Design and analysis of rectifying circuits and antennas for wireless power transmission and ambient RF energy harvesting

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ANTENNAS AND RECTIFYING CIRCUITS FOR WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION AND AMBIENT RF ENERGY HARVESTING SUN HUCHENG (B.Eng., University of Science and Technology of China, P.R.C) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENEGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis. This thesis has also not been submitted for any degree in any university previously. __________________ Sun Hucheng 17 April 2014 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Guo Yongxin, for his invaluable guidance and constructive support throughout my doctoral study. Without his professional guidance and inspiration, this thesis would not be possible. I am deeply grateful to Dr. Zhong Zheng, for his detailed and constructive comments and help on my works. I also would like to thank Mr. He Miao, who has been a collaborator of some works, and a co-author of some of my papers. It was great pleasure to work with them. I would like to thank my friends in Microwave Research Laboratory, who have been very kind and supportive in my research life, especially Mr. Agarwal Kush, Dr. Bao Xiaoyue, Dr. Bi Xiaojun, Dr. Chu Hui, Dr. Duan Zhu, Miss Lei Wen, Mr. Liu Changrong, Mr. Long Yunsheng, Miss Ren Rui, Dr. Wang Lei, and Miss Xu Lijie. My graduate life at NUS would not have been fun and interesting without them. Many thanks go to all the staff of Microwave Research Laboratory and ECE Department, especially Mdm. Guo Lin, Mdm. Lee Siew Choo, and Mr. Sing Cheng Hiong for their kind assistances in all the technical and administrative support. My deepest appreciation goes to my family. My parents gave much love, and their continuous encouragements are my great source of power, which enables me to overcome the frustrations in writing this thesis. This thesis is dedicated to them. Finally, I would like to thank all people who have helped and inspired me through my doctoral study. i Table of Contents Acknowledgements . i Table of Contents .ii Summary . v List of Tables vii List of Figures . viii List of Acronyms xii Chapter Introduction . 1.1 Background and Motivation 1.2 Literature Review 1.2.1 Rectennas for Low-Input-Power Applications . 1.2.2 Rectifiers With Wide Operating Input Power Ranges 1.2.3 60-GHz Rectennas 11 1.3 Thesis Outline . 13 1.4 Original Contributions . 17 1.5 Publication List . 19 1.5.1 Journal Papers . 19 1.5.2 Conference Papers 20 1.5.3 Patents . 21 Chapter Technology-Independent Table-Based Non-Linear Diode Model for Rectenna Design . 22 2.1 Introduction of Nonlinear Circuits 22 2.1.1 Nonlinear Circuits . 22 2.1.2 Methods of Nonlinear Circuits Analysis . 24 2.1.3 Quasi-Static Assumption 26 2.2 Equivalent Circuit of the Schottky Diode . 27 2.2.1 Basic Nonlinear Components in the Equivalent Circuit . 27 2.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Model of a Schottky Barrier Diode 31 2.3 Non-Quasi-Static Table-Based Diode Model . 35 2.3.1 Model Algorithm 35 2.3.2 Through-Reflect-Line (TRL) Calibration and Diode Measurement . 41 2.3.3 Comparison Between Simulated and Measured Results . 44 2.4 Summary . 45 ii Chapter Design of a High-Efficiency 2.45-GHz Rectenna for LowInput-Power Energy Harvesting 47 3.1 Introduction . 47 3.2 Rectenna Design 48 3.2.1 Antenna Design . 49 3.2.2 Rectifier Design 55 3.3 Rectenna Measurement . 56 3.4 Summary . 62 Chapter A Dual-Band Rectenna Using Broad-Band Quasi-Yagi Antenna Array for Ambient RF Power Harvesting . 63 4.1 Introduction . 63 4.2 Quasi-Yagi Antenna Array 68 4.3 Rectifier Design and Measurement . 72 4.4 Rectenna Measurement in the Ambience 78 4.5 Summary . 80 Chapter Expansion of Rectifier’s Operating Input Power Range for Wireless Power Transmission Applications 82 5.1 Introduction . 83 5.2 First Expansion Method 85 5.2.1 Operation Mechanism . 85 5.2.2 Experimental Results 93 5.3 Second Expansion Method 95 5.3.1 Operation Mechanism . 95 5.3.2 Experimental Results 99 5.4 Performance Comparison and Discussion . 100 5.5 Summary . 102 Chapter Study on 60-GHz Antennas and Rectifiers for Millimeter Wave Power Transmission 103 6.1 Introduction . 104 6.2 60-GHz LTCC Linearly Polarized U-Slot Patch Antenna Array 107 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 Single Element 107 Antenna Array . 111 Scattering Parameters 113 Radiation Patterns . 115 6.3 60-GHz LTCC Circularly Polarized U-Slot Patch Antenna Array . 117 iii 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 Single Element 117 Antenna Array . 119 Scattering Parameters 121 Radiation Patterns . 125 Performance Comparison 131 6.4 60-GHz Rectifier Design . 132 6.5 Summary . 137 Chapter Conclusion and Suggestions for Future Works 138 7.1 Conclusion . 138 7.2 Suggestions for Future Works . 141 Bibliography . 143 iv Summary This thesis presents the design and analysis of antennas and rectifying circuits for applications in wireless power transmission and ambient RF energy harvesting. Firstly, a novel non-quasi-static table-based diode model for wireless power transmission (WPT) applications is proposed. This model is technology-independent and suitable for different Schottky diodes. The accuracy of the model has been confirmed by good agreement between simulated and measured results of a commercial Schottky diode. Secondly, a high-efficiency 2.45-GHz rectenna which can harvest low input RF power effectively is developed. In the design process, the antenna is co-designed with the rectifier and their matching performance is optimized at low input power points. Measurement results have fully demonstrated that it can be used for WPT applications with low input power levels. Thirdly, a new rectenna is proposed. It employs a broadband 1×4 quasi-Yagi antenna array and a dual-band rectifier for harvesting the ambient RF power at both global system for mobile communications (GSM) 1800 and universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) 2100 frequency bands. The prototypes are developed and experimental results confirm the concept. Next, two innovative methods for extending the operating input power range of a traditional rectifier are studied. In the first method, a field-effect transistor (FET) switch is utilized, so that the configuration of the rectifier can automatically adapt to the input power level. In the second means, the breakdown voltage of the rectifier’s diode is enhanced while its built-in voltage is preserved by using a metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). Compared to traditional rectifiers, both proposed rectifiers exhibit greatly enlarged operating input power ranges. Lastly, the possibility of rectennas operating at 60-GHz band is explored. For the antenna part, a U-slot patch antenna is introduced at the 60-GHz band. Based on that, v a linearly-polarized (LP) antenna array and a circularly-polarized (CP) of 4×4 elements are developed at 60-GHz band using the low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. Good performances of both antenna arrays have been demonstrated through measurements on the probe station. The rectifier is designed to fabricate on the printed circuit board (PCB) of Rogers-5880. Its capability of working around 60 GHz is verified by experimental results. With proper wire-bonding technology, the antennas and the rectifier are promising to be integrated as 60-GHz rectennas. vi List of Tables Table 1.1 Overview of Rectennas and Rectifiers in the Prior Literature .8 Table 4.1 Measured Ambient RF Power Densities of Different Public Telecommunication Bands 65 Table 5.1 Performance Comparison .101 Table 6.1 Key Data of Several 60-GHz Circularly Polarized Antenna Arrays 131 vii List of Figures Figure 1.1 Scenarios of wireless charging. (a) Proximity charging. (b) Distant charging. (c) Ambient RF energy harvesting. .11 Figure 2.1 I-V characteristic of a nonlinear resistor. 29 Figure 2.2 Equivalent circuit of a Schottky diode. .32 Figure 2.3 Disagreement between simulation and measurement results caused by inaccurate diode model [57]. .34 Figure 2.4 Model comparison. (a) Equivalent circuit model. (b) Table-based model. 36 Figure 2.5 Circuit topology of the table-based model for simulation in ADS. 38 Figure 2.6 Illustration of SDDs in ADS. The left one has one port, while the right one has fourteen ports 39 Figure 2.7 Illustration of the parameters in the model and DAC. 40 Figure 2.8 Simulation of the TRL standards in ADS. 42 Figure 2.9 Insertion phase differences between the delay line and through versus frequency. (a) The first delay line. (b) The second delay line. 42 Figure 2.10 Photographs of the fabricated standards for TRL calibration. (a) Through. (b) The first delay line. (c) The second delay line. (d) Open-ended line. .43 Figure 2.11 Photograph of the diode on PCB for measurement .43 Figure 2.12 Measured and simulated DC I-V curves. 45 Figure 2.13 Measured and simulated S11 under different voltage biases. 45 Figure 3.1 Circuit configuration of the proposed rectenna .49 Figure 3.2 Configuration of the antennas. (a) Top view of the proposed one. (b) Side view of the proposed one. (c) A two-element microstrip patch antenna array for reference .50 Figure 3.3 Input impedance of the antenna versus frequency for various stub length d. .51 Figure 3.4 (a) Photograph of the fabricated antenna with transition and matching circuit. (b) Configuration of the transition and matching circuit part. 53 Figure 3.5 Simulated and measured |S11| of the antenna with transition and matching circuit. 54 Figure 3.6 Simulated and measured radiation patterns at 2.45 GHz for the antenna in (a) E-plane and (b) H-plane. 54 viii Bibliography [1] Z. 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IEEE Int. Symp. Antennas Propag., 2011, pp. 1077–1080. 158 [...]... Sun, Y.-X Guo, M He, and Z Zhong, Design of a High-Efficiency 2.45GHz Rectenna for Low-Input -Power Energy Harvesting, ” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol 11, pp 929–932, 2012 1.5.2 Conference Papers 1 Z Zhong, H C Sun, Y.-X Guo, Design of Multi-channel Rectifier with High PCE for Ambient RF Energy Harvesting, ” 2013 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Nanjing,... Scenarios of wireless charging (a) Proximity charging (b) Distant charging (c) Ambient RF energy harvesting 1.2.3 60-GHz Rectennas Since the invention of a rectenna, considerable research has been performed on rectennas for WPT applications Most of the development of RF power transmission technology initially concentrated on the frequency of 2.45 GHz which is located in an industrial, scientific, and medical... µW/cm2) input power level 13 Based on the rectenna discussed in Chapter 3, a dual-band rectenna which can harvest ambient RF power of GSM-1800 and UMTS-2100 bands efficiently is proposed in Chapter 4 The novel rectenna is based on a broadband 1×4 quasi-Yagi antenna array with bandwidth from 1.8 to 2.2 GHz, and high gains of 10.9 and 13.3 dBi at 1.85 and 2.15 GHz, respectively Also, a dual-band rectifier... M He, and Z Zhong, “A Dual-Band Rectenna Using Broad-Band Yagi Antenna Array for Ambient RF Power Harvesting, ” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol 12, pp 918–921, 2013 4 H C Sun, Y.-X Guo, and Z L Wang, “60-GHz Circularly Polarized U-Slot Patch Antenna Array on LTCC,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol 61, no 1, pp 430–435, Jan 2013 5 H C Sun, Y.-X Guo, M He, and Z Zhong,... capability for narrowband, multiband, or broadband operation accordingly To fulfill the needs, the first of this research work intends to investigate on these different rectennas with high RF- to-DC PCEs for low-input -power applications On the other hand, for the second feature of the third WPT type, since the distance between the transmitting and the receiving antennas could change, the input power level of. .. 4 H C Sun, Y.-X Guo, and Z Zhong, “A High-Sensitivity 2.45 GHz Rectenna for Low Input Power Energy Harvesting, ” 2012 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), Chicago, USA, Jul 8–14, 2012 5 M He, H C Sun, Z Zhong, Y.-X Guo, and M Y Xia, “TechnologyIndependent Table-Based Diode Model for Rectenna Design in RF Energy Harvesting, ” 2012 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society... co-designed with the rectifier and their matching performance is optimized at low input power points Thus, the novel rectenna is sufficiently capable of recycling low RF power 3 A new rectenna with broad-band 1×4 quasi-Yagi antenna array and a dualband rectifier is designed to harvest the ambient RF power of GSM-1800 and UMTS-2100 bands It has exhibited an output DC voltage varies between 300 17 mV to 400 mV,... high-gain transmitting antenna to send the RF energy from a relatively long distance In this case, due to the path loss, the RF power level is lower The third strategy utilizes the RF power present in the ambience and the typical RF power level is very low [48] Therefore, it would be better for a rectenna to achieve a high RF- to-DC PCE over a wide range of input power levels so that it can operate well... improved, the input power levels or input power densities for most of the works are high Normally, the input power level is more than 20 dBm and the power density is higher than 10 mW/cm2 From 1990, more and more works focused on rectennas with lower input power levels or lower power densities In 1992, T W Yoo derived a closed-form equation 6 for RF- to-DC PCE to analyze the diode for the rectenna [16]... theoretical analysis, a rectenna was design and it performed RF- to-DC PCE of 40% with about 15-dBm input power at 10 GHz The rectenna was improved by the same research group in 1998 [17], it showed RF- to-DC PCE of 80% at 5.8 GHz when the input power is 15 dBm Till that time, a linearly-polarized (LP) antenna was mostly used for the rectenna design After 2000, while the operating input power level kept . DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ANTENNAS AND RECTIFYING CIRCUITS FOR WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION AND AMBIENT RF ENERGY HARVESTING SUN HUCHENG (B.Eng., University of Science and Technology. Summary This thesis presents the design and analysis of antennas and rectifying circuits for applications in wireless power transmission and ambient RF energy harvesting. Firstly, a novel non-quasi-static. power levels. Thirdly, a new rectenna is proposed. It employs a broadband 1×4 quasi-Yagi antenna array and a dual-band rectifier for harvesting the ambient RF power at both global system for