Adoption of business to business electronic commerce in china

ADOPTION OF BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IN CHINA ZHANG MIAO (B. Logistics Management, Beijing Technology and Business University, China) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (MANAGEMENT) DEPARTMENT OF DECISION SCIENCES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without numerous people who have constantly supported me throughout my candidature. First of all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to my supervisors, Associate Professor Mark Goh and Associate Professor Thompson Teo, who supervised this thesis and gave me a lot of useful suggestion and guidance in the past two years. Without their commitment, assistance, and patience, I would not be able to complete my thesis successfully. I also appreciate the kindness of many staff and students in the school of Business, NUS. Ms. Wendy Lim, Ms. Dorothy Tan, and Ms. Hamidah Bte Rabu provided invaluable support throughout the program. My friends in the MSc office gave me some useful data sources, showed their concern on my thesis, and discussed some problems in my study. Last but not least, I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to my parents and my boyfriend for their blessings and mental support that enable me to overcome all the difficulties. Thank you very much! i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………ⅰ TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………….ⅱ LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………ⅴ LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………… .ⅵ SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………ⅶ CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………… .1 1.1 Background of study………… ………………………………………………1 1.2 Purpose of study……………………… .…………………………………… 1.3 Structure of study……………………………………………………… .……4 CHAPTER 2: CURRENT DEVELOPMENT OF B2B-EC IN CHINA………….6 2.1 Development of the Internet in China…………………………………………7 2.2 Current Use of Internet-based B2B-EC in China…………………………… .8 2.3 Industry Participation in B2B-EC in China……………………………………9 2.4 Current Issues of B2B-EC in China………………………………………….10 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………….12 3.1 Previous Research on IS adoption……………………………………………12 3.2 Institutional Theory………………………………………………………… 14 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHESES…………………….18 4.1 Perceived Benefits……………………………………………………………18 ii 4.2 Internal Support………………………………………………………………20 4.2.1 Top Management Support…………………………………………… 20 4.2.2 Technical Competence…………………………………………………22 4.2.3 Financial Resources……………………………………………………22 4.3 Institutional Pressures……………………………………………………… 23 4.3.1 Competitive Pressures…………………………………………………24 4.3.2 Trading Partner Pressures…………………………………………….25 4.4 Cognitive Constraints……………………………………………………… .26 4.4.1 Lack of Knowledge…………………………………………………… 27 4.4.2 Resistance to Change………………………………………………… 28 4.5 Control Variables…………………………………………………………….29 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………….31 5.1 Questionnaire Survey……………………………………………………… .31 5.2 Sample……………………………………………………………………… 31 5.3 Measurements……………………………………………………………… .32 5.4 Statistical Analysis Technique……………………………………………….33 CHAPTER 6: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS………………………………35 6.1 Profile of Respondents……………………………………………………….35 6.2 Evaluation of Non-response Bias…………………………………………….37 6.3 Convergent Validity………………………………………………………….40 6.4 Discriminant Validity……………………………………………………… .40 6.5 PLS Analysis…………………………………………………………………43 iii CHAPTER 7: DISCUSSION……………………………………………………….47 7.1 Perceived Benefits……………………………………………………………47 7.2 Internal Support………………………………………………………………48 7.3 Institutional Pressures……………………………………………………… 49 7.4 Cognitive Constraints……………………………………………………… .50 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………52 8.1 Contributions…………………………………………………………………52 8.2 Implications………………………………………………………………… 53 8.2.1 Implications for Research…………………………………………… .54 8.2.2 Implications for Practice……………………………………………….55 8.3 Limitations and Future Research…………………………………………….57 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….… 59 APPENDIX 1: SUMMARY OF RELEVANT LITERATURE………………….67 APPENDIX 2: LOADINGS, JACKKNIFE ESITMATES, AND T-VALUES FOR PLS RUN………………………………………………………… .72 APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONNAIRE (ENGLISH VERSION)…………………….74 APPENDIX 4: QUESTIONNAIRE (CHINESE VERSION)…………………….81 iv LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Operationalization of Research Constructs………………………… 32 TABLE 2: Demographic Attributes of Respondents…………… .…………… 36 TABLE 3: Results of Non-response Bias between Respondents and Non-respondents……………………………………………………….38 TABLE 4a: Results of Response Bias between Early and Late Respondents… 39 TABLE 4b: Results of Response Bias Test on Constructs……………………….39 TABLE 5: Assessment of Internal Consistency and Convergent Validity…… 41 TABLE 6: Discriminant Validity Test…………………………………………….42 TABLE 7: Results of PLS Analysis: Path Coefficients………………………… 44 TABLE 8: Reflective Constructs: Loading and t-statistics………………………45 TABLE 9: Formative Constructs: Weights and t-statistics………………………46 v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: Models of Internet-based B2B-EC…………………………………….3 FIGURE 2: Total Number of Computer Hosts from Oct. 1997 to Jan. 2004…….8 FIGURE 3: Current Use of B2B-EC among Chinese Firms………………………9 FIGURE 4: Participation in B2B-EC by Industry……………………………… 10 FIGURE 5: Research Model for B2B-EC Adoption…………………………… .18 FIGURE 6: Results of PLS Analysis for Theoretical Model…………………… 43 vi SUMMARY The advent of Internet-based business-to-business electronic commerce (B2B-EC) has brought about many benefits to enterprises in developed countries. It offers direct links between trading firms and their customers thus reducing operating costs and achieving quick response time. As such, enterprises in developing countries have begun to apply B2B-EC to their businesses, in order to achieve these benefits as well. This study examines current B2B-EC adoption decision by Chinese enterprises operating in mainland China. Based on previous IS adoption research and institutional theory drawn from the management of organization literature, this study empirically tests a research model which incorporates four factors: perceived benefits, internal support, institutional pressures, and cognitive constraints as main predictors of B2B-EC adoption intention. Data were collected from 102 firms through a mail questionnaire survey. The results, obtained from PLS analysis, show that perceived benefits, internal support, and institutional pressures are positively related to the adoption intention while the construct, cognitive constraints, has a negative effect on adoption intention of B2B-EC in Chinese firms. One practical implication arising from this study is the need to remove the cognitive constraints first in order to expedite adoption of B2B-EC in mainland China. vii Chapter Introduction CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study A significant economic trend of the past decade is the growing use of the Internet to conduct business (Williams et al., 2002). Along with the development of the Internet, the use of Internet-based information systems in inter-organizational business transactions and relationships has captured the attention of many researchers and practitioners (e.g. Liu and Arnett, 2000; Kshetri and Dholakia, 2002; Ranganathan, 2003). The most prominent phenomenon is the advent of Internet-based business-to-business electronic commerce (B2B-EC). Following WTO (World Trade Organization, 1998), we define B2B-EC as any transaction carried out between organizations in which at least one of the following activities – production, distribution, marketing, sale or delivery – takes place by electronic means. Compared to business-to-consumer electronic commerce (B2C-EC), B2B-EC is growing faster, gains more profits, and has less unequal geographical distribution globally (Kshetri and Dholakia, 2002). In addition, B2B-EC offers direct links between trading firms and their customers. It enables an enterprise to bypass intermediaries and shorten the length of the distribution channel. Companies can benefit from this approach through the reduction of operation costs and clerical errors, rapid data exchange, and quick response time (Beatty et al., 2001). Worldwide enterprises have realized these benefits and many of them begun to apply B2B-EC to Chapter Introduction their businesses. The business press has reported many statistics on the expected growth of B2B-EC. For example, a report by eMarketer (2003) announced that the worldwide B2B-EC revenue will reach US$2.37 trillion by the end of 2004. B2B began from the use of one-to-one electronic data interchange (EDI) linkages. EDI is primarily used among closed trading partners to exchange information whereas the Internet-based B2B-EC promotes “open” communication with global users including the general public. Besides EDI, other traditional forms of B2B transactions include value-added networks (VAN), Intranet, Extranet, and direct link-ups with suppliers. Unlike these forms of B2B transactions, which help maintain existing inter-firm relationships, Internet-based B2B-EC also helps buyers search for sellers and sellers search for buyers to engage in transactions (Grewal et al., 2001). Further, these traditional B2B forms seem beyond the resource capacity of many small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), but they are often required by SMEs to business with a large company. Internet-based B2B-EC differs from traditional B2B in that it provides a better way to achieve a desired degree of interconnectivity without a huge investment on time, money and sophisticated technologies (Yau, 2002). The Internet provides two fundamental models of B2B-EC, namely E-marketplace and private exchanges (Ranganathan, 2003). On one hand, the web provides a forum for many firms to come together in a common electronic platform to conduct their businesses, thus enabling many-to-many relationships. On the other hand, the web Appendix Appendix 2: Loadings, Jackknife Estimates, and T-values for PLS Run Entire Sample Estimate Mean of SubSamples Standard Error TStatistic Jackknife Estimate Standard Deviation 0.7305 0.7807 0.8222 0.8299 0.7799 0.7021 0.7366 0.7311 0.7417 0.7873 0.8232 0.8303 0.7881 0.7150 0.7436 0.7393 0.6906 0.4456 0.3671 0.4092 0.6182 0.8038 0.6749 0.6641 0.0684 0.0441 0.0364 0.0405 0.0612 0.0796 0.0668 0.0658 10.8465 17.8451 22.6452 20.4923 12.8759 8.9830 11.1282 11.2428 0.8759 0.9046 0.8551 0.8818 0.9079 0.8585 0.2962 0.1615 0.2902 0.0293 0.0160 0.0287 30.0724 56.7737 29.8744 0.9065 0.9291 0.9101 0.9070 0.9294 0.9149 0.2108 0.1782 0.2402 0.0209 0.0176 0.0238 43.4574 52.6837 38.4646 0.8362 0.8972 0.9168 0.8355 0.8958 0.9146 0.4072 0.1701 0.1654 0.0403 0.0168 0.0164 20.7240 53.1875 55.8509 0.7573 0.7799 0.8584 0.8743 0.7563 0.7834 0.8546 0.8712 0.6211 0.5580 0.3476 0.2429 0.0615 0.0553 0.0344 0.0240 12.2976 14.1776 24.8318 36.2287 0.8199 0.8673 0.7746 0.8516 0.7933 0.8194 0.8673 0.7790 0.8536 0.7926 0.3015 0.2536 0.5438 0.3579 0.4401 0.0299 0.0251 0.0538 0.0354 0.0436 27.4477 34.5426 14.4668 24.0857 18.1897 Perceived Benefits PB1 PB2 PB3 PB4 PB5 PB6 PB7 PB8 0.7306 0.7808 0.8222 0.8299 0.7800 0.7022 0.7367 0.7312 Top Management Support TMS1 TMS2 TMS3 0.8760 0.9046 0.8551 Technical Competence TC1 TC2 TC3 0.9065 0.9291 0.9101 Financial Resources FR1 FR2 FR3 0.8362 0.8972 0.9168 Competitive Pressures CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 0.7573 0.7799 0.8584 0.8743 Trading Partner Pressures TPP1 TPP2 TPP3 TPP4 TPP5 0.8199 0.8673 0.7746 0.8516 0.7933 72 Appendix Entire Sample Estimate Mean of SubSamples Standard Error TStatistic Jackknife Estimate Standard Deviation 0.9234 0.8898 0.9147 0.9225 0.8942 0.9188 0.2204 0.3525 0.2821 0.0218 0.0349 0.0279 42.2713 25.6189 32.8914 0.7045 0.8594 0.8116 0.7754 0.7010 0.8612 0.8118 0.7796 0.8261 0.3075 0.4126 0.6783 0.0818 0.0304 0.0409 0.0672 8.5701 28.2878 19.8694 11.6069 0.9262 0.9306 0.9055 0.9242 0.9333 0.9091 0.1527 0.1201 0.2079 0.0151 0.0119 0.0206 61.1385 78.4630 44.1659 Lack of Knowledge LOK1 LOK2 LOK3 0.9234 0.8898 0.9147 Resistance to Change RTC1 RTC2 RTC3 RTC4 0.7045 0.8594 0.8116 0.7754 Adoption Intention AI1 AI2 AI3 0.9262 0.9306 0.9055 73 Appendix Founded 1905 THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY of SINGAPORE Dear Respondent: We are writing this letter to invite your participation in a survey of B2B-EC adoption study. This survey aims to understand the level of Internet-based B2B-EC adoption in China and the factors that influence your adoption intention. We shall be grateful if you could take a few minutes to fill up the questionnaire attached with this letter. For your convenience, we have enclosed a self-addressed stamped envelope. When you have completed this questionnaire, please place it in the attached envelope and mail it back to us. We assure you that all the information you provide will be kept strictly confidential. All the data gathered through this survey will be used only for research purposes. No company or personal information will be identified in any reports pertaining to this study. We will be happy to share the key results of this study with you when it is completed. We deeply appreciate your participation in this study. If you have any questions, not hesitate to contact me by email at g0201927@nus.edu.sg. Thank you for your cooperation! Sincerely, Zhang Miao Research Scholar Department of Decision Sciences School of Business National University of Singapore Business Link, BIZ Building Singapore 117592 Email: g0201927@nus.edu.sg 74 Appendix A STUDY ON INTERNET-BASED B2B-EC ADOPTION SURVEY QUESTIONNIARE SECTION A In this study, we define Internet-based B2B-EC as any transaction carried out between organizations in which at least one of the following activities – procurement, distribution, marketing, sale, delivery or payment – takes place by using the Internet. If you are not involved in the decision making of B2B-EC adoption, kindly pass this survey to the person in charge. Thanks! 1. Please indicate in the past three months, did your company carry out at least one of the following activities with your trading partners by using any kind of Internet-based B2B-EC systems? If “yes”, please tick the activities below and move on to the next section Ordering Procurement Marketing Distribution Delivery Sales Payment Invoicing If “no”, please specify the main reasons (if any) for non-participation in B2B-EC below and move on to the next section. 75 Appendix SECTION B In this section, we would like to identify the factors that may influence your decision to adopt B2B-EC and whether your company has the intention to adopt B2B-EC eventually. For Questions 1-8, please indicate the extent to which you agree/disagree with the following statement by circling the most appropriate response. Q1. Perceived Benefits The adoption of B2B-EC in my company will Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Neutral a. Reduce my company's cost of business operations. b. Improve my company’s cash flow. e. Increase my company’s ability to compete. f. Allow my company to reach new customers. c. Improve my company’s level of overall productivity. d. Enable my company to provide better customer service. g. Improve our relationship with our existing customers. h. Improve my company’s level of operational efficiency. Q2. Top Management Support a. Top management is interested in the implementation of B2B-EC. b. Top management considers B2B-EC important to the organization. c. Top management has effectively communicated its support for B2B-EC. Q3. Technical Competence a. The technical experts (MIS personnel) have good performance in providing IT support. b. The technical experts have good experience in supporting B2B-EC related system. c. The technical experts have good expertise in supporting B2B-EC related system. Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Neutral 76 Appendix Q4. Financial Resources a. My company can afford the financial cost in developing and implementing B2B-EC system. b. My company has sufficient employees to develop and implement B2B-EC system. c. My company has sufficient budget to develop and implement B2B-EC system. Q5. Competitive Pressures a. Most of my company’s competitors have adopted B2B-EC. b. My main competitors who have adopted B2B-EC have benefited greatly. c. My main competitors who have adopted B2B-EC are perceived favorably by others in the same industry. d. My main competitors who have adopted B2B-EC are perceived favorably by their trading partners (business associates/business partners). Q6. Trading Partner Pressures a. Most of my company’s trading partners have adopted B2B-EC. b. With regard to my main trading partners who have adopted B2B-EC, my company’s well-being depends on their resources c. With regard to my main trading partners who have adopted B2B-EC, my company cannot easily switch away from them. d. With regard to my main trading partners who have adopted B2B-EC, my company must maintain good relationship with them. e. With regard to my main trading partners who have adopted B2B-EC, they are the core suppliers/customers in the industry. Q7. Lack of Knowledge about B2B-EC Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree Neutral Strongly Agree 77 Appendix a. I have little knowledge about how B2B-EC can be valuable to my company. b. I have little knowledge about whether B2B-EC is applicable to my company. c. I have little knowledge about the implementation process of B2B-EC. Strongly Disagree Q8. Resistance to Change a. I tend to resist change whenever possible. b. Often, I feel a bit uncomfortable even about changes that may improve my benefits c. When someone pressures me to change something, I tend to resist even if I think the change may ultimately benefit me. d. I sometimes find myself avoiding changes that I know will be good for me. Strongly Agree Neutral Q9. Adoption Intention: Please complete the following questions by ticking/circling the most appropriate response. a. At what stage of B2B-EC development is your company currently engaged in? No consideration of any B2B-EC applications Some discussion on B2B-EC applications, but no further action Some consideration but no decision to have a B2B-EC application yet Decision to have B2B-EC applications made, but implementation in progress We currently use one or more B2B-EC applications b. Does your company intend to adopt B2B-EC? No Intent to Adopt B2B-EC Moderate Intent to Adopt B2B-EC Definite Intent to Adopt B2B-EC c. How soon you anticipate that it will have an operational B2B-EC system? 78 Appendix No plans to develop B2B-EC More than 24 months 18 to 24 months 12 to 18 months to 12 months Less than months SECTION C Please complete the following questions by ticking the most appropriate response and/or by filling in the blanks. 1. Gender: Male Female 2. Your Age: 3. Your Job Title: 4. Your Education Level: Secondary School or College Bachelor Postgraduate 5. Industry: Manufacturing Service 6. I have worked ________ year(s) in this company and ________ year(s) in this industry. 7. Which city/province is your company located? 8. Total Number of Employees in your company: < 100 100-300 301-600 601-1000 1001-2000 >2000 9. Number of IT/IS Employees in your company: 79 Appendix < 10 11-30 31-60 61-100 101-200 >200 10. Annual Sales Turnover: < RMB million RMB million to < 10 million RMB 10 million to < 30 million RMB 30 million to < 50 million RMB 50 million to < 100 million RMB 100 million to RMB billion 11. Ownership: Government Owned Private Sector Joint Ventures Foreigner Owned 12. Do you want us to send the final results of this study back to you? Yes (Please send this survey back attached with your name card) No 13. If you have any additional comments about B2B-EC, please write below: Thank you for your participation in this study! We greatly appreciate your help! 80 Appendix 成立于 1905 年 新加坡国立大学 尊敬的先生/女士：您好！ 我们诚恳地邀请您参加一次关于贵公司是否采用基于互联网的企业对企业电子 商务(Internet-based Business-to-Business Electronic Commerce)的调查（以下简称 B2B-EC）。这项调查旨在了解中国企业现阶段对 B2B-EC 的采用程度以及影响 企业采用 B2B-EC 意向的主要因素。 我们将十分感谢您抽空填写附着在此邀请函后边的问卷。为了您的方便，我们随 问卷附上一个已经贴好邮资的回邮信封。当您完成这份问卷后，请将问卷放进回 邮信封中寄回给我们。 我们向您保证您所提供的信息都是被严格保密的。所有收集到的数据资料只会被 用于这项研究中。所有的公司及个人信息不会泄漏给其它人。您的参与与否完全 是自愿的，并且所有的数据资料都是以匿名方式保存的。当这项研究完成的时候， 我们会很高兴与您分享研究成果。 我们深深地感谢您参与这项调查。如果您对此项研究有任何疑问，请给我发电子 邮件到 g0201927@nus.edu.sg。谢谢您的合作！ 此致 敬礼 张淼 研究员 决策科学系 新加坡国立大学商学院 国内联络电话：13651033218 （北京） E-mail：g0201927@nus.edu.sg 81 Appendix 关于采用企业对企业电子商务（B2B-EC）意向的问卷调查 第一部分 在这项研究中，我们将B2B-EC交易定义为：在企业进行交易的过程中，如果下 订单，采购，市场开发，配送，销售，递送，付款，或者开发票等任何一个或多 个环节是通过互联网来完成的，我们就称这个交易为B2B-EC交易。 这一部分旨在识别出贵公司是否采用B2B-EC来进行交易。如果您不是贵公司负 责B2B-EC采用计划的决策者，请将这份问卷交至决策者，谢谢您！ 1. 请指出在过去的三个月内，贵公司是否与交易伙伴之间通过互联网进行过至 少一项以下的交易活动? 是 否 2. 如果“是”，请选择曾经进行过的交易活动，然后继续下一部分。 下订单 (Ordering) 采购 (Procurement) 市场开发 (Marketing) 配送 (Distribution) 销售 (Sales) 递送 (Delivery) 支付 (Payment) 开发票 (Invoicing) 3. 如果“否”，请列出未参与 B2B-EC 交易的主要原因，然后继续下一部分。 82 Appendix 第二部分 在这个部分，我们首先确定出一系列有可能影响贵公司采用 B2B-EC 意向的因 素。另外，我们也想了解贵公司是否有意向采用 B2B-EC 进行交易。对于问题 1-8，请在下列陈述中圈出您对此项陈述表示同意或者不同意的程度。 Q1. 感知利益 我公司采用 B2B-EC 后将会 非常不同意 中立 非常同意 a. 减少公司的运营成本。 b. 改善公司资金流。 c. 提高公司的整体生产水平。 d. 使公司可以提供更好的顾客服务。 e. 增加公司的竞争力。 f. 使公司获得新顾客。 g. 提高与现有顾客的关系。 h. 提高公司的操作效率水平。 Q2. 管理层的支持 非常不同意 中立 非常同意 a. 管理层对实施 B2B-EC 很感兴趣。 b. 管理层认为采用 B2B-EC 对公司很重要。 c. 管理层已经有效地沟通过对 B2B-EC 的支 持态度。 Q3. 技术能力 非常不同意 中立 非常同意 a. 公司内部的技术专家（信息管理方面）在提 供信息技术（IT）支援方面有很好的表现。 b. 公司内部的技术专家在支援与 B2B-EC 相 关的系统方面有很好的经验。 c. 公司内部的技术专家在支援与 B2B-EC 相 关的系统方面有很好的技术能力。 83 Appendix Q4. 金融资源 非常不同意 中立 非常同意 a. 我公司负担得起开发及实施 B2B-EC 的费 用。 b. 公司有充足的员工用以开发及实施 B2B-EC。 c. 公司有充足的预算用以开发及实施 B2B-EC。 Q5. 竞争压力 a. 公司大部分的竞争者都采用了 B2B-EC。 非常不同意 中立 非常同意 b. 公司的主要竞争者在其采用了 B2B-EC 后 获益良多。 c. 公司的主要竞争者在采用了 B2B-EC 后受 到了相同行业中其它公司的欢迎。 d. 公司的主要竞争者在采用了 B2B-EC 后受 到了他们贸易伙伴的欢迎。 Q6. 来自贸易伙伴的压力 a. 公司大部分贸易伙伴都采用了 B2B-EC。 非常不同意 中立 非常同意 b. 对于一些已经采用了 B2B-EC 的主要贸易 伙伴，我公司依赖于他们的资源。 c. 对于一些已经采用了 B2B-EC 的主要贸易 伙伴，我公司无法轻易地转移离开他们。 d. 对于一些已经采用了 B2B-EC 的主要贸易 伙伴，我公司必须和他们保持良好的关系。 e. 那些已经采用了 B2B-EC 的主要贸易伙伴 是我公司在本行业中的核心供应商或者客户。 84 Appendix Q7. 对 B2B-EC 的了解程度 非常不同意 中立 非常同意 a. 我不太了解 B2B-EC 会给公司带来怎样的 好处。 b. 我不太了解 B2B-EC 在我公司是否适用。 c. 我不太了解 B2B-EC 的实施过程。 Q8. 对改变的抵触 非常不同意 a. 在可能的情况下，我倾向于抗拒改变。 中立 非常同意 b. 我经常对一些改变感到不舒服，即使这些 改变会给我带来好处。 c. 当有人强制我改变一些事情的时候，我倾向 抗拒即使我认为这些改变或许最终会给我带 来好处。 d. 我有时发现自己会逃避改变,即使我知道这 些改变会对我有利。 Q9. 采用意向：请在下列问题中选择或圈出最适合的答案 a. 贵公司目前的 B2B-EC 开发在何种阶段？ 没有考虑采用任何的 B2B-EC 系统 已经对采用 B2B-EC 有过一定的探讨,但是还没有付诸行动 已经考虑采用 B2B-EC,但还没有做最后的决定 已经决定采用 B2B-EC,但是实施还在进行中 我们现阶段已经采用了一种或多种形式的 B2B-EC b. 贵公司是否有意向采用 B2B-EC? 没有意向采用 中立 有明确的意向采用 85 Appendix c. 您预计贵公司多久以后将会拥有可运作的 B2B-EC 系统？ 没有计划开发 B2B-EC 年以上 18－24 个月 12－18 个月 6－12 个月 少于 个月 第三部分 请在以下的问题中选择或者填入适合您的答案。 1. 您的性别： 男 女 2. 您的年龄： 3. 您的职位： 4. 教育程度： 高中或中专 本科 研究生或以上 5. 贵公司所属行业: 制造业 服务业 6. 我在这个公司工作了________年，在这个行业工作了________年。 7. 贵公司所在城市/省： 8. 贵公司的员工总数： < 100 100-300 301-600 601-1000 1001-2000 >2000 86 Appendix 9. 贵公司内负责信息技术（IT/IS）方面的员工总数: < 10 11-30 31-60 61-100 101-200 >200 10. 年营业额（人民币）： 100 万以下 100 万～1000 万 1000 万～3000 万 3000 万～5000 万 5000 万～1 亿 亿～5 亿 亿～10 亿 10 亿以上 11. 公司所有权： 政府机构 私人企业 合资企业 外企 12. 您是否希望我们将最后的研究成果寄给您？ 是 （请附上您的名片） 否 13. 如果您对该项研究有任何意见，请写下： 问卷到此结束, 感谢你参与这项研究！ 87 [...]... development of the Internet in China, the current use of Internet-based B2B-EC in China, industry participation in B2B-EC, and current issues of B2B-EC faced by firms in China 2.1 Development of the Internet in China With the growing diffusion of the Internet, the number of computer hosts and Internet users in China has been increasing annually since 1997 A national survey report conducted by the China Internet... internal support, institutional pressures, and cognitive constraints are identified as main predictors of B2B-EC adoption intention 1.3 Structure of study This thesis is organized as follows The next Chapter provides an introduction of the current B2B-EC development in China In this chapter, four aspects: the development of the Internet in China, the current use of Internet-based B2B-EC in China, industry... relating to the adoption of Internet-based B2B-EC (Min and Galle, 2003) Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence B2B-EC adoption in mainland China To better understand the main facilitators and inhibitors, this study proposes a research model based on previous IS adoption literature and institutional theory from the management of organization literature Four factors:... sellers in finding trade opportunities and promoting their business online However, there are also many B2B websites of large enterprises which are restricted to only trading partners involved in their supply chain In the area of wholesale, most enterprises use their websites mainly for posting product and service information, instead of trading Figure 3 shows the main uses of B2B-EC among Chinese firms... view to examine the current phenomena of B2B-EC adoption intention in China From the previous IS adoption research, we find that the perceived benefits of a certain innovation and internal support within organizations significantly affect the adoption intention However, only using these two factors is not enough to explain current B2B-EC adoption among Chinese enterprises Hence, this study also includes... examined open system adoption within organizations and found that user needs are the key drivers of adoption The field survey conducted by Ramamurthy et al (1999) reveals that internal support is a good predictor to EDI adoption Because the adoption of electronic commerce technologies often requires adopting firms to modify existing business practices and processes to gain benefits, the level of the internal... reported having a superficial knowledge of B2B-EC Specifically, they do not know the benefits of B2B-EC, they do not know how many of their competitors and trading partners are using B2B-EC, and they do not even know the main functions of B2B-EC 10 Chapter 2 Current Development of B2B-EC in China Culture is also an impediment to the development of B2B-EC in China (Chinabyte, 2003) In Chinese culture,... However, doing businesses by B2B-EC only requires firms to conduct their transactions online This change makes traditional Chinese businessmen feel insecure as they may perceive B2B-EC to be violating their legitimate business norms As a response, they may revert to the patrimonial way of conducting business Thus, while there is significant development of the Internet and Internet-based information... found to be a good predictor of IS adoption Most researchers have included this factor in their models and validated it as an important determinant factor because it is a main driver to any internal change In addition, the internal support within organizations also cannot be neglected because the adoption of new information systems sometimes requires internal support for approval The lack of internal... International Journal of Electronic Commerce, and IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management between 1993 and 2003 (Appendix 1) We find that the studies published before 2002 focus on the adoption of EDI while recent studies focus more on the Internet-based B2B-EC, examining the factors influencing B2B-EC adoption To help explain the B2B-EC adoption intention of Chinese non-adopter firms, factors 13 Chapter . ADOPTION OF BUSINESS- TO -BUSINESS ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IN CHINA ZHANG MIAO (B. Logistics Management, Beijing Technology and Business University, China) A THESIS. relating to the adoption of Internet-based B2B-EC (Min and Galle, 2003). Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence B2B-EC adoption in mainland China. To better. provides an introduction of the current B2B-EC development in China. In this chapter, four aspects: the development of the Internet in China, the current use of Internet-based B2B-EC in China, industry