Land use and land cover change detection analysis using remote sensing techniques the case of hawassa town, southern ethiopia

Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection Analysis using Remote Sensing Techniques : The Case of Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia Ayele Abebe Tumebo Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June, 2017 i Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection Analysis using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia By: AYELE ABEBE TUMEBO Advisor: Dr DESALEGN WANA A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFIMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF THE MASTERS OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES SPECIALIZATION IN GIS, RS AND DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June, 2017 ii Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the a research project prepared by Ayele Abebe entitled Land use Land cover change detection analysis by Using remote sensing techniques: the case of Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Master of Arts ( Geography and Environmental Studies , Specialization : GIS , Remote Sensing and Digital Cartography) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respected to Originality and quality Signed by the Examining Committee: External Examiner Dr Ermias Teferi Signature _ Date Internal Examiner Dr Solomon Mulugeta Signature _ Date Advisor Dr Desalegn Wana Signature Chairman, Department prof Mohammed Assen iii Date _ Signature _Date Declaration I hereby that the research project entitled Land use Land cover change detection analysis by Using remote sensing techniques: the case of Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia has been carried out by me under supervision of Dr Desalegn Wana, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa during the year of 2016/2017 as a part of Masters of Arts in Geography Environmental Studies, Specialized on GIS, RS and Digital Cartography I further declare that this work has not been submitted to any other University or Institution for the any award of any degree or diploma AYELE ABEBE Signature _ Date _ i Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town Abstract This project examines the use of GIS and RS in mapping land use land cover change in Hawassa town between 1995 and 2016 so as to detect and analyze the change that has taken in the town between these periods in order to achieve these the Satellite of land sat TM for 1995, Landsat ETM for 2002, ASTER image for 2009 and Land sat for 2016 have been obtained and preprocessing using EARDAS IMAGINE The maximum likelhood algorism of supervised Image classification has been used to generate land use land cover maps.Land use land classification, change map, accuracy assessment and confusion matrix by using Arc GIS For the accuracy of the classified LULCC maps the confusion matrix was used to drive The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient results were above the minimum and acceptable threshold level Aggregate rate of changes of Land use and land cover of Hawassa town resulted that considerable change has occurred within twenty one (21) years from 1995 to 2016 Though the period of 1995 from 2016 there dramatic change in several LULC categories including that is , only bare land has decreased in (-40.6%), while the rest classes namely Settlement in +460.1%, wetland +66.6%, Agricultural land 14.4% and Vegetation coverage also increased by 6.4 % Accordingly more land brought under Settlement and Vegetation The project output stated that increase in settlement and vegetation coverage of the town resulted population pressure on land and there is awareness of society for reforestation programme the town ii Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town Acknowledgment First and foremost, my extraordinary thanks go for my Almighty God Who made it possible to begin and finish this study successfully I would like to express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to my advisor Dr Desalegn Wana for his immeasurable and priceless support, constructive criticism and devoting precious time in reading, guiding, as well as correcting of this research Project , without whom this paper would not be in its present form I would also like to thank the Ethiopian Mapping Agency (EMA), National Metrological Agency (NMA) and Central Statistical Agency (CSA) Hawassa city Administration, Hawassa City planning Department and Hawassa city Administration Agricultural office for providing me different data for this project Furthermore, I would like to thank my friends and classmates Samuel Hailu, Tewodrors Andergechew, Tagese Abiso, Desalegn Haile , Temesgen Senbetu , Paulos Ungamo , Desta Ashebo and others whose name is not listed here for their support and suggestions Finally, my heartfelt thanks go to my family for their support and encouragement during my Project work and to all others who directly or indirectly contributed to the success of the study iii Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town Table of Contents Contents Page Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………ii Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………………………iii Table of Contents iv Abbreviations vii CHAPTER ONE 1 INRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 Objective of the Study -5 1.4 Significance of the project CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The concept and definition of land use and land cover 2.2 Land use land cover change -7 2.3 Geographical information system for land use land cover change -8 2.4 Application of Remote Sensing for land use land cover change .9 2.5 Image classification -10 2.6 Change detection analysis -11 2.7 Causes, Consequences and trends of land use and land cover change 12 2.8 Socio economic implication of land use land cover hange 13 2.9 Basic Concept in Image Analysis…………………………………………14 2.11 Accuracy assessment …………………………………………………… 15 2.10 Image classification……………………………………………………… 16 CHAPTER THREE 18 Methods and materials 18 3.1 Description of study area -.18 i Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town 3.1.2 Population………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19 3.2 Climate 20 3.2.1 Temperature -20 3.2.2 Rainfall -21 3.3.Methodology 22 3.3.1 Data collection 22 3.3.2 Basic concept in image analysis 22 3.3.3 Preprocessing 23 3.3.4 Geometric correction -24 3.3.5 Haze reduction and atmospheric correction -24 3.3.6 False color composite image preparation 25 3.4 Software& platforms -30 3.5 Image classification 30 3.5.1 Supervised classification 30 3.5.2.Maximum likelhood classification 30 3.5.3 Reclassifiation of land use land cover classes 30 3.6 development of classification scheme -36 3.7 Accuracy assessment -37 3.8 Kappa coefficient -37 Chapter four -39 Result and discussion -39 4.1 Land use land cover change 39 4.1.1 Land sat thematic mapper (TM) data of 1995images -39 4.1.2 Land sat ETM data of 2002 images -41 4.1.3 Aster images of 2009 43 4.1.4 Land sat image data for 2016 -45 4.2 Accuracy assessment of the classification 47 4.3 Accuracy assessment of the 2095- 2016 images 48 4.4 Change detection analysis 56 4.4.1 Land use land cover change: rate and magnitudes of 1995to 2002 -60 ii Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town 4.4.2 Land use land cover change: rate and magnitudes of 2002to 2009 -63 4.4.3 Land use land cover change: rate and magnitudes of 2009to 2016 66 4.4.4 Land use land cover change: rate and magnitudes of 1995to 2016 70 4.5 Gain and loses of land use / land cover change 1995 -2016………………………………71 4.6 Summary of land use land cover changes from 1995 to 2016 -66 Chapter five 75 Conclusion and Recommendation 75 5.1 Conclusion -75 5.2 Recommendation -77 References 78 iii Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town List of Figures Fig 3.1 Location Map of the Study Area -19 Fig.3.2 Maximum & Minimum average temperature of study area 20 Fig 3.3Rainfall distribution of the study area 22 Fig 3.4 Atmospheric correction of 1995 image 26 Fig 3.5 Atmospheric correction of 2002 image -27 Fig 3.6 Atmospheric correction of 2009 image - 28 Fig 3.7 Atmospheric correction of 2016 image -29 Fig 3.8 Maximum likelihood classification &reclassification of study area 1995 32 Fig 3.9 Maximum likelihood classification &reclassification of study area 2002 -33 Fig 3.10 Maximum likelihood classification &reclassification of study area 2009 34 Fig 3.11 Maximum likelihood classification &reclassification of study area 2016 -35 Fig 4.1 LULC Map of Hawassa town in 1995 40 Fig 4.2 LULC Map of Hawassa town in 2002 -42 Fig 4.3 LULC Map of Hawassa town in 2009 -44 Fig 4.4 LULC Map of Hawassa town in 2016 -46 Fig 4.4.1 LULC Change Map between 1995 and 2002 60 Fig 4.4.2 LULC Change Map between 2002 and 2009 63 Fig 4.4.3 LULC Change Map between 2009 and 2016 -66 Fig 4.4.4 LULC Change Map between 1995 and 2016 69 Fig 4.4.4 Settlement change of Hawassa town 1995 and 2016 73 4.4.4 LULC changes of Hawassa town from 1995 and 2016 73 iv Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town 4.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover Changes: Rate and Magnitude of 2009-2016 Fig4.8 LULC change map of (2009-2016) 65 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town Table 4.4 Land use/Land cover conversion matrix for the year 2009-2016 2009 2016 LULCC 2009_2016 change LULU Types Area in Area in Area in Area in % Settlements 642.2 1954.9 0.671 67.1 Bare land 7293.1 3638.1 -1.00 -100 Agricultural land 2222.5 2257.7 0.0156 1.56 Vegetation 4894.7 7519.2 0.349 34.9 Wetland 667.6 351.7 -0.89 -89.8 Though the period 2009-2016 there substantial change in several LULC categories including settlements (0.671ha) and vegetation (0.349 ha) and agricultural land (0.0156 ha) area increased According to above table tendency towards more land brought under settlements, vegetation and agricultural land These data expressly stated that increase in settlements, Vegetation and agricultural land resulted population pressure on land and good government policies And decreased of bare land and wetland 66 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town Table 4.4.7 Post-classification Matrix of Study Area between 2009 and 2016 year 20016 classes 2009 AL BL S V WL Total area(ha ) Tota l area Area (ha) % Area (ha) % Area (ha) % Area (ha) % Area (ha) % AL 413.91 2.6 1140.21 7.2 15.84 0.1 683.01 4.3 122.7 0.78 2375.7 15.1 BL 237.96 1.5 2762.28 17.5 0 325.71 2.0 76.95 0.5 3402.9 21.6 S 69.57 0.4 1620.27 10.3 353.9 2.3 0 23.58 0.5 2067.3 13.4 V 1470.51 9.3 1880.64 11.9 25.02 0.16 3827.88 24 295.1 1.9 7499.1 47.7 WL 21.96 0.1 126.9 0.8 7.56 0.04 50.67 0.3 144.4 0.9 351.54 2.2 2213.91 14.08 7530.3 47.9 402.3 2.5 4887.27 31 08 662.8 2213 91 15721 56 100 Grand Total According to the above Table 4.4.7 conversion matrix for the year 2009-2016, the change in the land use/ land cover in the study area was by increase attributed to expansion of vegetation coverage (47.7%) and settlements (13.4%) and agricultural land (15.1%) This class has expanded at the expense of bare land and wetland Generally there is a sharp decrease of bare land and wetland in this period which goes to, vegetation, settlement and agricultural land 67 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town 4.3.4 Land Use/Land Cover Changes: Rate and Magnitude of 1995-2016 Fig 4.9 Land use/Land cover conversion matrix for the year 2009-2016 68 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town Table 4.3 Land use/Land cover conversion matrix for the year 2009-2016 1995 2016 LULCC 1995_2016 change LULU Types Area in Area in Area in Area in % Settlements 349 1954.9 0.821 82.1 Bare land 6122.4 3638.1 -0.683 -68.3 Agricultural land 1973.3 2257.7 0.126 12.6 Vegetation 7065.7 7519.2 0.06 Wetland 211.1 351.7 0.399 39.9 Though the period of 1995 to 2016 there is dramatic expansion of several LULC categories including settlements (0.821 ha) or (82.1 %), vegetation (0.06 ha) or (6 %), agricultural land (0.126 ha.) or (12.6%) and wetland (0.399 ha) or (39.9%) area increased and bare land decreased to (-0.683ha) or -68.3% According to above table tendency towards more land brought under settlement and Vegetation These data expressly stated that increase in settlement resulted pop Table 4.8 Post-classification Matrix of Study Area between 1995and 2016 year 2016 classes 1995 AL Area BL % (ha) Area S % (ha) Area V % (ha) Area WL % (ha) Area Total Total area(ha) area 0.07 2257.65 14.4 % (ha) AL 444.33 2.8 888.48 5.6 47.43 0.3 866.16 5.5 BL 286.65 1.8 2450.7 15.5 101.16 0.6 797.94 5.07 1.62 0.01 3638.07 23.1 S 1217.07 7.7 1350.18 8.5 380.43 2.4 7.38 0.04 7951.5 50.6 V 86.67 0.5 1381.14 8.8 0 54.81 0.04 1522.62 9.7 WL 25.2 0.16 51.93 0.04 132.03 0.8 136.08 0.04 351.72 Grand Total 0.3 2059.92 13.1 6122.43 38.9 4996.44 31.8 6.48 5151.51 32.7 69 11.25 2.2 2176.56 13.8 211.14 0.04 15721.56 100 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town 4.5 Gain and loses of land use/ land cover change (1995- 2016) Generally there is a continuous land use/land cover change taking place for most parts of the Hawassa Town in the last 21 years The land cover change from 1995 to 2016 has been discussed in four periods Each period has seven years of gap i.e the first period from 1995 to 2002, second period 2002 to 2009,third period from 2009 to 2016 and last period has 21 years gap from 1995-2016 The cover dynamics Discuss the rate of land cover change from 1995 to 2002, 2002 to 2009, 2009 to 2016 and aggregate land cover change from 1995to 2016 Table 4.4.8 clearly shows the land cover change rate for the past 21 years Table 4.5.1 Rate of change in land use/ land covers classes Land use/ PERIOD Land cover Classes Annual 1995 2002 2009 2016 ha h Annual Annual Aggregated rate of Rate of rate of rate of Change change (%) change change (%) (1995(20092016) (%)(1995 (%) 2016) -2002) (20022009) Settlement 349.0 691.6 742.2 1954.9 +14 +1.03 +26.78 460.1 Bare Land 6122.4 4670.5 7193.1 3638.1 -3.45 +7.7 -74.6 -40.6 Agricultura 1973.3 6459.7 2222.5 2257.7 +32.5 -9.4 +0.71 +14.4 7065.7 3249.5 4894.7 7519.2 -7.7 +7.2 +53.5 +6.4 211.1 600.4 667.6 351.7 +26 -2.2 -6.44 +66 l Land Vegetation Wet land Vegetation shows the highest annual rate of change for 1995 to 2002, by -7.6 % per annum decrease and the same scenario for bare land by -3.4% per annum while agricultural land , Settlement and Wetland shows +32.5% , +14% and +26.3 % per annum increment for the same time period Possibly due to destruction of vegetation and bare land for Fuel wood, Expansion of agricultural land, Timber production, Construction purpose and urban expansion 70 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town The second time period between 2002 to 2009 the rate of change shows significant decrease both in increment and decrease, that is, the maximum decrease is in Agricultural land class with 9.4% per annum and maximum increment is Vegetation +7.2 % per annum for class of bare land followed by Settlement with +7.7 % and +1.04% per annum respectively Agricultural land possibly decreased due to Expansions of settlement (Agricultural land changed in settlement), Secured Industrial areas ,Farmers transform (sells ) their lands for urban settler, Land grabbening The third time period is between 2009 to 2016 the rate of change also a shows significant decrease and increase both in increment and decrease, that is, the maximum decrease is in Bare land class with -74.6 % per annum and maximum increment is Vegetation +53.5 % per annum for class followed by Settlement with +26.78 % and bare land +0.4% per annum possibly Bare land decreases due to areas left for Industrial park construction , Institutional constructions, Residence constructed and Settlement increased and vegetation increased due to government policy encourage vegetation When we see the general scenario with reference to the aggregate rate of change indicates that only bare land has decreased in (-40.6%), while the rest classes namely Settlement in +460.1%, wetland +66.6%, Agricultural land 14.4% and Vegetation coverage also increased by 6.4 % Possibly Expansion settlement result: seasonal climate modification, decrease the amount of rainfall , increase temperature and decrease agricultural product and public awareness for the use vegetation by planting urban forestry for Soil and Water conservation, shading and Ventlet their compounds 4.6 Summary of land use land cover change from 1995 to 2016 Table 4.6.1 Summary of land use land cover change in percentage from 1995to 2016 Years Settlement 1995 2002 2009 2016 2.2 3.8 4.1 12.4 Bare Agricultural Vegetation Wet Total Land Land land 38.9 12.6 44.9 1.3 100% 29.5 41.1 20.7 5.0 100% 46.4 14.1 31.1 4.2 100% 23.1 14.4 47.8 2.2 100% 71 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town Fig 4.10 Settlement changes of Hawassa town from 1995 to 2016 72 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town LULC change of hawassa town from 1995 to 2016 50.0 Percent Area coverage 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 Settlement 25.0 Bare Land 20.0 Agricultural Land 15.0 Wet land 10.0 Natural vegetation 5.0 0.0 1995 2002 2009 2016 Year Fig 11 LULC Changes of Hawassa town from 1995 to 2016 Though the period of 1995 from 2016 there is dramatic change in several LULC categories including settlements (1605.9 ha.) or (10.2%), vegetation (453.5 ha) or (2.9%) , agricultural land(284.4 ha.) or (1.8%) and wetland (140.6 ha) or (0.9) area increased and bare land decreased(-15.8%) According to above table tendency towards more land brought under settlement and Vegetation These data expressly stated that increase in settlement and vegetation coverage of the town resulted population pressure on land and there is policies encourage afforestation the town These growing demand of space for human settlement and commercial purpose is diminishing the amount and size of Arable (agricultural) land Expansion of construction of industrial park, commercial constructions, Hawassa university expansion, and Hawassa international stadium are good increment of Settlements 73 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 CONCLUSIONS Based on the overall of the project works, it is possible to conclude the following points Remotely sensed images are vital in land use/land cover change detection as it provides spatial and temporal information of the land use land cover condition of the Hawassa town Land use and land cover change detection method used in this project was post classification Comparison which is very important in knowing the from- to change LULC changes have wide range of consequences at spatial and temporal scales Because of these effects and influences it has become one of the major problems for environmental change as well as natural resource management Identifying the complex interaction between changes and its drivers over space and time is important to predict future developments, set decision making mechanisms and construct alternative scenarios Land use/land cover is very dynamic in nature and has to be monitored at regular intervals for sustainable development thus it has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources The results of this project revealed the existence of significant land use and land cover changes in the last 21 years Especially the expansion of settlements and vegetation coverage at the expense of bare land Land use and land cover change of Hawassa town resulted that considerable change has occurred within twenty one (21) years from 1995 to 2016 Though the period of 1995 from 2016 there dramatic change in several LULC categories including settlements (1605.9 ha.) or (10.2%), Vegetation 453.5 or (2.9%), agricultural land 284.4 or (1.8%) and wetland (140.6 ha) or (0.9) area increased and bare land decreased(-15.8%) Accordingly more land brought under Settlement and Vegetation The project output stated that increase in settlement and vegetation coverage of the town resulted population pressure on land and there is good government policies for encourage reforestation programme the town 74 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town The second ranked change is to be transition from bare land area to vegetation This increased in due to increased awareness of public and good governmental policies to reforestation programmed of the country though an effort has be made success in the increasing of vegetation cover of the town Aggregate the rate of change of Hawassa town from initial year to final (1995 to 2016 ) that is , only bare land has decreased in (-40.6%), while the rest classes namely Settlement in +460.1%, wetland +66.6%, Agricultural land 14.4% and Vegetation coverage also increased by 6.4 % Expansion Settlement and public awareness for the Plant vegetation Generally, geographic information system and remote sensing analysis enables for sustainable managements of LULC change planning, wise decision making, monitoring of urban expansion and development 75 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis by Using Remote Sensing Techniques: The Case of Hawassa Town 5.2 Recommendations Land use land cover change ( LULC ) mapping and detection of changes shown here may not provide the real figure of classes due to low resolution of the imagery but it serves as a base to understand the patterns and magnitude of LULCCs in the area Therefore such LU/LC detections using high resolution satellite images would be more dependable Rapid settlement increase has played a major role affecting LULC change and there should be strategic planning to monitor abrupt urban expansions of the town from concerned governmental and none governmental bodies (offices) Population increase has played a major role on LULC change and there should be strong family planning awareness creation campaigns with adequate health services from Concerned governmental and none governmental bodies (offices) To minimize the problems of landless youths, it will be imperative to create and strengthen off-farm income generating activities due to limited capacity of land to accommodate additional population Promoting the development of none agricultural economy to the town peoples and conserving the forest by strong follow up and by creating reserved area for forest only Since most important factor of the land use / land cover change in the study area was an increase in population, continuing the efforts of introducing family planning to make the people aware of consequences of population pressure on land resources should be carried out intensively Geographical information system and remote sensing technology for change detection analysis is very important for the development of one country It is very important to deliver frequently This job demands professional experts who are accountable to this specific career However, important it is 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