Cẩm nang tự ôn luyện thi đại học môn sinh phùng duy đổng

Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt Ldl NOI DAU DC- C O t l i c d a l k c l q u a t o t t r o n g c a c k i t l i i T o t n g h i c p T H P T , t u y e n s i n l i v a o c a c Chu-orng 1. C O cut t r U f l n g C a o d a n g . D a i i i o c . h o c s i n h c a n n a m dUOc c h u a n k i c n ihiYc, k l n a n g ci'ia chUOng trinh T H P T . A. C d CHE DI TRUYEN CAP DO PHAN TLf Cuthela: - F h a i nh('(, n a m v i l n g , h i c u r o c a c k i c n thtfc c(J b a n t r o n g c h i r r i n g t r i n h , s a c i i g i a o k h o a m o n S i n h h o c c a p T H P T , c h u y e u l a I d p 12. - P h a i bie't \&n d u n g c a c k i c n thifc d a h o c d e t r a D I TRUYjfeN I. TOM T A T NOI DUNG T r i f d c t i c n , h p c s i n h c a n n h d r d i he tho'ng l a i t o a n b o cac k i e ' n ihtJc da du'dc cac c a u h o i , gitii bai lap, l i i m h p c t r o n g chiTimg t r i n h T H P T v c CO sd thiTc hanh v a iJng d u n g v a o thifc t i e n , d t l i s o n g . - P h a i r e n luyC-n c a c l h a o t a c , tu' d u y : P l i a n t i c h diftfc c a c sU k i e n , d f f k i e n thCfa, thie'u h o a c d i i d e g i a i q u y e t d i M c c a c v a n d c c i i t h e . X a c d i n h d i W c m o i q u a n h e giiTa c a c q u a t h o a dUOc nhiTng v a n d c r i e n g I c , c u t h e . S u y l u a n tiT nhCtng k i e ' n thiVc d a c d e md C H A T va C d C H E D I T R U Y E N 1. G e n la cd sd v a t c h a t di t r u y e n (If c a p p h a n tijT D t ) la m o t d o a n a x i l n u c l e i c ( A D N hotic A R N ) d i f d c c a n t a o lii4 loai nucleotit A , T , G , X . C o m p l cht'fc n a n g d i t r u y e n nhii't d i n h n h i f m a h o a c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t , h o a c p h i i n t i f A R N , d i e u h o a h o a l d p n g c u a gen, . r o n g k i c n thiJc, p h a t t r i e n n a n g liTc n h a n thiJc. H i c n n a y , d e t h i t o t n g h i e p T H P T , t u y e n s i n h v a o c a c trufcing C a o d a n g , D a i h o c d C A P D O P H A N T O . C t i t h e n h u ' sau: b o p h a n t r o n g t o a n t h e ; c u t h e h o a d m i c nhiTng v a n d e t r i f u t i f d n g ; n h a n b i e t v i i h i c u difrtc cac b o p h a n c a u t h a n h ; k e t hOp du'dc n h i c u y c u t o t h a n h m o t t d n g t h e h o a n c h i ' n h ; k h a i VAT ; ,, 2. G e n c a u t r u e c vunj» t r i n h t\i n u c l e o t i t m o n S i n h h o c l a h i n h t h i f c t h i t r a c n g h i c m . D o l a h i n h thiJc k i e m t r a , m a t r o n g d o d c V i i n g d i e u h o a n a m d d i i u ' c i i a m a c h m i i go'c m a n g t i n h i e u k h d i d p n g v i i k i e m I r a thirClng g o m n h i c u c a u h o i . M o i c a u n c u r a m o t v a n d e c i i n g v d i n h i f n g t h o n g t i n k i e m soat p h i e n m a . v u n g m i i hoa m a n g t h o n g t i n mix h o a cac a x i l a m i n , c the c a n t h i c ' t , s a o c h o t h i s i n h c h i p h a i t r a I d i v a n t a t d o i v d i iCmg c a u h o i . D e l a m to't h i n h thiVc t h i t r a c n g h i e m , n g o a i v i c e o n t a p c k e ' h o a c h , c h u a n h i n o i d u n g k l t h i h o c s i n h c a n p h a i l a m q u c n v d i h i n h thiJc t h i n a y . T u y n h i c n , k h o n g c a n p h a i l i e n l i i c ( d te b a o n h a n .sd) h o a c k h o n g h e n l i i c , tti'c l i i x e n k e c a c d o a n m a hoa a x i l a m i n ( c x t ) n ) lit c i i c d o a n k h o n g m i i h o a a x i l a m i n ( i n t r o n ) ( d te' b i l o n h a n l a m t h a t n h i c u , c h i c a n l i i m q u e n v d i m o t so c a u h o i t h e o t i f n g n p i d u n g , ti^ng p h a n h o c i h i f c ) ; v i i n g k e t i h u c n a m d d a u 5' c i i a m a c h goc m a n g t i n h i e u ke'l t h i i c p h i e n m a . nhif: C d c h c ' d i t r u y e n v i i bic'n d i , D i t r u y e n hoc q u d n t h e , D i I r u y e n hoc ngifdi, . dc n a m 3. du'dc e a c h r a d e t h i , kT t h u a t l i i m b i i i t h i trii'c n g h i c m . Q u a n t r o n g nhii't l i t p h a i t r a n g b i k i e n t h i f c d i i y d u , h e t h o n g , p h a i r e n l u y e n t o t ctic t h a o t a c tu" d u y i h i n i d i c d t h e d a t kc't qua t o l cac k i t h i . Vc ciiu h o i c d the chia loai; Ciiu hoi "thuoc b a i " v i i ciiu h o i " h i e u b a i " . T r o n g c u o n sach c h i i n g t o i k h o n g de cap d e n cac c a u h o i " t h u p c b a i " , k h o n g p h a i v i c h i i n g k h o n g q u a n t r o n g , m a v i c h i i n g d i i difdc t r i n h bay d a y d u , r o r i i n g d S G K . C h i i n g dung diidc b a i hpc. V I d u : C h i i n g t o i k h o n g h o i : Phien m a la gi? T r i n h bay d i e n bien va kc't q u a c i i a q u a t r i n h p h i e n m i l n h u ' d S G K m a c h i i n g c h i d c r a c a c c i i u h o i b i i p c h p c s i n h n g u y c n l i e u , e n z i m x i i c t i i c ) p h i e n m i l b a t d a u v a c h i i ' m diJt d v i t r i n i i o t r e n k h u o n , c h i c u c u a m a c h k h u o n , c h i e u t d n g h d p v a n g u y c n t a c t d n g h d p . H i c n t i f d n g x a y r a k h i kc't t h i i c p h i e n m a ? Q u a d d c h o bic'l c d c h e ' p h i e n m a l i i gi? m A R N difdc t a o t h i i n h sau p h i e n m a d dau V e b a i tiip cung c d the chia loai: B i i i tap t i f luan v i i b a i tap trac n g h i c m . C h i i n g t o i c h u y n h i c u h d n d d i v d i b i i i t a p t i f l u a n . V i t i f l u a n toi se trac n g h i c m t o t v a q u a t i f l u a n c d t h e r e n l u y e n t i f d u y t o t h d n , d a n h g i a du'dc d i i y d u h d n v e k e t q u i i h p c t a p c u a h p c s i n h . K i n h m o n g cac thay giao, cac bac p h u h u y n h v i i cac e m hpc sinh d d n g g d p t h e m y k i e n d c c d the b d sung, h o i i n t h i e n d i i n c u d n sach niiy. Tac gid b p ba m a h o a ( T r i p l e t ) bp m d dau lii A U G t i f d n g I'fng v d i m a hoa a x i l a m i n m d ( M e l i o n i n h a y f o o c m i n M e t i o n i n ) b p ba m a h o a c a c a x i t a m i n k h a c , va ba b p ba k e t t h i i c l i i U A A , U A G , U G A k h o n g m a hoa a x i l a m i n nao. M i l d i t r u y e n c d a c d i e m : K h o n g go'i l e n n h a u , c l i n h p h d b i c ' n ( c h u n g cho l o a i ) l i n h d a c h i e u ( m o t b p ba c h i m a h o a a x i t a m i n ) v a l i n h I h o a i h o a (c6 mpi t h e n h i c u b p ba c i i n g m i i h o a m p l a x i l a m i n ) . Mai d i I r u y e n t r o n g A D N du'dc p h i e n m a sang A R N . 4. ' ' ^ Phien ma S i f I r u y e n t h o n g t i n d i I r u y e n p h a n Ivi A D N mach kep .sang p h a n tijf m a c h d d n ( m A R N , l A R N , r A R N ) la q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a ( h a y hdp te b a o n h i i n s d v a t e b a o n h a n thiTc k h a c n h a u d d i e m n a o ? . 4^ = 64 c o d o n t r e n m A R N . T r o n g co p h a i siV d u n g c a c t h a o t a c tu" d u y d c t i m h i e u c a c k i c n thuTc c u a b i i i p h i e n m i l nhu": T r o n g q u a t r i n h p h i e n nm c d su" t h a m g i a c u a c a c y e u t o n i l o ? V a i t r o c i i a m o i y c u t o d o ( k h u o n , hoa M a d i t r u y e n l i i m a b p b a , life la n u c l e o t i t dtJng h e n n h a u m a h o a m p l a x i l a m i n . V i c6 n u c l e o t i t n e n c6 t o i c h i d e c a p c a u h o i " h i e u b i i i " tiJc l i i nhiTng c a u h o i g i t i p h o c p h a n t i c h , so s a n h , t d n g h d p , s u y l u a n d c c d t h e h i c u b a i m o t e a c h s a u sac. TCf d o m d i d c t h u p c b a i m d i v i i v a n G e n c h i f a t h o n ^ t i n di t r u y e n diftJi h i n h thufc m a l i i qua trinh ARN long ARN). O te b a o n h a n i h i f c , p h i e n m a d i e n r a t r o n g n h i i n te b i i o , k i I r u n g g i a n g i i f a Ian p h a n biio, liic N S T d d a n g sdi m a n h . Q u a t r i n h p h i e n ma h i n h thiinh m A R N d i e n b i e n n h U sau: Tru'dc l i e n , polimeraza nhan biet trinh hoa) de b a m vao l i f cac n u c l e o t i t dac b i e t t r e n A D N (lai viing ARN dieu v u n g d i e u h o a , l a m g e n t h a o x o S n d c Ip r a m a c h m a g d c chicu 3' -> 5'. A R N polimeraza trifdl t r e n m a c h goc, x u c lac l o n g h d p cd mARN Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt Ca'm nang \\J 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy D6ng Iheo nguycn lac bo sung (A - U , G - X ) . K h i gap tin hieu ke'l Ihi'ic (d vung kc't Dieu hoa boat dong ciia gen lai cac operon dien nhu' sau: K h i moi tru'dng thuc) till dtrng phicn ma, A R N du'Oc giai phong. Viing nao phien ma xong thi hai noi bao khong c6 chat cam u'ng, gen dieu hoa tdng hdp chat ifc che', gan vao mach ddn cua gen dong xoan ngay. viing van hanh (O) ngiin can phien ma cua nhom gen ca'u true (operon d trang O te bao nhan scf m A R N dtfrtc diing de dich ma d te' bao nhiin Ihifc thai vie che). K h i m o i tru'dng ndi bao c6 chat cam u'ng thi chat cam u'ng lien ke'l thi dirdc cat bo intron noi cac cxon lai m A R N iriidng lhanh, m(1i diing de vdi chat (ic che' lam cho no khdng the lien ke'l difdc v d i viing van hiinh, nhom djch ma. gen ca'u true chuyen sang Irang thai hoat ddng, qua trinh phien ma, dich ma xay ra. 5. Djch ma 7. Sil" bieu hien kieu hinh ciia gen La giai doan ke tiep sau phien ma, truyen thong tin di truyen ttf m A R N (Ban ma sao) sang chuoi polipeptit. Tij" quy dinh cac tinh Irang. Qua tnnh dich md fidin iiiai doan: a) Hoat hoa axit amin Trong to bao chat, nhd cac enzim dac tru'ng va nang lu'dng A T P , mdi axit amin du'dc hoat hoa va gan vdi l A R N lu'dng iJug lao nen phi'fc he aa - l A R N . Thdng tin di truyen chi'fa gen du'dc bic'u hien lhanh tinh trang cua cd the thong qua c(< che phien ma tif gen sang m A R N rdi dich ma tCr m A R N sang protein va lif protein bieu hien lhanh tinh trang. M d i te bao deu chii'a day dii loan bd cac gen quy dinh ca'u triic tat ca cac loai protein cua cd the. Nhifng qua trinh phat trien ca the, tifng te'bao liYng loai mo, tijy lifng giai doan phat trien ma chi mdt so' gen boat b) Toiig lufp chuoi polipeptit ddng, life la te'bao chi long hdp loai prdtcin can ihic't vao liic can thiet thdng qua M o i riboxom gdm lieu phan, binh Ihu'dng nam Uich nhau, k h i c6 mat m A R N cd che dieu hoa hoat ddng gen. chung lien ke'l v('Ji m A R N l a i codon m dau. Tren r i b o x o m c6 v i I r i la P (peplil) va A (amin). M o i v i I r i tiTdng tfng vdti mot bo ba. N h d r i b o x o m giiJ vai tro nhu" mot khung del giiJa m A R N v d i aa.lARN va giffa codon - anticodon. N h d CO bo ba doi ma (anticodon) ma aa - l A R N c6 the nhan bie't codon lu'dng iJng mang axit amin den diing v i tri va khdp bd sung vdi codon lu'dng iJng tren mARN. Dau tien l A R N mang axit amin met dau la M e t i o n i n ( d te' bao nhan sd la foocmin M e t i o n i n ) den dung vi tri cua codon m d dau. Tiep theo l A R N mang axil amin thu' nhat (aai - t A R N ) den v i i r i codon thiJ nhat. L i e n ke'l peplil giffa M e t i o n i n va a x i l ihii' nhat du'dc lao lhanh (nhd xiic lac ciia enzim), l A R N rdi khoi ribdxdm. Sau r i b o x o m bat dau chuyen dich tijfng na'c, m d i nac u'ng vdi mot codon va qua trinh dich ma lai xay lu'dng liT. K h i gap codon ke'l thuc thi diifng Sif bieu hien kieu hinh ciia gen chiu sir tifdng lac giiTa cac gen, lu'dng tac giu'a kieu gen v d i mdi tru'dng va phu thudc vao v i tri ciia gen nam tren NST thu'dng hay NST gidi tinh, nam nhan hay ngoiii nhan. vao sir phan l i ciia gen (phan l i ddc lap, phan li cung nhau). vao sir lien ke'l cua cac gen (lien ke'l hoan loan, lien ket khdng hoan loan). , ,. '. Tinh cha't ciia gen ^ V) CO can tao da phan nen: - Gen cd tinh da dang va tinh dac thii, lhanh phan, so' lu'dng, trat lir xap xe'p ciic bo ba gen quy dinh. - Gen cd kha nang dot bien va di truyen cac ddl bie'n cho the' he sau. - Gen cd khii nang tai ban (qua sir nhan ddi ciia A D N ) cd kha nang phan l i phien ma. R i b o x o m tach khdi m A R N , chudi polipeptit du'dc giai phong, axit va i d hdp (qua sir phan li va i d hdp ciia NST) qua truyen thdng tin d i truyen amin m d dau du'dc cat bd, chudi polipeptit tiep tuc hinh lhanh cac cii'u true bac cho cac the he sau. cao hdn, Ird lhanh protein hoan chinh. 9. Q u a trinh nhan ddi ciia A D N Tren m d i phan tu" m A R N thu'dng c6 mot so'ribdxdm hoiit ddng (poHribdxdm). Nhtf vay, m d i phan tii' m A R N cd the long hdp liT mdt de'n nhieu chudi polipeptit cung loai. Sau k h i tdng hdp, m A R N du'dc enzim phan giai, ribdxdm du'dc sij" Dien tru'dc te'bao bu'dc vao giai doan phan chia + O sinh vat nhan sd: Nhd enzim thao xoan (Helicaza), hai mach dcfn ciia phan li? A D N dirdc tach dung qua vai the'he te'bao. tao lhanh chac chCr Y (ddn v i lai biin). M d i mach ciia A D N deu dirdc lam 6. D i e u hoa boat dong cua gen khudn de long hdp mach A D N mdi. V i mach 3' La dieu hoa lu'dng san pham cua gen du'dc lao ra. sinh vat phan sd, dieu hoa hoat dong cua gen chu ye'u dien d giai doan phien ma cac opcron. thao xoan (T 5' phat trien ihuan vdi chieu ' ) nen mach mdi tdng hdp tren mach khudn 3' hdp lien tuc theo chieu 5' 5' du'dc tdng 3' tao lhanh phan luT A D N cd mach chieu sinh vat nhan thifc, dieu hoa hoat dong cua gen dien qua nhieu giai doan nhU: ngirdc nhau. Con mach mdi long hdp tren mach khudn 5' —)• 3' phai tdng hdp NST thao xoan, dieu hoa phien ma va sau phien ma, dieu hoa dich ma va sau tirng doan ngan (doan Okazaki) ( v i ngu'dc vdi chieu phat trien ciia chac Y ) . Sau dich ma. Cty TMHH lyJTV D W H Khang Vi^t d m nang tij fin va luyjn thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Odng HU('/ng ddn ciic doan diroc no'i lai vcfi (nhcJ ezim no'i ligaza) mdi tao phan tu' ADN hoan chinh. Trong qua trinh nhan doi ADN c6 nhieu cnzim lham gia, enzim chinh la ADN polimeraza, lam nhicm vu xiic tac siTkien ket gii?a cac nucleotit tiT vdi cac nucleotit ciia mach khuoii iheo nguyen tiic bd sung (A - T, G - X). Cudi ciing tuf phan lif ADN sau nhan doi tao phan tur A D N gio'ng het ADN ban dau. Trong moi phan tuf ADN du^dc tao thi mot mach la mdi dm^c long help mach la cua ADN ban dau (nguycn tac ban bao ton). Nhu'vay, qua trinh nhan doi ADN da dien Ihco nguyen tac bd sung va ban bao ton vdi sir xiic lac cua cac enzim dac tru'ng, nhd da tao ADN gidng het ADN me, bao dam cho siTdi truyen cac gen qua cac he Ic bao mot each chinh xac. + O sinh vat nhan thi/c: ' Vi CO nhieu nhan lu" ADN kich thu'dc Idn nen su" nhan doi A D N x;iy lai nhieu diem mdi phan lit ADN tao nhieu ddn vj lai ban (nhan doi) va du'dc nhan doi ddng thdi. II. C A UH O IT U L U A N Ve cdu hoi tu luan chuiii^ toi chia lout: 1. Cau hoi phan tich bai hpc tiTng phan, tiTng y mot each he thong dc hoc, de hieu va de nhd (cau 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15,16). 2. Cau hoi ren luyen cac thao tac tu'duy de giiip cac em biet phat trien va van Ta't cii cac cau trcn chi diing nhiirng dieu kien nha't dinh. Vi gen cd cau true mach ddn (mpl sd chiing virut) mach thang, mach vdng Khdng phai gen nao Cling mang Ihdng tin ma hda mot san pham xac dinh, khdng phai mpi gen deu cd chifc nang di truyen, cd gen gay chet, gen bat hoal, . - Cd the Ira Idi nhu" sau: Gen la cd sd vat cha't di truyen d cap dp phan tii". Dd la mot doan axil nucleic cd mpl cMc nang di truyen nha't dinh, hoac bift hoal, gay chet, . Cau 2: Cau tao, chiJc nang, tinh chat ciia gen? Giai ihich vi gen cd nhffng tinh chaldd. HUoiigddit - Gen cd nhieu loai, mdi loai cd cau tao va cMc nang khac nhau. SGK chi trinh bay cau true chung ciia gen cau Iriic. - Gen cd linh da dang, tinh dac thii (do cd cau tao da phan), cd kha nang tai biin (VI gen la mot doan ciia ADN, nen ADN lai ban gen cijng du'dc lai ban) cd kha niing phan li vii id hdp (vi gen chiJa nhiem sac the, ti the, lap the nen chiing phan li va to hPp se dan den sifphan l i va id hdp cua gen). Gen cd khii nang dpthien sifket cap khdng dung nhan doi hoac tac nhan dot bien. Cau 3: Qua trinh nhan doi ciia ADN xiiy li'ic nao? Cd siT lham gia ciia cac yeu id' nao? Vai trd ciia cac yeu id' dd? Qua trinh nhan doi ciia ADN dien theo nguyen tac nao? Cd y nghia gi? Chieu thao xoan, chieu long hdp? dung kien thitc (cac cau lai 1, 2, 3, 17 ^ 38). Cau 1: Gen la gi? Co cac each trii Idi sau: A. Gen la mot doan ciia phan tii' ADN, mang thong tin ma hda mot chuoi polipeptit hay mpl phan lu" ARN. B. Gen la mot doan cua phan tu* ADN mang thong tin ma hda cho mpl san pham Xiic dinh. C. Theo nghia rpng, gen la mpl doan phan ti'r axil nucleic mang thong tin quy dinh cau true ciia mpl chudi polipeptit, lARN, mARN hoae lam nhicm vu dieu hda, khdi ddng . D. Gen la vat chat di truyen d cap dp phan tij". E. Gen la mot doan phan tii' axil nucleic, du'dc cau tao tij" cac ddn phan nucleotit (A, T, G, X). G. Gen la mot doan ciia phan tu" ADN cd chtfc nang di truyen nhat dinh. Hay danh gia (dung luyct doi, dung tUdng doi, sai, Ihieu chinh xac, chifa dii, .) va du"a y kien ciia minh. Dung tu-png doi la dung mot dieu kien nhat dinh. V i du: Nu'dc sdi d 1(X)"C chi diing tu'dng doi (dung vdi dieu kien nhiet dp va ap suat binh thirdng). HUdiig ddn - Qua Irmh nhan doi ciia ADN xiiy d ki trung gian tru'dc le bao bu'dc vao giai doan phan chia te bao. - Ccic yen i d lham gia: mach ddn ciia gen (liim khudn); cac nucleotit tif (nguyen lieu de idng hPp mach mdi); enzim xiic lac: hclicaza (lach mach ddn); ADN polimeraza (xiic lac si; lien ket giffa cac nucleotit tiT vdi cac nucleotit ciia mach khudn); ligaza (ndi Ccic doan dkazaki vdi nhau). - Nguyen tac: Nguyen lac bd sung (A - T, G - X) vii nguyen lac ban biio Ion (giu" lai mot mach). - Chieu lhao xoan: Ngu'dc vdi chieu xoan ciia phan lu" ADN (lir phiii sang trai). - Chieu tdng hdp: Ngu'dc vdi chieu ciia mdi mach khudn. - Y ngliTa: Tao dieu kien cho nhidm sac the nhan doi, Ic' bao phan chia va suf truyen each chinh xac cac gen qua cac the'he ADN, the'he tc bao. Cau 4: Hay giai thich vi tren true chi? Y chi cd mot mach ciia phan tuf ciia ADN du'dc tdng hdp lien tuc, mach lai difdc tdng hdp mot each gian doan. Co mot sd each gicii Ihich nhUsau: a) V i ADN polimeraza chi long hdp mach mdi theo chieu 3' —> 3'. ' h) VI ADN polimeraza chi cd the bd sung nucleotit vao nhdm 3' - OH. • • , • • Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt c) V i A D N polimcraza khdi dau can c6 nhom 3'- O H d dau mach khuon. Thco c m tra Uli nhifcac each trcn c(3 dung khong? V I sao? Hay giai thich theo Ne'u V I A D N polimcraza chi long hdp mach m d i theo chieu 5' —> 3' i h i se Ne'u V I A D N polimcraza chi c6 the bo sung nucleotit vao nhom 3' - O H thi khong giiii thich difdc gi vl mach niio cung c6 nhom 3' - O H . Neu V I A D N polimcraza khdi dau can c6 nhom 3' - O H nhu'ng thao xoan ba gen khong go'i Icn mdi co the quy dinh Irinh tif sitp xep cac axit protein. Tir dac tinh phd bie'n cua ma di Iruyen co the giai thich nguon goc thong nhcft cua sinh gidi cf miJc phan luT va so loai axit amin cua moi loai dcu nho hPn 64. C a u 7: V i A D N co kha nang tai ban va lai ban m p l each chinh xac. HU(fngddn bat dau ttjf dau 5' ciia mach ma goc thi sao? Co dung nvtii khong? Do nguyen - nhan chii yeu la each thao xoan. Co the gicii thich nf^uyen nhcin cua sUtdn^ hcfp ngdt qudng Tijf ccic dac diem ciia ma di Iruyen co ine suy ra: T r i n h tu" siip xep cac bp amin chuoi polipeplit. TiT m6i co the co tinh dac tru'ng ciia A D N , ciia khong dung thao xoan liTdau 5' ciia mach ma goc. - Neu so loai axit amin bang hoac Idn hPn so bp ba ma hoa thi dieu co the xay - HU(htg dan - Tai co the xay hien tu'png nhieu bp ba ciing msi hoa m p l a x i l amin? khong? suy nghi cua c m . - - nhusau: Do thao xoan bat d;ui tu" dau 3' ciia mach ma goc vii phia ngu'cfc v d i chieu xoan ciia phan tii" A D N nen mach A D N mdi, long hcfp til' khuon la mach ma goc (3' - > 5') se phat trien thuan vdi chieu phat trien ciia chac chu" Y nen du'c.^c long help lien luc. mach A D N mc'Ji, long hcfp tu" khuon la mach bo sung v6i mach ma goc ( ' ^ 3") phiii du'cfc long hdp tifng doan ngSn ngi/cfc vdi chieu phat trien cua chac chi? Y. Nhu" vay mc'-fi lao phan tu" A D N mcfi co mach ngu'dc chieu nhau. Gia sit thao xoan bat dau cuoi mach ma goc i h i ke't qua se ngu'cfc l a i , nghla la mach A D N dMc long hdp lit mach ma goc 3' - > 5' phai bi long hdp ngat quang. Do nguyen nhan la each thao xoitn va dac diem cau lao cua phan lii' A D N la CO mach ngu'dc chieu nhau. V i A D N CO cau true mach kcp. lien ket giifa cac nucicotit Iren hai mach dcfn la lien kc'l hidro (lien ket yeu). Cac nucleotit giiJa hai mach ddn lien ket vdi theo nguyen lac bo sung. Qua trinh lai ban dicn theo nguyen lac bd sung va ban bao ton. C a u 8: l i n g \6\l amin m d dau la M e l i o n i n co may bp ba ma hoa? Co each trii Idi sau: • > a) Co bp ba ma hoa ,. b) Co bp ba ma hoa •l • Hay cho bie'l cau tra Idi nao dting? Hiidng - dan Ne'u noi M e l i o n i n co bp ba mii hoa co nghia la 64 bp ba ma hoa thi M e l i o n i n chi co bp ba ma hoa (trong 20 loai axit amin chi co loai la M e l i o n i n va Triptophan chi co mot bp ba ma hoa, lai deu co hoac nhieu bp ba ma hoa, nhieu nha't la A e g i m i n co den bp ba ma hoa). C a u 5: V I ma di Iruyen la ma bo ba. Ne'u phan tii' A D N c(3 cho hoac loai nucleotit thi c6 the mii hoa du'dc bao nhieu loai axit amin? Hid'fng dan V i CO loai nucleotit ( A , T, G, X ) neu ma hoa bo mot se lao du'cfc 4' = to hcfp, neu ma hoa bo hai se lao lhanh ' = 16 to hdp khong dii de ma hoa 20 lo;ii axit amin. - Neu noi M e l i o n i n co bp ba ma hoa co nghla la iJng vdi M e l i o n i n Ihi co bp ma nam trcn phan tiV: T A X nam tren A D N , A U G nam Iren m A R N va U A X nam tren l A R N . N o i each khac la: M e l i o n i n co bp ba ma goc (Triplet) la T A X , bp ba ma (codon) la A U G va bp ba doi ma (anticodon) la U A X . • Noi chinh xac thi A irii Idi dung hPn B v i T A X , A U G , U A X deu la m p l 64 bp ba ma hoa. Ma hoa bo ba se du'Pc ' = 64 to hdp ihijfa de ma hoa 20 loai a x i l amin khong C a u 9: Nguyen lac ccJ c h e n h a n doi A D N la gi? can phai ma hoa bo bon. HiiAng dan Neu phan tir c6 loai nucleotit thi se lao diTdc 3^ = 27 bo ba ma hoa. Neu CO loai nucleotit se lao diidc 2" = bp ba ma hoa. ThiTc te cung co the xay d ciic doan gen, cac doan m A R N , t A R N , r A R N chi co hoac loai nucleotit. - A D N CO khii niing nhan doi de lao phan tu" A D N gidng va gio'ng vdti A D N mc. - Qua irinh nhan doi A D N d te bao sinh vat nhan sP, sinh vat nhan thifc va C a u 6: T i f ciic dac d i e m cua mii di truycn co the suy dieu gi? V i ma di A D N ciia virul (dang sPi kcp) dcu thco nguyen utc bd sung va ban bao ton. Iruyen co cac diem do? C a u 10: Phicn mii lii gi? D i c n d dau? Co nhiJng yeu i d niio tham gia? ChiJc HU('fng dan - chuoi polipeplit se nhu" the" nao?) niing ciia cac yeu i d do? H i c n lu'png gi xiiy k c l ihiic phicn mii? Neu ma di iruyen goi len thi se dan den ket qua gi? (Cac axit amin Neu ma di truyen khong cx) tinh dac hicu thi co can den ma bp ba khong? HUifng dan + ' Phicn mii lii sif idng hpp A R N . sinh vat nhan thifc, qua trinh long hpp mARN dicn nhan tc biio, cf ki U-ung gian, liic nhicm sac the cf dang dan xoan. Ca'm nang ti; fin va luy§n thi S i n h hgc - Phung Duy D6ng + vao Cty TMHH MTV DVVH Khang VIM Cat- yen lo' tham gia: Mach - Enzim A R N polimcraza xiic tac qua trinh long hctp bang each: Bam VLing dieu hoa lam gen lhao xoiin, tri/dt doc iheo mach ma goc lit diem khdi ma goc C a u 13: CJ giai doan keo dai chuoi polipeplit da xay nhSng hien lu'dng gi? HU('iiigddn i: i ^ - 3' -> 5' ciia gen lam khuon. dau den diem k e l ihiic cua mach ma goc theo chicu ' - > ' de long hrip nen m A R N Iheo nguyen lac bo sung (A - U , G - X ) iheo chieu ' + 3'. Sau phien ma: - Dau lien: - Anlicodon ciia phi'fc hdp aai - l A R N khdp bd sung vdi codon Ihir nha'l. - Enzim xiic Uic lien k e l peptil giCa a x i l amin ihuf nha't (aai) vdi axit amin m d dau ( M e l i o n i n ) . - l A R N (da tiich khdi axit amin mi^ dau) rdi khoi riboxom. r Phan lii" m A R N du'dc giai phong, gen dong xoan, m A R N le'bao chal Sau do: riboxom chuyen dich lij'ng nac, moi nac iJng vdi mot codon va qua de l a m khuon dich ma (d le bao nhan s d ) hoac cal bo cac intron, no'i cac trinh dich ma lai xiiy Wcing ur tren (Anlicodon ciia phiJc hdp aa - l A R N khdp exon lai Ihiinh m A R N Iru'dng lhanh m d i roi mdi te bao chat lam khuon djch bd sung vdi codon liA^ng irtig, enzim xiic lac lien kel peptil, l A R N rdi khdi riboxom). nifi (te b a o nhan Ihi/c). C a u 14: (5 giai doan k e l thiic da xay nhifng hien Wdng gi? C a u 11: O giai doan hoat hoa qua trinh dich ma da xay nhiJng hicn Milng nao? Co nhCfng yeu to nao tham gia? V a i tro ciia cac yeu to do? San pham ciia giai doan la gi? Hiidng + ddn Co hicn tu'c^ng xay la: J - Float hoa axil amin. - L i e n ket giiJa t A R N vc'li axit amin tU'dng iJng da difdc hoat hoa tao Yeu lo' tham gia: - A T P cung cap niing lifcfng de hoat hoa axil amin va lien ket vdi l A R N . - Cac enzim tham gia gdm: Enzim xuc lac lien kel giiJa l A R N vCl\t amin tiTdng iJng da du'dc hoat hoa de tao lhanh phiJc he aa - l A R N . San pham ciia giai doan la cac axil amin da dUdc hoat hoa va phiJc he aa - l A R N . C a u 12: O giai doan m d dau long hdp chuoi polipeplit da xay nhiJng hien lu'dng nao? HUdng ddn Cf giai doan mc'^ dau c6 hien tifdng xay ra: - T i e u phan be cua riboxom nhan biel va lien k e l vdi m A R N d vi i r i dac hieu, gdm codon m& dau. - Anlicodon ciia phitc hdp Met - l A R N khdp bd sung vdi eodon m d dau. - Tieu phan Idn ciia riboxom kel hdp tao riboxom hoiln chinh, s;Tn sang long hdp chuoi polipeplit (Theo SGK Sinh hoc Idp - Chu'dng trinh chuan) (Thirc riboxom g a n vdi codon m d dau vii bat dau dich ma lai v i tri P rdi dich ma lai v i tri A tren riboxom, lien kel peptil giiJa a x i l amin du'dc lhanh lap, l A R N (da Uich khoi a x i l amin ml^ dau) rdi khcM ribom ihi riboxom mdi chuyen sang codon liep Iheo de liep Uic dich ma). 10 - Qua trinh djch ma diJng lai riboxom liep xiic vdi ma ket thuc - A x i t amin m d dau du'dc cat khdi chuoi polipeplit (nhd enzim dac hieu) - Chuoi polipeplit hinh lhanh cac cau trilc bac cao hdn Ird lhanh protein C a u 15: Poliriboxom du'dc hinh lhanh nhu'the nao? Y nghia ciia no? - ? RiboxOm ihi? nhal chuyen dich du'dc - I O O A " thi r i b o x o m IhiJ hai gan vao m A R N , liep theo la riboxom ihir , thi? 4, . (thifdng cd l i i - riboxom) Enzim xuc lac lien k e l giffa axit amin vdi A T P de lhanh axit amin hoat dong + :( hoiin chinh. lhanh phiVc he aa - l A R N . + Huong ddn chiing tao lhanh mot nhom riboxom ciing tham gia dich ma trcn mdt phan lit m A R N . - Y nghia: Tong hdp lien liep du'dc nhieu phan lii' protein cijng loai, lam tang hieu sua't long hdp. Gin chil: De de nhd cac em nen chia nhu' sau: . Riboxom giin vao m A R N lai codon m d da xay nhiJng sir kien gi? Da xiiy su' kien: - Dich ma axil amin md dau va axil amin ihii' nhal (^(tog ling vdi vi \xi P v;i A) - Enzim xuc uic hinh lhanh lien ket peptil giffa a x i l amin. - l A R N (da tach khdi aa m d dau) rdi khdi riboxom. . Riboxom chuyen dich lifng nac, codon de liep tuc dich ma lu'dng tif Iren. 3. Riboxom gap ma kel thiic thi difng dich ma, axit amin m d dau bi ciil bd va chuoi polipeplit hinh lhanh cac ca'u Iriic bac cao hdn. C a u 16: Qua Irinh djch ma xay d dau, liic nao, c6 nhifng yeu to" nao tham gia, vai Ird ciia mdi yen to? San phifm hinh lhanh? Y nghia ciia qua trinh dich ma? HUdng ddn - Xay t e b a o chat, lai cac riboxom, sau phien ma, liic c6 mat m A R N . - Ciic yeu td^ tham gia: + m A R N : Lam khuon long hdp protcm . + Nguyen lieu: Ciic axit amin ur do. + A T P : Cung cap nang iifdng. i,. • ' ' • „ , Ca'm nang tu an va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy B6ng + Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt C a c c n z i m l h a m g i a e n z i m : x i i c Uic l a o l h a n h phiJc h d p aa - lARN; 1. V e c a l l t a o : c n z i m x i l c Uic l i e n k e l giffa a x i l a m i n vCl'i A T P . c n z i m x i i c t a c l a o l h a n h l i e n k e t p e p l i l ; e n z i m x i i c l a c q u a I r i n h c a t b o a x i l a m i n md d a u k h o i c h u o i p o l i p c p l i l . + lam R i b o x o m : C a n v d i m A R N l a i v i t r i dac h i e u d e l A R N b a t d a u d i c h m a ; khung d d m A R N . + + P o l i r i b o x o m : T a n g h i e u suat l o n g hcfp p r o t e i n . + l A R N : m a n g a x i l a m i n d e n r i b o x o m v a tie'n h ; m h d i c h m a ( a n t i c o d o n - T h a n h p h a n , s d l i f t i n g v a I r i n h l i f sap x e p c a c n u c l c o l i l k h a c n h a u da t a o - C a n true k h o n g g i a n ciia g e n c i i n g khac n h a u n e n c u n g l a o r a n h i e u l o a i g e n Hitc'fng dan G e n m a n g t h o n g t i n c a u triic p r o t e i n ( t h o n g t i n d i I r u y e n ) . T h o n g t i n d i I r u y e n dift.lc m a h o a t r o n g g e n b i i n g m a h o a b o ba. M a d i I r u y e n t r o n g g e n dUdc p h i e n m a .sang m A R N i h e o n g u y e n ta'c b d sung. D o d o l h a n h p h a n , so lu'dng va t r a l l i r sap x e p cac b o ba m a h o a t r o n g g e n ( t r i p l e t ) q u y d i n h l h a n h p h a n , so k r o n g va Irat lu" sap x e p cac c o d o n t r o n g m A R N . K e t i e p sau q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a la q u a I r i n h d i c h m a v a m i i d i I r u y e n t r o n g m A R N du'dc d i c h l h a n h p h a n , so lUcing v a trat t i f sap x e p c a c a x i t a m i n t r o n g c h u o i p o l i p e p t i l . D o d o siT g i f i i m a m A R N c h i n h la g i a i m a g e n . Nhu" v a y m d i l i e n q u a n g i i f a g e n vc'Ji q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a , d i c h m a c h i n h la m d i l i e n q u a n giiJa - p r o t e i n m a b a n chat l a : T h a n h p h a n , so iu'dng, t r i n h t i f sap x e p sinh v a t n h a n Ihifc (eo cii'u true x o a n k e p ) , g e n I r o n g n h a n ( t r e n N S T ) , g e n n g o a i n h a n ( t r o n g l a p thc\i thc\, ecH-a'u t r i k m a c h x o a n k e p , t h a n g hocic v o n g . 2. V e chufc n a n g : C a u 17: M o ' i l i e n q u a n g i i f a g e n v('1i q u a I r i n h p h i e n m a , d i c h m a . gen - m A R N ' khac n h a u : nhu" g e n m o t s d c h i i n g v i r u l ( g i d n g ca'u true A R N ) , g e n Y nghTa: M a d i I r u y e n diftjc dich lhanh trinh tiTcac a x i l a m i n m a c h p o l i p e p t i l - ' ' n u c l e o l i l d a c iru'ng. khc'lp b d sung \xfi c o d o n l i f t i n g vCng). S a n p h a m la m a c h p o l i p e p t i l . - C o g e n phan m a n h , g e n khong phan miinh. v so' l o a i g e n . M d i l o a i g e n c l h a n h p h a n , sd^ lu'dng v a t r i n h tu" sa'p x e p cac Phtfc help aa - l A R N v a k h u n g dO c o d o n - a n t i c o d o n ; c h u y e n d i c h I r e n m A R N de k e o dai dich ma. - - - C o v s d l o a i p d t e i n n e n c v s d l o a i g e n c a u true k h a c n h a u . - C o r a t n h i e u cMc n a n g d i I r u y e n k h a c n h a u n e n c u n g c o r a t n h i e u l o a i g e n k h a c n h a u nhu" g e n ca'u I r i l c ( t d n g help p r o t e i n , m A R N , l A R N , r A R N ) , g e n d i e u h o a , g e n k h d i d o n g , g e n t a n g ciTcIng, g e n bii'l h o a l , g e n g a y c h e l , g e n nhiiy, . C a u 19: C a c p h a n tu" m A R N c g i g i d n g n h a u , v a k h a c n h a u ? T a i sao? 1 ^ / HUdngd&n - V e cii'u t r i i c : C a c p h a n tu" m A R N d e u g d m d i e m k h d i d a u , d o a n chiJa i h o n g t i n m a h o a a x i l a m i n v a d i e m k e t t h i j c d o q u a t r i n h p h i e n m a du'dc l i e n h a n h tir d i e m k h d i d a u v i i eha'm dift d d i e m k e t i h i i c ciia g e n . Ci d a u ' d e u c o m d i I r i n h liT n u c l e o l i l d a c h i e u ( k h o n g dUcIc d i c h m a ) d e r i b o x o m n h a n b i e t v a ga'n v a o . Cac m A R N d e u du'ilc ca'u l a o b d i cac r i b o n u c l e o t i l , du'cle p h i e n m a l i f cac n u c l e o l i l . N h U n g d o l h a n h p h a n , s d lu'cing, t r a t tu" sap x e p c a c n u e l e o l i l c o ra't n h i e u each cac b o ba m a h o a t r o n g g e n q u y d i n h t h a n h p h a n , so' lu'dng v a t r i n h tif sap x e p k h a c n h a u , n e n c o r a t n h i e u l o a i g e n ca'u true l o n g help r a r a t n h i e u l o a i m A R N cac c o d o n t r o n g m A R N t i f d o q u y d j n h l h a n h p h a n , s d lu-dng v i l t r i n h tir sap x e p khac nhau. - cac a x i l a m i n t r o n g c h u o i p o l i p e p t i l . V e ehii'c n a n g : M o i p h a n tu" m A R N d e u du'cle d u n g l a m k h u o n d e t d n g help pre')tein. pre'nein ce'i n h i e u ehii'c n a n g nhu'ng khc^ng t h e ne)i m A R N ce) n h i e u C t i u 18: C o b a o n h i e u l o a i g e n ? C o cac e a c h Irii \^^\' : chiJc n a n g . a) G e n c n h i e u l o a i n h u ' g e n c a u t r i i c , g e n d i e u hoa, . cau b) s i n h v a t n h a n thufc. V e chifc n a n g c g e n c a u Iriic, g e n d i e u hoa, g e n tang cu'dng, g e n ba't hoal, . : So s i i n h q u a t r i n h n h a n d o i ciia A D N v a p h i e n m a t d n g help r a m A R N e^ ' , HUOngddn c) C o v s d l o a i g e n . H a y p h a n t i c h x e m c a c each Ira Ifli t r e n da thoa m a n v d i y e u c a u ciia c a u h o i k h o n g ? C o t h e Ira I d i n h i f the n i i o c h o d a y d i i , c h i n h x a c . HU(hig - dan T h e o e a c h c ) life la c a n cu" v a o ca'u t a o da p h a n ciia g e n d e suy l i n h da dang ciia g e n . - T h e o a ) v a b ) li'rc la c a n cir v a o chi?c n a n g d e k e v a i l o a i g e n . C o t h e tra Uii c a n h o i t r e n n h i f sau: 12 , , ^ 1. G i o n g n h a u : ;. - D i e u x a y d k i trung gian. - C h i e u t d n g help d e u ngifelc c h i c u ve'li c h i e u m a c h k h u o n . - D e u l i e n k e l c a c n u c l e o l i l t r o n g mc)i triTdng diTa t r e n c a c n u c l e o l i l t r o n g m a c h khu(')n t h e o n g u y e n l a c b d sung. - N g u y e n l i e u d e u l a cac n u c l e o l i l t i f d o . - D e u p h a i C O e n z i m d a c Iru'ng x i i c l a c . - ijv J , ' Ca'm nang tu fin v4 luy^n thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy Ddng Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi§t - 2. Khac nhaii; Hoc sinh tuphdt trien kien thi'fc theo f^(/i v sau: - V c nguycn lieu siV dung khac nhu" the' nao? - V c e n / i m xiic tac khac the'nao? - V e nguyen tac bd sung C O khac khong? - V e c(l che khac nhu" the niio? - V e ket qua c6 gi khac nhau? m A R N difdc diing lam khuon tdng hdp protein nen c6 cii'u tao mach thang, C O v i tri dac hieu niim gan codon m d dau de r i b o x o m nhan biet vil Hen ket vdi m A R N . c6 bo ba m d diiu de t A R N nhan bic't va mang axit m d dau den dung " , . f^'H:- vj trI. Vil C O bo ba ket thuc de riboxom nhan biet va difng dich m i i . - t A R N liim nhicm vu van chuyen axit amin den r i b o x o m vii lam nhiem vii dich mii nen mot dau ciia no c6 trinh lif nuclcotit dac hieu de axit amin tu'dng C a u 21: Hay giiii thich v i phu nff khong c6 rau d cam, khong c6 ria d mep, itng nhiln biet va lien ket vdi t A R N . mot d;tu c6 bo ba doi mii (anticodon) de va dan ong hlc nho van khong c6 rau, ria nhu'ng den Irifdng lai c6 rau, t A R N nhiln biet va lien ket bd sung vdi codon tu'dng iJng. ria (Can ci'r vao chifc nang cua gen, dicu hoa hoal dong gen de tra Icli). - C a u 22: V I noi: Giai mii m A R N cung chinh la giai ma A D N (Can ctJ" vao moi quan he giifa A D N - m A R N de trii Idi). r A R N lii thiinh phjln chii ye'u ca'u tao r i b d x d m nen chung c6 ca'u tao dac tru'ng thuan Idi cho vice lien ket vdi protein de tao r i b o x o m . + V i giiJ ciic chu'c nang quan khac nen ddi song cua cac loai C a u 23: V i phan \6n sinh vat nhan thifc tao m A R N chu'a siJ'dung djch ma A R N Cling khac nhau: Sau tdng hdp xong protein, m A R N Ihu'dng du'dc cac difdc, m A R N du'Oc tao tif sinh vat nhan sd lai siJ dung dich ma enzim phan hiiy, t A R N vii cac r A R N difdc sufdung qua vai the he te bao. du'Oc (Can ciV vao viing ma hoa ciia gen cau true de tra IfJi). C a u 28: Hay suy luan xem sif nhiin doi cua A D N c6 lien quan nhu' the' niio vdi C a u 24: Co phai tat ca moi gen deu chu'a day dii ca loai nuclcotit la A , T, G, X sV tcii ban ciia gen, v d i sir phan chia te bao, vdi dot bie'n gen, v d i dot bie'n nhiem khong? Gia su' gen chi c6 loai nucleolit ihi mii hoa du'c.^c may loai axit amin. sac the? Giil sijfmARN chi c6 loai ribonuclcotil thi se ma hoa diTcfc bao nhieu loai axit amin, . H If (fug dan - Sir nhan'ddi cua A D N dan de'n su" nhan ddi (tai ban) ciia gen, sir nhiin ddi ciia V i gen chi la doan ma cua phiin tii" axit nucleic nen c6 the khong c6 dij ca loai nuclcotit. - HU(fngddn A D N tao d i c u kien cho nhiem sac the nhan doi, chuan bi cho su" phan bao. Cac tac nhan dot bien tac dong viio qua trinh nhan doi cua A D N c6 the gay dot bie'n Ciin ci? viio cong ihiJc to hdp de tim c6 bao nhieu to hdp bo ba tijr loai nuclcotit, tir3 loai nuclcotit, tir4 loiii nuclcotit . gen. Dot bien ca'u triic nhicm siic the dan tdi thay ddi vj tri cua gen, mat can bang gen. C a u 29: K h i tien hanh nhiin ddi A D N d'ng nghiem phuc vu cho nghien ciTu C a u 25: Hiiy giai thich tai m A R N thifdng bi cac enzim phan hiiy sau va iJng dung thirc tien ngu'di ta thay cd nhu'ng doan A D N ngiin khoang vai tram long hdp xong protein ( v i de khuon luon m d i , khong bi hif hong cap nuclcotit. H i e n tu'dng niiy du'dc giai thich nhu? the nao? SIJT dung lau hay tac nhiin khac giiy ra). Hi((fng ddn C a u 26: V i gen khong diTdc su' dung liim khuon trifc tie'p tdng hdp protein? Do sir tdng hdp mach A D N Iren mach khuon 5' -> 3' xiiy ngat quang tao (vi thong tin di truyen ciTc k i quan trong, du'dc bao quiin to't NST, ti the, ., cac dojin ngan, nhu'ng thic'u enzim nd^i ligaza nen cac doan ngan khdng du'dc du-dc gicr gin ciin thiin. No la ban ma gdc c6 the dilng ban ma ( m A R N ) thay ndi lai v d i tao mot mach hoan chinh. the. Bcln cQng chi dirdc siV dung mot Ian, de diim bao ti'nh chinh xac cua Cfiu 30: N h d dau enzim A R N polimeraga c6 the thi/c hien cac chu'c nang cua no thong tin di truyen. phien ma tdng hdp m A R N . C a u 27: Co bao nhieu loai A R N . Chung c6 gi gidng nhau, c6 gi khac nhau? T a i sao? Trong qua trinh phien mti, enzim m A R N polimeraza c6 cac chu'c nang sau: Hi((fng dan + HUifng ddn V I deu du'dc tdng hdp tuf mot niach cua gen nen cac loai A R N nhu' m A R N , - B a m vao viing dieu hoa liim gen thao xoan va bat dau phien ma A R N polimeraza t h i r c h i e n chu'c nang lit nhd viing dieu hoa cua gen ca'u true t A R N , r A R N deu c6 cii'u triic mach ddn, deu du'dc cau tao tif cac ribdnucledtil. C O mot trat tir nuclcotit diic hieu goi la viing k h d i dong. N h d trinh tir ma Thanh phan, so' krdng va trat tif sap xe'p cac ribonuclcdtit deu gen quy dinh. enzim A R N polimeraza co the nhan bic't, bam vao va bat dau tdng hdp m A R N + Qua trinh tdng hdp cac loai A R N deu theo cd chc tu'dng t i / nhau. + Chudi ribonucleotit hinh xong se bien ddi ca'u hinh, hinh thiinh ca'u true dac tru'ng cua tiTng loai, phu hdp chifc nang cua m o i loai. V i vay cau true cua chilng khiic nhau. tai diem khcfi dau. - Tdng hdp phiin tuT m A R N : Sd d l A R N polimeraza thiTc hien chu'c nang la nhd nguyen tac bd sung. - Dirng phien ma: N h d vijng ke't thiic cua gen mang tin hieu ke'l thiic. dm nang lu 6n Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vigt Iuy6n thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy Pgng C S u : N o i r a n g : p h i c n m a l i i q u a t n n h l o n g h d p m A R N d u n g h a y sai? ( d u n g t i e n h a n h tCr d i e m k h d i d a u v a c h a m d i ? l d d i e m k e l t h i i c c i i a g e n t r e n nhu'ng chu'a di'i v i p h i c n m a c o n t a o r a t A R N v a r A R N niJa). C a u : B o b a m i i h o a v a m a h o a b p ba c o gio'ng n h a u k h o n g ? T a i sao? B o b a m a h o a c h e n q u a n d e n t i n h da d a n g c i i a s i n h v a t k h o n g ? cho bicl diem kh(":fi dau, diem k c l t h i i c c o p h a i la m o t d i e m khong? C h u n g CO tu'(ing I'rng v d i m a mc'^ d a u va m a k c t t h i i c t r e n g e n k h o n g ? C h u n g n a m HUOngddn K h o n g gio'ng n h a u : - M a h o a b o b a l a e a c h m a h o a , c o n b o ba m a h o a la m o t t o hcfp cija e a c h m a h o a b o ba tii" nhfJug yc'u t o ' c h o bie't. D i e m k h d i d a u k h o n g t i f d n g i f n g v d i m a nu'-f d a u v i i d i e m khcii d a u n a m d v u n g k h d i d p n g t r o n g v i m g d i e u h o a c i i a g e n . D o l a m o t t r i n h tu" n u c l e o t i t d a c h i e u g i i i p en/.im A R N pohmera/.a V i d u : N e u eo n u c l c o t i t , se c 4^ = b o ba m a h o a , (tiJc l a t o h d p b p b a tiT l o a i n u c l e o t i t ) . N e u c l o a i n u c l c o t i t t h i so' to' h d p b p b a (so' b p b a m a h o a ) se l a ' - (ixic la b p ba m a h o a ) , . . . -'• Hay ADN". vi tri nao tren gen? HU(fng dan - CSu 35: S a c h i i i a o k h o a S i n h h o c I d p 12 ~ N a n g c a o c o g h i : " Q u a t r i n h p h i c n m a v i m g ma hoa ciia g e n . - T h a n h p h a n , so' lu'dng v a t r a t t i f sap xe'p c i i a c a c b p b a m a h o a t r o n g p h a n n h a n bie't v i i h e n k e l d e k h d i d p n g q u a t r i n h p h i c n m a tii" d i e m k h d i d a u ciia g e n , c o n m a m d d a u n a m d v i t r i d a u l i e n t r o n g phicMi Diem k c l t h i i c c u n g k h o n g tifcing I'fng v d i m a ke't t h u c , v i n e u q u a t r i n h m a c h a m d i H d m a ke't t h u c t h i m A R N se k h o n g c o c o d o n ke't t h u c . NhU' tu" A D N C O r a t n h i e u e a c h k h a c n h a u n e n da t a o v so' l o a i A D N k h a c n h a u . v i i y d i e m k e t i h i i c p h a i la d i e m cud'i c u n g c i i a g e n . D o l a c d s d p h a n tu" v e t i n h d a d a n g c u a s i n h g i d i . C a u : S a c h g i a o k h o a S i n h h o c I d p 12 - N a n g c a o c h o bie't: " r i b o x o m l i e n k c t CAu 33: C h i c - 64 bp ba m a hoa, c6 b p ba k e t thuc k h o n g m a h o a a x i t a m i n n a o . L a m c t h e m a h o a c h o v s o ' l o a i p r o t e i n c i i a tat ca m p i loai sinh vat. v d i m A R N t a i c o d o n m d d a u va q u a I r i n h d i c h m a du'dc b a t d a u " . S a c h g i a o k h o a S i n h h o c I d p 12 - C h u a n c h o bie't: " l i e u p h a n b e r i b o x o m g ^ n vdi m A R N d v i t r i dac hieu n;lm gan codon m d dau, t A R N m a n g M c l i o n i n b d sung c h i n h x a c v d i c o d o n m d d a u . T i c u d d n v i I d n c i i a r i b o x o m Hiiiiiigddn 61 b p b a m a h o a m a h o a du'dc l o a i a x i t a m i n . T a t ca c a c l o a i s i n h v a t k h o n g C O l o a i n a o c so' l o a i a x i t a m i n I d n h d n ( s u y r a tij" d i l c d i e m t i n h p h d NhU' v a y c u o n sach g i a o k h o a c o sir k h a c n h a u . H a y p h a n l i c h n h i J n g k i e n IhiJc t r e n va c h o bie't y kie'n c i i a m i n h . bie'n c u a m a d i t r u y e n ) . Ta't ca cac s i n h v a t , p r o t e i n du'dc c a u t a o t i f l o a i a x i t a m i n . V i d u , d ngiCdi c k h o a n g 0 0 g e n d a m a h o a c h o r a t n h i e u p h a n tu" p r o t e i n c u n g c h a n g d u n g hc't b p b a m a h o a . - a x i t a m i n m d d a u m d i s;Tn sang l o n g h d p c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t , c u n g l a d i e u v l i v i nh\i v a y n g a y b a n d a u c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t da k h o n g c o a x i t a m i n m d d a u . dan M a d i t r u y e n k h o n g g o i l e n n h a u n e n cac a x i t a m i n t r o n g c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t k h o n g g o i l e n n h a u . G i a siir m a d i t r u y e n k h o n g c d a c d i e m n a y t h i d a n d e n ke't M a d i t r u y e n c o t i n h pho' b i e n c t h e s u y ta't c a cac l o a i p r o t i t c u a m p i l o a i s i n h v a t d e u c o c h u n g m o t m a d i t r u y e n v a suy r a n g u o n go'c t h o n g nha't c u a s i n h M a d i truyen co tinh thoai hoa, (co the co nhieu b p ba cung m a hoa m o t l o a i a x i t a m i n ) suy r a s o ' l o a i a x i t a m i n p h a i n h o h d n s o ' b p b a m a h o a . - a m i n m d d a u chu" k h o n g p h a i " l a p n i p " x o n g a x i t a m i n m d d i l u m d i s n sang C f i u : T i r n h u ' n g h i e u bie't v e g e n t r o n g p h a n n i i y h a y g i i i i t h i c h c d che' d i t r u y e n d c a p d p p h a n tu' ( g e n , A D N ) . ' ' '' M a d i t r u y e n eo t i n h dSc h i e u ( m o t b p b a m a h o a c h i m a h o a c h o m o t l o a i a x i t a m i n ) suy r a s o ' l o a i a x i t a m i n p h a i i t h d n h o a c b a n g so b p b a m a h o a , v a m a d i t r u y e n k h o n g the la m a h o a b p hai. m d i c h u y e n d i c h sang c o d o n l i e p t h e o d c t A R N dich m a liep. Nhu' vay, qua Irinh long hdp chuoi polipeptit bill dau lif axil t d n g h d p c h u o i p o l i p e p t i t nhu* S G K S i n h h p c I d p 12 c h u a n vie'l. g i d i d c a p d p p h a n tu". - T h i r c r a , t r e n r i b o x o m c d v i t r i P ( p e p t i t ) v i i A ( a m i n ) . A x i l a m i n m d d a u va a x i t thu^ nha't d e u du'dc " l a p r a p " t a i v i t r i P v a A n a m t r o n g r i b o x o m . S a u k h i h i n h t h a n h l i e n ke't p e p t i t r i b o x o m q u a g i nffa. - Hitdngddn ri .5 n "3«: C&u 9: V i m g dieu hoa ciia gen cau Iriic c6 chiJc nang gi? i*;: cac nucleotit mach ddn (lien ke't phospho dieste) va lien ket hoa t r i giifa A ) Dieu hoa boat dong gen B ) K b d i dong boat dong gen dirdng d v i t r i C so'5 (5') v6[ a x i l photphoric moi nucleotit. C) Khcli dong va kiem soat phien ma. D ) Cham dut phien ma. C a u 39: V i phan tuf A D N vCra vffng chac vira linh boat? C a u 10: V i i n g ma boa cua gen cau true c6 chiJc nang gi? Hitdng ddn A ) M a boa cac a x i l amin. Phan tur A D N viTng chac la nhd lien ke't phospho dieste giiJa cac nucleotit la \ \i J " ' lien ke't rat vffng chac (nen k h i mach ddn tach ra, chuoi polinucleotit van C) M a n g thong tin ma boa cac axit amin. ton tai). D) C a A , B v i i C . L i e n ke't hidro ra't nhieu nhtfng ne'u vSng chac thi phan tu" A D N khong the *. ' C a u 1 : V i i n g ke't thiic CO cbtJc nang gi? ( ' M duoi, xoan tach k h i can thiet (linh boat). M a t khac so' lu'dng lien ke't A ) Ket tbue phien ma B ) Ket tbiie dieb ma hidro rat Idn citng gop phan lam cho A D N vffng chac. C ) M a n g tin bieu ket tbue phien ma D ) CbiJa ma ke't thuc ' • >, ' III. CAU HOI TRAC NGHIEM CSu 12: D i e m k b d i dau cua gen nam dau? CSu : A D N ma cau true chi c6 mot mach gap dang sinh vat nao sau day: A)Tbeankhuan B ) Virut C ) V i khuan D ) Ca A va B C f i u 2: M o t so virut vat chat di truyen la A R N . Sir t ^ i sinh cua A R N theo nguyen tac nao? . i^ A ) Nhan doi A R N B ) Sao ma ngiTdc 18 ' .< i A ) d ma md dau B) d codon ibiJ nha't C) D i e m dau lien cua gen D ) (J viing k b d i dong CSu 13: D i e m ket tbue ciia gen nam d dau? A ) d vimg ke't tbue C) d diem cudi cung cua gen f K ' , i' • *; B ) sinh vat nhan tbirc D ) virut ;v., / , , CSu 14: Gen phan manh c6 d sinh vat nao? C) Tong hdp A D N r o i tir long hdp A R N A ) sinh vat nhan sd B ) sinh vat nhan thirc D ) Bao loan C)6vikbuan D ) virut 19 Cam n a n g til fin vS luyen t h j _ ^ n h _ h Q C - Phiing Uiiy D n i i g Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang ViSt C S u 15: Ma di iruyen la gi? A ) La bo ba ma hoa. C S u 24: V i dau 5' c6 mot trinh tU nuclcotit dac hieu khong diTdc djch ma? B) La ma hoa bo ba. A ) V i khong chufa thong tin di truyen. C ) La thong tin di Iruyen du'dc ma hoa. D) Ca A , B, C. B) V i dich ma bat dau d codon md dau u'ng vdi bp ba dau tien viing C a u 16: V i thong tin di truycn phai ma hoa bang ma "bo ba? ma hoa. A ) V i CO loai nuclcotit. B) V i CO 20 loai axit amin. . > C ) V I qua trinh phien ma bat dau t i f d i e m khdi dau nam tru'dc codon m d dau. * D) Ca B va C. C ) V I ma hoa bo hai khong du dc ma hoa 20 loai a x i l amin. C a u 25: Sir k i c n cat bo cac intron va ndi cac cxon lai xay luc nao sinh vat D) Ca A , B , C . C a u 17: M a hoa bo ba va bp ba ma hoa c6 giong khong? Cciu Irii Idi nao nhan thyc? dung nhii't? A ) Gio'ng C ) Giong vi dcu la each ma hoa D) Khac v i ma hoa bo ba la each ma hoa bo ba ma hoa la mot to hdp cua cac ma hoa bp ba. C ) Sau phien ma D) Liic dich ma. C ) Chieu 3' - > 5' ciia mach bd sung D) Chieu 5' - > 3' ciia mach bd sung. • 3' cua mach ma gdc B) Chieu 3' - > 5' ciia mach ma gdc C ) Chieu 5' - > 3' ciia mach ma D) Chieu 3' - > 5' ciia mach ma sao. A ) V i axit amin tiT khong Irang thai hoat dpng. C ) Co chuTa ma di Iruyen nhu'ng khong chu'a axit amin. ^ CaAvaB. B) V i axit amin tU chu'a lien ket vdi t A R N tUdng u'ng. C ) V i can tao phiJc he aa - t A R N de van chuyen axit amin den v i t r i tu'dng ' m u'ng tren m A R N . B) Khong chu'a v i khong lam nhiem vu ma hoa axit amin. C ) Khong chu'a v i mang tin hieu ket Ihiie phicn ma. Cfiu 29: Riboxom c6 chiJc nang g i : D) V i cii A , B, C. A ) N d i dich ma. D) Co chu'a ma di truyen nhu'ng khong ma hoa axit amin. B) Vira la ndi dich ma vifa la khung dd giiTa. m A R N - aa - l A R N va giiJa C a u 20: M a ket thuc (bp ba ke't thuc) c6 chiJc nang gi? A ) DiYng phien ma B) DiTng dich ma • C ) M a n g tin hieu dijfng phien ma D) M a n g tin hieu diifng dich ma • C a u 21: Ma md dau c6 chtfc nang? 3' ciia mach ma gdc C a u 28: V i can c6 giai doan hoat hoa ciia axit amin: B) Khong chila v i mang tin hieu khdi dpng va k i e m soat qua trinh phien ma. A ) Khong chu'a v i khong mang thong tin ma hoa cac axit amin. B) Chieu 5" A ) Chieu 5' A ) Khong chiJa v i khong ma hoa axit amin. C a u 19: V u n g ke't thiic c6 chu'a ma di truyen khong? A ) Chieu 3' - > 5' cua mach ma gdc C a u 27: Chieu ciia m A R N diWc tdng hdp C a u 18: O viing d i c u hoa cua gen c6 chifa ma di truyen khong? P codon - anticodt)n liic dich ma. C ) Chuyen dich tren m A R N de t A R N dich ma. D ) C a A , B, C. C a u 30: Qua trinh dich ma bat dau tiT dau? K c l thiic d dau? A ) Mang tin hieu md dau phicn ma B) M a n g tin hieu md dau dich ma A ) Bat dau d d i e m khdi dau va cham dirt d diem ket thiic. C ) Mang tin hieu ciia axit amin thu" nhat B) Bat dau tiTcodon md dau va kcl thiic riboxom tiep xuc vdi ma ket thiic. D) Chu'a thong tin ma hoa axit amin md dau C ) Ba't dau d vimg khdi dpng, ket thiic d viing ke't thiic. C a u 22: Ma di truyen A D N du'cic phien ma sang m A R N nhd cd che'nao? A ) N h d cd che phien ma B) N h d cd che tdng hdp m A R N C ) N h d cd che djch ma D) N h d cd che tong hdp A R N C S u 23: M a di truyen A D N du'cic giai ma nhd cd che' nao? 20 B) Lilc bat dau dich ma C S u 26: Qua trinh phien ma xay theo chieu nao? ' B) Khac D) A ) Liic phien ma D) Ca A v a C d e u d i i n g . Cfiu 31: Qua trinh dich ma diTng lai k h i : A ) Dot bien lam xuiit hien ma kcl thuc :/; ; s 'h , „. -i " i : B) K h i riboxom tiep xiic vdi ma ket thiic A ) N h d cd che dich ma. B) N h d cd che tdng hdp protein. C ) K h i riboxom tiep xuc vdi bp ba U A A hoac U A G hoac U G A C ) N h d t A R N van ehuyen. D) Ca A , B deu dung. D) Ca A , B , C d e u d i i n g . >; - dm Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt nang lij On va luy$n thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Ddng Ta CO cay thap chiem ti le: ~ = = ^x— giao tur chiem ti le — c6 12 6 3^ the la giao tuf cua cay 2n, cung c6 the la giao tuf cua cSy da bpi SPdo lai: 1. F, X AAaa Aa f - A A : — A a : - a a X - A : 1- G(F,) 6 U _1_ 4 AAA:—AAa: —AAa:—j The he lai — 12 12 12' '12' 12 12 Kieu hinh : 11 cay cao : cay thap. 2. F| : AAa x Aa — AA:—Aa:—A:—a iA:la G(F,) 6 6 U2 , 1 2 1 The he lai : — A A A : — A A a : — A A a : — A a a : — A A : — A a : — A a : — a a 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Kieu hinh : 11 cay cao : cay thap. 3. F, AAaa : ^ ^ Aaa x ^ 1 — Aa:—aa:—A:—a -AA:—Aa:—aa G(F,) 16 6 , The" he lai — A AAa:—AAaa:—Aaaa:—AAaa: 36 36 36 36 1 — Aaaa:—aaaa:—AAA:—AAa: 36 36 36 36 J_Aaa:AAAa:AAaa:-laaa. 36 36 36 36 Kieu hinh ^ cay cao : ^ cay thap = cay cao : ^ cay thap. \ / Aaa X AAa 1 ^ AA 2^ — Aa:—aa:—A:-a A A : A a : A:-a 6 6 6 6 4 The he lai: — A A A a:—A A aa:—A A a:—A aa : 36 36 36 36 4. F, G(F,) -LAAaa:AAaaa:AAaa:±aaa: 36 Kieu hinh 36 36 36 AAAa:±Aaa:i-Aa:i-aa. 36 36 36 36 33 cay . cao : — cay . thap = — 11cay ^ cao : —1 cay thap. — 36 36 ^ AAaa Aaaa x 3 ^ ^ —Aa:-aa v6 — AA: —Aa:—aa 12 6 The he lai — AAAa: — AAaa:—Aaaa i!'! 36 36 36 12 — AAaa:—AAaa:—aaaa 36 36 36 ^ cay thap. "'I' Kieu hinh 12 33 ^ 11 ^ — cay cao : — cay thap = — cay cao 6. F, 36 36 12 ^ ^3 ^ x -AA:—Aa:—A:—a Aaaa x AAa G(F,) 6 u- A a —aa y 5. F, G(F,) A A A The he lai — AAAa:—AAaa:—AAa:—Aaa 36 36 36 36 —AAaa:—Aaaa:—Aaa:—aaa. 36 36 36 36 33 , 11 cay cao : — cay thap. cay cao : — cay thap = — Kieu hinh — 36 ' 36 12 12 Vidu6: Cho bie't A: Qua ngot, a: Qua chua. Dem lai cac cay ti? bpi vdi cho ket qua d F| nhiT sau: a) Tmyng hap 1: Phan li kieu hinh qua ngot: qua chua. b) Tmyng hap 2: Xuat hien 350 cay qua ngot to'ng so' 420 cay. ' HUdngddn a) TriTdng hPp 1: Cay qua chua chiem Do do: P : Aaaa x Aaaa b) Tru'ctng hPp 2: Cay qua ngot chiem ti 16 ^ ^^ =7 420 Do cay qua chua chiem ti le - = - x q ; 6 :, => P : AAaa x aaaa Liiu y: Ve lai cac the dot bien c6 ra't nhieu bai tap, nhifng deu thupc loai: 1. Loai thvtnhdt: Biet cong thiJc lai, tim kel qua lai. PhiTdng phap giai loai toan nhU" sau: a) TriTdc het phai xac dinh du-pc kieu gen cua bo me (P) tCf xac dinh c6 bao nhieu sP lai. , (r r; ;G: ' 113 dm nang tij On va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy oa'ng Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vigt b) X a c dinh so loai giao tu" c6 kha nang song va phan gen cua m o i loaj Sadolail: giao tur diTOc h m h tu" bo va me (Cd the 4n chi c6 giao tit 2n m d i c6 kha nang song. C d the 3n thi giao tu" n va 2n deu c6 kha nang song). c) Cho cac loai giao tuT cua bo', me ket hdp v d i (lap bang). TCf suy P X"X" X^Y G(P) x"x^ox^Y ^ F, IX^X^Y : I X ^ X ^ X " : X ^ : Y . ,v -^ ' , (Con trai X^X^Y CO bieu hien benh m i l mau). u" phan l i k i e u gen va k i e u hinh. Vidu 2: M o t cap v d chong sinh d^dc ngu'di con: 2. Lr^a/?M/ia/.-Bie't ke't qua l a i , t i m cong thi?c l a i . Dtfa thiJ nhat c6 kieu hinh binh thiTdng, difa thu" hai c6 bieu hien benh Dao. Phu"dng phap giai loai toan nhu" sau: Cap v d chong c6 nhCng ban khoan: a) X a c dinh so k i e u hinh lap chiem t i le bao nhieu ( V i du 6). HoSc t i m xem 1. T a i l a i sinh diJa thu" hai nhu* vay? D o v d hay chong? CO k i e u hinh nao chi chiem mot phan tdng so cac phan k i e u hinh dtfdc sinh 2. N e u sinh ni^a thi diJa tre sinh c6 bieu hien bdnh Dao hay khong? (xem v i du 3) 3. Ngu'di b i benh Dao c6 kha nang sinh hay khong? N e u c6 thi hp se b) Xac dinh nhi?ng k i e u gen nao sinh t i le giao tu'tren. nhiT the nao? Hay giai dap ban khoan noi tren. c) Tu" suy cac sd lai va giai tijfng sd l a i . Hudngddn Loai 6: G i a i thich cac hien ttfdng dot bien. ' 1. DiJa binh thudng la sif tai to hdp gii?a triJng b i n h thifdng (n) v d i tinh Vi du 1: Do dot bien nen- c6 nhiJng cd the c6 NST g i d i tinh la X O hoSc X X Y . trung binh thtfdng (n). ^ Cung dot bien, c6 nguTdi c6 gen Ian nam tren N S T g i d i tinh X va bieu hien DiJa khong binh thiTdng (bieu hien benh Dao) la qua trinh giam benh m u mau. 1. M o t cap v d chong, ca c6 k i e u hinh binh thtfdng hp sinh mot dtfa gai phan phat sinh giao tuT cap NST thur 21 khong phan l i nen da tao loai giao tuf: M o t loai c6 ca chiec cua cap 21 (n + 1). mot loai X O , bieu hien benh m i i mau. khong chuTa chiec nao cua Hay giai thich hien tu'dng nay. cap 21 (n - 1). K h i thu tinh, giao tuf thifa chiec cua cSp 21 ket hdp giao tuf binh 2. M o t phu nff bieu hien benh mu mau, ket hon v d i mot ngiTdi c6 k i e u hinh thirdng tao hdp tuf cap 21 cd chiec phat trien benh Dao. Su" g i a m phan khong binh thu'dng c6 the tijf te bao sinh tinh triing hay te bao binh thu^dng. Hp sinh drfdc mot dtfa trai. Neu diJa trai c6 N S T gidi tinh la X X Y , khong bieu hien benh m i i m ^ u hoac c6 bieu hien m i l mau thi giai sinh triJng. V i vay nguyen nhan gay benh c6 the v d ho^c chong. thich sao? T u y nhien, nhiTng nghien ciJu tren the gidi cho bie't t i le b i benh Dao tang len ' Hudngddn 1. G i a i thich hien tu'dng: Quy urdc X'^: K h o n g bieu hien benh m i i mau. X^• Bieu hien benh m i i mau. Con gai X O nhan X " tCf me va O turbo. Bo me CO k i e u hinh binh thiTcfng. Sif giam phan te bao sinh due cua b d c6 hien tu'dng dot bien the d i b p i . Sddolai: P : G(P) F, X^X"xX^Y :X^rxX^Y,0 : I X ^ X ^ Y : I X ^ ^ Y : I X ^ O : I X ' O (con gai bieu hien benh). 2. Con trai X X Y cd va khong bieu hien bpnh m i i mau. Co the giai thich bang sd sau: Saddlail: ^ P : X^X^xX^Y G(P) : X" x X ^ Y , F, : I X ^ X ' - Y : IX^O. (Con trai X ' ^ X ' Y khong bieu hien benh m i i mau) 114 X ,. Cling f vdfi tuoi ngu'di me sif giam phan d ngtfcli phu nif l 3X"X" ( ? hoang dai): 3X"Y {S hoang dai): I X ^ X " ( $ dot bien) Dod6liledF2la:3dirc:4cai dot bidn : hoang dai. Hb'.Hb' : IHb'Hb^ 2Hb^HbMHbW. x : ^ X ^ X " : ^ X " X " : ^ X " Y (X'^Ybjchet) Tinh binh thu'dng Hb*Hb' xac sua't 25% theo sd sau: ^^u.|J,,^ : X"Y G(F,):X",Y G(F,):X",Y nhan giao tuf Hb^ hoac cua me hoac cua bd. : Hb^Hb' a) F , F2 Do kieu gen cua P: Hb^Hb'xHb^Hb' , , B d m e : H b ' H b ' x Hb^Hb* ' 3. Fi xay phep lai: 4. Ong noi binh thu'dng c6 kieu gen H b ' H b ' truyen cho b d gen H b ' . Ong ngoai G 2. V i i CO ti le difc : cai. dot bie^n : hoang dai. :''p'Sir^^ • cam nang tij on va Iuy6n Ihi Sinh hpc - Phting Duy Pgng Cty T N H H M T V D W H Khang Vigt Vi du 5: tarn dau (2n = 28) gidi tinh cai difdc quy dinh bdi cap NST X Y , gidi tinh diTc dtfcJc quy dinh bdi cap NST X X . Gen quy dinh mau sac trijrng nam tren cap NST so 10. M e n A xac dinh trtfng mau trang, alen a quy dinh tru-ng mau xam den. Tit noi tam triJng trang va triJng xam den, ngu'di' ta da tao diTOc noi tam ma lai vdi se cho ^ so triJng mau xam den, nd toan tam cai va - 2. Do'i vdi noi tnJng mau x i m den. X'' d6t bien a) ^ ^ ^ i.\ so triJng c6n lai cd mau trang nd toan llm d\ic. (Ken tam dufc cd nang sua't td tang trung binh 30% so vdi ken tam cai vi vay ngiTdi ta chi suf dung ken tam di/c de siin xua't td). Hay giai thich ngiTdi ta da tao dong tam nhu" the nao? HMngddn + Y chuyfin doan Y TCf loai ca the se cho triJng mang NST X ' va NST so 10 khong mang en a ( - X"). 2^ dot b) c5 bie'n X" ;—'-r~, a X chuytn doan - > —=• ^ ^ TuT loai ca the se cho tinh trung mang X" va NST so' 10 khong mang en a (-X"). va Hal noi tam ma cho lai vdi cho: - so trtog mau trang nd toan tam du-c va - lai mau xam den, nd toan tam cai. Chtfng td tinh trang mau sac triJng lien ke't vdi gidi tinh => gen xac dinh nd nam tren NST gidi tinh. c) Cho tnJng (-X") ket hdp vdi tinh trilng (-X") se tao hdp tu^ = — X" iii tren diTc cd NST so 10 khong mang gen quy djnh mau s^c ma cd T X mang gen a quy dinh mau xam den. XA A P3. Cho lai noi tam cai trtfng trang dot bien vdi noi tam di/c trtfug + T i le : la ket qua cua phep lai phan tich. P : $ X^Y cJX" X" X G(P) : - X ^ , - Y X" + V i gen quy dinh mau sac trtfng n^m tren NST thtf 10. Do vay, de cd diTdc noi tam tren, ta phai gay dot bien chuyen doan NST mang gen xac dinh mau sac tru-ng tiT NST thu" 10 sang NST gidi tinh X, nhif sau: 1. Doi vdi noi tam tri^ng trang: N O — — gay d6l bien ' chuyd'n doan ^ Y 2^ ^ _ 2^ ^ A Y Tam cai dot bien se cho triJng mang NST Y va NST so 10 khong mang gen A ( - Y ) A b) A X g ay doi bia'ii ^ _ = = gay noi Dieii ^ ^ ^ c h u y e n doan _ X Tam difc dot bien se cho tinh trung mang NST X^ va NST so 10 khong mang gen A (-X'*'). c) Cho tnJng ( - Y ) ket hdp vdi tinh trung ( - X'^) se tao hdp t^ = 18 ch hien tu-dng tren. 1^ HUdngddn • O loai nay, nhieu phan tren mot NST cd cMc nang tu-dng tiT nhU" tam dong. phdng xa lam dut NST nhieu doan nhd, cac doan nho cd chiJa chi^c 'ng nhu- tam dong trd NST doc lap, lam cho so Itfcfng NST te bao Ig ma khong lam thay doi ham lu-dng A D N te bao do. J TAP VAN DVNG Hay van dung cac phu-dng phap giai cua tijfng loai toan da de cap de'n d tren, i ciic bai tap sau: X^ Y phat trien cai cd chtfa cap NST so 10 khong mang gen quy dinh m^u sac, ma cd NST X mang gen A quy dinh mau trtfug trang. den dot bien se cho — so' triJng mau xam den nd toan tam cai va — so' 2 g mau xam den nd toan tam difc nhu" sd lai d tren. Vidu6: Mot loai cay cd bo NST Itfdng boi 2n = 24. Ng^di ta phdng xa hat cua loai y phoi mam cac NST te bao chtfa ti/ nhan doi. Quan sat diTdi kinh hien vi cac phien trung k i cua Ian phan bao dau tien cua bao phoi mam ngu-di ta thay so lifdng NST Idn hdn 24, nhien ham Itfdng p N te bao khong doi so vdi te bao chiJa bo NST lu-dng boi 2n. Hay giai i 1: Mot gen chi huy tong hdp chuoi pohpeptit gom 498 axit amin cd — = - . G bie't dot bie'n xay khong lam thay doi so nucleotit cua gen. 1. Mot dot bie'n xay lam cho gen sau dot bien cd ti le — = 66,48%. Dot G In thuoc dang nao cua dot bie'n gen? d m nang tij 6n Cty TNHH MTV D W H Khang V i g t ^ luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy D6ng 2. M o t dot bien xay l a m cho gen sau dot bien c6 t i Ic — = 66,85% • Dpt G bien noi tren da l a m cho cau true cua gen b i thay ddi nhU' the" nao, thupc dang nao cua dot bien gen? D o t bien xay gen B l a m ma't mot axit amin chtfng to dot bien dang mat cap nucleotit ke tiep chiJa trpn bp ba ma hoa. - A x i t amin thu" hai iJng v d i bp ba ma hoa thii: ba tren mach ma go'c. V a y dot bien l a m mat bp ba ma hoa d v i t r i thiir ba cua gen. Hudng dan 1. Gen' ban dau chi tong hdp chuoi polipeptit gom 498 axit amin, chiJng to gen CO so'nucleotit la: [(498 X 3) + (nucleotit cua bo ba m d dau) + (nucleotit cua bo ba k e t thijc] X = 3000 So'nucleotit tufng loai cija gen: A + G = 0 : = 1500 Ta CO he phu"cfng trinh: HUdng ddn - ' " ''^^ A_2 B a i 3: Gen A quy dinh mat mau do, alen dot bien a quy dinh mau mat hong. K h i gen n o i tren ciJng tai ban Ian thi m o i triTdng noi bao cung cap cho gen mat nhieu hPn gen quy dinh mat mau hong 90 nucleotit tiT do. D o t bien gen da cho t i le: ^='^=66,61% g i a m xuong 66,48% v i so It/dng nucleotit gen khong thay ddi nen so loai nucleotit loai A giam cung bang so' nucleotit loai G tang. Gpi X la so nucleotit loai A giam d i dot bien, ta c6 phiTdng trinh: Trong gen dot bien c6 the xay cac tru'cfng hdp sau: ; Giai phufdng trinh ta c6 x = 1. + Ba cap nam trpn v e n bp ba ma hoa. + Ba cap thupc hai bp ba ke tiep tren mach ma goc. N e u xet thiJ tif tijr trai sang phai thi c6 the xay hai triTdng hdp: - H a i nucleotit cua bp ba ben trai nucleotit cua bp ba ben phai. - M o t nucleotit d bp ba ben trai, nucleotit cua bp ba ben phai. b) Ma't cap nucleotit nam bp ba ke" tiep nhau: dan den mat axit amin, xuat hien axit amin m d i . c) Ma't cap nucleotit nam r a i rac d cac v i t r i khac gen dan den Al^ = ^ = 66,48% = 0,6648 G +x 900 + x dich khung doc ma d i truyen tai nhieu v i t r i khac nhau, gay hau qua tai hai hdn '' cdc tru'dng hdp tren. B a i 4: Gen A ma hoa 498 axit amin. M o t dot bien xay l a m cho gen mat Nhir vay dot bien da l a m thay ddi cap A - T bang cap G - X . mot doan g o m nuclcolit. K h i tdng hdp A R N thong tin tiJT gen da b i dot bien m o i Dot bien dang thay the cap nucleotit bang cap nucleotit khac. triTdng noi bao da cung ca'p 7485 ribonucleotit tuf do. Gen dot bie'n da ma bao 2. D o t bien l a m cho t i le — tiT 66,67% tang len 66,85%. Chi?ng to so G nucleotit loai A tang. Tat nhien so nucleotit A tang len bang so nucleotit G giam nhieu Ian? Hiidng ddn - oK ft. X ; • S d b p ba cua gen A : 498 + = 500 nu; Suy so nucleotit cua gen bang: 500 x x = 3000 nucleotit di, nen ta c6 phu'dng trinh: 600+x 900-x ' , a) M a t cap nucleotit ke tiep gom: G = X = 900 nucleotit G M o i gen dot bien b i mat: 90 : (2^ - 1) = 90 : 15 (gen) = nucleotit hay mat cap nucleotit Giai he phiTdng trinh ta c6: A = T = 600 nucleotit - _ Hiidng ddn - -G~3 ^ Hay xac dinh nhffng k i e u bien d d i c6 the xay gen dot bien. = 66,85% = > x - l Nhir vay dot bien da lam thay ddi mot cSp G - X bang mot cSp A - T . Dpt bien dang thay the" cap nucleotit bkng cSp nucleotit khac. B a i 2: Dot bien xay gen B lam mat axit amin thu" cua chuoi pohpeptit gen tdng hpp. Hay xac dinh dang dot bien va v i tri dot bien xay gen do. - r,iv Gen mat mot doan gom nucleotit. Suy mach mang ma gdc mat nucleotit ke tiep nhau. Do mach mang ma gdc ciia gen dot bien c6 1500 - = 1497 nucleotit hay mach m A R N gen phien ma c6 1497 ribonucleotit. So Ian ma (phien ma) tir gen dot bien la: 7485 : 1497 = Ian. B a i 5: Gen A quy dinh mau mat l a m mat cap nucleotit va tao alen a hoac a|. ^^^./•=v^,:•*.;^ ^^^.;v 1. Gia thie't alen a difdc tao bang mot diTcJng sau day t h i phan tuT protein tu'dng iJng se khdc v d i so protein gen A tdng hdp nhtf the nao? 121 Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vigt Ca'm nang tg 6n va luy$n thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy Dfl'ng Cho rang triTdng hdp moi axit amin chi mot bp ba xac dinh, va dot bien khong lien quan den codon ket thiic. a) Ba cap nucleotit bi mat chiJa trpn mot bp ba ma hoa. b) Hai nucleotit thupc mpt bp ba ma hoa, mot nucleotit ke tiep thupc bp ba ke'tiep. c) Hau qua cua dot bien d a va b c6 giong hay khong? Tai sao? 2. Gia thiet alen tao dot bien mat ba nucleotit d cac vi tri khac cua gen A thi phan tuT protein gen bi dot bien tong hdp khac vdi protein gen A tong hdp nhu" the nap? Cho biel phan tuf protein gen A tdng hdp c6 198 axit amin va cac axit amin tu'dng i^ng vdi cac vi tri bi bien ddi gen chi mpt bp ba ma hoa quy dinh. a) Mat cap nucleotit so 4, so va so 12. b) Mat cap nucleotit so 591, so 594 va so 597. HUdngddn ,,, 1. Sir khac giffa phan tuT protein gen A va alen a tdng hdp. a) protein dot bien khac protein binh thiTdng axit amin. b) protein dpi bien kem protein binh thrfdng axit amin va c6 mpt axit amin bi thay the. j ; c) Khong. V i codon diTdc hinh sau dpt bien cua hai trrfdng hdp la khac nhau. a a) Tru'dng hdp cap nucleotit bi mat nam vi tri khac nhau: V i tri so thupc codon thu" 2, vi tri so" thupc cpdpn thu' 3, vj tri so 12 thupc codon thi? 4. Tru-dng hdp nay, phan tuT protein alen tdng hdp kem phan tu" protein gen A tdng hdp mpt axit amin va c6 axit amin d dau chuoi polipeptit khac vdi axit amin tu'dng vtng ciia chuoi polipeptit gen A tdng hdp. b) Tru-tJng hdp cap nucleotit bj mat nam d cac vi tri 591, 594 va 597: HUdng ddn *' 1. Them cap nucleotit giffa cap so va so se lam thay ddi cac bp ba ma 6a tir codon thuT trd di. Vay protein gen dot bien tdng hdp chi c6 axit amin 1? nhait gidng vdi axit amin tiTdng ufng tren phan tuT protein gen A tdng hdp. 2. Them mpt cap nucleotit d giiJa cap so 594 va 595 thi se lam thay ddi codon thuf ke tur codon ket thuc. i"V i vay protein gen dot bien tdng hdp c6 mpt axit amin cud'i cung khdc vdi axit amin tu'dng iJng cua protein gen A tdng hdp. Bai 7: Mpt gen chi huy tdng hdp chudi polipeptit gdm 198 axit amin, c6 ti le X = 0,6 . Mpt dot bien xay khong lam thay ddi so' lu'dng nucleotit cua X en nhvfng da lam thay ddi ti le ndi tren. \. Khi ti le — gen dot bien = 60,43% hay cho biet: _ + Dot bien thupc dang nao? + So lien ket hidro gen dpt bien thay ddi nhtf the nao? + Chuoi polipeptit cua gen dpt bien khac vdi chupi polipeptit cua gen binh .tfdng nhu" the nao? 2. Khi ti le —=59,57%, hay cho biet: + Cau triic cua gen da thay ddi nhiT the nao? '">' * ';«''>^ + So' lien ket hidro gen thay ddi nhiT the' nao? >• • • Hitdngddn ' 1. Chuoi polipeptit cua gen c6 198 axit amin, chiJng to mach mang ma B'ccp 198 + = 200bpba S P nucleotit ciia gen (N) la: 200 x x = 1200 nucleotit Ap dung cong thufc: T + X = - N . Khi T = 0,6X. Chuoi polipeptit gen a i tdng hdp it hdn chuoi polipeptit gen A tdng hdp mpt axit amin v a c6 axit amin d cudi chuoi khac vdi axit amin tiTdng iJng tren chudi polipeptit gen A tdng hdp. Ta c6: 0,6X + X = ^ N = 600=>X = 375; T = 225. Bai 6: Gen A chi huy tdng hdp phan tu" protein gdm 198 axit amin. Trong gen dpt bien c6: —=60,43% . 1. Dot bien gen lam them cap nucleotit d giiJa cap sd'6 va cap so thi phan i\i protein gen dot bien tdng hdp khac vdi phan tuT protein gen A tdng hdp nhq thenao? T T Ti 16 — cua gen binh thiTdng la — = 0,6. X X 2. Dpt bien lam them cap nucleptit d khoang gii?a cap 594 va 595 thi phan tur protein gen dot bien tdng hdp khac vdi phan tuT protein gen A tdng hdp nhU'the'nao? Gia thiet r^ng dot bien khong anh hiTdng den chtfc n^ng cua codon ke't thuc cua gen. 122 t ,| «' r,VT' i!lf>^!f'Km T It' 'n M 'H.I i\ ' Nhir vay ti le — tang chiJng to c6 sir thay the cap G - X b^ng cap A - T. X Goi X la SP cap nucleptit bi thay the, ta ce phtfdng trinh: ' ' " •' T-.X 225 + x ^ ^ ^ j X+x 375-x Ca'm nang tir 6n va luy^n thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy Pgng Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vigt + V a y dot b i e n thuoc dang thay the' cap G - X bkng cap A - T . + So lien k e t h i d r o s e b i thay d o i nhiTsau: HUdng ddn .; a) So' N S T cua l o a i k h i bi dot bie'n: Gen dot bien k e m gen binh thi/cfng lien ke't hidro. + Chuoi polipeptit cua gen dot bien c6 the khac chuoi polipeptit cua gen bmh thu'dng ve phan axit amin hoac dot bien khong l a m thay doi chuoi polipeptit tijy theo codon trufdc dot bien va codon sau dot bien ma hoa axit amin khac hay cung ma hoa axit amin. v* ; T T 2. T i le — = , % . So vdi t i le — = 0,6 (cua gen binh thi/cJng) la giam, X X chiJng to CO sirthay the cap A - T b a n g cap G - X . ; Goi X la so' cap nucleotit bj thay the'. , Ta CO phirong trinh: The khong (2n = 8); the mot (2n = 9); the ba (2n = 11); the ba kep (2n = 12); the bon (2n = 13); the bon kep (2n = 14). b) The 3n (5 X = 15); the 4n (5 X = 20); the 5n (5 X = 25). c) B o N S T CO 2n = 12 la bo N S T cua loai d the ba kep hay the bon. d) Bat k i cap N S T tuTOng dong nao cung c6 the them mot N S T va hinh the ba. D o vay d loai tren (2n = 10) so l o a i the ba khac c6 the dtfdc hinh la 5. . • B a i : Gia sv! rang d cay ca doc diTcfc ba nhiem doi v d i N S T A , sif phoi hcJp va phan l i giffa cac N S T xay hoan toan ngau nhien (tiJc la to' hdp giffa A A va A = 59,57% du'dc tao v d i t i le ngang nhau). Co bao nhieu cay va m o i loai chie'm t i le bao nhieu se dtfdc sinh k h i Giai phu'Ong trinh ta c6: x = cay nhU" vay difdc thu phan bang phan cua cay lufdng b o i binh thiTdng. V a y dot bien thuoc dang thay mot cap A - T bang mot cap G - X . D o so Hen ke't hidro gen dot bien tang them lien ke't hidro. HUclngddn Ca. doc difdc the ba d o i v d i NST A , tufc la bp NST cua cay n^y c6 NST B a i : Gen A va gen B nam ke tie'p tren NST. protein gen A chi huy tong hop CO 48 axit amin. Con protein gen B chi huy tong hdp c6 96 axit amin. M o t dot bie'n da lam cho gen noi tren gen C. Protein gen C chi huy tong hcfp co 144 axit amin. A (AAA). Cay lirdng b o i binh thu'dng c6 NST A ( A A ) . Ta c6 sd sau: AA P : AAA X G(P) 1. D o t bien lien quan de'n bao nhieu cap nucleotit va thuoc dang nao cua dot ^iAA:iA 2 A t .1 , ) bien gen? -AAA:-AA 2 2. Xac dinh chieu dai cua gen C. NhiT vay, c6 l o a i cay con, moi loai chiem t i le ^ , tufc la c6 ^ so cay la HUdng dan 1. Protein gen C tong hcJp c6 so axit amin bang tong so' axit amin cua protein gen A va gen B tong hOp. D i e u chtfng to dot bie'n gen lien quan tdi the ba, va - cap nucleotit. Trong c6 cap nucleotit la bo ba ket thuc cua gen A va cap la bo ba m d dau cua gen B bi mat. : ^o 2. Chieu d ^ i cua gen C: [(144 x 3) + 6] x 3,4 A " = 1489,2 A " B a i : M o t loai c6 bo NST 2n = 10. Co bao nhieu NST c6 the diTdodn d: • • AIS:''], -AJ B a i 1 : Nhi?ng phan tich d i truyen te bao hoc cho hay r^ng, c6 hai l o a i chuoi D a y la dang mat mot so' cap nucleotit ke' tie'p va n o i gen ke' can mot gen m d i . so cay la lifdng boi binh thifdng. khac nhau: Chuoi rCfng liTdng b o i va chuoi nha tam b o i . nhiTng l o a i gen A Xiic dinh than cao, troi hoan toan so v d i alen a (than tha'p) K h i gay dot bie'n nhan tao ngiTdi ta da thu diTdc mot so dang tiJ b o i va cac dang chi tao cac giao tijTlu^dng boi c6 kha nang song. »' ' ' a) The khong, the mot, the mot kep, the ba, the ba kep, the bon, the bon kep. 1. Xac dinh ket qua phan linh ve kieu gen va kieu hinh cua cac phep lai sau: b) T h e n , n , 5n. a) P: Aaaa X Aaaa c) Neu bo N S T cua loai b i dot bie'n c6 2n = 12. D o la dot b i e n dang nao? 2. Hay cho biet mot so dSc d i e m quan khac giu-a chuo'i nha va d) Co bao nhieu loai the ba khac nhau, c6 the diTdc hinh thanh. b) P: Aaaa x A A a a chuo'i rijfng. 3. G i a i thich nguon goc va qua trinh xuat hien chuoi nha. Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vigt Ca'm nang ti/ On va luy$n thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy DO'ng Nhiyng cay c6 kieu gen dong hdp tuT chi cho loai giao tur nhiTng cay dong 4. K h i ket qua cua phep lai cho ti le: a) cao : thap b ) cao : thap c ) 1 cao : thap d) 35 cao : thap T h i k i e u gen cua P c6 the nhu" the nao? hdp t ^ troi khong the c6 sir phan tinh k h i l a i . Do d d , chi c6 c i c cay aa, aaa, aaaa la phii hdp. Tijf do, ta thay muon c6 ke't qua lai phan tinh cao : thap thi kieu gen cua P CO the nhiT sau: P: Aa x aa Hoac P: Aa x aaa Hoac P: Aa x aaaa Hitdng dan 1. Xac dinh ket qua phep l a i : a) P G(P) : Aaaa x Aaaa : A a , aa A a , aa l A A a a : 2Aaaa: laaaa Aaaa m\: G(P) x —AA:—Aa:—aa 6 AAaa ^ -AA:—Aa:—aa 6 y f l A A A A : A A A a : 18 A A a a : Aaaa: laaaa [35 cao: tha'p 2. Chuol nha so v d i chuoi riifng c6 lufdng A D N cao hdn, tong hdp chat hint cri khong CO kha nang sinh giao tuT binh thtfcfng nen khong cd hat nhtf chuoi r t o g . 3. Co the cho rang chuol nha c6 nguon goc tuT chuoi r t o g : Trong truTdng hdp dac biet, tac nhan gay dot bien tac dong vao luc giam phan, l a m te liet sir hinh thoi v6 sac, dan den cac cap NST khong phan li tao giao tuT 2n. L o a i giao tuT k e l hdp v d i giao tuT binh thiTdng (n) thu tinh se tao hdp tu^ 3n phat trien cay chuol 3n. NhSng cay chuoi 3n c6 qua to, ngon, khong hat da diTdc ngiTdi giff lai va nhan len bKng sinh san sinh diTSng tao nen chuol nha nay. ' aa K M Hoac P: Aaaa x aaa i Bai 13: Gia thiet cap NST tffdng ddng mang cac cap alen bieu thi bang cac I so'nhffsau: r 2' 3' 4' 6' 7' 8' 9' .-'ife a) Hay vie't cd che dan den sff bien ddi vi tri ciia gen tren NST. b) Sff bien ddi v i tri cua gen tren NST cd phai chi dot bien cau trffc NST hay khong? Tai sao? HUdngddn a) Vie't cd che dan den sff bien ddi v i tri cua gen tren NST. + Bie'n ddi lien quan de^n mot NST: - Dao doan: Doan bi dao CO chffa hoSc khong chffa tam dong: hoac 1' 2' 3' 4' - Chuyen vi tri cua gen: hoSc 4" 2' 3' 1' , , , - Ma't doan d ben cua canh lam cho gen trffdc dSy c^ch xa nhich lai gan tren mot NST:1 4, 4. hay 1' 3' 4', 1' 4'. - Trao ddi cheo khong can giffa cromatit cua mot NST kep: . 2 . 34 hoac r ' ' ' M ' ' ' + Bien ddi lien quan den hoSc nhieu NST: -'^ - Trao ddi cheo khong can giffa cromatit ciia NST tffdng ddng:,' y 2' 3' 4' ^ r 2' 3' 4' - Chuyen doan tffdng hd: - Chuyen doan khong tffdng ho: 3; • 9; • + Bien ddi khong phai la dot bien ca'u true. Trao ddi cheo ddng deu xay giffa hai NST tffdng ddng: - - Ruoi cai mang NST X, mdi chiec chffa doan 16A da xay trao ddi cheo khong can tao NST X c6 doan 16A va mot NST X c6 doan 16A. Ruoi cai dot bien se tao trffng X c6 chffa doan 16A. Loai trffng ket hdp vdi tinh trung Y se tao rudi dffc mang NST X c6 chffa doan 16A (mat rat det). I'llA - Sff phdi hdp giffa trffng chffa NST X c6 doan 16A vdi tinh trung X c6 doan, hay doan 16A se tao rudi c^i di hdp, m^t ra't det nhUng khong gidiig het trffdng hdp ca NST X deu c6 doan 16A. r 2' 3' 4" r " ^ 2' 3' 4' Sff bien ddi vi tri cua gen tren NST khong chi dot bien cau true NST ma trao ddi cheo ddng deu (can) giffa cromatit cua mot NST k6p hoSc giffa cac cromatit thuoc NST tffdng ddng. Bai 14: Gia thie't c6 mot NST mang cac gen c6 chieu dai bang nhau. Do bi chieu xa, phan tff A D N tao nen NST bi dfft mot doan tffdng ffng vdi 20 ARN thong tin va lam ma't di 5% tdng so gen cua NST 66. Khi phan tff A D N bi dot bien tff nhan doi da doi hoi moi trffdng n6i bao cung cap 38000 nucleotit tff do. • 129 Cam nang tif on va luyen thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy Ddng a) Dot bie'n noi tren thuoc loai dot bien gi? b) Xac dinh so" gen tren NST do. c) X^c dinh chieu dai trung binh cua gen. Hitdngddn a) Dot bien noi tren la dot bien cau true NST dang mat doan vi doan bi diJt tiTdng u-ng vcti 20 ARN thong tin hay 20 gen. b) Xac dinh so' gen tren NST: Doan bi mat gom 20 gen ke" tiep va chiem 5% tdng so gen cua NST. Do NST c6.(20 : 5) x 100 = 400 gen. c) So gen cua NST sau bi dut la: 400 - 20 = 380 gen So nucleotit moi trifdng noi bao cung cap cho 380 gen tu" nhan doi la 38000 nucleotit. Do so nucleotit cua moi gen la: 38000 : 380 = 100 nucleotit Vay chieu dai trung binh cua mot gen la: 3,4 A" X 50 = 170 A". Bai 15: Bie't cac bp ba ma da ma hoa cac axit amin nhu" sau: UXU: Xerin; AXA: Treonin; UAU: Tirozin; AAG: Lizin; GUU: Glixin; XXX: Prolin; GXA: Alanin; AUA: Izolcfxin; GAA: Glutamic; UGG: Triptofan. Mot doan gen binh thu'dng da dieu khien tdng hdp mot doan cua chuoi polipeptit CO trat tU" cac axit amin la: Xerin - Treomin - Prolin - Lizin - Tirozin - Glixin - Alanin - Glutamic - Izoldxin - Triptofan. Gia thiet rang riboxom luon luon tru'cJt tren phan tu^ mARN theo chieu tuf trai sang phai. 1. Hay viet trat tif cac nucleotit cua doan gen ttfdng iJng. 2. Khi CO hicn tu'rfng dot bien dao doan NST chuTa doan gen noi tren thi dao doan polipeptit tu'dng iJng c6 cac axit amin sap xe'p theo trat tiT nao? Hudng dan 1. Trat tir sap xcp cac ribonucleotit cua doan mARN: UXU - AXA - XXX AAG - UAU - GGU - GXA - GAA - AUA - UGG - Trat tiT sap xe'p cac nucleotit mach mang ma goc: TAT - TGT - TTX - ATA - XXA - XGT - XTT - TAT - AXX - Trat tuf sap xe'p cac nucleotit mach bd sung: ATA - AXA - XXX - AAG - TAT - GGT - GXA - GAA - ATX - TGG 2. Dot bie'n dao doan lam cho trat tif cac nucleotit mach mang ma goc dao ngu'dc. Vi vay trat tu" cac ribonucleotit mARN cung bi dao ngUdc, dan tdi trat tiT cac axit amin bi dao ngu'dc: Triptofan - Isoldxin - Glutamic - Alanin - Glixin - Tirozin - Lizin Prolin - Treomin - Xerin. Bai 16: Doan khdi dau cua mot gen binh thiTdng chiJa cac nucleotit mach khuon nhU" sau: ATG GXA TGX AXT X GAT 1. Gia su" rang qua trinh dot bien nucleotit thu" la X bi thay thebdi A. Hoi CO bao nhieu axit amin bi thay ddi d phan tu" protein diTdc tdng hdp? Cty TIMHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt 2. Gia sij" nucleotit thu" ay bi mat di thi c6 bao nhieu axit amin bi thay ddi d phan tu* protein du'dc tdng hdp? 3. Ne'u them vao sau nucleotit thi? la A mot nucleotit X thi hau qua the hien nhif the nao d phan tuf protein diTdc tdng hdp? Gia thiet rang qua trinh dich ma xay theo hu'dtng tiif trai sang phai d phan tu" mARN du'dc tijf gen do. HUdng ddn 1. Nnucleotit thu" la X nam bo ba thu" hai la GXA bi thay thebSi A thi chi b p ba thuf bi bie'n ddi GAA. Do chi mot axit amin bi thay ddi phan tuT protein du'dc tdng hdp. 2. Nucleotit thi? bi ma't di se dan de'n thay ddi khung dich ma tiif nucleotit thiJ 5. Do tiJf axit amin thiJ hai trd di chuoi polipeptit se bi thay ddi. 3. Ne'u them A vao sau nucleotit thu* thi khung dich ma bi thay ddi tuT nucleotit thiJ 4. Do tiJT axit amin thi? hai trd di chudi polipeptit bi thay ddi. Nhifng sir thay ddi khong gidng d phan cic axit amin so vdi trUdng hdp tren. Bai 17: Gia thiet NST thi? nhat c6 gen, NST thu" hai c6 gen. Cac gen tren NST ke tiep lam mot phan tuT ADN. Cac gen deu dai 5100 A". Phan X\i ADN CO NST thtf nhat chtfa 20% Adenin, phan tuT ADN c6 NST UhiJhai chiJa 15% Adenin. j Do dot bie'n cau true NST, moi phan tuT ADN da dut mot doan dai bang va chuyen doan cho de trd hai phan tuf ADN mdi. Phan tuT ADN mdi ' ma phan Idn vat chat di truyen c6 nguon goc tif NST thi? nhat da cd so lien ket hidro cua mot loai nucleotit giam di la 2100 so vdi so lien ket hidro cua mot loai nucleotit phan ttjf ADN nkm d NST thi? nhat chifa dot bie'n. 1. Tinh chieu dai cua moi phan tuf ADN chtfa dot bien. " S" 2. So lU'dng tufng loai nucleotit mdi phan i\i ADN chu'a dot bie'n la bao nhieu? 3. So lufdng tufng loai nucleotit moi phan tuf ADN mdi diTdc hinh sau dot bie'n la bao nhieu? HUdngddn 1. Chieu dai cua mdi phan tufADN chu'a dot bien: n - Phantu'ADNtrongNSTthi?nhat:5100A"x7 = 35700A" Mi[...]... cap NST thiTdng Tren moi cap NST chuTa 2 cSp gen Trong loai tha'y cd 2 loai giao tuT AB DE va ab de Cho bie't khong cd dot bie'n 1 Quy luat di truyen nao lam cho so loai giao tiJ sinh ra la it nha't? Hay viet kieu gen ciia tc bao sinh due 2n sinh ra cac loai giao tuf do va thanh phan gen cua cac loai giao tuf sinh ra tif te bao sinh due dd • 63 Ca'm Cty TIMHH MTV nang tu 6n va luy$n thi Sinh hpc... moi loai te' bao sinh due sd khai bao nhieu NST ddn mdi tu'dng du'dng de tao triJng va tao tinh trung? Ne'u c a c tebao sinh tinh dUdc tao ra lis 1 t e b a o sinh due dure Dap so': 1 Sohdptur: 128 2 So t e b a o sinh tnJng: 256 So t e b a o sinh tinh: 512 h, . sung. - - Nguyen lieu deu la cac nucleolil tif do. - - Deu phai CO enzim dac Iru'ng xiic lac. ijv J,' Ca'm nang tu fin v4 luy^n thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy Ddng. kie'n thiVc da c6 de md rong kicn thiJc, phat trien nang liTc nhan thiJc. Hicn nay, de thi tot nghiep THPT, tuyen sinh vao cac trufcing Cao dang, Dai hoc mon Sinh hoc la hinh thifc . • • + ATP: Cung cap nang iifdng. „ ,11 Ca'm nang tu an va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy B6ng + Cac cnzim lham gia enzim: xiic Uic lao lhanh phiJc hdp aa - lARN; cnzim xilc