formation of biofloc in fertilization pond at different salinities

CAN THO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES FORMATION OF BIO-FLOC IN FERTILIZATION POND AT DIFFERENT SALINITIES TRAN HOANG CHIEN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for The degree of Bachelor of Science for Aquaculture Supervisor NGUYEN VAN HOA Can Tho, 01/2013 CAN THO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES STUDY ON BIO-FLOC IN FERTILIZATION POND WITHOUT ARTEMIA AT DIFFERENT SALINITIES TRAN HOANG CHIEN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for The degree of Bachelor of Science for Aquaculture Supervisor NGUYEN VAN HOA Can Tho, 01/2013 Acknowledgements I sincerely thank Dr Nguyen Van Hoa dedicated to guide and help me in the process of implementing the project Thank you Mr Tran Huu Le, Mr Le Van Thong Thong and all my friends were enthusiastic help in the process of implementing this project Abstract Today, raising Artemia biomass is very popular because it is an excellent food for aquaculture species Therefore, to enhance the production of Artemia biomass is always a hot topic e.g feed item, culture condition, culture system, etc In this research, Bio-Floc Growth in Fertilization Pond at Different Salinities was made in order to record the suitable salinity to bio-floc development and nutrient level to supply to Artemia as a good natural food source Research was conducted through experiments on the development of bio-floc at different salinity, there were treatments in term of salinity difference (60‰, 80‰ and 100 ‰) and replicate each Results showed that Bio-Floc contained highest value of crude protein at a salinity of 80‰ (21%) The suitable salinity of artemia is about 60‰ 100‰ (according toNguyen Van Hoa et al., 2007) Table of Contents Acknowledgements Abstract Table of Contents List of tables List of figures List of abbreviations CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Studied contents CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 10 A DISTRIBUTION 10 Classification 10 B Biological Characteristics 11 Habit 11 Feeding Characteristic 12 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 13 3.1 Experimental Arrangement 13 3.2 parameters 13 3.3 data analysis method 16 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 17 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 21 5.1 Conclusions 21 5.2 Recommendations 21 REFERENCE 22 APPENDIX 24 List of tables Tables Table 1: PH fluctuation Table 2: Salinity fluctuation during research period: Table 3: The average amount of bio-loc obtained in all treatments at salinity of 100‰ on day No.2, No 8, No 15, No 22 and No 24 Table 4: The average protein obtained from samples in the research Page 16 17 17 Table 5: The average V(H2SO40.1N) obtained from samples in the research Table 5: pH level at 7am Table 6: pH level at 2pm Table 7: Temperature at 7am Table 8: Temperature at 2pm Table 9: Ponds salinity 24 19 25 26 27 28 Figures Figure.1: Map of Artemia Distribution Figure 2: Artemia life cycle ( jumalon and et al,.1982) Figure 3: Diagram of position of ponds Figure 4: water sampling Figure 5: TSS and TVSS analysis method Figure Chart Shows the Development of the Bio-Floc at a Salinity of 60‰, 80‰, 100‰ List of figures Page 10 11 13 14 15 18 List of abbreviations VSS TSS Volatile suspended solid Total suspended solid CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Bio-loc is defined as compose of diatom, macroalgae, exoskeleton, fecal pellet, remains of dead organism and bacteria a source of natural food rich in nutrition, bio-floc also have a role to improve water quality in ponds artemia Aquaculture activities lead to a large amount of wastes, which has been carried into the environment (Fune-Smith and Briggs, 1998; Brune et al., 2003) Because of that, many researches and suggestions have been given to improve and protect the environment Bio-floc technique has many advantages to solve the pollution problems and the environmental protection in aquaculture (Avnimelech, 2006; Hoang Tung, 2010) However, most of researches so far dealing with salinity around 30 ‰ or less as these are suitable for popular marine culture species (e.g tilapia, white leg shrimp) There are not yet any researches or application on bio-floc that relates to culture Artemia in salt ponds where salinity is up to 80-120 ‰ (Nguyen Van Hoa et al., 2007) Normally, in Artemia pond culture, farmers applied about 2-5 tons of organic manure and 1-2 tons of supplemental feed (rice bran) for every crop (Nguyen Thi Ngoc Anh et al., 2009) per hectare every year, and thus with a thousand of hectare Artemia culture in the area, a huge amount of organic matter has been loaded into ponds every year Bio-floc is grown from this organic matter; its content is very high in nutrient value that is very useful for growth of aquatic organism Therefore, research and application of bio-floc to ponds management play an important role in cost decreasing and profit increasing Especially, it still gives apart of environmental protection and increases sustainability in culture 1.2 Objectives  Recognizing the suitable salinity on the growth of bio-floc  Recognizing the growth of bio-floc in saline water  Recording nutrient level in bio-floc 1.3 Studied contents  Formation and growth of bio_floc at saline water  Influence of different salinity on formation and growth of bio-floc CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A DISTRIBUTION Classification Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Crustacea Subclass: Branchiopoda Order: Anostraca Family: Artemiidae Species: Artemia, Leach (1819) Depending on genetic characteristic and distribution that the scientists divide into some following six groups: Artemia salina : Lymington (England, extinction) Artemia tunisiana : Europ Artemia franciscana : America (North, Central and South America) Artemia persimilis : Achentina Artemia urmiana : Iran Artemia monica : Mono Lake, CA-USA 10 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Environmental factor was remained in the research such as: PH: during the culture period, pH varied and fluctuated between morning and in the afternoon, the variation was recorded as in Table 1: Table 1: pH fluctuation Pond Morning (7 am) Afternoon (2 pm) T1 7.54 ± 0.61a 8.10 ± 1.52a T2 7.58 ± 0.57b 7.99 ± 1.56b T3 7.55 ± 0.58b 8.13 ± 1.64b (Note: Data with the same letters in column are not significant difference (p>0.05) In the morning, pH fluctuates from 7.54 - 7.58 In the afternoon, pH fluctuated from 7.99 - 8.13 However, these differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05) except T1 These pH levels are suitable for Artemia growth, according to Nguyen Van Hoa et al (2007), Artemia Vinh Chau grow well on the pH level from - Table 2: Salinity (‰) fluctuation during research period: Pond Salinity (‰) T1 89.18 ± 19.16 T2 77.50 ± 18.94 T3 68.15 ± 15.61 During the experiment, salinity was maintained stable but the experimental period was the end of the dry season, so treatment T1 only achieved average salinity of 89.18% 17 Table 3: The average volume (ml) of bio-loc obtained in all treatments at salinity of 60‰, 80‰, and 100‰: Day from inoculation 17-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr 5-May 7-May Salinity Day Day Day 15 Day 22 Day 24 60‰ 6.33±2.88 22.33±16.23 12.83±0.93 8.33±3.47 23.33±2.07 80‰ 8.83±2.70 24.33±16.06 18.00±10.16 9.83±2.54 24.50±3.49 100‰ 34.33±4.59 32.00±19.74 21.33±3.39 8.17±1.81 29.50±11.86 At 100‰salinity, volume bio-floc obtained the highest in the first two days Results showed that bio-floc grow very fast in salinity 100‰ The next days the volume of biofloc reduced due to deposition and death of algae 40 35 Biofloc (ml) 30 25 60 ppt 20 80 ppt 15 100 ppt 10 5 Days Figure 6: Development of the Bio-Floc at a Salinity of 60‰, 80‰, 100‰ 18 The chart shows that at salinity of 100 ‰, bio-Floc reached the highest volume in the first eight days, at 60 ‰ and 80 ‰ bio-Floc increased continuously during the first days, i.e from 6.33(ml) to 22.33(ml) and 8.83(ml) to 24.33(ml), respectively At the salinity of 60 ‰, 80‰ and 100 ‰ from day to day 22 Bio-Floc decreases, the Biofloc was settled in the bottom and the algae density was decreased, and thus the bio-floc at the same time is decreased The research shows that bio-floc volume at the salinity of 100‰ dropped a lot after second, and then Bio-Floc increased again after day 22 because of algae development Bio-Floc developed very well in salinity 100 ‰ in time of 2-3 days of culture but in the next few days, there was a strong decline However, the volume of biofloc obtained very high, therefore, salinity of 100 ‰ is suitable for Bio-Floc development Table 4: The average protein obtained from samples in the research Treatment Day Day Day 15 Day 22 Salinity of 60 ‰ 7.52±0.44 7.95±1.27 9.01±1.24 9.58±1.10 Salinity of 80 ‰ 9.54±3.67 8.70±2.85 16.60±5.84 8.8±1.06 Salinity of 100 ‰ 6.87±0.88 9.08±1.37 15.7±3.05 8.60±0.33 Comparison of bio-floc volume obtained in this experiment, it was found that the volume of bio-floc obtained in salinity 100‰ higher than the volume of bio-floc obtained at 80‰ However, based on the average amount of protein obtained, these results show that biofloc engaged with highest protein value (10.90%) at salinity 80‰ Interestingly, this is also the suitable salinity for Artemia grows well in Vinh chau environmental conditions (Nguyen van Hoa et al., 2007) Table 5: The average V(H2SO40.1N) obtained from samples in the research Average V (H2SO4 0.1 N) Day Day Day 15 Day 22 Salinity of 60‰ 2.23±0.23 4.50±2.33 2.97±0.42 6.13±0.27 Salinity of 80‰ 3.07±0.46 4.20±0.31 5.93±3.02 7.50±0.79 Salinity of 100‰ 3.40±1.40 5.40±2.95 6.60±1.66 6.63±1.04 19 Average V (H2SO4 0.1 N) 60 ppt 80 ppt 100 ppt Day Day Day 15 Day 22 Day Results showed that, at a salinity of 100‰, H2SO4 concentration increased continuously from day to day 15 and remained in high level until day 22 In the salinity of 80‰, H2SO4 increased continuously from day to day 22 this shows the salinity of 80‰, H2SO4 was born very much At the salinity of 100‰ and 80‰, bio-floc did grow very well, so H2SO4 concentration was also released in high level 20 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions At salinity 80‰, bio-floc achieves the highest protein value (10.90%) This salinity is suitable for bio-floc formation with high nutrient level In salinity 100‰, average protein value is approximately (10.06%) although the nutritional value is not as high as in salinity 80‰ but in this salinity, the average amount of bio-floc obtained very high Based on the real farming conditions, in order to manage salinity at 100‰ is more difficult while bio-floc nutritional value is not high, thus encouraging farmers to maintain salinity 80‰ is the best 5.2 Recommendations Research should be conducted in the fertilization ponds with the presence of Artemia to appreciate the development and fecundity of Artemia when using bio-floc feed Research should be conducted further experiments on the effects of temperature, pH and clarity to the development of bio-floc to accurately determine the impact of these conditions on the development of bio-floc 21 REFERENCE - Azim, M E & D C Little 2008 The bio-floc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality, bio-floc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Aquaculture, 283, 29-35 - Federico Maggi 2009 Biological flocculation of suspended particles in nutrient-rich aqueous ecosystems Journal of Hydrology 376: 116–125 - Kuhn, D D., A L Lawrence, G D Boardman, S Patnaik, L Marsh & G J Flick Jr 2010 Evaluation of two types of bio-flocs derived from biological treatment of fish effluent as feed ingredients for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei Aquaculture, 303, 28-33 - M Asaduzzaman, M.A Wahab, M.C.J Verdegem, S Huque, M.A Salama, M.E Azim 2008 C/N ratio control and substrate addition for periphyton development jointly enhance freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii production in ponds Aquaculture 280: 117–123 - P De Schryver, R Crab, T Defoirdt, N Boon, W Verstraete 2008 The basics of bio-flocs technology: The added value for aquaculture Aquaculture 277: 125–137 - Roselien Crab, Yoram Avnimelech, Tom Defoirdt, Peter ư2Bossier, Willy Verstraete 2007 Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production Aquaculture 270 (2007) 1–14 - Tat Anh Thu 2003 Effect of Soil organic matter mineralization on the growth of algae in ponds at Vinh chau, Soc trang Master Thesis in Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Cantho University, Vietnam 116 pp - Tat Anh Thu 2009 Study soil and water quality and accumulation of nutrients in aquaculture farms in Vinh chau and My Xuyen districts, Soc trang province PhD Thesis in Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Cantho University, Vietnam 141 pp - http://www.baomoi.com/Cong-nghe-Biofloc Trien-vong-moi-cho-nguoi-nuoitom/79/4487460.epi - Biofloc Technology—A Practical Guide Book (Second Edition, 2012) Yoram Avnimelech The World Aquaculture Society 2009 - Biofloc Technologya Practical Handbook By Yoram Avnimelech With chapters added by Peter De-Schryver et al., Mauricio Emereciano et al., Dave Kuhn (with Addison Lawrence) and Andrew Ray - Biofloc-based Aquaculture Systems by James H Tidwell, Craig L Browdy , Andrew J Ray, John W Leffler, Yoram Avnimelech - Biofloc technology in aquaculture: Beneficial effects and future challenges by Roselien Crab, Tom Defoirdt, Peter Bossier, Willy Verstraete 22 - Biofloc technology application as a food source in a limited water exchange nursery system for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis(Latreille, 1817) by Maurício Emerenciano, Eduardo L C Ballester , Ronaldo O CavalliW, ilson Wasielesky - Use of molasses as a carbon source during the nursery rearing ofFarfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817) in a Biofloc technology system by Diego Moreira de Souza, abrina Medeiros Suita, Luis Alberto Romano , Wilson Wasielesky Jr , Eduardo Luis Cupertino Ballester - Effects of Organic Carbon Addition in Controlling Inorganic Nitrogen Concentrations in a Biofloc System by Kasidit Nootong , Prasert Pavasant , Sorawit Powtongsook - Evaluation of Two Textiles with or without Polymer Addition for Dewatering Effluent from an Intensive Biofloc Production System by Jason J Danaher*, Richard C Shultz, James E Rakocy - The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional value of bioflocs, a feed for Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae by Roselien Crab , Bram Chielens , Mathieu Wille , Peter Bossie, Willy Verstraete - Performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei raised in biofloc systems with varying levels of light exposure by Manecas Baloi , Rafael Arantes , Rodrigo Schveitzer , Caio Magnotti , Luis Vinatea - Superintensive Culture of White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in a Biofloc Technology System in Southern Brazil at Different Stocking Densities by Dariano Krummenauer , Silvio Peixoto , Ronaldo Oliveira Cavalli , Luis Henrique Poersch , Wilson Wasielesky Jr - Inorganic nitrogen dynamics in sequencing batch reactors using biofloc technology to treat aquaculture sludge by Guo-zhi Luo , Yoram Avnimelech , Yun-feng Pan , Hongxin Tan 23 APPENDIX Amount of bio-floc in the treatment at 2, 8, 15, 22, 24 Pond Name 15 22 24 T1.1 5(ml) 15(ml) 14(ml) 10(ml) 22(ml) T1.2 4(ml) 9(ml) 12(ml) 12(ml) 26(ml) T1.3 10(ml) 43(ml) 12.5(ml) 4.5(ml) 22(ml) 6.33(ml) 22.33(ml) 12.83(ml) 8.83(ml) 23.33(ml) Volume of bio-floc in the treatment at 2, 8, 15, 22, 24 Pond Name 15 22 24 average T2.1 12(ml) 45(ml) 10(ml) 13(ml) 22.5(ml) T2.2 8.5(ml) 15.5(ml) 13(ml) 9(ml) 22(ml) T2.3 6(ml) 12.5(ml) 31(ml) 7.5(ml) 29(ml) 8.83(ml) 24.33(ml) 18.00(ml) 9.83(ml) 24.50(ml) Volume of bio-floc in the treatment at 2, 8, 15, 22, 24 Pond Name 15 22 24 average T3.1 30(ml) 55(ml) 23(ml) 7(ml) 42.5(ml) T3.2 40(ml) 30(ml) 17(ml) 7(ml) 16(ml) T3.3 33(ml) 11(ml) 24(ml) 10.5(ml) 30(ml) 34.33(ml) 32.00(ml) 21.33(ml) 8.17(ml) 29.50(ml) average 24 Table : pH values at 7am: Day 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 T1.1 T1.2 T1.3 T2.1 T2.2 T2.3 T3.1 T3.2 T3.3 8.15 8.04 6.32 8.13 8.36 7.76 7.37 7.22 7.07 8.05 8.25 7.91 8.05 7.89 8.12 7.77 7.83 8.09 8.05 8.15 8.04 8.08 8.16 8.09 8.2 8.06 8.13 8.04 7.94 8.14 8.09 8.04 8.07 8.1 7.99 8.15 8.06 7.98 7.96 8.06 7.94 8.13 8.07 7.92 8.02 7.98 7.78 7.98 7.95 7.44 7.92 7.98 7.83 7.78 7.74 7.68 7.64 7.66 7.83 7.8 7.54 7.79 7.94 6.55 6.67 6.59 6.68 6.47 6.46 7.99 7.96 7.98 7.9 7.94 7.94 7.88 7.72 7.77 7.93 6.68 6.75 6.64 6.75 6.6 6.55 7.93 7.89 7.71 7.78 7.82 7.44 7.87 7.81 7.3 7.97 6.7 6.74 6.65 6.75 6.64 6.59 7.85 7.9 7.87 7.88 7.79 7.66 7.79 7.78 7.78 7.81 7.78 6.68 6.75 6.6 6.72 6.62 6.62 7.78 7.88 7.93 7.89 7.51 7.76 7.98 7.83 7.71 7.85 7.9 6.67 6.74 6.54 6.73 6.63 6.63 25 7.8 7.89 7.99 8.01 8.02 7.88 7.97 7.87 7.83 7.87 7.86 6.7 6.72 6.51 6.7 6.63 6.65 8.02 7.97 8.01 8 7.65 7.83 7.78 7.83 7.94 7.8 6.67 6.72 6.5 6.66 6.62 6.65 7.81 7.81 7.86 7.87 7.88 7.76 7.89 7.85 7.86 7.94 7.89 6.68 6.71 6.6 6.65 6.62 6.65 7.88 7.92 7.99 8.04 8.05 7.83 7.99 7.97 7.81 7.82 7.81 6.66 6.73 6.51 6.66 6.63 6.66 Table 7: pH values at 2pm: day T1.1 T1.2 T1.3 T2.1 T2.3 T2.3 T3.1 T3.2 T3.3 8.05 8.6 8.28 8.57 8.4 7.92 7.9 8.21 8.46 8.41 7.88 8.06 8.36 8.48 8.05 8.53 8.18 8.25 8.42 8.49 8.34 8.19 8.8 8.06 7.88 7.99 8.67 8.41 14.8 16.7 12.6 14.7 12.2 14.1 14.9 12.8 8.29 7.92 8.35 8.15 8.45 8.38 8.22 8.03 8.58 8.11 8.34 8.28 8.28 7.77 8.21 8.42 8.34 8.11 8.13 8.23 7.61 8.29 7.87 8.17 8.44 8.11 8.24 8 8.17 8.13 8.19 8.06 8.13 8.4 7.99 8.11 7.45 7.8 4.9 5.42 5.6 3.6 6.32 6.01 4.23 10 7.88 8.2 7.95 8.04 8.29 8.25 8.36 8.28 8.31 11 7.88 8.15 7.96 7.62 7.39 8.24 8.42 8.13 8.31 12 7.85 8.15 7.71 7.83 8.15 8.41 7.65 8.07 8.38 13 7.84 7.87 8.08 8.15 8.06 7.99 8.13 14 7.9 7.88 7.68 8.12 8.26 8.03 8.16 8.18 15 16 17 8.14 8.12 8.23 8.03 8.2 8.28 8.27 8.19 8.16 18 8.24 8.18 8.17 8.02 8.08 8.16 8.2 8.31 8.21 19 6.75 6.79 6.81 6.81 6.78 6.76 6.73 6.73 6.75 20 6.65 6.7 6.73 6.75 21 6.66 6.71 6.75 6.76 6.75 6.75 6.7 6.71 6.73 22 23 6.67 6.68 6.66 6.66 6.67 6.67 6.65 6.65 6.66 26 Table 8: Temperature (C) at am: day T1.1 T1.2 T1.3 T2.1 T2.2 T2.3 T3.1 T3.2 T3.3 31.5 31.3 31.6 31.8 31.9 31.9 32.3 32.4 32.3 31.1 31.7 31.8 31.1 31.3 31.5 31.7 31.8 31.8 32.6 33.3 33.3 32 32.3 32.3 32.2 32.5 32.5 31.9 32.7 32 31.1 31.6 31.6 31.4 31.7 31.7 31.6 32.2 31.3 30.8 31.3 31.3 31.1 31.4 31.4 32.2 32.7 31.6 31.3 31.8 31.9 31.5 31.9 32 32 32.5 31.7 31.4 31.8 31.8 31.9 31.8 32 31.7 31.9 31.4 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.2 31.2 31.3 10 31.9 32.5 33.4 31.4 31.6 31.5 31.4 31.6 31.5 11 31.5 31.7 34.7 32 31.3 31.3 31.4 31.2 31.4 12 31.5 31.9 31.8 31.7 31.7 31.8 31.7 31.5 31.7 13 29.2 31.2 29.6 29.7 29.4 29.3 29.3 29.5 14 31.2 31.1 31.2 31.7 31.2 31.5 31.2 31.3 31.3 15 32 31.7 32.2 32.3 31.9 31.7 31.6 31.7 31.6 16 31.6 32 31.4 31.4 31.4 31.4 31.4 31.5 31.5 17 32.4 32.7 32.6 32.6 32.2 32 32.1 32.2 32.2 18 32.9 33.2 32.9 32.8 32.7 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.6 19 32.1 32.4 32.1 32.1 32 31.9 32 31.9 32.1 20 32.3 32.7 32.3 32.3 32.2 32.2 32.1 32.1 32.4 21 32 32.3 32 31.9 31.9 31.9 31.7 31.8 31.9 22 32.6 32.9 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.3 32.6 23 31.2 31.8 32.1 31.4 31.5 31.4 31.6 31.9 31.8 24 31.2 31.3 31.1 30.9 31.4 31.7 31.1 31.2 31.2 27 Table 9: Temperature (C) at am day T1.1 T1.2 T1.3 T2.1 T2.2 T2.3 T3.1 T3.2 T3.3 40 39.1 40.3 38.4 38.9 37.9 37.9 38.4 38.3 40.5 41.1 42 40 38.8 38.4 38.7 39.3 39.5 40.6 40.1 40.9 41.3 40.2 40.6 40.8 40.4 40.3 40 39.7 41.3 41.3 40 40.4 40.6 40.2 40.2 39.8 40 41.8 41.1 40.4 40.9 40.9 40.8 40.3 40 40 41.1 41.3 40.1 40.3 40.7 40 40.1 39.3 38.9 39.9 40.1 39.6 39.9 40.7 39.7 39.6 37.9 37.8 38.1 38.1 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.6 37.5 41.1 40.5 41.6 42.5 41.6 41.6 41.3 41.3 41.5 10 40.6 40.4 43.2 42.6 40.8 40.7 41.3 41.1 40.7 11 40.1 49.9 40.7 40.6 39.9 40.2 40.7 40 40 12 38.2 38.1 38.3 38.8 38.1 38.3 38.4 37.8 38.3 13 34.5 34.6 34 34.2 34.8 34.1 34.1 14 36.9 36.7 36.8 37.7 37.1 36.9 36.7 36.4 36.3 15 16 17 38.2 37.9 38.5 38.7 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.1 18 38 37.8 38 38 37.9 37.8 38 37.8 38 19 38.3 38.1 38.3 38.3 38.6 38.4 38.5 38.4 38 20 35.9 35.7 35.7 35.5 21 37.8 37.5 37.8 38 37.7 37.6 38.1 37.5 37.6 22 23 33.5 33.7 33.6 33.5 33.9 33.4 33.6 33.4 33.3 28 Table 10: Pond salinity (‰) day T1.1 T1.2 T1.3 T2.1 T2.2 T2.3 T3.1 T3.2 T3.3 102 103 102 82 80 83 70 70 70 102 102 101 82 82 80 73 72 72 100 100 99 88 82 83 72 71 72 103 100 101 93 88 87 80 78 76 102 100 104 94 90 87 89 80 75 107 106 110 100 90 90 80 79 76 110 110 117 110 96 97 94 86 84 114 112 118 111 98 98 90 90 84 10 115 112 102 114 102 100 94 90 88 11 118 116 102 110 105 103 96 94 90 12 120 116 110 111 107 108 96 95 92 13 62 64 56 52 54 48 50 50 14 72 72 70 60 64 63 60 57 60 15 76 78 70 64 65 60 57 56 55 16 76 76 78 62 62 60 53 52 54 17 72 78 70 66 63 60 56 53 54 18 77 80 77 60 68 62 60 56 60 19 80 80 72 70 66 64 59 56 57 20 76 80 74 70 68 63 60 58 66 21 78 80 72 70 67 66 58 57 60 22 76 82 74 70 70 66 60 60 56 23 66 64 50 50 51 50 46 47 48 24 62 60 52 52 52 52 49 47 49 29 Table 11: protein, dry matter, and VH2SO4 in the research date 17-Apr 22-Apr symbols Crude protein (%) Dry matter(gr) V (H2SO4 0.1 N) T1-1 1.49 2.00 7.33 T1-2 1.49 2.20 8.08 T1-3 1.91 2.50 7.14 T2-1 2.48 3.50 7.73 T2-2 1.23 3.20 14.2 T2-3 2.05 2.50 6.66 T3-1 3.86 4.40 6.23 T3-2 1.23 1.80 8.01 T3-3 3.43 4.00 6.38 T1-1 2.73 3.20 6.41 T1-2 1.86 2.80 8.25 T1-3 4.46 7.50 9.20 T2-1 1.90 4.20 12.1 T2-2 4.20 4.50 5.86 T2-3 2.60 3.80 8.00 T3-1 5.97 8.80 8.05 T3-2 2.49 3.80 8.35 T3-3 1.81 3.60 10.8 30 date Ngày 29-apr 5-May symbols Dry matter(gr) V (H2SO4 0.1 N) Crude protein (%) T1-1 1.84 3.50 10.4 T1-2 1.70 2.80 9.00 T1-3 1.86 2.60 7.62 T2-1 1.65 2.80 9.28 T2-2 1.38 5.50 21.8 T2-3 2.78 9.50 18.7 T3-1 3.15 8.10 14.0 T3-2 1.34 4.80 19.6 T3-3 2.78 6.80 13.4 T1-1 3.39 6.20 10.0 T1-2 4.27 6.40 8.19 T1-3 3.01 5.80 10.5 T2-1 4.20 7.80 10.2 T2-2 4.25 6.50 8.36 T2-3 5.68 8.20 7.90 T3-1 3.85 6.30 8.95 T3-2 3.86 5.80 8.22 T3-3 4.94 7.80 8.64 31 [...]... stimulate Bio-Floc formation Water level was 30 cm /pond Supplying manure in order to stimulate the water color (green water), of which a rate of 20kg /pond was used Raking to prevent lab-lab every day was necessary Treatment 1: salinity of 60 ‰ Treatment 2: salinity of 80 ‰ Treatment 3: salinity of 100 ‰ POND T 3.1 POND T2.3 POND T1.1 POND T3.2 POND T2.2 POND T1.2 Inlet POND T3.3 POND T2.1 POND T1.3 Figure... 8.8±1.06 Salinity of 100 ‰ 6.87±0.88 9.08±1.37 15.7±3.05 8.60±0.33 Comparison of bio-floc volume obtained in this experiment, it was found that the volume of bio-floc obtained in salinity 100‰ higher than the volume of bio-floc obtained at 80‰ However, based on the average amount of protein obtained, these results show that biofloc engaged with highest protein value (10.90%) at salinity 80‰ Interestingly,... very well in salinity 100 ‰ in time of 2-3 days of culture but in the next few days, there was a strong decline However, the volume of biofloc obtained very high, therefore, salinity of 100 ‰ is suitable for Bio-Floc development Table 4: The average protein obtained from samples in the research Treatment Day 2 Day 8 Day 15 Day 22 Salinity of 60 ‰ 7.52±0.44 7.95±1.27 9.01±1.24 9.58±1.10 Salinity of 80 ‰... had 3 treatments with 3 replicates each In the research, the rate of C: N was provided as 10:1 In Artemia ponds, heterotrophic bacteria can only grow well if the rate of C and N in the water is maintained at suitable ratio about 10/1 Supplying C helps the bacteria to develop, using all organic waste, metabolizing ammonia, and cleaning environment Chicken manure was used in the research to stimulate Bio-Floc... Day Results showed that, at a salinity of 100‰, H2SO4 concentration increased continuously from day 2 to day 15 and remained in high level until day 22 In the salinity of 80‰, H2SO4 increased continuously from day 2 to day 22 this shows the salinity of 80‰, H2SO4 was born very much At the salinity of 100‰ and 80‰, bio-floc did grow very well, so H2SO4 concentration was also released in high level 20 CHAPTER... techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production Aquaculture 270 (2007) 1–14 - Tat Anh Thu 2003 Effect of Soil organic matter mineralization on the growth of algae in ponds at Vinh chau, Soc trang Master Thesis in Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Cantho University, Vietnam 116 pp - Tat Anh Thu 2009 Study soil and water quality and accumulation of nutrients in aquaculture farms in Vinh chau and... - 9 Table 2: Salinity (‰) fluctuation during research period: Pond Salinity (‰) T1 89.18 ± 19.16 T2 77.50 ± 18.94 T3 68.15 ± 15.61 During the experiment, salinity was maintained stable but the experimental period was the end of the dry season, so treatment T1 only achieved average salinity of 89.18% 17 Table 3: The average volume (ml) of bio-loc obtained in all treatments at salinity of 60‰, 80‰, and... next days the volume of biofloc reduced due to deposition and death of algae 40 35 Biofloc (ml) 30 25 60 ppt 20 80 ppt 15 100 ppt 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Days Figure 6: Development of the Bio-Floc at a Salinity of 60‰, 80‰, 100‰ 18 The chart shows that at salinity of 100 ‰, bio-Floc reached the highest volume in the first eight days, at 60 ‰ and 80 ‰ bio-Floc increased continuously during the first 8 days,... ‰) - Pond management: to keep water level and salinity in sustainable 15 ‫ ٭ pond management/maintenance: - Pond was observed to monitor the growth of Bio-Floc by recording water color Bio-floc sample method: - Bio-floc sampling to measure volume: 1 liter of water in the pond experiments on a pyramid glass, after 20 minutes, recorded the volume of sediment to the bottom of the cup - Bio-floc sampling... Water sample filting Clean filter paper Water after filting Filter paper after filting Figure 4: water sampling Drying Filter paper after filting Baking To quantify TSS To quantify VSS Figure 5: TSS and VSS analysis method * Pond and brine preparation: - Before the set-up, we prepared the ponds carefully and brine was prepared about 1 month to let the water salinity increase up to the required salinity