Dictionary for textile

Full dictionary of textile terms and definitions top A Acrylic Fibre The generic name for fibres made from a synthetic linear polymer that consists of at least 85% (m/m) of acrylonitrile units or acrylonitrile copolymers (See also polyacrylonitrile fibre) Acetate Fibre The generic name for cellulose acetate fibres in which less than 92% but at least 74% of the hydroxyl groups are acetylated NOTE: These fibres were formerly referred to as "diacetate" Acid Dye An anionic dye characterised by its substantivity (q.v.) for protein fibres and polyamide fibres and usually applied from an acidic or neutral dyebath Air-Jet Loom A loom in which the weft yarn is propelled through the shed by means of a jet of air All-Over Print A fabric that has a printed pattern that covers practically the whole face of the fabric Aramid Fibre The generic name for fibres composed of synthetic linear macromolecules that have in the chain recurring amide groups, at least 85% of which are joined directly to two aromatic rings and in which imide groups may be substituted for up to 50% of the amide groups Abrasion Mark An area of localised wear characterised by the presence of excessive surface hairiness or denuded fibre and caused by chafing by, or by oblique impact with, a hard or rough surface top B Bar (Woven Fabric) A band (q.v.) that runs with clearly defined edges and that differs in appearance from the adjacent normal fabric (It may be shady and may or may not run parallel with the picks) Bar is a general term that covers the following: a) Pick Bar Starting Place A prominent band in a woven fabric that has one clearly defined edge and that gradually merges into normal fabric, and is caused by an abrupt change in pick spacing followed by gradual reversal to normal pick spacing Such a bar occurs on restarting the loom without sufficient care after: i) pick finding, ii) uneven weaving or pulling-back, or iii) prolonged loom stoppage NOTE: aa) These bars may also be referred to as "standing places" or "pulling-back places" if the precise cause is unknown bb) In knitting, the band has several courses containing stitch lengths longer than in adjacent normal courses and has resulted from a machine stop that has caused changes in warp tension Weaving Bar A band that usually shades away to normal fabric at both its edges NOTE: It owes its appearance to a change in pick spacing, and may repeat at regular intervals throughout an appreciable length or even the whole length of the piece, and is the result of some mechanical fault in the loom, e.g faulty gearing in the take-up motion, bent beam gudgeons, uneven or eccentric beam ruffles, uneven bearing surfaces at somepoint in the let-off motion, etc Bars of this type associated with the takeup or let-off motions are also referred to as "motion marks" b) Shade Bar A band that has developed a different colour from the adjacent fabric during (or subsequent to) dyeing and finishing, owing to damage to (or contamination of) otherwise normal fabric or weft yarn prior to weaving c) Tension Bar A band composed of weft yarn that has been stretched more (or less) than the normal weft prior to or during weaving NOTE: This abnormal stretch may have been imposed during winding by faulty manipulation or by some mechanical fault in the loom; during weaving by incorrect tensioning in the shuttle; or may have arisen owing to faulty yarn having been excessively moistened at some stage and stretched more than the normal yarn under normal applied tensions It may appear as a cockled bar in those cases where stretch has been sufficient (See also cockle (fabric) d) Weft Bar A band that is solid in appearance, runs parallel with the picks and contains weft that is different in material, count, filament, twist, lustre, colour or shade from the adjacent normal weft Barathea A fabric of pebbled appearance, usually of twilled hopsack weave or broken-rib weave and used for a variety of clothing purposes Barre' (Knitted Fabric) A clearly defined band (q.v.) or bands that run (s) full width across an open-width fabric or spirally in a tubular fabric, and differ (s) in appearance from the adjacent normal fabric as the result of variation of yarn characteristics NOTE: When the yarn is of a different colour (owing to differential dyeing) from that of the rest of the fabric, that defect is termed "barriness) Batch (Lot) A group of units of products of the same type, structure, colour and finish, class and composition, manufactured under essentially the same conditions and essentially at the same time, and submitted at any one time for inspection and testing Batchwise Processing The processing of materials as batches or lots in which the whole of each batch/lot is subjected to one stage of the process at a time Bedford Cord Bicomponent Fibre A fabric that, owing to the nature of the weave, shows rounded cords in the warp direction with pronounced sunken lines between them NOTE: The weave on the face of the cords is usually plain, but other weaves may be used There are weft floats that determine the width of the cords on the back, and wadding ends may be used to accentuate the prominence of the cords A fibre formed by the conjunction at a spinning jet, of two fibre-forming polymers of different properties NOTE: a) The two components may be caused to merge approximately side by side (bilaterally), concentrically or as fibrils of one component in a matrix of the other An example is the production of crimped fibre, e.g a combination of polymers of different contractive properties b) Although formed by a natural process, wool and related animal fibres may exhibit a comparable dual structure of the cortical cells Bleaching The procedure, other than by scouring only, of improving the whiteness of a textile by decolourising it from the grey state, with or without the removal of the nature colouring matter or extraneous substances (or both) NOTE: The removal of colour from dyed or printed textiles is usually called stripping (q.v.) Bleaching Agent A chemical reagent capable of bleaching, e.g oxidising agents such as sodium or calcium hypochlorite, sodium chlorite, permanganates, hydrogen peroxide, and reducing agents such as sulphur dioxide and sodium bisulphite Bleeding Loss of dye from a coloured textile in contact with a liquid, leading to the coloration of the liquid or of adjacent areas (or both) of the same or other textile (s) Blended Yarn A thread in which the different component fibres are thoroughly mixed Bobbin A cylindrical or slightly tapered barrel, with or without flanges, for holding slubbings, rovings (q.v.) or yarns (The term is usually qualified to indicate the purpose for which it is used, e.g ring bobbin, twisting bobbin, spinning bobbin, condensor bobbin, weft bobbin) Bottle Bobbin A bobbin that has a cylindrical barrel and a conical or flanged base, and from which yarn can be withdrawn over the nose, i.e the top of the barrel NOTE: The shape of the fully wound bobbin is that of a cylinder with a conical top Bow (Woven Fabric) Curvature of the warp or weft NOTE: A fabric is said to be warp-bowed or weft-bowed, according to which set of threads is curved Weft bow may or may not extend over the full width of the fabric Breaking Elongation (see Breaking Extension) Breaking Extension The extension/elongation produced by the breaking force, i.e the maximum force applied during a determination of breaking strength Breaking Strength The maximum tensile force observed during a test in which the specimen is stretched until it breaks Breaking Stress The maximum tension (expressed in Newton) developed in a specimen stretched to rupture NOTE: The force is usually related to the area of the unstrained specimen If the actual stress, defined in terms of the area of the strained specimen, is used, then its maximum value is called "actual breaking stress" Breaking Tension NOTE: Breaking tension, as defined, is independent of the acceleration due to gravity (See Breaking Stress) Bright Descriptive of textile materials, particularly man-made fibres, the normal lustre of which has not been reduce by physical or chemical means Broken End (Woven Fabric) A warp-way line where a warp yarn is absent for part or all of a piece and that is caused by a warp yarn break that has not been repaired Broken Filaments Rupture of individual filaments (usually during winding or weaving) that results in the appearance of a fibrous or hairy surface, which may be localised or general, in a fabric made from flat continuous filament yarn Broken Pick A pick that is present for only part of the fabric width Bronzing A coppery lustre on the surface of a fabric and caused by the presence of excessive dyestuff during dyeing or by precipitation of the dyestuff during the dyeing process (See also gilding) Bruised Place An area of localised compression within a fabric Beating-Up The third of the three basic motions in weaving, in which the pick of the weft yarn(s) left in the warp shed is forced to the fell (q.v.) of the fabric top C Calender A machine in which heavy bowls rotate in contact under mechanical pressure NOTE: The bowls may be unheated or one may be a thick-walled steel shell heated internally All bowls may rotate at the same surface speed, or one highly polished and heated bowl may rotate at a higher surface speed than the rest In certain specialised machines, e.g for knitted goods, two adjacent bowls may be heated, or, in the case of a laundry calender, one bowl works against a steam chest shaped to the curvature of the bowl (See also friction calendering) Calendered Finish A smooth finish obtained by passing the fabric between heavy bowls of a calender, which results in the fabric being so flattened as to close the interstices between the yarns Carbon Fibre A fibre composed of at least 90% (m/m) of carbon, and commonly produced by carbonising organic polymers in filamentary form Cavalry Twill A firm warp-faced suiting that has a steep twill weave with double twill lines separated by pronounced grooves that are formed by the weft Chaff A component in cotton of trash (q.v.) in the form of a heterogeneous assortment of vegetable fragments, most of them being small pieces of leaf, leaf bract (a small form of leaf growing beneath the boll) and stalk NOTE: Broken fragments of twig and small branches, particularly when brittle, may be broken up further in ginning and are then also regarded as "chaff" Another component of chaff is the silvery lining of the boll interior, sometimes termed "shale", particularly the partitions dividing the locules before the boll opens Cloudiness a) In a weft-knitted fabric, a defect that consists of ill-defined areas of varying density attributable to the use of yarn of irregular thickness b) In webs and slivers, a defect that consists of ill-defined areas of varying density c) In a dyed fabric, a defect that consists of random, faintly defined areas of varying density d) In a bleached fabric, a defect that consists of opaque patches, usually visible only in transmitted light Coated Fabric A textile fabric on one or both surfaces of which has been formed, in situ, a layer or layers of firmly adhering coating material Cockle (Fabric) The crimped, rippled, wavy or pebbled appearance of a fabric where distortion of the structure has occurred as the result of non-uniform relaxation or shrinkage NOTE: This defect may result from variations in the tension of the ends (q.v.) or picks at the time of weaving, from variations in the degree of stretch imposed on the yarn during earlier processes or from the differences in contraction of two or more yarns used accidentally or intentionally in the fabric The defect may be distributed over a large area of fabric or may be confined to isolated stripes, bars or streaks Colour a) The characteristic of the visual sensation that enables the eye to distinguish differences in its quality, such as may be caused by differences in the spectral distribution of light rather than by differences in spatial distribution or fluctuations with time b) As (a) above, but applied directly to the stimulus or the source (primary or secondary) giving rise to the sensation (For brevity, the stimulus is often referred to as the colour) c) The property of an object or stimulus or quality of visual sensation, distinguished by its appearance of redness, greenness, etc., in contradistinction to whiteness, greyness, blackness (i.e chromatic colour is contradistinctinve to achromatic colour) Condensation Polymer A polymer obtained when the compounds used in its formation react together, with the elimination of a further compound such as water, formaldehyde or hydrochloric acid Condition (n) The amount of moisture present in a textile in its raw, or partly or wholly manufactured form Condition (v) a) To allow textile materials (raw materials, fibres, slivers, yarns and fabrics) to come to hygroscopic equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere, or with the standard atmosphere for testing (q.v.) b) to add relatively small quantities of water to textile materials (raw materials, fibres, slivers, yarns and fabrics) NOTE: The object of conditioning is to bring textiles to an agreed moisture content for sale, or to facilitate later processing Among the methods used for applying water are: mechanical means during gilling (q.v.) or winding; the use of conditioning machines; and storing in an atmosphere of very high relative humidity Core-Spun Yarn A yarn produced at the spinning frame by feeding a yarn through the delivery rollers only, simultaneously with the spinning of the staple fibres (q.v.) NOTE: The yarn fed through at the delivery rollers only is usually known as the "core", and the other component is known as the "wrapper" The core may be of continuous-filament yarn or of spun yarn If the core is of spun yarn, the direction of its twist is usually the same as that of the complete yarn Core-spun yarns are made for decorative purposes or, more commonly, for strengthening the wrapper for facilitating subsequent processes When used for strengthening, the core may, after it has served its purpose, be removed by solvent or other chemical action, e.g the removal of calcium alginate filament yarn by an alkaline scour or of a cotton yarn by carbonising The core is often retained for strengthening the resultant fabric as is the case if nylon or polyester continuous-filament yarns are used Count of Reed The number of dents (q.v.) per centimetre Spinning The process or processes used in the production of yarns or filaments NOTE: a) This term may apply to the drafting and twisting of natural or man-made fibres (see continuous spinning, intermittent spinning, open-end spinning), to the extrusion of filaments by spiders and silkworms, or to the production of filaments from glass, metals or fibre-forming polymers b) In the spinning of man-made filaments, fibre-forming substances in the plastic or molten state, or in solution, are forced through the holes of a spinning jet (q.v.) or die at a controlled rate (extrusion) There are five general methods of spinning man-made filaments, but a combination of two (or more) of these methods may also be used They are the following: Dispersion Spinning The process in which polymers that tend to be infusible, insoluble and generally interactable (e.g polytetrafluoroethylene) are dispersed as fine particles in a carrier, such a sodium aliginate or sodium xanthate solutions, which permits extrusion into fibres, after which the dispersed polymer is coalesced by a heating process; the carrier is removed either by a heating or by a dissolving process Dry Spinning The process in which a solution of the polymer is extruded into a heated chamber to remove the solvent and leave the solid filament Melt Spinning The process as used in the manufacture of nylon in which the fibre-forming polymer is melted and extruded into air or other gas or a suitable liquid, where it is cooled and solidified Reaction Spinning The process in which polymerisation is achieved during the extrusion through spinning jet (q.v.) system of reactants Wet Spinning The process as used in the manufacture of viscose rayon in which the solution of the polymer is extruded into coagulating media where the polymer is regenerated c) In the bast fibre and leaf fibre industries, the terms "dry spinning" and "wet spinning" refer to the spinning of fibres in the drystate and in the wet state, respectively Selvedge, Jacquard A selvedge that has a jacquard-woven pattern or lettering Split Weft A continous-filament thread that has lost some of its filaments, usually as a result of abrasion or excessive tension during winding or weft insertion and that appears as a thin yarn Selvedge, Tight A selvedge that is tighter than the adjacent fabric owing to incorrect balance of the fabric structure between the ground and the selvedges, or owing to the selvedge ends being woven at too high a tension top T Tearing Strength (Fabric) The resistance to the force that is required to start or to continue a tear in a fabric when tested under prescribed conditions appropriate to the fabric Temple Marking Tenacity A disturbance of the weave adjacent to the edge of a fabric and caused by a poorly adjusted temple The maximum specific strength of a fibre or yarn that is developed in a tensile test taken to rupture point Tensile Strength The breaking strength (q.v.) per unit area of the cross-section of a textile material NOTE: The use of this term as a synonym for "breaking strength" is incorrect Tex The basic unit of the tex system (q.v.) and that is equal to one gram per kilometre NOTE: The multiple and submultiples recommended for use are the following: Kilograms per kilometre kilotex (ktex) Milligrams per kilometre millitex (mtex) Decigrams per kilometre .decitex (dtex) Tex System Textile (n) The direct decimal system based on metric units that has been adopted by ISO as a universal system for designating the linear density of fibres, filaments, slivers and yarns Any item manufactured from natural or man-made fibres or filaments, e.g yarns, threads, cords, ropes, braids, lace, embroidery, nets and fabrics made by weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, bonding and tufting Textured Yarn A yarn that has been so processed as to introduce durable crimps (q.v.), coils, loops or other fine distortions along the length of the fibres or filaments NOTE: a) The main texturing processes usually applied to continuous-filament yarns made from or containing thermoplastic fibres, are as follows: The yarn is highly twisted, heat-set and untwisted, either as a continuous process (false twisting) or as a three-stage process The yarn is passed through a heated "stuffer box" (stuffer box crimping) The heated yarn is passed over a knife edge (edge crimping) The heated yarn is passed between a pair of geared wheels or some similar device (gear crimping) The yarn is knitted into a fabric, heat-set and unravelled (knit-deknit) Loops are formed in individual filaments by over-feeding into a turbulent airstream (air-textured) Bicomponent Fibres (q.v.) are differentially shrunk b) Processes (1) and (3) above produce yarns of a generally high stretch character This stretch character is frequently reduced by reheating the yarn in a state where it is only partly relaxed from the fully extended condition, thus producing a yarn with the bulkiness little reduced but with a much reduced retractive power c) Fabrics that contain textured yarns have increased bulk, opacity, and moisture absorbency and improved thermal insulation properties with a warmer handle (q.v.); some textured yarns also confer extensible or "stretch" properties on fabrics made from them Thermoplastic Textile A textile that is deformable (but not changed chemically) by the application of heat and pressure NOTE: The salient feature is that the deformation can be repeated Thick Place A prominent band (q.v.) in which there is an increase in the pick density of a woven fabric or in the stitch density of a knitted fabric, compared with that of the normal fabric Thin Place A prominent band (q.v.) in which there is a decrease in the pick density of a woven fabric or in the stitch density of a knitted fabric, compared with that of the normal fabric Thread Threads Per Square Centimetre a) The result of twisting together, in one or more operations, two or more single, folded or cabled yarns (see under yarn) b) A product as defined in (a) above and intended primarily for sewing purposes and known as a sewing thread c) A component of silk yarn, and that is the product of winding together, without twist, a number of baves (q.v.), e.g a 3-thread silk yarn is the result of folding three such products together NOTE: The term "thread" is frequently used to describe single yarns The term "thread" is also used in such expressions as "threads per unit length", irrespective of their nature The sum of the number of warps threads per centimetre and the number of weft threads per centimetre in a woven fabric Threads Per Unit Length (Woven Fabrics) The number of warp threads (ends) or the number of weft threads (picks) in a specified length of fabric NOTE: a) The unit of length is usually taken as the centimetre, but with fabrics that have less than 10 threads per centimetre, it is advisable to use a unit length of decimetre (10cm) b) With fabrics that have more than 10 threads per centimetre, the actual count may be taken over 2cm, 3cm or 5cm and the result given by calculation in threads per centimetre c) Counting may be done at the following stages of manufacture: Finished The count is taken when no further processing in the piece is prescribed In all cases, the condition of the fabric at the time the count was taken should be noted In the Loom The position of the count should be agreed on It is usually taken between the fell of the fabric and the takeup roller, with the fabric under weaving tension Loomstate The count is taken after the fabric has been removed from the loom and relaxed from weaving tension, but before it is subjected to any further treatment that may modify its dimensions Thrum A waste length of warp (yarn) or of fabric, or both, formed during the preparation of a loom for weaving NOTE: a) A thrum may be formed as follows: During the adjustment of a loom at the commencement of the weaving of the warp When the loom is correctly adjusted, the portion of the warp that contains picks inserted for testing the adjustment of the loom mechanism is cut off During warp replenishment in a loom The old warp is twisted or knotted to the new warp and, if the new warp is drawn through by weaving, the point in the woven fabric at which the twisted or knitted warp ends occur is called a "through" because the fabric is cut through to remove the thrum containing the imperfect fabric formed by the twisted or knotted warp ends During loom operations away from the loom In the above cases, a thrum consists of portions of the old and the new warp ends twisted or knotted together b) A thrum may also be: A length of warp ends cut from the warp for the purpose of: (i) evaluating the percentage of applied size; (ii) repairing end-breakages in the warp concerned; Any loose end(s) of warp; A bundle of coarse yarns tied together by twine for use in making a mop Tight End A warp thread or part of a warp thread that has less crimp in the fabric than have the adjacent normal ends NOTE: This may be owing to weaving under greater tension or to abnormal stretching of the yarn during some process prior to weaving It may be caused by excess moisture, e.g during winding, and consequent contraction during finishing Tight Pick Twill Twist A weft thread or part of a weft thread that has less crimp than have the adjacent normal picks NOTE: This may be owing to a weft yarn having been inserted under greater tension than that imposed on the other weft yarns, or to the relaxation of a weft yarn subsequent to insertion, or to abnormal stretching of a yarn during some process prior to weaving It may also be caused by the presence of excess moisture, e.g during winding, and consequent contraction during finishing (See also shiner) a) A weave that repeats on three or more ends and picks and produces diagonal lines on the face of the fabric b) A fabric that has the above weave NOTE: The diagonal lines produced on the surface of the fabric by a twill weave are often referred to as the twill in such phrases as "a prominent twill", "a broken twill", "unwanted twill" Unwanted twill may arise as a defect in satin fabrics, the intensity of the unwanted twill depending on the fabric structure, the weave and the number of ends (q.v.) per dent (q.v.) in the reed a) The spiral disposition of the component (s) of a yarn and that is usually the result of relative rotation of the extremities of the yarn (s) b) The number of turns per unit length of yarn, e.g turns per metre NOTE: Twist Designation: Twist in Single Yarns S twist Z twist Twist in Folded Yarns ZS twist SZ twist ZZ twist -on-twist (q.v.) SS twist -on-twist (q.v.) Twist in Cabled Yarns ZSZ twist (formerly "cabled twist") ZZS twist (formerly "hawser twist") The first symbol designates the direction of twist in a single yarn, the second symbol designates the direction of twist in the folding operation, and the third symbol the direction of twist in the cabling operation Twist Factor A measure of the "twist hardness" of a single yarn, determined by the multiplication of the turns per unit length by the square root of the linear density of the tex system Twist Liveliness The effect caused by unbalanced torsional forces in any yarn, and of sufficient magnitude to give rise to difficulties in processing or defects in the resulting fabric NOTE: Examples of this are snarling (see snarl) in processing and spirality (q.v.) in knitted fabric top U Uneven Dyeing A dyed area of variable colour top V Viscose A solution obtained by dissolving cellulose xanthate in a dilute solution of caustic soda Viscose Fibre The generic name for fibres formed by the regeneration of cellulose from viscose (q.v.) by treatment with a solution of electrolytes (salts and acids) (See also spinning bath) Viscosity a) General The internal resistance to flow of a fluid b) Cellulose A term applied specifically to signify the viscosity (see (a) above) of a standard solution of cellulose in cuprammonium hydroxide solution of specified copper and ammonia content NOTE: The flow behaviour of a mixing is best described by a flow curve relating apparent viscosity (in mPa.s) to shearing stress (in Pa) If the shearing stresses operative in the sizing were known, the apparent viscosities of the mixings at these stresses would be related to their sizing behaviour Without this knowledge, measurements at some arbitrary stress (say 100 Pa) have to be used These are of value in characterising a particular type of size and can often be related to the take-up of size by the warp top W Warp (n) a) Threads lengthways in a fabric as woven b) A number of threads in long lengths and approximately parallel, which may be in various forms intended for weaving, knitting, doubling, sizing, dyeing or lace-making Warp (v) To arrange threads in long lengths parallel to one another preparatory to further processing NOTE: In addition to beaming, the following methods of warping are practised: ball warping, cross-ball warping and chain warping The primary stage of these methods of warping is the withdrawal of the ends from a warping creel and their assembly in rope form, a form that may conveniently be used for wet processing For convenience of handling, this rope may be: a) wound into a ball (ball warping); b) machine-wound onto a wooden roller into a cross-ball cheese (cross-ball or cheese-ball warping); c) shortened into a link chain (chain warping) A number of these ropes may be assembled into a complete warp on a beam in a dressing frame, or may be split and dressed and incorporated in warps made by other methods (See also section warping) Warp Bow Deviation of the warp yarn from a straight line; alternatively, curvature of the warp yarns Washing Liquor An aqueous detergent solution used for the physical removal of extraneous substances from textile materials Water-Repellent A type of finish applied to a textile fabric and that prevents the spreading of globules of water over its surface NOTE: The term is normally not applied to a water-repellent finish that is impervious to air; this is generally referred to as "waterproof" Weathering a) The action of atmospheric agencies or elements on substances exposed to them b) The discoloration, disintergration, etc., that results from this action Weave (n) The pattern of the interlacing of warp and weft in a woven fabric (q.v.) Weave (v) To form a fabric by the interlacing of warp and weft Weft a) Width-way threads as woven in a fabric b) Yarn intended for use as in (a) above Wick A woven or a braided narrow fabric or a yarn or a group of yarns that has/have particularly good capillary properties Woven Fabric A fabric produced by interlacing warp and weft top Y Yarn A textile product of substantial length and relatively small cross-section and that consists of fibres (q.v.) or filament(s) (q.v.) (or both) with or without twist NOTE: a) Assemblies of fibres or filaments are usually given other names during the stages that lead to the production of yarn, e.g tow, slubbing, sliver, roving (q.v.) Except in the case of continuous-filament fibres or tape yarns, any tensile strength possessed by assemblies at these stages would generally be the minimum that would hold them together during processing b) Staple, continuous-filament and monofilament yarns are included c) No distinction is made between single and cabled yarns d) Zero-twist and self-twist staple yarns are included e) Zero-twist continuous-filament yarns are included f) By the definition of fibre and filament, paper, metal-film and glass yarns are included Yarn, Cabled Two or more yarns (at least one of which is folded) (see yarn, doubled) that have been twisted together in one or more operations NOTE: a) Combinations of folded yarns and single yarns may be described as cabled yarns, e.g a single yarn is twisted together with two folded yarns to give softness to the resulting yarn b) In the tyre-yarn and cord sections of the textile industry, cabled yarns are termed "cable cords" or "cords" These terms include two-fold continuous-filament man-made fibre yarns, a traditional example being 830 dtex rayon cord, single twist 480 t/m (Z), and cabled twist 480 t/m (S) c) For terms concerning twist designation in cabled yarns, see twist (b) Yarn, Doubled A yarn in which two or more single yarns are twisted together in one operation, e.g two-fold yarn, three-fold yarn, etc NOTE:In some sections of the textile industry, e.g the marketing of hand-knitting yarns, these yarns would be referred to as "two-ply", "three-ply", etc [...]... pattern Moisture Content The mass of water in any form in a textile, determined by using prescribed methods and expressed as a percentage of the mass of the moist textile (See also moisture regain) Moisture Regain The mass of water in any form in a textile, determined by using prescribed methods and expressed as a percentage of the mass of the dried textile Monofilament Yarn A yarn composed of one... example, where the fibres are in a state of considerable disarray, the extent of a fibre after it has been passed through one or more drawing processes If, for any reason, a fibre is subject to a stretching force, its extent in the direction of the force may be greater than its straightened length c) Staple Length A measurement by which a sample of fibrous raw material is characterised according to its... result: a) A substance or a mixture of substances added to textile materials at any stage to impart desired properties b) The type of process, physical or chemical, applied to produce a desired effect c) Such properties, for example smoothness, drape, lustre, or crease resistance, produced by (a) or (b) above (or both) d) The state of the textile material as it leaves a previous processor NOTE: The... substance that is added to a textile (uncoloured or coloured) to increase the apparent light reflectance in the visible region by the conversion of ultraviolet radiation into visible light and so to increase the apparent brightness or whiteness of the textile top G Grey Goods ... complete yarn Core-spun yarns are made for decorative purposes or, more commonly, for strengthening the wrapper for facilitating subsequent processes When used for strengthening, the core may, after... form in a textile, determined by using prescribed methods and expressed as a percentage of the mass of the moist textile (See also moisture regain) Moisture Regain The mass of water in any form... dyed or finished textile and that runs approximately in the length direction NOTE: The marks are caused during wet processing in the rope form and may be the result of: a) for formation of creases