Research about antisocial behaviors at dat xanh group

RESEARCH PROJECT (BMBR5103) RESEARCH ABOUT ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIORS AT DAT XANH GROUP STUDENT’S FULL NAME : TRAN VAN DUC STUDENT ID : CGS 00018245 INTAKE : MAY 2014 ADVISOR’S NAME & TITLE: NGUYEN THE KHAI (DBA) Ho Chi Minh City, August 2015 ADVISOR’S ASSESSMENT …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Advisor’s signature NGUYEN THE KHAI (DBA) Business Research Methods ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis cannot be completed without the encouragement and guidance and support of many individuals and organizations First, I would like to sincerely thank the lecturers of Hutech University, especially the Master program OUM, has dedicated teaching guide I completed modules in the program MBA Through that helped me get those reviews knowledge, experience required to perform this thesis I would like to express respect and gratitude to Dr Nguyen The Khai, my guide lecturer During the past years, I have dedicated guidance, instructions, guide me perform thesis These reviews, reviews of teacher, especially the suggestions toward solving problems throughout the research process, is really invaluable lesson for me not only for the implementation of this thesis but also in work and life his present I would like to express sincere thanks to leadership and my peers has always encouraging and enabling me to complete the thesis Finally, I would like to send hearts to my family Through the last time, family is always encouragement and inspirational for me to complete the thesis Once again, I thank very much to all Tran Van Duc Student Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page Business Research Methods CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABSTRACT CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION I INTRODUCTION OF DXG' GROUP 1.1 Over view of the company 1.2 Products and brand name 11 1.3 Business Objectives 12 1.4 HR policies of DXG: 13 1.5 Organizational Structure 15 II RESEARCH INTRODUCTION 15 2.1 Problem statement .15 2.2 Main construct 17 2.3 Research objectives 18 2.4 Research questions .18 2.5 Research scope 18 2.6 Significance of research .19 2.7 Limitation of research 19 CHARPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW .20 I THE ESSENCEOF BEHAVIOR AGGRESSION 20 1.1 Around the concept of aggression 20 1.2 The aggressive behavior: 20 1.3 Classification of behavior of aggression: 21 II THE APPROACHES VIEWS OF AGGRESION: 22 2.1 Theory instinct of aggression: 23 Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page Business Research Methods 2.2 Theories drive of aggression: 23 2.3 Theory behavior of aggression: 24 2.4 Social learning Theory on aggression: 24 III A FEW OF FACTORS CAUSING ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR COMPANY .24 3.1 Working tension 24 3.2 Work-family conflict 24 3.3 Job Stress: 25 3.4 Job overload: .25 IV THE STUDIES RELATED ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIORS 27 4.1 Feelings of anger related to confront acts 27 4.2 Frustration leads to aggression 28 4.3 Repressed anger will ruin the body 30 4.4 Guns and aggressive behavior 31 4.5 Reduce aggressive behavior 32 CHARPTER III: RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHESES 34 I RESEARCH MODEL 34 1.1 Dependent Variables: 34 1.2 Independent Variables: .34 1.3 Constructs 35 II RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 35 2.1 Work tension 35 2.2 Job overload .36 2.3 Job stress 36 2.4 Work-family conflict 37 III RESEARCH DESIGN 37 Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page Business Research Methods 3.1 Work tension .37 3.2 Job overload 39 3.3 Job stress 40 3.4 Work-Family conflict 43 3.5 Antisocial behaviour 44 IV DATA COLLECTION PROGRESS 45 CHARPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND RESULT 47 I CRONBACH’S ALPHA .47 1.1 Cronbach’s Alpha standard applied 47 1.2 Cronbach’s Alpha of constructs 47 II DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS .49 III REGRESION INFORMATION 50 IV HYPOTHESIS TESTING 51 4.1 Hypothesis proposed (H1) 51 4.2 Hypothesis proposed (H2) 52 4.3 Hypothesis proposed (H3) 53 4.4 Hypothesis proposed (H4) 55 CHARPTER V: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 57 I DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 57 II LIMITATION OF RESEARCH 58 REFERENCE 59 APPENDIX 63 Appendix 2: Presentation 71 Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page Business Research Methods TABLE Table 1: Work Tension .39 Table 2: Job Overload .40 Table 3: Job Stress 43 Table 4:Work-Family Conflict 44 Table 5: Antisocial Behavior 45 Table 6: Time table for data collection progress 46 Table 7: Cronbach’s Alpha - Internal Consistency 47 Table : Case Processing Summary .48 Table 9: Reliability Statistics 48 Table 10: Cronbach’s Alpha of all Variables 48 Table 11: Item-Total Statistics 49 Table 12: Descriptive Statistics 50 Table 13: Variables Entered/Removed 50 Table 14: Model summary 50 Table 15: Coefficients .51 Table16: Model summary of H1 .52 Table 17: Coefficients of H1 52 Table 18: Model summary of H2 53 Table19: Coefficients of H2 .53 Table 20: Model summary of H3 54 Table 21: Coefficients of H3 54 Table 22: Model summary of H4 55 Table 23: Coefficients of H4 55 Table 24: Hypothesis result 56 Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page Business Research Methods FIGURE & LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Figure1: Organizational Structure of DXG 15 Figure 2: Research model 34 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CEO Chief Executive Officer DXG Dat Xanh group HCM Ho Chi Minh city VND Viet Nam currency JB Job overload WT Work tension JS Job stress AB Antisocial behavior WK Work-family conflict SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science WTO World Trade Organization TPP Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page Business Research Methods ABSTRACT This purpose of this research is way to find the factors influence to the antisocial behaviors in the work of the employees working at DXG This research was conducted by quantitative method with source data is surveys that it issued by offline to 390 employees of DXG to collect the ideas and comments of employees about antisocial behaviors Next, the result of these surveys shall be statistically analyzed by SPSS – Statistical analysis software Hypotheses used this research includes five constructs: one dependent variable (Antisocial Behavior) and four independent variable (work tension, job overload, work-family behavior, job stress) I hope the study results will be a source of reference for all levels of DXG leader in developing business policies and HR Building business policy and good working environment employees will mitigate the impact aggressive action for the company and increase work efficiency, the competitiveness of companies in the real estate market in Vietnam Key words in this research: Antisocial Behavior, work tension, job overload, workfamily behavior, job stress and DXG Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page Business Research Methods CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION I am pleased to introduce a study on "Antisocial Behavior: Factors affecting the antisocial behaviors in the work of the employees at Dat Xanh Group (Group DXG) " I INTRODUCTION OF DXG' GROUP 1.1 Over view of the company DXG was established in 2003 with initial charter capital of 0.8 billion VND and 10 employees This time, DXG specializes in brokerage activities for real estate projects With strategic vision, acumen, DXG has created a sales process completely new, innovative marketing methods, breakthroughs The DXG distribution projects are large resonate The focus of the sales companies are attracting hundreds of customers to participate, creating a powerful effect on the market DXG gradually dominate and take over the role of marketing and distribution of real estate projects has been the strength of foreign companies DXG is one of the pioneers in the problem of information transparency of real estate products The entire process of project implementation, sales processes, are closely monitored Human resources with knowledge and enthusiasm continually improving expertise in special training courses DXG is hundreds counselor Real Estate Professionals always serve our customers and offering thoughtful advice for effective investment The title "Prize gold sales and the real estate trading floors of the Year 2009" by the Association of Real Estate Vietnam authentication attests to the efforts of DXG Model, business methods of scientific, creative, respected reputation, product quality, meet customer needs and the market, social DXG has been recognized as a business unit estate the leading prestige Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page Business Research Methods development: Theory, research, and application, vol 1: 71-129 Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum  Bandura, A (1997) Self- efficacy: the exercise of control New York Freeman  Baron, R A., & Richardson, D R 1994 Human aggression (2nd ed.) New York: Plenum  Berkowitz, L & LePage, A (1967) Weapons as aggression-eliciting stimuli Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 202-207  Chen, Y.F., 2009 Job Stress and Performance: a Study of police Officers in Central Taiwan Social Behavior and Pearsonality, 3710, 1341-1356  Dail L Fields (2002) Taking the measure of work  European Foundation, 2007 Work-related stress European foundation for the Improvement of Living and working conditions  Ferguson, C J., & Beaver, K M (2009) Natural born killers: The genetic origins of extreme violence Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 286-284  Frone, M R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M L (1992) Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 65-78  Jeffrey H Greenhaus and Nicholas J Beutell (1985) Sources of Conflict between Work and Family Roles  Garcia, A (2003) The psychological literature in Konrad Lorenz’s work: a contribution to the history of ethology and psychology Memorandum, 5, 105-133  Giacalone, R A., & Greenberg, J 1996 Antisocial behavior in organizations Thousand Oaks, GA: Sage Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 60 Business Research Methods  George, D., & Mallery, P (2003) SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 11.0 update (4th ed.) Boston: Allyn & Bacon  Greenberg, J., & Scott, K S 1996 Why workers bite the hands that feed them? Employee theft as a social exchange process In B M Staw & L L Gummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol 18: 111-156  Greenwich, GT: JAI Press Muhammad Ehsan Malik, Muhammad Mudasar Ghafoor, Hafiz Kashif Iqbal (2013) Impact of Job Overload and Work Schedule Flexibility on Job Satisfaction: An Insight in Education and Banking Sector of Pakistan International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities Vol 5, No (2013), pp 38-47 www.irssh.com ISSN 2248-9010 (Online), ISSN 2250-0715 (Print)  Http://www.datxanh.com.vn/home.html  Kopelman, R.E., Greenhaus, J.H & Connolly,T.F (1983) A model of work, family, and interrole conflict: A construct validation study Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 198-215  Lorenz, Konrad (1996) On Aggression (Marjorie Kerr Wilson, Trans.) New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1966, p ix  Maya Tamir (2015) Why Do People Regulate Their Emotions? A Taxonomy of Motives in Emotion Regulation Personality and Social Psychology Review 1–24  Parker, Donald F., DeCotiis, Thomas A (1983/10) Organizational determinants of job stress Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 32(2): 160-177  Robert A Baron (1976) The Reduction of Human Aggression: A Field Study of the Influence of Incompatible Reactions Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume 6, Issue 3, pages 260–274, September 1976  Robbins, S., & Kliewer, W (2000) Advances in theory and research on subjective well-being In S D Brown & R W Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (3rd ed.) (pp 310-345) New York: Wiley Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 61 Business Research Methods  Roger Barker, Tamara Dembo, and Kurt Lewin (1941) Frustration and Regression An Experiment with Young Children Studies in Topological and Vector Psychology II, University of Iowa Press, Iowa 1941, pp 216-219  Sandra L Robinson and Anne M O'Leary-Kelly Monkey See, Monkey Do: The Influence of Work Groups on the Antisocial Behavior of Employees The Academy of Management JBurnal Vol 41, No (Dec., 1998), pp 658672  Schneider, B 1975 Organizational climates: An essay Personnel Psychology, 28: 447-480  Schneider, B., & Reichers, A E 1983 On the etiology of climates Personnel Psychology, 36: 19-39  Van de Ven, A H., Delbecq, A L., & Koenig, R 1976 Determination of coordination modes within organizations American Sociological Review, 41: 322-338  Watson, D., & Clark, L A (1984) Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience negative affective states Psychological Bulletin, 96, 465-490  Watson, D., & Clark, L A (1997) Extraversion and its positive emotional core In R Hogan, J Johnson, & S Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp 767-793) San Diego: Academic Press Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 62 Business Research Methods APPENDIX KEY FACTORS AFFECTING ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR WORKPLACE QUESTIONNAIRE I’m Tran Van Duc hereby as researcher doing research on Antisocial Behavior at work place Thank you for your time participated on this survey Your answers for the questionnaire serve We will maintain strict confidentiality and anonymity in our research Thank you for participating I JOB OVERLOAD Please rate how often you experience following situations by placing a checkmark in the appropriate box Rarely (1) How often does your job require you to work very fast occasionally Sometime (2) (3) fairly Very often often (4) (5) 5 5 How often does your job require you to work very hard How often does your job leave you with little time to get things done? How often is there a great deal to be done? Please rate each of following statements based on the extent of quantity Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 63 Business Research Methods by placing a check mark in the appropriate box Hardly A little Some A lot any A great deal (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) How much slowdown in the workload you 5 5 5 experience? How much time you have to think and contemplate? How much workload you have? What quantity of work others expect you to do? How much time you have to all your work? 10 How many projects, assignments, or tasks you have? 11 How many lulls between heavy workload periods you have? II WORK – FAMILY CONFLICT Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 64 Business Research Methods Please rate how strongly you agree or disagree with each statements by placing a check mark in the appropriate box Strongly Disagree Sometime Agree Strongly disagree agree (2) (3) (4) (1) (5) 12 My work schedule often conflicts with my 5 5 5 family life? 13 After work I come home too tired to some of the things I’d like to do? 14 On the job, I have so much work that it takes away from my other interests? 15 My family dislikes how often I am preoccupied with my work while I’m at home? 16 Because my work is demanding at time I am irri table at home 17 The demands of my job make it difficult to be relaxed all the time at Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 65 Business Research Methods home? 18 My work takes up time that I’d like to spend with 5 my family? 19 My job makes it difficult to be the kind of spouse or parent that I’d like to be? III WORK TENSION Please rate as true or false with each statements by placing a checkmark in the appropriate box Very True True (2) Sometime (3) False (4) (1) 20 My job tends to directly affect my health 21 I work under a great deal of tensions 22 I have felt fidgety and nervous as a result of my job Very false (5) 5 5 23 If I had a different job, my health would probably improve Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 66 Business Research Methods 24 Problem associated with my job have kept me awake 5 at night 25 I have felt nervous before attending meetings in the company 26 I often”take my job home with me” in the sense that I think about it when doing other things IV JOB STREES Please rate your strong disagreement or strong agreement with each (5) (4) Strong Agreement Agreement (3) Neutral (2) Disagreement (1) Disagreement Strong statement by placing a checkmark in the appropriate box 27 Working here makes it hard to spend enough time 5 with my family 28 I spend so much time at work, I can’t see the forest for The trees Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 67 Business Research Methods 29 Working here leaves little time for another activities 5 5 5 5 5 30 I frequently get the feeling I am married to the company 31 I have too much work and too little time to it in 32 I sometimes dread the telephone ringing at home because the call might be jobrelated 33 I feel like I never have a day off 34 Too many people at my level in the company get burned out by job demands 35 I have felt fidgety or nervous as a result of my job 36 My job gets to me more than it should 37 There are lots of times when my job drives me right up the wall 38 Some time when I think about my job I get a tight Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 68 Business Research Methods feeling in my chest 39 I feel guilty when I take time off from job V ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIORS Please rate how often you experience following situations by placing a 40 Damage property belonging to my employer (5) Very Frequently (4) Frequently (3) Sometime (2) (1) Infrequently Infrequently Very checkmark in the appropriate box 5 5 41 Said or did something to purposely hurt someone at work 42 Did work badly, incorrectly, or slowly on purpose 43 Gripped with co- workers 44 Deliberately bent or broke a rule Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 69 Business Research Methods 45 Criticized people at work 5 5 46 Did something that harmed my employer or boss 47 Started an argument with someone at work 48 Said rude things about my supervisor or organization VI PERSONAL BACKGROUND Regarding the personal background, it is an optional by decision of respondents and is the subject being careful of the ethics Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 70 Business Research Methods Appendix 2: Presentation MBA COLLABORATION PROGRAM BETWEEN HUTECH AND OUM BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS Lecturer: NGUYEN THE KHAI (DBA) Research Project ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIORS AT DAT XANH GROUP Student: Tran Van Duc Class: MBAOUM0514-K14C INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY  2003: Established Dat Xanh Services and Real Estate Construction Co., Ltd with initial charter capital of 0.8 billion and 10 staff Upon commencement, Dat Xanh was specialized in brokerage of real estate projects  Head office: 27, Dinh Bo Linh Street, Ward 24, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City  Employees: over 1500  In 3/2007: Established Dat Xanh Investment Joint Venture Company  In 11/2007: Converted to Dat Xanh Services and Real Estate Construction Joint Venture Company  On 22/12/2009: Officially listed the stock of Dat Xanh on HCM City Stock Exchange, with the code DXG Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 71 Business Research Methods Research Problem Statement Employee live under the pressure, stress… Conflicts often occur  The number of employees leaving the company relatively much Research model Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 72 Business Research Methods CRONBACH’S ALPHA REPORT No Type Dependent Variable / Construct Antisocial Behaviors (AB) Items Cronbach’s Alpha Reliable 0.904 Very Variable Independent Variable Good Independent 11 Job Overload (JB) Work-Family Conflict (WFC) Independent Variable 0.888 Good 0.845 Good Work Tension (WT) Independent Variable Good Variable 0.892 13 0.868 Job Stress (JS) Good According to Nunally (1970), Cronbach’s Alpha > 0.7 is good to use Hypothesis Testing No Type Independent Variable / H1+ Independent Variable / Construct Work Tension (WT) Independent Sig Assessment 0.522 0.723 0.000 Support 535 0.732 0.000 Support 0.242 0.492 287 Not Support 0.486 0.697 0.001 Support Job Stress (JS) Variable / H3+ Beta Job Overload (JB) Variable / H2+ R-Square Independent Variable /H4+ Work-Family Conflict (WFC) Rule: Value of R square: greater than Unstandardized coefficients beta: the same sign with hypothesis Value of Sig: less than 0.05 Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 73 Business Research Methods Discussion: We can assess four hypotheses work tension, Job overload, workfamily conflict, Job stress have positive relationship and influence to Antisocial behavior This is understandable and perfectly consistent with the actual context of human resource management at DXG As a leading enterprise in the real estate market in Vietnam, the policies, organizational structure, management style, corporate culture of DXG always built to orient labourers However, under pressure from business and the interests of the shareholders, the Board of DXG must have policies to business and human resources management accordingly Business survival is inevitable to have a profit The real estate sector is currently confronted with many difficulties and challenges Labour force in this sector are very significant changes Thank you for your attention ! Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 74 [...]... 14 Business Research Methods encouraged to become a participate in social activities of this modern society to create more happiness for those who are miserable around us This precious virtue is appreciated by Dat Xanh and is one of the values that we want to find in each and every member of Dat Xanh Great family 1.5 Organizational Structure Figure1: Organizational Structure of DXG II RESEARCH INTRODUCTION... partners and shareholders 1.4 HR policies of DXG:  Training and development Training and development is the motto of Dat Xanh to create talents and skillful managers On the first days at Dat Xanh, you will attend a training course in integration conducted by the leaders of the Group Besides, the Group also have advanced courses in professional skills periodically run in Vietnam and overseas in order to improve... partners will surely get satisfaction Do not stop at the success, DXG continues to move forward and promote the value of the whole system offers Vietnam to accomplish goals and conquer new heights Head office of the company is located at: 27 Dinh Bo Linh street, ward24, Binh Thanh District, HCM city Phone: 08 6252 5252 Fax: 08 6285 3896 Email:info@datxanh.com.vn Website: www.datxanh.com.vn Logo: 1.2 Products... organization operating concept in human matters Besides significant management, it also improves employee loyalty to the organization and further, employees will be loyal to the shareholders of the company, contributed to the financial strength of the companies increasingly stronger in the future 2.7 Limitation of research This research will have some limitation because it only focuses related contents at. .. Real Estate has a strong distribution system in Vietnam DXG distribution system constantly spread throughout the provinces with nearly 20 branches, subsidiaries, associated companies, joint ventures, operating in all areas of real estate transactions vibrant Customer database of companies is increasing Currently, the company has a database of over 1,000.000 potential clients and more than 100,000 patrons... Business Research Methods software and manage online real estate, ERP software enables optimized management enterprise business process management system in accordance with international standards With modern software, specifically, the operator can control the operation of the whole system, make decisions quickly, The most accurate, customers can trade DXG products immediately while at home, at work,... group 2 (control group) the children are not waiting, not banned hand basis Results: The children in group 2 due to unhindered before this team play so children playing very happy As for group 1, while children play this group was very negative, exasperated They smashed toys, thrown against the wall, stepped on it and do many other things This experiment demonstrated the frustration that affect aggressive... the other person's situation and feelings to share Compared to children in the control group, the children learned empathy becomes less aggressive way more conscious of behavior at school Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 33 Business Research Methods CHARPTER III: RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHESES I RESEARCH MODEL From theories and previous research results, we propose the relationship between independent... provide information to be able to take advantage or avoiding adverse factors or advantages in jobs that were caused by antisocial behaviours 2.4 Research questions 1) How does the aggression affect the work of the sales force? 2) How does Effect of the aggression affect business results? 3) What is the strategic impact for the company in making the HR policy? 2.5 Research scope The scope of research is... influencing to Antisocial Behavior at DXG; it does not have intention of re-structuring, changing and replacing the employees This survey was conducted from 15 Jul to 15 Aug 2015 Student: Tran Van Duc (CGS 00018245) Page 18 Business Research Methods 2.6 Significance of research This research will help CEO, Directors; managers understand and are more aware of the importance of antisocial behaviors That is the ... motto of Dat Xanh to create talents and skillful managers On the first days at Dat Xanh, you will attend a training course in integration conducted by the leaders of the Group Besides, the Group. .. appreciated by Dat Xanh and is one of the values that we want to find in each and every member of Dat Xanh Great family 1.5 Organizational Structure Figure1: Organizational Structure of DXG II RESEARCH. .. Business Research Methods CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION I am pleased to introduce a study on "Antisocial Behavior: Factors affecting the antisocial behaviors in the work of the employees at Dat Xanh Group