Island tourism development on the pulau segayang, riau, indonesia

ISLAND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ON PULAU SEGAYANG, RIAU, INDONESIA NAIR SEETA (B A.), NUS A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Returning to study after a period of being away has been difficult but challenging This endeavour has been a pleasant and rewarding journey due to the support of many people and I would like to take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to: My supervisor, Associate Professor Wong Poh Poh, for his guidance and advice throughout my candidature, without whom I would be struggling to achieve a focus in my studies; Mr Ng Kee Yam, for his time, generosity and friendship, I wish him success in his business establishments; The resort staff of Coral Cove Resort for looking after me during my many trips to the island and taking time to speak to me; Associate Professors T.C Chang & Peggy Teo for their valuable comments during my GRS Seminar; The staff of the Department of Geography, in particular Miss Pauline Lee, for her friendship, patience and understanding; Mr Tow Fui for searching out relevant test kits for me; and Mr Yong Sock Ming for helping with my numerous computer queries and problems; Sarah for teaching me how to draw my own maps; Chih Yuan, Songguang, Harng Luh, Monica, Daryl & Desmond not only for their immense help in my adjustment as a student but also for the endless laughter and fun that we’ve shared; My family, for understanding my pursuit of being a life-long student; And finally to Germaine, for your support, thank you i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii SUMMARY vi LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF PLATES ix LIST OF BOXES x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Island Tourism Development in Indonesia 1.1.2 Island Tourism Development in Riau, Indonesia 1.1.3 Island Tourism Development on Pulau Segayang, Riau, Indonesia 1.2 Aim & Objectives 12 1.3 Overview of Chapters 13 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW & CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 16 2.1 2.1.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Overview of Chapter Two 16 Islands 17 2.2.1 Island Geography 17 2.2.2 The Lure of Islands 20 2.3 Island Tourism Development .22 2.3.1 Island Resorts – Tourism Development at the Pleasure Periphery 25 2.3.2 Sustainable Island Tourism Development 28 2.3.3 Nature-Based Tourism & Ecotourism 31 ii 2.4 Voices That Care 34 2.4.1 Island Tourists 35 2.4.2 Local Communities 37 2.4.3 Entrepreneurs & Tour Operators 40 2.4.4 Governmental Interests 42 2.4.5 Environmental Concerns 44 2.5 Conceptual Framework 48 2.6 Chapter Summary 51 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY .53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Research Methods 54 3.2.1 Interviews 58 3.2.2 Quantitative Survey .61 3.2.3 Group Discussions & Contributions from CJC Students 63 3.2.4 Field Observations .64 3.2.5 Descriptive Analysis of Physical Changes & Impacts .65 3.3 Personal Reflections 67 3.4 Chapter Summary 70 CHAPTER FOUR: ENTREPRENEURIAL ROLE & VISION 72 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Entrepreneurship & Management 72 4.2.1 Personal Philosophy & Operational Visions 72 4.2.2 Development Model of Coral Cove Resort 76 4.3 Resort Staff 78 4.3.1 Staff Profile 78 4.3.2 Duties & Operational Responsibilities .80 4.3.3 Staff-Guests Interactions 81 iii 4.4 Resort Infrastructure 82 4.4.1 Accommodation – Rooms on Land & Sea Village 82 4.4.2 Kitchen & Common Dining Area 90 4.4.3 Kelong & Jetty .92 4.4.4 Power Generation – Electricity 95 4.4.5 Freshwater Wells 95 4.4.6 Waste Management – Septic Tanks & Landfills 97 4.5 Impact on Island Environment 100 4.6 Lesson Learnt for Resort Management 104 4.6.1 Waste Management 104 4.6.2 Managing Financial Expenditure .105 4.7 Chapter Summary 107 CHAPTER FIVE: ISLAND NEIGHBOURS & GUESTS 108 5.1 Introduction 108 5.2 Island Neighbours 108 5.2.1 Pulau Petong 110 5.2.2 Involvement of Local Communities 113 5.2.3 Peripheral Isolation 118 5.3 Island Tourists 120 5.3.1 Profile of Guests to Pulau Segayang 120 5.3.2 The Lure of Pulau Segayang 123 5.3.3 Marketing & Promotion 126 5.3.4 Environmental Education 129 5.4 Chapter Summary 133 CHAPTER SIX: EXTERNAL INFLUENCES .135 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Governmental Influences 136 6.2.1 Island Tourism in Indonesia .136 6.2.2 Relevant Government Agencies 140 iv 6.2.3 Foreign Ownership & Legal Issues 143 6.3 Dive/Fishing & Tour Operators 147 6.4 Chapter Summary 151 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION 152 7.1 7.1.1 Island Tourism Development on Pulau Segayang .152 7.2 Recommendations 157 Concluding Words .159 REFERENCES .161 Appendix I: Questionnaire for Guests of Coral Cove Resort 180 v SUMMARY Tropical islands are the epitome symbol of paradise and carefree relaxation, and at the same time are repositories for fragile ecosystems The combination of the tourism industry plus the physical systems on an island brings with it a host of issues and problems in the management and operation of tourism, and its reconciliation with the natural environment Unfortunately, we still have little understanding of these issues and problems My research chronicles the impacts and changes that are taking place on a particular tropical island – Pulau Segayang, Riau, Indonesia, which is currently undergoing tourism development by way of an island resort, Coral Cove Resort- to develop a better understanding of these interrelated changes The aims of this research are to examine in-depth the development of island tourism on one of Riau’s smaller islands; uncover the significant issues that impact upon the physical, cultural, political and economic spheres that interact through the development of island tourism on Pulau Segayang; and highlight the lessons learnt that may be applicable in developing a nature-based island tourism development model for the Riau islands Keywords: Riau, island tourism development, nature-based tourism vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1: Visitor Arrivals to Indonesia 2000 - 2006 Table 2-1: Assessing Island Tourism Development 24 Table 2-2: Research Approaches on Island Resorts 27 Table 2-3: Examples of Sustainable Island Tourism Development Strategies 30 Table 2-4: Local Communities & Island Tourism .38 Table 3-1: Summary of Research Trips & Objectives .55 Table 3-2: Research Methods Employed 57 Table 3-3: List of Interviewees 60 Table 3-4: Presence-Absence Test of Coliform Bacteria in Pulau Segayang’s Freshwater Sources 67 Table 4-1: Staff Duties .80 Table 4-2: Rooms & Occupancy Potential of Coral Cove Resort .83 Table 4-3: Impacts from the Development of Coral Cove Resort on Pulau Segayang 100 Table 4-4: Utilising Sustainable Tourism Development Indicators 102 Table 4-5: Developing Pulau Segayang’s Waste Management System 105 Table 5-1: Profile of Guests to Coral Cove Resort who were Surveyed 121 Table 5-2: Factors in Choosing Pulau Segayang as an Island Holiday Destination 124 Table 5-3: Different Ways Guests are Introduced to Coral Cove Resort 127 Table 5-4: Price Structure for Guests to Coral Cove Resort 128 Table 5-5: Students’ Responses to their Experience on the Island 133 Table 6-1: Comparison of Four Indonesian Island Tourism Development Models 138 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: Map of Indonesia Figure 1-2: Context Map Showing Riau Islands, Indonesia and Singapore Figure 1-3: Map of Riau Islands Figure 1-4: Island Sketch of Pulau Segayang 10 Figure 2-1: Situating Island Tourism within Lawton & Weaver’s (2000) Tourism Continuum 32 Figure 2-2: Symbiotic Relationships in Ecotourism 34 Figure 2-3: Pulau Segayang’s Island Tourism Development Framework 49 Figure 4-1: Mr Ng’s Indonesia & Singapore Linkages .75 Figure 4-2: Layout of Rooms .84 Figure 4-3: Layout Plan of Beach Room .86 Figure 5-1: Map Depicting Pulau Petong’s Three Villages .111 Figure 7-1: Timeline of Development Changes on Pulau Segayang .154 viii LIST OF PLATES Plate 3-1: LaMotte Coliform Test Kit – Unused Test Tubes .66 Plate 3-2: Positive Coliform Test Result .67 Plate 4-1: Overview of Beach Rooms on Land Facing South .85 Plate 4-2: Beach Rooms .86 Plate 4-3: Jetty Rooms 88 Plate 4-4: Toilet Facilities with Decorative Coral Shells 89 Plate 4-5: Construction of the Longhouse 90 Plate 4-6: Completed Longhouse .90 Plate 4-7: Common Dining Area 92 Plate 4-8: Outdoor Veranda Attached to the Dining Area 92 Plate 4-9: Pulau Segayang’s Second Kelong .93 Plate 4-10: Wooden Poles Utilised in the Construction of the Kelong and Jetty 94 Plate 4-11: Raising the Kelong Net 94 Plate 4-12: Two Freshwater Wells .96 Plate 4-13: Septic Drum Under Jetty Room 98 Plate 4-14: Disposal of Solid Waste on Pulau Segayang 99 Plate 5-1: Housing Conditions in Pulau Petong .111 Plate 5-2: Petong Timur .112 Plate 5-3: Sekolar Dasar Galang .113 Plate 5-4: CJC Students Interacting with the Children of Pulau Petong 116 Plate 5-5: Preparing Clothes for Donation .116 ix Henderson, K A (1991) Dimensions of Choice: A Qualitative Approach to Recreation, Parks and Leisure Research, Venture, State College, PA Hidayati, D (2003) Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program in Indonesia, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Surfing Reef Symposium, 22nd - 25th June, Raglan, New Zealand, pp.303-319 Hill, H (2001) Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia - Old Policy Challenges for a New Administration, Asian Survey 41(2), pp.248-270 Hitchcock, M (2001) Tourism and Total Crisis in Indonesia: The Case of Bali, Asia Pacific Business Review 8(2), pp.101-120 Hong, S.-H (2002) The Participation Methods of Local Residents in the Festivals of Jeju Island, in The Economic Impact of Tourism in the Islands of Asia and the Pacific, World Tourism Organisation, Jeju City, Jeju Province, Republic of Korea, pp.84-92 Hudoyo, M (2006) Travel Trade Gazette Asia - Jun 30 - Jul 6, 2006 / No.1489 Repackaging Riau, , (accessed 2nd Nov 2006) Inskeep, E and Kallenberger, M (1992) An Integrated Approach to Resort Development: Six Case Studies, World Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain Ioannides, D and Petersen, T (2003) Tourism 'Non-Entrepreneurship' in Peripheral Destinations: A Case Study of Small and Medium Enterprises on Bornholm, Denmark, Tourism Geographies 5(4), pp.408-435 IUCN – The World Conservation Union (2002) The Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program - Phase I Evaluation Report, IUCN - The World Conservation Union Jamal, T (2004) Conflict in Natural Area Destinations: A Critique of Representation and 'Interest' in Participatory Processes, Tourism Geographies 6(3), pp.352379 Janesick, V J (2000) The Choreography of Qualitative Research Design Minuets, Improvisations, and Crystallization in Denzin, N K and Lincoln, Y S (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Research (Second Edition), Sage Publications, Incorporated, California, USA, pp.379-398 Jennings, G (2001) Tourism Research, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Queensland, Australia Johnston, C S (2001a) Shoring the Foundations of the Destination Life Cycle Model, Part 1: Ontological and Epistemological Considerations, Tourism Geographies 3(1), pp.2-28 169 Johnston, C S (2001b) Shoring the Foundations of the Destination Life Cycle Model, Part 2: A Case Study of Kona, Hawai'i Island, Tourism Geographies 3(2), pp.135-164 Kenchington, R A (1990) Managing Marine Environments, Taylor & Francis, New York, USA Kenchington, R A (1991) Tourism Development in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Ocean and Shoreline Management 15(1), pp.57-78 Kenji, T and Siegel, J (1990) Invincible Kitsch or as Tourists in the Age of Des Alwi, Indonesia 50(October 1990), pp.61-76 Kerr, J (1991) Making Dollars and Sense out of Ecotourism, in Proceedings of Conference on Developing, Financing and Managing Leisure and Tourism Projects in the Growth Triangle: Explore the Opportunities in Developing Singapore, Johore and Riau Islands as the Caribbean of the East, Singapore, pp.2-20 Kerr, S A (2005) What Is Small Island Sustainable Development About?, Ocean and Coastal Management 48(7-8), pp.503-524 Kim, K.-H and Uysal, M (2002) Sustainable Strategies and Prospects for Small Tourist Islands in Apostolopoulos, Y and Gayle, D J (Eds.) Island Tourism and Sustainable Development: Caribbean, Pacific and Mediterranean Experiences, Praeger Publishers, London, UK, pp.273-292 King, B (1997) Creating Island Resorts, Routledge, London, UK King, B (2001) Resort-Based Tourism on the Pleasure Periphery in Harrison, D (Ed.) Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies, CABI Publishing, Oxon, London, pp.175-190 King, R (1993) The Geographical Fascination of Islands in Lockhart, D G., Drakakis-Smith, D and Schembri, J (Eds.) The Development Process in Small Island States, Routledge, London, UK, pp.13-37 Knight, D., Mitchell, B and Wall, G (1997) Bali: Sustainable Development, Tourism and Coastal Management, Ambio 26(2), pp.90-96 Kokkranikal, J., McLellan, R and Baum, T (2003) Island Tourism and Sustainability: A Case Study of the Lakshadweep Islands, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 11(5), pp.426-447 Kontogeorgopoulos, N (2005) Community-Based Ecotourism in Phuket and Ao Phangnga, Thailand: Partial Victories and Bittersweet Remedies, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 13(1), pp.4-23 170 Kumar, S (1994) Johor-Singapore-Riau Growth Triangle: A Model of Subregional Cooperation in Thant, M., Tang, M and Kakazu, H (Eds.) Growth Triangles in Asia - A New Approach to Regional Economic Cooperation, published for Asian Development Bank by Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, pp.175217 Lawton, L and Weaver, D (2000) Nature-Based Tourism and Ecotourism in Faulkner, B., Moscardo, G and Laws, E (Eds.) Tourism in the 21st Century Lessons from Experience, Continuum, London, UK, pp.34-48 Lew, A A (1998) The Asia-Pacific Ecotourism Industry: Putting Sustainable Tourism into Practice in Hall, C M and Lew, A A (Eds.) Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective, Longman Publishing, Harlow, England, pp.92-106 Lew, A A and Hall, C M (1998) The Geography of Sustainable Tourism: Lessons and Prospects in Hall, C M and Lew, A A (Eds.) Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective, Longman Publishing, Harlow, England, pp.199203 Lim, C and McAleer, M (2005) Ecologically Sustainable Tourism Management, Environmental Modelling and Software 20(11), pp.1431-1438 Litvin, S W and Ng, S S L (2001) The Destination Attribute Management Model: An Empirical Application to Bintan, Indonesia, Tourism Management 22(5), pp.481-492 Liu, Z (2003) Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 11(6), pp.459-475 Lockhart, D G (1997) Islands and Tourism: An Overview in Lockhart, D G and Drakakis-Smith, D (Eds.) Island Tourism Trends and Prospects, Pinter, London, England, pp.3-20 Long, V H and Wall, G (1995) Small-Scale Tourism Development in Bali in Conlin, M V and Baum, T (Eds.) Island Tourism: Management Principles and Practice, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, West Sussex, UK, pp.237-257 Long, V H and Wall, G (1996) Case Study: Successful Tourism in Nusa Lembongan, Indonesia?, Tourism Management 17(1), pp.43-50 Louw, H A and Smart, A (1998) Social Aspects of Tourism and Development in Tisdell, C A and Roy, K C (Eds.) Tourism and Development: Economic, Social, Political and Environmental Issues, Nova Science Publishers, Inc, Commack, New York, USA, pp.69-91 Loveard, K (1999) Suharto Indonesia's Last Sultan, Horizon Books Pte Ltd, Singapore 171 Lundtorp, S and Wanhill, S (2001) The Resort Lifecycle Theory Generating Processes and Estimation, Annals of Tourism Research 28(4), pp.947-964 Mack, J (2004) Inhabiting the Imaginary: Factory Women at Home on Batam Island, Indonesia, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 25(2), pp.156-179 Macleod, D V L (2004) Tourism, Globalisation and Cultural Change An Island Community Perspective, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK Madin, E M P and Fenton, D M (2004) Environmental Interpretation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: An Assessment of Programme Effectiveness, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 12(2), pp.121-137 Mahendra, A C., Lam, A., Bazylewich, M., Buenbrazo, D and Woon, C K (1997) The Social, Economic and Political Impact of Industrial Transformation in the Riau Islands, National University of Singapore, Singapore Manning, R., Wang, B., Valliere, W., Lawson, S and Newman, P (2002) Research to Estimate and Manage Carring Capacity of a Tourist Attraction: A Study of Alcatraz Island, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10(5), pp.388-404 Mason, S and Moore, S A (1998) Using the Sorensen Network to Assess the Potential Effects of Ecotourism on Two Australian Marine Environments, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 6(2), pp.143-154 McCue, J (2005) Coastal Management into 2020 - the Risks to the Tourism Industry in the Pacific, in Tourism Investment Conference Creating Partnerships, Fiji, pp.1-17 McElroy, J L (2006) Small Island Tourist Economies across the Life Cycle, Asia Pacific Viewpoint 47(1), pp.61-77 McElroy, J L and de Albuquerque, K (2002) Problems for Managing Sustainable Tourism in Small Islands in Apostolopoulos, Y and Gayle, D J (Eds.) Island Tourism and Sustainable Development: Caribbean, Pacific and Mediterranean Experiences, Praeger Publishers, London, UK, pp.15-31 McKercher, B and Robbins, B (1998) Business Development Issues Affecting Nature-Based Tourism Operators in Australia, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 6(2), pp.173-188 Middleton, V and Hawkins, R (1994) Occasional Studies: Practical Environmental Policies in Travel and Tourism - Part II: Airlines, Tour Operators and Destinations, EIU Travel and Tourism Analyst 1(-), pp.83-97 Miller, M L (1993) The Rise of Coastal and Marine Tourism, Ocean and Coastal Management 20(3), pp.181-199 172 Milne, S S (1998) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Exploring the GlobalLocal Nexus in Hall, C M and Lew, A A (Eds.) Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective, Longman Publishing, Harlow, England, pp.35-48 Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2006) Tourism - Visitor Arrivals to Indonesia 2000 - 2006, , (accessed 3rd March 2007) Ministry of Education (2004) Ministry of Education Singapore: Education System, , (accessed 18th June 2007) Mitchell, R E and Reid, D G (2001) Community Integration Island Tourism in Peru, Annals of Tourism Research 28(1), pp.113-139 Morgan, M (1994) Homogenous Products: The Future of Established Resorts in Theobald, W F (Ed.) Global Tourism the Next Decade, ButterworthHeinemann Ltd, Oxford, UK, pp.378-395 Moscardo, G (1999) Supporting Ecologically Sustainable Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef: The Importance of Visitor Research, in Molloy, J and Davies, J (Eds.) Tourism & Hospitality: Delighting the Senses, Part One Proceedings of the Ninth Australian Tourism & Hospitality Research Conference, Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE) National Research Conference, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, pp.236-253 Moscardo, G (2000) Understanding Wildlife Tourism Market Segments: An Australian Marine Study, Human Dimensions of Wildlife 5(2), pp.36-53 Moscardo, G and Kim, E (1999) Social Science Research Needs for Sustainable Coastal and Marine Tourism, in Saxena, N (Ed.) Recent Advances in Marine Science and Technology 1998, Korea Ocean Research Development Institute, Seoul, Korea, pp.269-278 Mowforth, M and Munt, I (1998) Tourism and Sustainability New Tourism in the Third World, Routledge, London, UK Mundet, L and Ribera, L (2001) Characteristics of Divers at a Spanish Resort, Tourism Management 22(5), pp.501-510 National Youth Achievement Award Council (2006) National Youth Achievement Award, , (accessed 17th Dec 2006) Newsome, D., Dowling, R K and Moore, S A (2002) Natural Area Tourism: Ecology, Impacts, and Management, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, Buffalo, UK Nuun, P D (1994) Oceanic Islands, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, UK 173 Orams, M (1995) Using Interpretation to Manage Nature-Based Tourism, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 4(2), pp.81-94 Orams, M (1997) The Effectiveness of Environmental Education: Can We Turn Tourists into 'Greenies'?, Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 3(4), pp.295-306 Orams, M (1999) Marine Tourism: Development, Impacts and Management, Routledge, London, UK Orams, M (2000) Tourists Getting Close to Whales, Is It What Whale-Watching Is All About?, Tourism Management 21(5), pp.561-569 Osman, S (2006a) Indonesia May Lease Islands to Boost Tourism, The Straits Times, 7th April 2006, Singapore Osman, S (2006b) Making Riau Islands Investor-Friendly, The Sunday Times, July 16th, Singapore Pangestu, M (1991) An Indonesian Perspective in Lee, T Y (Ed.) Growth Triangle the Johor-Singapore-Riau Experience, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, pp.77-115 Papatheodorou, A (2004) Exploring the Evolution of Tourism Resorts, Annals of Tourism Research 31(1), pp.219-237 Pattullo, P (1996) Last Resorts: The Cost of Tourism in the Caribbean, Cassell, London, UK Pearce, D G (1979) Towards a Geography of Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research 6(3), pp.245-272 Pearce, P (1993) Fundamentals of Tourist Motivation in Pearce, D G and Butler, R W (Eds.) Tourism Research Critiques and Challenges, Routledge, London, UK, pp.113-134 Periplus (2002) Periplus Editions [HK] Ltd., Singapore Pieters, R and Gevers, D (1995) A Framework for Tourism Development on Fragile Island Destinations: The Case of Bonaire in Conlin, M V and Baum, T (Eds.) Island Tourism: Management Principles and Practice, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, West Sussex, UK, pp.124-132 Pizam, A (1994) Planning A Tourism Research Investigation in Ritchie, J R B and Goeldner, C R (Eds.) Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Research (Second Edition), John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, New York, USA., pp.91-104 Potter, R B and Phillips, J (2004) The Rejuvenation of Tourism in Barbados 19932003 Reflections on the Butler Model, Geography 89(3), pp.240-247 174 Prideaux, B (2004) The Resort Development Spectrum: The Case of the Gold Coast, Australia, Tourism Geographies 6(1), pp.26-58 Pringle, F (2002) The Economic Impact of Island Tourism on Local Communities the Jamaican Experience, in The Economic Impact of Tourism in the Islands of Asia and the Pacific, World Tourism Organization, Jeju City, Jeju Province, Republic of Korea, pp.120-125 Rabin, K (2005) Interview with Ismeth Abdullah, First Governor of Riau Islands Province, Indonesia, , (accessed 13th Nov 2006) Rees, G., Bartram, J., Pond, K and Goyet, S (2000) Chapter 1: Introduction in Bartram, J and Rees, G (Eds.) Monitoring Bathing Waters - A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Assessments and Monitoring Programmes, E & FN Spon, London, UK Republika Online (15/02/07) TNI AL Investigasi Pulau-Pulau Milik WNA Di Provinsi Kepri, , (accessed March 15th 2007) Royle, S A (1997) Industrialisation in Indonesia: The Example of Batam Island, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 18(1), pp.89-98 Royle, S A (2001) A Geography of Islands: Small Island Insularity, Routledge, London, UK Sasidharan, V and Thapa, B (2002) Sustainable Coastal and Marine Development: A Hobson's Choice? in Apostolopoulos, Y and Gayle, D J (Eds.) Island Tourism and Sustainable Development: Caribbean, Pacific and Mediterranean Experiences, Praeger Publishers, London, UK, pp.93-112 Sautter, E T and Leisen, B (1999) Managing Stakeholders A Tourism Planning Model, Annals of Tourism Research 26(2), pp.312-328 Shaw, G and William, A M (2002) Tourism and the Environment: The Challenge of Sustainable Tourism Critical Issues in Tourism A Geographical Perspective 2nd Edition, Blackwell Publisher, Inc., Oxford, UK, pp.296-320 Singapore Department of Statistics (2006) Tourism, Yearbook of Statistics 2006, Singapore Department of Statistics, Singapore Small Islands Voice (2006) Small Islands Voice Global Forum, , (accessed 22nd Feb 2006) Smith, R A (1991) Beach Resorts: A Model of Development Evolution, Landscape and Urban Planning 21(3), pp.189-210 Smith, R A (1992) Review of Integrated Beach Resort Development in Southeast Asia, Land Use Policy 9(3), pp.209-217 175 Smith, V L (1994) Privatization in the Third World: Small-Scale Tourism Enterprises in Theobald, W F (Ed.) Global Tourism the Next Decade, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford, UK, pp.165-173 Sofield, T (1995) Indonesia's Tourism Development Plans, Annals of Tourism Research 22(3), pp.690-694 South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (2003) SPREP Annual Report 2002 - Sustaining Pacific Resources and Development, , (accessed 24th Feb 2006) Southgate, C and Sharpley, R (2002) Tourism, Development and the Environment in Sharpley, R and Telfer, D J (Eds.) Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK, pp.231-262 Statistics Indonesia (2006a) Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995 and 2000, , (accessed 6th Nov 2006) Statistics Indonesia (2006b) Riau, , (accessed 6th Nov 2006) Stewart, M C (1993) Sustainable Tourism Development and Marine Conservation Regimes, Ocean and Coastal Management 20(3), pp.201-217 Sulistiyanto, P and Erb, M (2005) Introduction - Entangled Politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia in Erb, M., Sulistiyanto, P and Faucher, C (Eds.) Regionalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia, RoutledgeCurzon, Oxon, UK, pp.1-17 Tan, C L and Lim, T (1992) Indonesia Business and Investment Opportunities, Cassia Communications Pte Ltd, Singapore Tan, Y L (2002) Overseas Travel by Singapore Residents, Statistics Singapore Newsletter - March 2002, Singapore Department of Statistics, Singapore The Jakarta Post (13/06/07) 'Visit Indonesia Year 2008' in the Works, , (accessed 13th June 2007) Tisdell, C A (1993) Project Appraisal, the Environment and Sustainability for Small Islands, World Development 21(2), pp.213-219 Tisdell, C A and Roy, K (1998) The Many Dimensions of Tourism Development in Tisdell, C A and Roy, K C (Eds.) Tourism and Development: Economic, Social, Political and Environmental Issues, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Commack, New York, USA, pp.3-6 Tosun, C (2000) Limits to Community Participation in the Tourism Development Process in Developing Countries, Tourism Management 21(6), pp.613-633 176 Townsend, C (2003) Marine Ecotourism: A Case Study of Divers in the British Virgin Islands in Garrod, B and Wilson, J C (Eds.) Marine Ecotourism Issues and Experiences, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK, pp.138154 Tribe, J (2004) Knowing About Tourism - Epistemological Issues in Phillimore, J and Goodson, L (Eds.) Qualitative Research in Tourism: Ontologies, Epistemologies and Methodologies, Routledge, London, UK, pp.46-62 Tulungen, J J., Kussoy, P and Crawford, B R (1998) Community Based Coastal Resources Management in Indonesia: North Sulawesi Early Stage Experiences, in Convention of Integrated Coastal Management Practitioners in the Philippines, Grand Men Seng Hotel, Davao City, Philippines Tuti H, Y (2005) Indonesian Activities of Coral Reef Management in 2004-2005, in International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) - General Meeting, 31st Oct - 2nd Nov, Koror, Palau UNESCO (2001) Wise Coastal Practices: Towards Sustainable Small Island Living, in Results of a Workshop on 'Wise Coastal Practices for Sustainable Human Development in Small Island Developing States', Apia, Samoa, 3-8 December 2000, UNESCO Paris, pp.120 United Nations (2001) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea - Part VIII, Article 121 Regime of Islands, , (accessed 22nd March 2006) United Nations Environment Program (2004) Fifty Key Facts About Seas and Oceans, , (accessed 5th Oct 2004) Valentine, P S (1992) Nature-Based Tourism in Weiler, B and Hall, C M (Eds.) Special Interest Tourism, Halsted Press, Toronto, Canada van den Bergh, J (2000) Tourism Development and the Natural Environment: An Economic-Ecological Model for the Sporades Islands in Briassoulis, H and van der Straaten, J (Eds.) Tourism and the Environment Regional, Economic, Cultural and Policy Issues - Revised 2nd Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp.39-58 Van Duzer, C (2006) From Odysseus to Robinson Crusoe: A Study of Early Western Island Literature, Island Studies Journal 1(1), pp.143-162 Varma, H (2002) World Tourism Organisation Keynote Presentation: Island Countries and Tourism, in The Economic Impact of Tourism in the Islands of Asia and the Pacific, World Tourism Organisation, Jeju City, Jeju Province, Republic of Korea, pp.9-25 177 Veal, A J (1997) Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism A Practical Guide (Second Edition), Pearson Education Limited, London, England Wall, G (1996) One Name, Two Destinations Planned and Unplanned Coastal Resorts in Indonesia in Harrison, L C and Husbands, W (Eds.) Practicing Responsible Tourism International Case Studies in Tourism Planning, Policy and Development, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, USA, pp.41-58 Wall, G (1997) Is Ecotourism Sustainable?, Environmental Management 21(4), pp.483-491 Weaver, D (2000) Sustainable Tourism: Is It Sustainable? in Faulkner, B., Moscardo, G and Laws, E (Eds.) Tourism in the 21st Century Lessons from Experience, Continuum, London, UK, pp.300-311 Weaver, D (2001) Ecotourism, John Wiley and Sons Australia Limited, Queensland, Australia Wee, V (2002) Ethno-Nationalism in Process: Ethnicity, Atavism and Indigenism in Riau, Indonesia, The Pacific Review 15(4), pp.497-516 Weekend Today (17th - 18th Feb 2007) Indonesia to Look into Alleged Sale of Its Islands to Foreigners, Weekend Today, 17th - 18th Feb, Singapore Wheller, B (2005) Ecotourism/Egotourism and Development in Hall, C M and Boyd, S (Eds.) Nature-Based Tourism in Peripheral Areas: Development or Disaster?, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK, pp.263-272 White, A T (1986) Marine Reserves: How Effective as Management Strategies for Philippine, Indonesian and Malaysian Coral Reef Environments?, Ocean Management 10(-), pp.137-159 White, A T and Rosales, R (2003) Community-Oriented Marine Tourism in the Philippines: Role in Economic Development and Conservation in Gössling, S (Ed.) Tourism and Development in Tropical Islands, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Glos, UK, pp.237-262 Wilkinson, P F (1989) Strategies for Tourism in Island Microstates, Annals of Tourism Research 16(2), pp.153-177 Wiluan, K (1991) Identifying and Developing a Resort - A Case Study on Turi Beach Resort, in Proceedings of Conference on Developing, Financing and Managing Leisure and Tourism Projects in the Growth Triangle: Explore the Opportunities in Developing Singapore, Johore and Riau Islands as the Carribbean of the East, Hyatt Regency, Singapore Wing, P (1995) Tourism Development in the South Indian Ocean: The Case of Mauritius in Conlin, M V and Baum, T (Eds.) Island Tourism: Management Principles and Practice, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, West Sussex, UK, pp.229235 178 Wong, P P (1998a) Beach Resorts: The Southeast Asian Experience in Savage, v., Kong, L and Neville, W (Eds.) The Naga Awakens: Growth and Change in Southeast Asia, Times Academic Press, Singapore, pp.241-260 Wong, P P (1998b) Coastal Tourism Development in Southeast Asia: Relevance and Lessons for Coastal Zone Management, Ocean and Coastal Management 38(2), pp.89-109 Wong, P P (2000) Coastal Tourism in Southeast Asia: Research from the Environmental Perspective in Chan, K S (Ed.) Tourism in Southeast Asia a New Direction, The Haworth Hospitality Press, New York, USA, pp.107-121 Wong, P P (2003a) Tourism Development and the Coastal Environment on Bintan Island in Gössling, S (Ed.) Tourism and Development in Tropical Islands, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Glos, UK, pp.263-282 Wong, P P (2003b) Where Have All the Beaches Gone? Coastal Erosion in the Tropics, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 24(1), pp.111-132 Wong, P P., Marone, E., Lana, P., Fortes, M., Moro, D., Agard, J., Vicente, L., Thönell, J., Deda, P and Mulongoy, K J (2005) Island Systems in Hassan, R., Scholes, R and Ash, N (Eds.) Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends Vol 1, Island Press, Washington D C., USA, pp.663-680 Worboys, G., Lockwood, M and De Lacy, T (2001) Protected Area Management: Principles and Practices, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Australia World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK World Tourism Organization (Ed.) (2002) The Economic Impact of Tourism in the Islands of Asia and the Pacific, World Tourism Organisation, Jeju City, Jeju Province, Republic of Korea World Tourism Organization (2005) Tourism Highlights 2005 Edition, , (accessed 10th Nov 2006) WorldAtlas.com (2007) Indonesia Map and Map of Indonesia Information Page, , (accessed 15th Feb 2007) Wrangham, R (1999) Management or Domination? Planning Tourism in the Banda Islands, Eastern Indonesia, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 11(2/3), pp.111-115 Yencken, D and Wilkinson, D (2001) Resetting the Compass Australia's Journey to Sustainability, Updated Edition, CSIRO Publishing, Victoria, Australia 179 Appendix I: Questionnaire for Guests of Coral Cove Resort Date: _ Day Type: Weekday (Mon – Thurs)  Weekend (Fri – Sun)  The Island Experience & Coral Cove Resort, Pulau Segayang 1) What is your primary reason for visiting Pulau Segayang? Choose only  a dive trip  a fishing trip  a snorkelling trip  relaxation  exploring the island  hiking  others: 2) Do you intend to any of the following activities as well? (May choose > option)  diving  going to the beach  fishing  exploring the island  snorkelling  hiking  others: _ 3) Is this your a) first visit  b) second visit  c) others : How long are you staying here for? _ 180 4) Why did you decide to visit Pulau Segayang? (Choose or less options)  Beautiful beaches  Clear waters  Vibrant marine life  Possibility of a nature experience  Never been there before  Recommended by friends  Peaceful and secluded  Safety and security  Accessible  Off the beaten track  Wide range of activities  Pristine environment  Different cultural experience  Reputation  Advertising  Presence of amenities and services  Different from other destinations  Others 6) Please rate the overall experience of your stay at Coral Cove Resort (on a scale of – 5, with being the least satisfied and being the most satisfied) Mark √ in the appropriate boxes Accommodation (eg ease of check-in, cleanliness of rooms) Amenities (eg air-conditioning, hot water) Activities (eg snorkelling, hiking, reef walking, fishing) Food (quality, quantity, timings) Natural environment (eg water visibility, presence of wildlife) Built structures (eg rooms, kelongs, jetty, dinning area) Staff (friendliness, helpfulness) Transportation (travelling time, ease & accessibility) Please feel free to include any additional comments regarding your stay here _ _ _ 181 7) Have you visited any other island/s for a similar holiday experience?  No  Yes (please state the island/s) _ 8) Which is your favourite island? _ Why? 9) Are you likely to return to Pulau Segayang for another holiday?  Yes  No  Not sure Why? _ 10) Please respond to the following statements according to the scale below Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Mark √ in the appropriate boxes Being close to nature allows me to appreciate it even more Learning about the natural environment is an important feature of my holiday The novelty of a destination enhances its desirability Only governmental agencies have the power to protect and preserve natural environments The resort management is responsible for ensuring the environmental condition of the island I want to learn more about the natural and cultural heritage of the destinations that I visit Each of us plays an important role in ensuring the protection of the natural environment 182 Background Information 11) Age Group: < 21  12) Sex: Male  21-30  Female 31-40  41-50  50 & above   13) Country of Birth: 14) Highest Level of Formal Education:  Primary  Secondary  Diploma  University Degree  Graduate Degree  Others: _ 15) Occupation: _ Yes  No  b) a recreational fishing club or association Yes  No  c) a scuba diving club or association Yes  No  16) Do you belong to: a) a conservation organisation Thank you for your time! Seeta Nair Masters Candidate Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences National University of Singapore 183 [...]... visit Pulau Segayang – in particular their expectations, motivations and perceptions of the island This section on island tourists will also introduce the educational value of bringing in school groups and examine the role school groups may play in developing the ecotourism product of the resort Chapter 6 – External Influences will touch on the regional components of Pulau Segayang’s island tourism development. .. destination I will then draw the link between these physical attributes and the perceived fascination of islands Section 2.3 Island Tourism Development describes the various perspectives of island tourism development with specific focus on island resorts and the paradigm of sustainable island tourism development Section 2.3 - Voices That Care will introduce the wide range of stakeholders that are connected... caters to the demand of recreating by the sea and on an island Island resorts support the attraction of sun, sand and sea holidays with the apparent exclusivity of an island, and thus allows for tourists to recreate on and consume island environments Specifically, island resorts exemplify both the island experience and the arena for island tourism to occur by playing upon these factors of separation and... prevalent in other research areas (for example Mack 2004, Pangestu 1991, Royle 1997) This research will thus focus on a geographical area that has previously been ignored 1.1.3 Island Tourism Development on Pulau Segayang, Riau, Indonesia Pulau Segayang is situated south-west off from Pulau Galang, the second last of the five islands chain that link Batam to the southern islands via the Trans-Barelang... settings; the associated activities of engaging with the natural environment; and the isolation of island destinations In other words, part of the lure of island destinations is the natural environment and the positive benefits that may be gained from recreating in such surroundings Additionally, the very insularity of islands further develops its romantic appeal of remoteness and the spatial scale of islands... monetary terms, tourists to the Caribbean islands spent a total of US$19.2 billion, while tourists to the Oceania island nations (which includes Fiji and the Kiribati islands) spent US$22.3 billion in 2004 (World Tourism Organization 2005) Indonesia, an archipelago nation, welcomed in 2004 over five million visitors to its numerous island destinations (Ministry of Culture and Tourism 2006), while the. .. ascertain the tourism potential of the Riau Islands through the experience of one particular small island - Pulau Segayang Studies on the Riau Islands have tended to focus on the larger islands of Batam and Bintan, and have neglected the smaller, outer islands which are vastly different and worthy of focused studies as well This is especially so in tourism development studies (for example Henderson 2001,... examine islands that has a high economic dependence on tourism, and which has experienced resulting changes on the island s physical, social and economic dynamics Thus, it is an inclusion of islands only not defined by geographic delimitations, but also based on the social and economic linkages of tourism that is important for my analysis However, understanding the geography of island environments... problems in the management and operation of tourism, and its reconciliation with the natural environment Unfortunately, we still have little understanding of many of these issues and problems This lack of understanding then opens the path for research that seeks to understand these dynamic interactions and relationships that occur through the development of island tourism Small island tourism, in particular,... yet there have been few studies (for example Kenji and Siegel 1990, Wrangham 1999) that describe in detail the development processes that takes place on isolated, peripheral small islands that have seen tourism developments through the vision of a single entrepreneur This research will address the above gap by detailing the island tourism development process of a small Indonesian island, Pulau Segayang, ... CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Island Tourism Development in Indonesia 1.1.2 Island Tourism Development in Riau, Indonesia 1.1.3 Island Tourism Development. .. utilised in the marketing and promotion of tourism on the island 33 resort at Pulau Segayang Thus, the analysis of Pulau Segayang’s island tourism development will take into consideration the alignment... and the perceived fascination of islands Section 2.3 Island Tourism Development describes the various perspectives of island tourism development with specific focus on island resorts and the