M., and Lakshmi Prasad T (2013) An Analysis on Land Use/Land Cover Using Remote Sensing and GIS – A Case Study In and Around Vempalli, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(5), pp 1-4 Trade Expo Indonesia (2014) Indonesian Facts Retrieved from: http://www.tradexpoindonesia.com/indonesia-facts (accessed on 28/11/2014) U.N Food and Agriculture Organization (2010) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010, pp 21 U.S Geological Survey (2013) Land Sat History Retrieved http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat1.php (accessed on 28/10/2014) from: World Agroforestry Center (2014) Locally-appropriate Mitigation Actions in Indonesia Retrived from: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/regions/southeast_asia/indonesia/projects/profi le/LAMA-I (accessed on 28/11/2014) World Population Review (2014) Indonesian Population, Retrieved from: http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/indonesia-population/ (accessed on 20/11/2014) 41 [...]... 3.1 Map of the Waypoints of the ground truthing in the Palembang city 3.2.4 Land cover change analysis and carbon stock The land cover changes were analyzed automatically by using the open source software LUMENs 0.1 This software is also able to create the CO2 emission change from the land cover change in Palembang City The CO2 emission for each land cover type was applied to estimate the increase of... facilitates a synoptic analysis of the earth system, and patterning a change at local, regional, and global scales over time Remote sensing data also provides an important links between intensive localized ecological research and regional, national and international conservation and management of biological diversity In this study, the land cover change study in Palembang city was analyzed using remote sensing. .. respectively The advantage of LUMENS is an open source and every reported analysis is reported fully information about land cover change LUMENS is a free-tool for sustainable management which helps the planners, managers and policy makers in decision-making This is a land use planning tool that helps in achieving sustainable landscape, simulating scenario of land cover changes and estimating the carbon storage... transformation from the plantation into the grassland and the open areas 27 Figure 4.2 Map of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000 28 On the other hand, the statistics of the land cover change in the Palembang city during the period of 2000 – 2013 shows that the areas with the most significant decrease are the swamp and plantation areas, with the total decrease of 1,607 ha and 2,766 ha, respectively (Table... research on land use /land cover change thus providing an accurate evaluation of the spread and health of the world’s forest, grassland, and agricultural land use has become an important priority Due to the urbanization and human activities, the land cover has been changed all over the world In details, the area of forest coverage has decreased 83 million hectares from 1990 to 2000 and 52 million hectares... the total increase in the settlement area (5,332 ha) Another source for the settlement area is from the swamp area, in which about 1,256 ha of the swamp were converted into the settlement 23 area In addition, it also appears that up to 1,422 ha of the plantation area was converted into the shrub area Table 4.2 The matrix of the land cover change during 1989 – 2013 Land cover type Grass land Grassland... Verification The verification of land cover was based on GPS data from ground truthing and google earth truthing The combination of both truthing methods significantly increased the accuracy of land cover map in the Palembang city The GPS were also uploaded to google earth to seek the change in land cover in 1989, 2000 and 2013 In addition, the reduction of confusion between open area and grassland in land. .. land cover as well as vegetation changes 5 PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The necessary of land cover change study Land cover is the natural vegetation which is on the earth surface Due to human activities such as development of settlement, the land cover now is not only naturally but also artificially In addition, the process of land use change causes the change in land cover Therefore land cover also... carbon stock in Palembang city is a very first contribution for the development of LUMENS for new version in the future 13 2.4 Land cover change study by remote sensing data Since the first land sat launch in 1972, the application of remote sensing data in the research activity and land resource management has been fostered The change of urban land in a lot of cities has been studied about the change. .. presented in Table 4.3 It is shown that the area of swamp and plantation are on the decrease the most The total areas of decline for the plantation and swamp are 2,303 ha and 1,519 ha, respectively The rate of loss of the plantation and swamp area is about 0.0102 ha and 0.0177 ha per year, respectively In contract, the settlement and shrub area are largely increased with the total area of expansion of ... M., and Lakshmi Prasad T (2013) An Analysis on Land Use /Land Cover Using Remote Sensing and GIS – A Case Study In and Around Vempalli, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India International Journal... Son2 ABSTRACT A study of the land cover change and the CO2 stock in the Palembang City, Indonesia was conducted by using remote sensing and GIS data and processed by the LUMENs software The study. .. ABBREVIATIONS Land Sat TM Land Sat SLC on Land Sat OLI GIS LUMENS Land Sat Thematic Mapper which is a sensor including bands (four infrared wavelengths and three visible wavelengths) Land Sat Scan