Phân dạng và phươg pháp giải bài tập hoá học 11 phần vô cơ phần 2

Phân dạng và phươg pháp giải bài tập hoá học 11 phần vô cơ phần 2 tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ á...

Phan djing va phumg phdp giii H6a hpc 11 V6 co - D8 Xuan Hung 2NH3 + 3CuO —^ N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O * Dieuche: + Trong phong thi nghiem : 2NH4CI + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2NH3T + 2H2O + Trong cong nghiep : long hdp tuT niW va hidro N2 + 3H2 , ' 2NH3. p 2. MuG'i atnoni (gom cation NH4 va anion goc axit) * Tinh chat hoa hoc : - Tac dung vdi dung djch kicm : NH4CI + NaOH > NHjt + NaCl + H2O NH^ + OH- > NHjt + H2O - Phan uTng nhiet phan : NH4CI,,, ^ NH3,u, + HCl,k, NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O. III. AXIT NITRIC VA MUOI NITRAT 1. Axit nitric (HNO3) CTCT: H-O-N^^ * Tinh chat ho a hoc : + Tinh axit: Lam quy tim h6a do, tac dung vdi oxit bazcf, bazd, muoi cua axit yeu hdn tao ra muoi nitrat. + Tinh oxi hoa : - Tac dung vdi kim loai (trir Au va Pt) Cu + 4HN03j.^. > Cu(N03)2 + 2NO2 t + 2H2O Chu y : Fe va Al bj thu dong hoa trong dung dich HNO3 dac, nguoi. - Tac dung vdi phi kim : S + 6HN03j.^, > H2SO4 + 6NO2T + 2H2O - Tac dung vdi hdp cha't: 3H2S + 2HN03,,,,„^ > 3S + 2NO + 4H2O * Dieu che : + Trong phong thi nghiem : NaN03 + H2SO4 HNO3 + NaHS04 + Trong cong nghiep (qua ba giai dotin) NH3 -> NO -> NO2 -> HNO3. 2. MuS'i nitrat (muoi cua axit nitric) Deu de tan trong niTdc va la chat dien li manh. + Phan iJng nhiet phan : ) M(N02)„+02t M(N03)„ ) M2O,, +N02t + ) M + N02t + 02t + Nhan biet ion NO3 : Cho them mpt it vun dong v^ dung dich H2SO4 loang roi dun nong nhe hon h0p -> dung dich mau xanh, khi NO thoat ra bj oxi hoa trong khong khi tao NO2 mau nau do. 3Cu + 8H^ + 2NO3 3Cu^^ + 2N0t + 4H2O (dung dich mau xanh) 2NO + O2 > 2NO2 (mau nau do). IV. PHOTPHO 1s2 2s2 2p*3s^3p* * Tinh chat hoa hoc: + Tinh oxi hoa : 2P + 3Ca CajPj (canxi photphua) + Tinhkhuf: - Vdi oxi: 4P+302dhii<u) —^ 2P,03 4P +502(d.) —^ 2P2O5 - Vdiclo: 2P + 3Cl2(,hic<u) —^ 2PCI3 2P +5Cl2(da) 2PCI5 + Tdc dung vdi hdp cha't: 6P + 5KCIO3 —^ 3P2O5 + 5KC1 * San xudt: Trong cong nghiep, P diTdc san xua't bling each nung hon hdp quang photphorit, cdt va than coc d 1200"C trong 16 di?n. Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5C SCaSiOj + 2P + SCO. 61 Phan djing phuong phip gi5i H6a hpc 11 VP cd - Do XuSn Hung V. AXIT PHOTPHORIC VA MUOI PHOTPHAT +5 1. Axitphotphoric(H3P04) H-0 ^ H-0 ^ CTCT: H-0-P=0 hoSc H-0-P->0 H-0 ^ H-0 ^ * Tinh chat hoa hoc: + H3PO4 la axit ba nac, c6 do manh trung binh. + Tac dung vdti dung dich kiem (tiiy theo lu'dng chat tac dung), ma tao ra muoi trung hoa, muoi axit hoSc hon hdp muoi. + Dung dich H3PO4 c6 nhiirng tinh cha't chung cua axit. + Khac vdi axit HNO3, axit H3PO4 khong c6 tinh oxi hoa. * Dieu che : + Trong phong thi nghiem: P + 5HNO3 (dac) H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O + Trong cong nghiep: Ca3(P04)2 + 3H2S04(d^c)2H3P04 + 3CaS04i Bi dieu che' H3PO4 c6 dp tinh khie't va nong do cao hdn. 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 P2O5 + 3H2O >2H3P04. 2. Mud'i photphat - Mu6'i photphat trung hoa : Na3P04, Ca3(P04)2, - Mu6'i hidrophotphat: Na2HP04, CaHP04, - Muoi dihidrophotphat: NaH2P04, Ca(H2P04)2, * Phan tfng thuy phan : Na3P04 + H2O -> Na2HP04 + NaOH * Nhan biet ion photphat (PO4") DCing bac nitrat ^ ket tua raau vang. 3Ag^ + PO4" > Ag3P04i (mau vang). VI. PHAN BON HOA HQC 1. Phan dam :+ phan dam amoni: NH4CI ) + phan dam nitrat: NaN03 + ure:(NH2)2CO 2. Phan ISn : + supephotphat + phan Ian nung chay 3. Phan kali 4. Phan hon hdp, phan phuTc hdp, phSn vi lu'dng 62 p, PHAN LOAI VA PHlTdNG PHAP GIAI CAC DANG BAI TAP Qgna 1. - Xac djnh so oxi hoa cua nItcJ, photpho - Viet phifcJng trinh dieu che cac chdt BAI TAP MAU VA BAI TAP NANG CAO Bai 1- a) N6u mot so hdp cha't trong do nitd va photpho c6 so oxi hoa -3, +3, +5. b) Hay diTa ra nhi^ng phan uTng da hoc c6 siT tham gia ciia ddn chat photpho, trong d6 so oxi hoa cua photpho tang, giam. Gidi a) MOt so' hdp cha't trong do nitd va photpho : ~3 -3 -3 -3 _ CO SO oxi hoa-3 : NH3, Mg.N^, PH3, Ca^P^ - CO so oxi hoa+3: N2O3, NaNOj, P2O3, H3PO3 - c6 sooxih6a+5: N2O5, HNO3, P^O,, H3P04- b) Phan tfng trong do so oxi hoa ciia P tang : 0 „ +5 4P + 5O2 ——> 2P2O, Phan tfng trong do so oxi hoa cua P giam: 3Ca+ 2P —^ Ca3P2. Bai 2. a) Nguyen to nitd c6 so oxi hoa la bao nhieu trong cac hdp chat sau : NO, NO2, NH3, N2O, NH4CI, N2O3, N2O5, Mg3N2. b) Hay cho biet so oxi hoa cua N va P trong cdc ph5n t^ v^ ion sau day: NH3, NH;, NO2, NO3, NH4HCO3, P2O3, PBrj. PO^-, KH2PO4. Zn3(P04)2. Gidi a) NO, NO2, "NH3, N2O. NH4CI. N2O3, N2O5, Mg3N2. b) NH3, NHt, NO2, NO3, NH4HCO3. P,03, PBrj. TO^, KH2PO4, Zn3(P04)2. ^ai 3. Tir khong khi, nirdc, KCl, CaCOj. Hay vie't cac phi^dng trinh phan ilng can thiet de dieu che c^c chat sau : NH4CI, KNO3, NH4NO3, Ca(N03)2. 63 'han dgng va phuong phip gi5i H6a hgc 11 V6 ca - D5 Xuan Hung Gidi Hoa long khong khi, sau do chiTng ca't phan doan de lay N2 sau do den O2. 2KC1 + 2H2O • ''^V • 2KOH + Hjt + Cl.T til ma ng nga n H2 + CI2 2HC1 Hoa tan HCl vao niTdc diTdc dung djch HCl N2 + HCl . ' 2NH3 NH3 + HCI >NH4C1 . 2H2O 2H2 + O2 4NH3 + 5O2 4N0 + 6H2O 2N0 + O2 > 2NO2 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O —> 4HNO3 KOH + HNO3 >KN03 + H20 • NH3 + HNO3 >NH4N03 • CaCOj CaO + CO2 CaO + 2HNO3 > Ca(N03)2 + H2O hay CaC03 + 2HNO3 > Ca(N03)2 + CO2T + H2O. Bai 4. Viet phifdng trmh phan tfng dieu che cac oxit nitcf: N2O, NO, NO2, N2O3, N2O5. Gidi N2O (khi cufcfi) dinitd oxit: NH4NQ3 ^^""-''"""S N2O + 2H2O NO (nitcJ oxit): 3Cu + 8HNO3 —^ 3Cu(N03)2 + 2N0 + 4H2O hoac 4NH3 + 5O2 4N0 + 6H2O *= NO2 nitd dioxit: CU + 4HNO3 d^c m^ng > CU(N03)2 + 2N02 + 2H2O * N2O3 dinitd trioxit (anhidrit nitd): N2O3 di/dc dieu che bang cich tr6n NO vdi NO2 theo ti le the tich bang nhau roi ha thap nhiet dp xuong dirdi-100"C. * N2O5 dinitcf penta oxit (anhidrit nitric): Trong ph6ng thi nghi^m: N2O5 tao nen khi khiSr ntfdc ciia axit nitric dac, loang bkng P2O5 trong binh kin. 2HNO3 + P2O5 —> N2O5 + 2HPO3 (axit metaphotphoric) hoac cho clo tdc dung vdi AgNGj (60"C): 54 2AgN03 + CI2 N2O5 + 2AgCl + io^. Bai 5. Hoa tan CU2S trong H2SO4 dac nong diTtlc dung dich A va khi B. B Ikm mat mau nxidc brom, cho NH3 tac dung vdi dung dich A tdi du". Hoi c6 hien tu'dng gi xay ra. Viet cac phiTdng trinh phan tuf va ion dc giai thich hien tUdng tren. (HVCNBCVT) Gidi CU2S + 6H2SO4 dac nong > 2CUSO4 + 5SO2T + 6H2O Phtfcfng trinh ion : CU2S + 12H^ + 4S0^- > 2Cu^\ 5S02t + 6H2O KhiBlaS02. S02 + Br2 + 2H20 > H2SO4 + 2HBr Dung dich A la CUSO4. CUSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Cu(0H)2i + (NH4)2S04 Cu(0H)2 + 4NH3 > [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 (dung dich xanh tham) Cu'* + 4NH3 >[Cu(NH3)4]^ Bai 6. a) TCf hidro, clo, nitcJ va cac hoa chat can thiet, hay viet cac phifdng trinh hoa hoc (c6 ghi ro dieu kien phan iJng) dieu che'phan dam amoni clorua. b) Tuf khong khi, than, niTdc v^ cac chat xiic tac can thiet, hay lap sd do dieu che' phan dam NH4NO3. Gidi a) H2 + CI2 2HC1 N2 + 3H2 , ' 2NH3 p NH3 + HCl > NH4CI (amoni clorua). b) Sd do dieu che phan dam NH4NO3: KhSngkhi-^^N2 ^ pMn do,„ Xjct^ NO NO2 PI O _ dign ph5n ^ >^ P xt, t + O: + H:0 NH., NH4NO., HNO i Bai 7. Viet phuttng trinh phan iJng nhiet phan cac muoi sau : (NH4)2C03, NH4NO3, (NH4)2S04, KNO3, Fe(N03)3, AgN03. 65 Phan dang va phUOng phjp g\i\a hgc 11 Vfl co - B5 Xuan Hifng (NH4)2C03 —^ 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O NH4N03 —^ N20 + 2H20 (NH4)2S04 —^ NH4HSO4 + NH3 2KN03 2KN02 + 02 2Fe(N03)3 —^ Fe203 + 6NO2 + ^O^ AgNOj Ag + NO2 + ^02. Bui 8. a) Ngi/di la san xuat supcphotphat ddn va supepholphat kcp tijf qusing pirit va apatit CO lhanh phan chinh la Ca3(P04)2. Viel cac phifdng trinh phan ifng xay ra. b) Hay giai thich vi sao khi bon cac loai phan dam NH4NO3, (NH4)2S04 do chiia cua dat tang len? Giai a) Supcphotphat ddn gom hai muoi Ca(H2P04)2 va CaS04 Supepholphat kcp : Ca(H2P04)2 Cac phan iJng xay ra : 4FeS2 + 1IO2 -A 2FC2O3 + 8S0:t '2SO2 + O2 2SO3 S03 + H20^ >H2S04 Ca3(P04)2 + 2H2S04da. >Ca(H:P04)2 + 2CaS04i (supepholphat ddn) Ca3(P04)2 + 3H2SO4 > 2H3PO4 + 3CaS04>l' Ca3(P04)2 + 4H3PO4 > 3Ca(H2P04)2 (supepholphat kep) b) Cac muoi NH4NO3, (NH4)2S04 deu de bi thiiy phan, c6 ion NHj c6 tinh axit. NH4NO3 > NH+ + NO3- (NH4)2S04 > 2NH; + SO^ NH^ + H2O -> NH3 + H3O* hay NH+ > NH3 + H* Vay khi bon phan dam NH4NO3 hay (NH4)2S04 lam tang H"" trong dat (nghia la lam giam pH) do do do chua cua dat tSng len. 66 Dang 2. - Viet sd do plian (ing - Bo tCic va hodn tlianii pini/oing trinh BAI TAP IVlAU IJai 1. Hoiin thiinh stJ do chuycn hoa sau va viet cac phu'dng trinh hoa hoc a) Khi A dungdich A B khi A C (5) J;" D + H2O Biet rcHng A la hdp chat cua nild. b) NO2 HNO3 Cu(N03)2 Cu(0H)2 Cu(N03)2 CuO CUCI2 ^ Cu Giai a) Khi A : NH3; B : NH4CI; C : NH4NO3; D : N.O (1) NH3 + H2O-> NH4OH (2) NH4OH + HCl > NH4CI + H2O (3) NH4Cl + NaOH > NaCl + NH3T + H2O (4) NH3 + HNO3 > NH4NO3 (5) NH4NO3 -A N2O + 2H2O. b) (1) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3 (2) 2HNO3 + CuO > Cu(N03)2 + H2O (3) Cu(N03)2 + 2NaOH > Cu(0H)2 + 2NaN03 (4) Cu(OH): + 2HNO3 —> Cu(N03)2 + 2H2O (5) Cu(N03)2 CuO + 2NO2 + -O2 2 (6) CuO + Hj ^> Cu + H2O (7) Cu + CI2 - —> CuCb. Bai 2. Lap piiiAJng Irinh hoa hoc cua cac phan tfng sau day va cho biet trong ciic phan ufng nay, P c6 tinh khiir hay tinh oxi hoa : P + O2 > P2O, PfC!, >PCl3 P + S - > P.S3 P 1- S > P2S5 P + Mg > Mg3P2 P + KCIO3 > P2O5 + KCl. 67 Phan d?ng va phuang phap giai H6a hqc 11 VP ca - 05 Xuan Hung Gidi 0 0 4P + — -> 2R,05 P linh khur 2P +3CI2 -> 2PCI3 P tinh khur 2P +3S-i—> +3 P2S3 P tinh khur 2P +5S > +5 P2S5 P tinh khijr 2P +3Mg — -> Mg;^ P tinh oxi h6a 6P +5KCIO3 > 3%0, + 5KC1 P- tinh khu". Bai 3. Cho quang cancopirit (CuFeS2) tac dung vdi dung dich HNO3 vuTa du, thu du'dc khi A khong mau, sau do khi nay bien thanh mau nau trong khong khi va dung dich B. Chia dung dich B lam hai phan : - Phan I tac dung vdi khi NH3 dir. - Phan II tac dung vdi dung dich BaClj cho ket tua mau trang. Xac dinh khi A va cac cha't trong B. Vie't cac phufdng trinh hda hoc xay ra. Gidi 3CuFeS2 + 32HNO3 -» 3Cu(N03)2 + 3Fe(N03)3 + 17N0 + 6H2SO4 + IOH2O * Khi A: NO 2N0 + O2 > 2NO2 * Dung-dich B : Cu(N03)2. Fe(N03)3, H2SO4 - Phan I: Cu(N03)2 + 4NH3 > [Cu(NH3)4](N03)2 (tan) Fe(N03)3 + 3NH3 + 3H20- > Fe(OH)34 + 3NH4NO3 H2SO4 + 2NH3 > (NH4)2S04 - Phan II: H2SO4 + BaClj > BaS04i + 2HC1. Bai 4. Lap cac phUdng trinh hoa hoc : a) Ag + HNO3 dac > NOjt + ? + ? b) Ag + HNO3 K.a„g > NOT + ? + ? c) Al + HNO3 > N2OT + ? + ? d) Zn + HNO3 > NH4NO3 + ? + ? e) FeO + HNO3 > NOT + Fe(N03)3 +? g) Fe304 + HNO3 > NOT + Fe(N03)3 +? h) H2PO4 + ? > HPOl' + ? i) HPO^~ +? > H2PO4. 68 KWAwrfiviiiT Gidi a) Ag + 2HNO3 > AgNOj + NO2T + H2O b) 3Ag + 4HNO3 i.,a„g > 3AgN03 + NOT + 2H2O c) 8A1 + 3OHNO3 > 3N2OT + 8A1(N03)3 + I5H2O d) 4Zn + IOHNO3 > 4Zn(N03)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O e) 3FeO + IOHNO3 > 3Fe(N03)3 + NOT + SH.O g) 3Fe304 + 28HNO3 > 9Fe(N03)3 + NOT + MHjO h) H2PO4 + OH- > HPO^ + H2O i) HPO4" + > H2PO4 . Bai 5. Viet phiTdng Irinh phan uTng thifc hicn day bien hoa sau : a) Quang photphorit -> P(,r,ing) Ca3P2 PH3 P2O5 H3PO4 — Phan supephotphat kep <- b) Ca3(P04)2 A ^ B C^D c) Quang apatit ^ H3PO4 CaHP04 -> Ca3(P04)2 -> P(dc,) -> PCI3 — H3PO4 <-H3PO3 ^ Gidi a) Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5C SCaSiOj + 2P + 5CO p ngimg tu ^ p r (h<)i) * r(iriiiig) 3Ca + 2P > C'diPi CajPs + 6H2O > 2PH3 + 3Ca(OH)2 2PH3 + 4O2 > P2O5 + 3H2O P2O., + 3H2O > 2H3PO4 2H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 > Ca(H2p04)2 + 2H2O. b) A : P; B : Ca3P2; C : PH3; D : H3PO4 Ca3(P04)2 + 5C + 3Si02 ) 3CaSi03 + 2P + 5C0 (A) • 2P + 3Ca Ca3P2 (B) Ca3P2 + 6HC1 > 3CaCl2 + 2PH3T (C) PH3 + 2O2 H3PO4 (D). c) Quang apatit: 3Ca3(P04)2.CaF2 3Ca3(P04)2.CaF2 + IOH2SO4 > l()CaS04i + 6H3PO4 + 2HF H3PO4 + Ca(0H)2 > CaHP04 + 2H2O 2CaHP04 + Ca(OH)2 > Ca3(P04)2 + 2H2O Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5C > 3CaSi03 + SCO + 2P 69 PhSn d^ng phuang ph^p giai Hoa hqc 11 Vfl CO - D5 Xuan Hang p ng^mg til p » hiii * » mini; Pirang * Pjo 2P + 3Cl2 > 2PCI3 PCI3 + 3H2O > H3PO3 + 3HC1 H3PO3 + -O, > H3PO4. Bai 6. Hoiin thiinh cac phi/cfng Irinh phan ifng Ihco sd do sail : NajCO., Fc(OH).,i + B + G ,;^,"'\ D P;t"(4) >(2) (5X + H.O Fe304 ^ FC2O3 Gahi, (^"f^""" H -^^§2"^ K,,HO Bicl rang phan tii^ D gom C, H, O, N vdi ti Ic khoi lifting lu'cing u'ng la 3 : 7 vii trong phan tiV chi c6 hai ngiiycn li'r nit(J. Dat CTTQ cua D : C,H>0,N,. Ta c6 : x:y:z:l=—— : — = 0,25:1:0,25:0,5 = 1:4:1:2 12 1 16 14 ::>CTTQ:(CH40N2)„ Vi D chi CO hai nguyen tuT niki ncn n = 1 =^CTPT cua D la CH4ON2 hay (NH2)2CO (iirc). (1) : 3Na2C03 + 2FCCI3 + 3H2O > 2Fc(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2T (A) (B) (G) (2) : 2Fc(OH)3 Fe203 + 3H2O (3) : 2Fe203 + CO 2FC3O4 + CO2 (E) (4) : CO2 + 2NH3 > (NH2)2CO + H2O (D) (5) : (NH2)2CO + 2H2O > (NH4)2C03 (H) (6) : (NH4)2C03 + H2SO4 > (NH4)2S04 + CO,! + H2O (7) : (NH4)2C03 + 2NaOH > NiXjCOi + 2NH3 + 2H2O (K) Bai 7. Lap cac phiTiIng trinh hoa hoc sau : a) H3PO4 + K2HPO4 > b) H3PO4 + Ca(0H)2 > 1 mol 1 mol 2 niol 3 mol 70 c) NH3 j>f + CI2 > NH4CI + d) (NH4)3P04 —> H3PO4 + e) H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 > g) NH3 + CI. > N, + 2 mol 1 mol h) NH3 + CH3COOH > Gidi a) H3PO4 + K2HPO4 > 2KH2PO4 1 mol 1 mol b) 2H3PO4 + 3Ca(OH)2 > Ca3(P04)2 + 6H2O 2 mol 3 mol c) 8NH3 M + 3CI2 > 6NH4CI + N2 d) (NH4)3P04 ^ H3PO4 + 3NH3 e) 2H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 > Ca(H2P04)2 + 2H2O 2 mol 1 mol g) 2NH3 + 3CI2 ,d„ > N2 + 6HC1 h) NH3 + CH3COOH > CH3COONH4. Bai 8. Hoan lhanh cac phifting Irinh phiin ifng ihco scJ do sau: Zn ZnCl2 ^ A (3) > B, 15) \ira A4 ^ C ^NznCl (DH Vein l.,m:i) Gidi A : Zn(0H)2 B : [Zn{NH3)4|(OH)2 C : Na:Zn02 (1) : Zn + Cl2 >ZnCl2 (2) : ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H20—^.Zn(0H)2i + 2NH,Cl (A) (3) : ZnCl2 + 6NH3 + 2H2O > (Zn(NH3)4|(OH)2 + 2NH4CI (B) (4) : |Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 + 6HC1 > ZnCU + 4NH4CI + 2H2O (5) : ZnCl2 + 2NaOH > ZnlOH),! + 2NaCl (6) : Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH —> Na2Zn02 + 2H2O (7) : Na2Zn02 + 4HC1 > 2NaCl + ZnCb + 2H2O. Bai 9. a) Co the dung dung djch bazd nao (NH3 hay NaOH) dc kcl tiia Cii(()H)j. Zn(0H)2, Fc(0H)2, AKOH), iff dung dich muoi ci'ia cac kirn loai do. b) Cho hon help gom FcS, CU2S vc'li ti Ic mol 1 : 1 lac dung vi'fi UNO, tiia dift^c dung djch A va khi B. A lao lhanh kcl liia Hang V('li BaCI;, dc lu)ng khoivj. 7i Phan d?ng va phuang ph^p giai H6a hqc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hang khi, B chuyen thanh khi mau niiu B,. Cho dung djch A tac dung vdi dung dich NH3 tao ra dung djch A, va kcl tiia A2. Nung A2 d nhict do cao difOc chat ran A3. Vie't cac phifdng trinh phan iJng dang phiin ttir va dang ion. Gidi a) * Vdi dung dich NH3: chl tao ket liia Fc(0H)2 Vix A1(0H)3. FeCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Fe(0H)2^ + 2NH4CI AICI3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O > Al(0H)3i + 3NH4CI Cac hidroxit con lai deu tan trong NH3 diT vi tao thiinh hcfp chat phuTc tan. CuCb + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Cu(0H)2i + 2NH4CI Cu(0H)2 + 4NH3 > lCu(NH3)4l(OH)2 phiJc tan ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Zn(0H)2i + 2NH4CI Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 > [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 philc tan * Vdi dung dich NaOH : c6 the dung NaOH de dieu che bon hidroxit tren, rieng Zn(0H)2 va A1(0H)3 can dung NaOH vifa du. b) 3FeS + 3CU2S + 28HNO3—> 3Fe(N03)3 + 6CUSO4 + 19N0 + I4H2O Phufcfng trinh ion rut gon : 3FeS + 3CU2S + 28H^ + 19NO3 —^ 3Fc'" + 6Cu'^ + 19N0 + I4H2O Ba'* + SOf > BaS04i 2NO + O2 > 2NO2 (B) (B,) Fe'* + 3NH3 + 3H2O > Fe(0H)3i + 3NH; (A2) Cu^* + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Cu(0H)2i + 2NH; CU(OH)2 + 4NHj > lCu(NH3)4|(OH)2 2Fe(OH)3 Fe203 + 3H2O (A3) Bai 10. Sd do phan iJng sau day cho lhay ro vai tro ciia thien nhien va con ngifdi trong viec chuyen nitd lit khi quyen vao trong dal, cung cap nguon phan dam cho cay co'i. N _/"^ '''' ''''' ^ ^ '^'^'"''^^^ ' M 4^ NO ^ NO, YNH4NO3 Hay viet phiTdng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng trong sO do chuyen hoa tren. Gidi (1) N2 + 02^=5^2NO X:02 72 KHAIgG VIET (2) 2NO + O2 > 2NO2 Y : HNO3 (3) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3 (4) 2HNO3 + CaO > Ca(N03)2 + H2O Z : CaO (5) N2 + 3H2 . "'p'" ' 2NH3 M : NH3 (6) 4NH3 + 5O2 4N0 + 6H2O (7) 2NO + O2 > 2NO2 (8) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3 (9) HNO3 + NH3 > NH4NO3. BAI TAP AP DgNG Bai 1. Viet sO do phan i?ng tht/c hicn chuoi bien hoa sau : HNO3 NO2 NaN03 ^02^ P2O5 Ag3P04 <^ Na3P04 ^ H3PO4 Ca3(P04)2 ^ (NH4)3P04 ^ (NH4)2HP04 ^ NH4H2PO4 Gidi (1) 4HNO3 + Cu > Cu(N03)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O (2) 2NO2 + 2NaOH > NaN03 + NaNOj + H2O (3) 2NaN03 2NaN02 + O. (4) 5O2 + 4P 2P2O5 (5) P2O5 + 3H2O > 2H3PO4 (6) H3PO4 + 3NaOH > Na3P04 + SH.Q (7) Na3P04 + 3AgN03 > Ag3P04i + 3NaN03 (8) NH3 + H3PO4 > NH4H2PO4 (9) NH4H2PO4 + NH3 > (NH4)2HP04 (10) (NH4)2HP04 + NH3 > (NH4)3P04 (11) 2(NH4)3P04 + 3Ca(OH)2 > Ca3(P04)2 + 6NH3 + 6H2O. ^^ai 2. Lap phiTOng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng oxi hoa khu" sau : a) KNO2 + Kl + H2SO4 > I2 + NO + K2SO4 + H2O b) FeSj + HNO3 + HCl > FeCl3 + H2SO4 + NO + H2O ; c) Zn + HNO3 > Zn(N03)2 + N2O + NO + NH4NO3 + H.O I d) AS2S3 + HNO3 + H2O > H3ASO4 + H2SO4 + NO e) P + NH4CIO4 > H3PO4 + N2 + CI2 + H2O Phan dgng va phuong phAp giSi H6a hoc 11 V6 ca - D5 Xuan Hang f) Al + NaNOj + ,NaOH > NajAlO, + NH, + H2O g) Fe + KNO3 > + N2 + H2O. Gidi a) 2KNO2 + 2Kl' + 2H2SO4 > h + 2NO + 2K2SO4 + 2H2O 1 X 2 X -1 2 I -> I2 + 2e N + Ic- +2 -> N b) Fcs' + 5HNO3 + 3HC1 > FCCI3 + 2H2SO4 + 5N0+ 2H2O +2 Fc -1 2S +3 -> Fe + le S + 14c + 3 +h 1 X FcSj -> Fe + 2S + 15e +2 5 X N +3c > N c) 19Zn + 48HNO3 —> 19Zn(NO3)2+2N2O + 2NO + 2NH4NO3+20H2O • 2N +8e +5 N +3e- -ts N +8e- 4-1 -> 2N +2 -> N -3 -> N 2 X 19 X 4N + 19c 1-1 +2 -3 -> 2N + N + N 0 Zn +2 Zn + 2c d) 3AS2S3 + 28HNO3 + 4H2O > 6H3ASO4 + 9H2SO4 + 28NO +3 -2 AS2S3 3x 28 X + 5 +6 -> 2As + 3S +28c +5 N +3e +2 -> N c) 8P + IONH4CIO4 > 8H3PO4 + 5N2 + 5CI2 + 8H2O 1) 8A1 + 3NaN03 + 21NaOH > 8Na3kl03 + 3NH3 + 6H2O (1 +5 +3 0 g) lOFe +• 6KNO3 > 5Fe203 + SNj + 3K2O. Bai 3. Cho NO2 lac dung vdi dung djch KOH dir. Sau do lay dung djch ihu di/dc cho tac dung \6i Zn sinh ra hon hdp khi NH, va H2. Vicl cac phifdng trinh philn iJng xay ra. (TSDH Can Tho) Gidi 2NO2 + 2KOH > KNO3 + KNO2 + H2O 4Zn + KNO3 + 7KOH > 4K2Zn02 + NH, + 2H2O 3Zn + KNO2 + 5KOH -—> 3K2Zn02 + NH, + H2O Zn + 2K0H > K.ZnOz + Hjt. Bai 4. Vict cac phu-dng trinh hoa hoc dc thirc hicn cac sd do chuyen hoa sau „ NH, ^ A,„,„ NH, C i^ D ^ E +NaOH H„^,„ ^ G b) H,P04< P^:^ ~^ ^^^^ Ba3(P04)2 PH3 c) NH4NO2 N2 -> NO -> NO2 -> HNO, -> H,P04 -> (NH4).,P04 AUNOj), AI2O3 -» NaA102 Gidi a) 2NH3 + 3CuO ^ N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O (A) N2 + 3H2 . • 2NH, 1". p 4NH3 + 5O2 4N0 + 6H2O (C) 2N0 + O2 > 2NO2 (D) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3 (E) HNO3 + NaOH —> NaN03 + H.O (G) 2NaN03 2NaN02 + O2T. (H) h) P + 5HNO3 H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O 2P + 3H2 > 2PH3 4P + 3O2 2P2O3 P2O3 + O2 > P2O., P2O5 + 3H2O > 2H,P04 I 2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 > Ba3(P04)2 + 6H2O. g NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O 75 Nj + 02 2NO 2NO + O2 > 2NO2 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3 5HNO3 + P > H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O H3PO4 + 3NH3 > (NH4)3P04 Al + 4HNO3 > A1(N03)3 + NO + 2H2O 2A1(N03)3 AI2O3 + 6NO2 + -O2 2 AI2O3 + 2NaOH > 2NaA102 + H.O. Itai 5. Cho sd do chuyen hoa sau : . +ddHN0.,(l) A t° A -"NHg.t" ^ A +ddHCU02 , A -^ddNaOH A ->-ddNH;, . +ddH2S(2) (4)+A,,t" A3 A5 Viet phUdng Irinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng xay ra thco sd do chuyen hoa tren. Biet cac cha't tiT A| den Ax la dong va cac hdp cha't cua dong. (TSDH, ct0 II - 2006) Giai A, : Cu A2: Cu(N03)2 A3 : CuS A4: CuO As : CU2O Aft: CuCb A7: CuCOH), Ax: |Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 (1) 3Cu + 8HNO3 loang > 3Cu(N03)2 + 2NO + 4H2O (2) Cu(N03)2 + H2S > CuSi + 2HNO3 (3) Cu(N03)2 CuO + 2NO2T + ^O.t (4) CuO + Cu -A CU2O (5) 3CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O (6) 2Cu + 4HC1 + O2 > 2CuCl2 + 2H2O (7) CUCI2 + 2NaOH > Cu(0H)2i + 2NaCl (8) Cu(0H)2 + 4NH3 > [Cu(NH3)4](0H)2. iai 6, Hoan thanh cac phU'dng trinh phan uTng sau : a) Fe + HNO3 >? + NO +? b) Fe,0, + HNO3 >? + NO2 +? c) M + HNO3 > M(N03)„ + N2O +? d) Zn + HNO3 > Zn(N03)2 + N2O + NO + NH4NO3 +? ^e) Fe304 + HNO3 > Fe(N03)3 + N.O^ +? I f) R + HNO3 > R(N03)„ + NH4NO3 + ? g) FeS2 + HNO3 > ? + N2O, + H2SO4 + ? h) KMn04 + PH3 + H2SO4 > K2SO4 + ? + H3PO4 + ? Gidi KWAigfiviirr a) Fe + 4HNO3 > FeCNOj), + NO + 2H2O b) Fe.Oy + HNO3 > Fe(N03)3 + NOj + H.O Fe,Oy + (6x - 2y)HN03 > xFe(N03)3 + (3x - 2y)N02 + (3x - y)H20 c) 8M + lOnHNOj > 8M(N03)„ + nN.O + 5nH20 d) Zn+ HNO3 > Zn(N03)2 + NjO + NO + NH^NO, + H2O 19Zn +,48HN03 > 19Zn(N03)2 + 2N2O + 2NO + 2NH4NO3 + 2OH2O +8/3 +5 +3 +2y/x e) FcjO^ + HNO3 > Fe(N03)3 + N^O^ + H2O (5x - 2y)Fe304 + 2(23x - 9y)HN03 > (I5x - 6y)Fe(N03)3 + N,Oy + + (23 - 9y)H20 l^f) 8R + lOnHNOj > 8R(N03)„ + nNH^NO, + 3nH20 g) FeS2 + HNO3 > Fe(N03)3 + H2SO4 + N2O, + H2O (10 - 2x)FeS2 + (60 - 6x)HN03 > (10 - 2x)Fe(N03)3 + (20 - 4x)H2S04 + + 15N2O, + (10-x)H2O +7 -3 +2 +5 h) KMnO^ + PH3 + H2SO4 > K2SO4 + MnSO^ + H3PO4 + H2O 8KMn04 + 5PH3 + I2H2SO4 > 4K2SO4 + 8MnS04 + 5H3PO4 + I2H2O. Bai7. a) Viet hai phiTdng trinh phan tfng chiJng minh muoi nitrat dong vai trd oxi hoa trong moi tri/cfng axit va moi trufcfng bazd. b) Vie't day du bay phiTdng trinh phan xing theo scf do sau : Muoi(X)- (1) Riln (X,) > Rdn (X^) + ^ . X3 • HSnhdpkhi > dd(X,) X, Bie't (X2): mau do; hon hdp khi mau nau do; M la kim loai. Gidi a) Muoi nitrat dong vai tro cha't oxi hoa : * Trong moi triTdng axit: Cu + 2NaN03 + 4HC1 > CUCI2 + 2NO2T + 2NaCl + 2H2O 77 Phan dgng vk phuong ph^p giai H6a hpc 11 V6 cO - B5 XuSn Hifng * Trong moi IriTcJng bazd : 8A1 + 3KNO3 + 5KOH + 2H2O > 8KAIO2 + 3NH,T b) X : Cu(N03)2 X, : CuO . X2 : Cu M : Ag Xj: FeCl2 X4 : HNOj X.,: AgNO, (1) 2Cu(N03)2 2CuO + 4N02t + 02t (2) CuO + H2 Cu + H2O (3) Cu + 2FCCI3 > 2FeCl2 + CuCb (4) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3 (5) 4HNO3 + 3Ag > 3AgN03 + NO + 2H2O (6) 3CU + 8HNO3 > 3Cu(N03)2 + 2N0 + 4H2O (7) FeCl2 + 2AgN03 > Fe(N03)2 + 2AgCl4. Bai 8. Viet cac phiTdng trinh theo sd do sau (moi chiJ cai la mot chat): NH3 + CuO A,kM, + B + C A _L n 3000" c , p, A + O2 > tJ(khi) D + O2 > E(khi) B + CaO >F C + HNO3 > D + B + G G CuO + E + O2 F + HNO3 > Ca(N03)2 + B. Gidi A : N2 B : H2O C : Cu D : NO E : NO2 F : Ca(0H)2 G : Cu(N03)2 2NH3 + 3CuO N2 + 3H2O + 3Cu N2 + O2 -^2^ 2N0 2N0 + O2 > 2NO2 H20 + CaO >Ca(0H)2 3Cu + 8HNO3 > 2N0 + 4H2O + 3Cu(N03)2 Cu(N03)2 CuO + 2NO2 + Ca(0H)2 + 2HNO3 > Ca(N03)2 + 2H2O. 78 jTgna 3. - Nhgn biet va tach chdt - Tinh Che cac chdt BAI TAP MAU VA BAI TAP AP DUNG Lifti y : Da'u hieu nhan bie't mot so cha't: * Khi NH3 : dung quy tim am -> hoa xanh. * Ion NH4 : diJng dung djch kicm -> khi NH3 miii khai. * Ion NO3" : dijng vun dong va dung dich H2SO4 loang -> khi NO khong mau hoa nau ngoai khong khi. * Ion PO4" : dung dung dich AgN03 ket tua mau vang Ag3P04. Bai 1. Trinh bay phiTdng trinh hoa hoc de nhan biet cac dung dich: NH3, Na2S04, NH4CI va (NH4)2S04. Viet phu-dng Irinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng da diing. Giai * Cho dung dich Ba(0H)2 Ian lU'tft vao bo'n mau ihuf tren. - Mau Na2S04 CO ket tua trang xuat hien Na2S04 + Ba(0H)2 > BaS04i + 2NaOH (trang) - Mau VLfa c6 khi miii khai, vtfa c6 kd't tija trang la (NH4)2S04 (NH4)2S04 + Ba(0H)2 > BaS04^ + 2NH3t + 2H2O - Mau chi CO khi mui khai la NH4CI 2NH4CI + Ba(0H)2 > BaCl2 + 2NH3T + 2H2O - Mau con lai la NH3. Bai 2. Cho mot it chat chi thi phenolphetalein vao dung dich NH3 loang ta thu diTdc dung djch A. Hoi dung dich A c6 mau gi? Mau cua dung dich A bien ddi nh\i the' nao trong cac thi nghiem sau : a) Dun nong dung dich hoi lau. b) Them mot so moi HCi b^ng so moi NH3 c6 trong dung dich A. c) Them mot it NajCOj. d) Them AICI3 tdi dif. Gidi Dung dich NH3 c6 tinh bazrf yeu nen khi cho mot it cha't chi thi phenolphetalein vao thi dung dich A c6 mau hong, a) Khi dun nong dung dich A hoi lau thi mau hong nhat dan den khi mat hin (lijc pH = 7). ' 79 [...]... 0,1 .22 ,4 = 2, 24 (lit); Gidi 8, 32 a) ncu = 64 3 —X —X 2 Cu + 4HNO3 I 2 th^nh phan % khoi lu'dng moi kim loai trong hon hdp dau X 2 Gidi Cu: X mol Hon hdp gom y - x + ^ = 0,13 2 2 (I) (II) ' ' * Hon hdp tac diing vdi HNO3 dele, nguoi : Cu + 4HNO3 — ^ Cu(N03)3 + 2NO2 + 2H2O X x = 0, 02 30x + 46y 30.0, 02 + 46.0 ,2 4, 928 y = o ,2 Fe + H2SO4 X = 0 ,2 (mol) y mol 2A1 + 3H2SO4 = l,98(g) > Al2(S04)3 + 3H2 —zmol 2. .. MgCl2 Ba(0H )2 + MgCl2 > Mg(OH )24 + BaCh (tdng) - Mau thijr CO ket tda tr^ng xanh h6a nau ngoai khong khi l£l FeCl2 Ba(0H )2 + FeCl2 > Fe(0H )2> l' + BaCl2 4Fe(OH )2 + O2 + H2O > 4Fe(OH)3i - Mau thur CO ket tua nau do Ih FeCb 3Ba(OH )2 + 2FeCl3 > 2Fe(OH)3^ + 3BaCl2 - Mau thur CO ket tiia keo tr^ng tan trong Ba(0H )2 diT Ih A1(N03)3 3Ba(OH )2 + 2A1(N03)3 > 2Al(OH)3i + 3Ba(N03 )2 2Al(OH)3 + Ba(0H )2 > Ba(A1 02) 2... mol 4, 928 „ x + y = -^ = 0 ,22 64.0 ,2 + 56y + 27 z = 26 ,5 o 56y + 27 z = 13,7 > A1(N03)3 + NO + 2H2O a mol Ta CO he phifdng trinh : >10Al(NO3)3 + 3N2 + I 8 H 2 O y + - z = 0,55 56y + 27 z = 13.7 y = o,i z = 0,3 Khoi liMng moi kim l o a i : mcu = 0 ,2. 64 = 12, 8 (g) b mol I, 94 = 0,15 .22 ,4 = 3,36 (lit) dung vdi dung dich H2SO4 loang diT thu du-dc 12, 32 lit khi (dktc) Xac dinh 2 > Cu(N03 )2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O 1 10b... phu'dng trinh phan uTng: -> ( N H 2 ) 2 C O + H2O 2NH3 + CO2 (A,) (NH2)2CO + H2O -> (NH4)2C03 (A2) (NH4)2C03 + H2SO4 - > (NH4)2S04 + CO2 + H2O (A3) (NH4)2C03 + 2 N a O H - > Na2S04 + 2NH3 + 2H2O bkng 159 ,21 % k h o i IiTdng m u o i sunlat Vay R la: A Fe B Cu C A l (A4) D Ca C f i u 29 Cho 20 0 m l N a O H 0,7 M vao 1000 m l dung dich H3PO4 0,1M V a y c6 => Chon A CSu 2 S d d o phan u-ng the thu du'dc... =1. 425 C O 2 : a mol NO2 :(a + 15b) mol M B = 1, 425 x 32 = 45,6 109 ins PhSn dgng phuong phap giai H6a hgc 11 V6 ca - E)5 XuSn Hung _ - 44a + 46(a + 15b) -=45,6 =>b = 0,2a MB a + a + 15b FeCNO,), :(a + b) mol Dung djch C H 2 S O 4 : 2b mol HNO3 dii = 0.54.0 ,2 = 0.108(mol) n Phan tfng : H2SO4 + BaCOH) > BaS04i + 2H:0 2b Ba(OH )2 2b 2HNO3 2b + Ba(OH )2 0,04 > Ba(N0, )2 + 2H:0 0, 02 2Fe(N03)3 + 3Ba(OH )2 | (... Cu(N03 )2 + 2 N O 2 + 2 H 2 O a nNo = 0 ,2 (mol) ^ V N O = 0 ,2 x 22 ,4 = 4,48 (lit) N ^ HNO3 Gidi 3Cu + 8H^ + 2NO3 — > • 3Cu'^ + 2 N 0 + 4 H 2 O ban 4H2O li/ilng ciia m o i k i m loai trong hon hdp PhU'dng trinh ion rut gon : "H* A , : Cu(N03 )2 2H2O 0,6 mol 0,8 A4 : H N O 3 nong, sinh ra 4,48 l i t k h i duy nha't la N O 2 (dktc) X a c dinh phan tram khoi 0 ,2 m o l H:S04 A, A 3 : NO 2NO 2Cu(N03 )2 Bai 0 ,2 mol... 2 z mol ^ 1 2 ^ ^ 22 ,4 Cu(N03), : - x + ^ = 0,13 (mol) = ^ y + - z = 0,55 2 va nihh = 64x + 56y + 27 z = 26 ,5 hay HNO3 duf IOAI + 36HNO3 2x = 0,4 > FeS04 + H2 y mol 16 2 ^ HAI = — ^ = 0,6(mol) 27 a mol = 0,4 (mol) Hon hdp tac dung vdi dung djch H2SO4 loang dif: 4, 928 A l + 4HNO3 2x mol 22 ,4 (mol) Khoi liTdng 1 lit hon hdp hai k h i : Dung djch A mol 8,96 22 ,4 - x + - = 0,13 2 2 x + y = 0 ,22 TH (I) va... Ca(H2P04 )2 2 k h i do chi c6 the l a : N2, N2O, N O Trong 66 c6 mot k h i hoa nau trong khong k h i n^.y = Ta c6: 3,136 22 ,4 Goi > P2O5 HNO = X MY 142g j.x + y = 0,14 69, 62% x% l 3 0 x + 44y = 5.18 1 42. 69, 62 234 = 42, 25% B a i 12 Cho 3, 024 gam mot k i m loai M tan het trong dung dich HNO3 loang, ihu = 5.18 0,14 k h i 66 Ih N O = „ 37 k h i con l a i la N2O ( M = 44) m o l ; so m o l N2O = y m o l 23 4g... M M = 21 => A l B ^ i 13 H 6 a tan h o ^ n toan 8,8 62 gam hon hcJp g o m A l va M g v ^ o dung dich 0 ,21 0,07 2N + 8 c - > N 2 0 0,56 0.07 A p dung djnh luat h&o toan c ta c6 : 3a + 2b = 0 ,21 + 0.56 = 0.77 (1) M a t khac: 27 a + 24 b = 8.8 62 (2) TCr (1), (2) a = 0,0 42; b = 0, 322 V a y : %m^, = ^:9^_ioo% 8,8 62 = 12, 8% i 14 H o a tan hoan loiin 12, 42 gam A l bhng dung djch H N O 3 loang (du") thu HNO3... 30HNO, - 8Al(NO,h + 3N2O + I5H2O 3Zn 8 H N b) Al + +4 H N O , O , - > > 3Zn(NO,)2NO2+ 0 H+ O A1(N0.,)3 + + N 2 2 4H2O 4Zn+ lOHNO.,- ->4Zn(NO, )2 + N 2 0 + 5 H 2 0 PhiTPng trinh cho nhan electron : +5 N +3e 0,3 (I) (2) (3) (4) +2 > N (NO) 0.1 +5 ti 2 N + 8 e > 2 N (N2O) 0.4 0.05 Tdng SP mol electron nhan : 0.3 + 0,4 = 0,7 (mol) 0 -> Al + 3e Al — 3x mol +2 X mol -» Zn + 2e y 0mol 2x mol Zn Tdng -so' mol . > 2PH3 4P + 3O2 2P2O3 P2O3 + O2 > P2O., P2O5 + 3H2O > 2H,P04 I 2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH )2 > Ba3(P04 )2 + 6H2O. g NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O 75 Nj + 02 2NO 2NO + O2 > 2NO2 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O. NH4NO2 A2 : NO A3 : NO. A4 : HNO3 A, : Cu(N03 )2 NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O N2 + O2 -A 2NO 2NO + O2 > 2NO2 3NO2 + H2O > 2HNO3 + NO 3Cu + 8HNO3 > 3Cu(N03 )2 + 2N0 + 4H2O 2Cu(N03 )2 . > 2Fc(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2T (A) (B) (G) (2) : 2Fc(OH)3 Fe203 + 3H2O (3) : 2Fe203 + CO 2FC3O4 + CO2 (E) (4) : CO2 + 2NH3 > (NH2)2CO + H2O (D) (5) : (NH2)2CO + 2H2O > (NH4)2C03