Grammar & Ex Comparison

Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Các dạng so sánh tính từ phó từ 19.1 So sánh ngang Cấu trúc sử dụng as as S + V + as + {adj/ adv} + as + {noun/ pronoun} My book is as interesting as yours His car runs as fast as a race car John sings as well as his sister Their house is as big as that one His job is not as difficult as mine They are as lucky as we Nếu câu phủ định, as thứ thay so He is not as tall as his father He is not so tall as his father Sau as phải đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ, không đại từ tân ngữ Peter is as tall as I (ĐÚNG) Peter is as tall as me (SAI) Danh từ dùng để so sánh, nên nhớ trước so sánh phải đảm bảo danh từ phải có tính từ tương đương adjectives heavy, light wide, narrow deep, shallow long, short big, small nouns weight width depth length size Khi so sánh danh từ, sử dụng cấu trúc sau: S + V + the same + (noun) + as + {noun/ pronoun} Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng My house is as high as his My house is the same height as his Chú ý ngược nghĩa với the same as different from Không dùng different than Sau số ví dụ khác so sánh danh từ These trees are the same as those He speaks the same language as she Her address is the same as Rita’s Their teacher is different from ours She takes the same course as her husband 19.2 So sánh Trong loại so sánh người ta chia làm hai dạng: tính từ phó từ ngắn (chỉ có hai âm tiết phát âm) tính từ, phó từ dài (3 âm tiết trở lên) Khi so sánh không ngang bằng: • Đối với tính từ phó từ ngắn cần cộng đuôi -er (thick – thicker; cold-colder; quietquieter) • Đối với tính từ ngắn có phụ âm tận (trừ w,x,z) trước nguyên âm, phải gấp đôi phụ âm cuối (big-bigger; red-redder; hot-hotter) • Đối với tính từ, phó từ dài, thêm more less trước tính từ phó từ (more beautiful; more important; more believable) • Đối với tính từ tận phụ âm+y, phải đổi y thành -ier (happy-happier; dry-drier; pretty-prettier) • Đối với tính từ có hậu tố -ed, -ful, -ing, -ish, -ous biến đổi cách thêm more cho dù chúng tính từ dài hay ngắn (more useful, more boring, more cautious) • Trường hợp đặc biệt: strong-stronger; friendly-friendlier than = more friendly than • Chú ý dùng more không dùng hậu tố -er ngược lại Các ví dụ sau SAI: more prettier, more faster, more better Chú ý: Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Chỉ số phó từ có đuôi –er, bao gồm: faster, quicker, sooner, latter Nhớ dùng dạng thức chủ ngữ đại từ sau than, không dùng dạng tân ngữ Ví dụ so sánh không ngang bằng: John’s grades are higher than his sister’s Today is hotter than yesterday This chair is more comfortable than the other He speaks Spanish more fluently than I (không dùng than me) He visits his family less frequently than she does This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s So sánh không ngang nhấn mạnh cách thêm much far trước cụm từ so sánh A waterlemon is much sweeter than a a lemon His car is far better than yours Henry’s watch is far more expensive than mine That movie we saw last night was much more interesting than the one on TV She dances much more artistically than her predecessor He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish Danh từ dùng để diễn đạt phép so sánh ngang hơn/kém Chú ý dùng tính từ bổ nghĩa với danh từ đếm không đếm He earns as much money as his brother They have as few classes as we Before payday, I have as little money as my brother Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng I have more books than she February has fewer days than March Their job allows them less fredom than ours does Khi so sánh người/ vật với tất người vật khác phải thêm else sau anything/anybody He is smarter than anybody else in the class Lưu ý: • Đằng sau as than mệnh đề so sánh loại bỏ chủ ngữ trùng hợp với chủ ngữ thứ nhất, đặc biệt động từ sau than as dạng bị động Lúc than as có thêm chức đại từ quan hệ thay Their marriage was as stormy as had been expected (Incorrect: as it had been expected) He worries more than was good for him (Incorrect: than it/what was good for him) • Các tân ngữ bị loại bỏ sau động từ mệnh đề sau THAN AS: Don’t lose your passport, as I did last year (Incorrect: as I did it last year) They sent more than I had ordered (Incorrect: than I had ordered it) She gets her meat from the same butcher as I go to (Incorrect: as I go to him) 19.3 Phép so sánh không hợp lý Khi dùng câu so sánh nên nhớ đối tượng dùng để so sánh phải tương đương nhau: người với người, vật với vật Các lỗi thường mắc phải sử dụng câu so sánh không hợp lý chia làm loại: sở hữu cách, that of those of 19.3.1 Sở hữu cách: Incorrect: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor (Câu so sánh tranh với người dẫn) Correct: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s (instructor's = instructor's drawings) 19.3.2 Dùng thêm that of cho danh từ số ít: Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Incorrect: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary (Câu so sánh salary với secretary) Correct: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary (that of = the salary of) 19.3.3 Dùng thêm those of cho danh từ số nhiều: Incorrect: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher (Câu so sánh duties với teacher) Correct: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher (those of = the duties of) 19.4 Các tính từ phó từ đặc biệt Một số tính từ phó từ có dạng thức so sánh đặc biệt Chúng không theo quy tắc nêu Nghiên cứu bảng sau: Tính từ trạng từ So sánh So sánh far farther further farthest furthest less least more most better best worse worst little few much many good well bad badly I feel much better today than I did last week He has less time now than he had before This magainze is better than that one He acts worse now than ever before Lưu ý: farther dùng cho khoảng cách; further dùng cho thông tin trường hợp trừu tượng khác The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine If you want further information, please call to the agent Next year he will come to the U.S for his further education 19.5 So sánh bội số So sánh bội số so sánh: nửa (half), gấp đôi (twice), gấp ba (three times), Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Không sử dụng so sánh mà sử dụng so sánh bằng, so sánh phải xác định danh từ đếm hay không đếm được, đằng trước chúng có many/much This encyclopedy costs twice as much as the other one Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Bob Các lối nói: twice that many/twice that much = gấp đôi ngần dùng ngữ, không dùng văn viết We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showned up (twice as many as that number) 19.6 So sánh kép Là loại so sánh với cấu trúc: Càng Các Adj/Adv so sánh phải đứng đầu câu, trước chúng phải có The Dùng hai mẫu câu sau để so sánh kép: The + comparative + S + V + the + comparative + S + V The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel (Trời nóng, thấy khó chịu) The sooner you take your medicince, the better you will feel (Anh uống thuốc sớm bao nhiêu, anh cảm thấy dễ chịu nhiêu) The bigger they are, the faster they fall (Chúng to rơi nhanh nhiêu) The more + S + V + the + comparative + S + V The more you study, the smarter you will become (Càng học, anh thông minh hơn) The more I look into your eyes, the more I love you (Càng nhìn vào mắt em, anh yêu em hơn) Sau The more vế thứ thêm that không mẫu câu không phổ biến The more (that) you study, the smarter you will become Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Trong trường hợp hai vế có chủ ngữ giả it is bỏ chúng The shorter (it is), the better (it is) Hoặc hai vế dùng to be bỏ The closer to the Earth’s pole (is), the greater the gravitational force (is) Các cách nói: all the better (càng tốt hơn), all the more (càng hơn), not any the more (chẳng tí nào), none the more (chẳng chút nào) dùng để nhấn mạnh cho tính từ phó từ đem so sánh Nó dùng với tính từ trừu tượng dùng văn nói: Sunday mornings were nice I enjoyed them all the more because Sue used to come round to breakfast He didn’t seem to be any the worse for his experience He explained it all carefully, but I was still none the wiser Cấu trúc không dùng cho tính từ cụ thể: Those pills have made him all the slimmer (SAI) 19.7 Cấu trúc No sooner than (Vừa ) Chỉ dùng cho thời khứ thời tại, không dùng cho thời tương lai No sooner đứng đầu mệnh đề, theo sau trợ động từ đảo lên trước chủ ngữ để nhấn mạnh, than đứng đầu mệnh đề lại: No sooner + auxiliary + S + V + than + S + V No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain Một ví dụ thời (will lấy sang dùng cho tại) No sooner will he arrive than he will want to leave Lưu ý: No longer có nghĩa not anymore Không dùng cấu trúc not longer cho câu có ý nghĩa không He no longer studies at the university (He does not study at the university anymore.) S + no longer + Positive Verb Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng 19.8 So sánh không dùng than (giữa đối tượng) Khi so sánh người vật mà không dùng than, muốn nói đối tượng tốt hơn, giỏi hơn, đẹp hơn, trước adj adv so sánh phải có the Chú ý phân biệt trường hợp với trường hợp so sánh bậc (khi có đối tượng trở lên) Trong câu thường có cụm từ of the two + noun, đứng đầu cuối câu Harvey is the smarter of the two boys Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier Pealse give me the smaller of the two cakes Of the two books, this one is the more interesting 19.9 So sánh bậc (từ đối tượng trở lên) Dùng so sánh người vật trở lên, số ưu việt so với đối tượng lại mặt Để biến tính từ phó từ thành dạng so sánh bậc nhất, áp dụng quy tắc sau: • Đối với tính từ phó từ ngắn: thêm đuôi -est • Đối với tính từ phó từ dài: dùng most least • Trước tính từ phó từ so sánh phải có the • Dùng giới từ in với danh từ số đếm • Dùng giới từ of với danh từ số nhiều đếm John is the tallest boy in the family Deana is the shortest of the three sisters These shoes are the least expensive of all Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest Sau cụm từ One of the + so sánh bậc + noun phải đảm bảo chắn noun phải số nhiều, động từ phải chia số One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Johnson Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Các phó từ thường hậu tố -er –est Chúng chuyển sang dạng so sánh tương đối cách thêm more less; sang dạng so sánh tuyệt đối cách thêm most least phía trước chúng Sal drove more cautiously than Bob Joe dances more gracefully than his partner That child behaves most carelessly of all Một số tính từ phó từ mang tính tuyệt đối không dùng so sánh bậc nhất, hạn chế dùng so sánh kém, buộc phải dùng bỏ more, chúng gồm: unique/ extreme/ perfect/ supreme/ top/ absolute/prime/ primary His drawings are perfect than mine Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Bài Tập EX1:complete each of the following senteces, using the structure comparative + and + comparative with the word in blackets a, The Warmer the weather, the -I liked him b, The more you Practive your English, the you will learn c, The longer he waited, the - impatient he because d, The electricity you see, the higher your bill will be e, The more expensive the hotel, the the service f, The more I got to know him, the -I liked him g, The more you have, the you want : EX2: complete each of the following senteces, using the structure comparative + and + comparative with the word in blackets 1, It is becoming to find a jod (hand) 2, His visit to NewYork seemed to get -because he was very busy at work (short) 3, Eating and travelling in this city is getting .(expensive) 4, As the day went to, the weather got .(bad) 5, We had to shop the discussion because the question we becoming ,(complicated) 6, Your English is Ok now, your pronunciation has got .(good) 7, Little John is becoming .(active) EX2:Complete each of the following sentences, using the structure: the +comparative, the +comparative a, The Warmer the weather, the -I liked him b, The more you Practive your English, the you will learn c, The longer he waited, the - impatient he because d, The electricity you see, the higher your bill will be e, The more expensive the hotel, the the service f, The more I got to know him, the -I liked him g, The more you have, the you want 10 Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Bài Fill in the correct adverb form (comparative or superlative) of the adjectives in brackets I speak English (fluent) now than last year more fluently She greeted me (polite) She smiled (happy) of all than before This girl dances (graceful) Could you write (clear) Planes can fly (high) of all ? than birds He had an accident last year Now, he drives (careful) Jim can run (fast) than John Our team played (bad) 10 He worked (hard) of all than ever before EXERCISES (COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB) 11 than before Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Choose the best answer: The economic conditions today are they were in the past A much more good B much better than C much better D the best than Peter is the student in my class A taller than B so tall as tallest Jane is not her brother A more intelligent as B intelligent as C the tallest C so intelligent as He drives as his father does A careful as B more carefully carefully as What’s the film you’ve ever seen? A good B best D so intelligent that C the most careful C better Jane is age as Mary A as same B the most same same I’ll be there I can A sooner as B no sooner as D D the best C the same C as soon as Despite its smaller size, the Indian Ocean the Atlantic Ocean A as deep as B is the same deep as C deeper as Sharon from other women I know A different B as different different D more D soonest as D is as deep as C differs 10 This one is prettier, but it costs as the other one A as much as B twice as much C as many D D more D twice as may 11 You can take books as you want A as many B as much many C so much D too 12 Of the two sisters, Linda A is beautiful B the most beautiful beautiful as C is more beautiful D is so 13 The lab is from the bus stop than the library A far B farther and C C further D B 12 Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng 14 The younger you are, it is to learn A easier B you are easier easy C the easier 15 electricity you use, your bill will be A The more the higher C The more … the high D the B The most … the higher D More … higher 16 you are, you concentrate A Tired … the least hard C The tiered … the harder B The more tired … the harder D The tired … the harder 17 the man gets, he becomes A The more old … the more weak C The older … the weakest B The older … the weaker D Older … weaker 18 Of all the candidates, Peter is probably A the less qualified C the most little qualified B the qualified less D the least qualified 13 Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Rewrite the following sentences: My salary is high, but your salary is higher  My salary isn’t  Your salary is Yesterday the temperature was 90C Today it’s only 60C  Today it is  Yesterday it was  Yester day it wasn’t He ran fast but I ran twice faster  He couldn’t In the family, no one is happier than her  In the family, she is This car costs 25,000 USD, that car costs 30,000 USD  This car is  That car is  This car isn’t Janet is the best tennis player in the club  No one in the club Helen can play the piano better than Elizabeth  Elizabeth plays  Elizabeth can’t play Iron is more useful than any metal  No other metal is Alice’s hair is longer than Susan’s  Susan’s hair is 10 Nobody is more anxious to help you than your mother  Your mother 11 Iron is harder than stone  Stone 12 He speaks more persuasively than his brother  His brother can’t 13 April is the hottest month in South VN 14 Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng  No other month 14 My sister can’t cook as well as my mother does  My mother 15 Although Paul has more creative ideas, Susan is a better writer  Susan writes 16 A donkey is less beautiful than a horse  A horse 17 Jane is a better cook than Doris  Doris can’t 18 No other town in India is as large as Calcutta  Calcutta is 15 [...]... ? than birds 7 He had an accident last year Now, he drives (careful) 8 Jim can run (fast) than John 9 Our team played (bad) 10 He worked (hard) of all than ever before EXERCISES (COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB) 11 than before Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Choose the best answer: 1 The economic conditions today are they were in the past A much more good B much better than C much better D the...Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Bài 2 Fill in the correct adverb form (comparative or superlative) of the adjectives in brackets 1 I speak English (fluent) now than last year more fluently 2 She greeted me (polite)... two sisters, Linda A is beautiful B the most beautiful beautiful as C is more beautiful D is so 13 The lab is from the bus stop than the library A far B farther and C C further D B 12 Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng 14 The younger you are, it is to learn A easier B you are easier easy C the easier 15 electricity you use, your bill will be A The more the higher C The more... the weakest B The older … the weaker D Older … weaker 18 Of all the candidates, Peter is probably A the less qualified C the most little qualified B the qualified less D the least qualified 13 Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Rewrite the following sentences: 1 My salary is high, but your salary is higher  My salary isn’t  Your salary is ... 12 He speaks more persuasively than his brother  His brother can’t 13 April is the hottest month in South VN 14 Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng  No other month 14 My sister can’t cook as well as my mother does  My mother ... dùng bỏ more, chúng gồm: unique/ extreme/ perfect/ supreme/ top/ absolute/prime/ primary His drawings are perfect than mine Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Bài Tập EX1 :complete each of the following... team played (bad) 10 He worked (hard) of all than ever before EXERCISES (COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB) 11 than before Tr- Comparison ¬ng Lan H¬ng Choose the best answer: The economic conditions... more because Sue used to come round to breakfast He didn’t seem to be any the worse for his experience He explained it all carefully, but I was still none the wiser Cấu trúc không dùng cho tính từ