Ta sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ để bổ sung thông tin cho sự vật, hiện tượng con người được nhắc đến trong câu mà không cần phải dùng câu thứ 2.. d THAT: có thể thay thế cho vị trí của who, wh
Trang 1Ta sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ để bổ sung thông tin cho sự vật, hiện tượng con người
được nhắc đến trong câu mà không cần phải dùng câu thứ 2 Bằng cách kết hợp các
câu lại với nhau bằng mệnh đề quan hệ, bài viết sẽ trở nên lưu loát hơn và có thể tránh việc lặp lại một số từ ngữ nhất định
Ex: A girl is talking to Tom Do you know the girl?
Hỏi 2 câu như thế sẽ rất dài dòng Ta gộp lại bằng mệnh đề quan hệ như sau:
Do you know the girl who is talkng to Tom?
I CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ VÀ TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ
1 Đại từ quan hệ: ( Relative pronouns )
Khi các đại từ who, whom, whose, which, that được dùng để giới thiệu mệnh đề
quan hệ, chúng được gọi là đại từ quan hệ
a) WHO: được dùng làm chủ ngữ (subject) hoặc tân ngữ (object) thay cho danh từ
chỉ người
Ex: - The man who is standing over there is Mr.Pike ( Người đứng ở kia là ông Pike)
- That’s the girl who has won the medal
( Đó là cô gái đã đoạt huy chương vàng)
- The girl who you saw at the concert is Jonh’s sister
( Cô gái mà bạn gặp ở buổi hòa nhạc là em gái của John)
b) WHOM : dùng làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ( thay cho who) Whom thường
được dùng trong văn phong trang trọng
Ex:
- I was invited by the professor whom/ who I met at the conference
( Tôi được mời bởi vị giáo sư, người mà tôi gặp ở hội nghị )
The boy whom/ who you are looking for is Tom
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c) WHICH:
Dùng để làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ thay cho danh từ chỉ đồ vật, con vật
Ex:
- This is the book which I like best ( Đây là cuốn sách mà tôi thích nhất)
- The cat which I recently bought is a tri – colored cat ( con mèo tôi vừa mua là một con mèo tam thể )
- The accident which Daniel saw wasn’t very dangerous ( Tai nạn mà Daniel đã chứng kiến không nghiêm trọng lắm)
Dùng để chỉ nguyên 1 câu/ mệnh đề
- He couldn’t read, which surprised me
- He got bad mark, which made his parents sad
d) THAT: có thể thay thế cho vị trí của who, whom, which trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác
định
Các trường hợp thường dùng “ that”
- Khi đi sau các hình thức so sánh nhất
He is the most intelligent boy that I have ever met
She is one of the kindest people (that) I know
- Sau các tiền tố hỗn hợp cả người lẫn vật
We can see farmers and cattle that are going to the field
- Sau các đại từ bất định: nothing, everything, something, anything
He just said anything that came into his head
- Sau all, little, much, none được dùng như đại từ
These walls are all that remain of the city
Các trường hợp không dùng “that”:
- Sau mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
- Sau giới từ
Laura couldn’t find the box in that she kept her photos
Laura couldn’t find the box in which she kept her photos ( đúng)
e) WHOSE : để chỉ sự sở hữu cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật đứng trước Whose được
dùng như những từ hạn định đứng trước danh từ thay cho các tính từ sở hữu his, her, its, their Whose + noun có thể làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
The boy whose bicycle you borrowed yesterday is Tom
John found a cat whose leg was broken
It was a meeting whose purpose I didn’t understand
Note: thay vì dùng WHOSE , ta cũng có thể dùng OF WHICH để chỉ sự sở hữu của vật
( of which kém trang trọng hơn whose)
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Ex: He’s writen a book whose name I’ve forgetten = He’s writen a book the name of which I’ve forgetten
2 Trạng từ quan hệ ( Relative adverbs)
Các trạng từ như where, when, why có thể được dùng để chỉ mệnh đề quan hệ sau các
danh từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn và lí do
a) WHY: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason
… N (reason) + WHY + S + V …
Ex: I don’t know the reason You didn’t go to school for that reason
→ I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school
b) WHERE: thay thế từ chỉ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there
….N (place) + WHERE + S + V …
(WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Ex: The hotel wasn’t very clean We stayed at that hotel
→ The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean
→ The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean
c) WHEN: thay thế từ chỉ thời gian, thường thay cho từ then
….N (time) + WHEN + S + V …
(WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Ex: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day
→ Do you still remember the day when we first met
→ Do you still remember the day on which we first met?
I don’t know the time She will come back then
→ I don’t know the time when she will come back
NOTE:
- Trong mệnh đề quan hệ XÁC ĐỊNH when và why có thể lược bỏ, thay thế bằng that
Ex: I’ll never forget the day ( when/ that) I met her
The reason (why/ that) I didn’t phone you was that I didn’t have your phone number
- Where có thể bỏ hoặc thay thế bằng that khi where đứng sau các từ somewhere,
anywhere, everywhere, nowhere và place ( không được bỏ khi where đứng sau các từ
khác)
Ex: Have you got somewhere ( where/ that) I can lie down for an hour
( Bạn có chỗ nào cho tôi ngã lưng một tiếng đồng hồ không)
We need a place ( where/ that) we can stay for a few days
[ NOT we need a house that we can stay for s few days]
- Không dùng giới từ ( prepositions) trong mệnh đề quan hệ bằng các trạng từ quan hệ
where, when và why
Ex: The building in where he lives is very old ( Sai )
Nhưng có thể dùng: The building in which he lives is very old
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I’ll never forget the day when I met you [ NOT on when I met you or when I met you on] when = on which
- Where có thể được dùng mà không có danh từ chỉ nơi chốn đi trước
Ex: Put it where we can all see it
II CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
Có hai loại mệnh đề quan hệ: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
1 Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề được dùng để
xác định danh từ đứng trước nó Mệnh đề xác định là mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh
từ không xác định và không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách nó với mệnh đề chính
Ex: The city which I visited last summer is very beautiful
(Defining relative clause)
Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định, ta có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ who, whom, which, that và các trạng từ when, why, nhất là trong lối văn thân mật
Ex: The women you met yesterday works in advertising (bỏ whom/who )
The book you lent me was very interesting ( bỏ which/that)
Do you remember the day we met each other? (bỏ when)
2 Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định (Non-defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề
cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người, một vật hoặc một sự việc đã được xác định Mệnh đề không xác định là mệnh đề không nhất thiết phải có trong câu, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ xác định và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-)
Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful
(Non-defining relative clause)
- Không dùng đại từ quan hệ THAT trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
- Không thể bỏ các đai từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ who/ whom/ which và các trạng từ
where/ when/ why của mệnh đề không xác định
Note: để biết khi nào dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý các điểm sau:
- Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ riêng
- Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their)
- Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ đi với this , that, these, those
III GIỚI TỪ TRONG MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:
Trong mệnh đề quan hệ, khi mệnh đề quan hệ làm tân ngữ của giới từ thì giới từ thường có 2 vị trí, trước các đại từ quan hệ hoặc sau động từ
Chỉ áp dụng cho 2 đại từ quan hệ : WHOM & WHICH
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1 Giới từ đứng trước đại từ : dùng trong lối văn TRANG TRỌNG
Ex:
- The man to whom my mother is talking is my form teacher
- The restaurant to which we normally go is closed today
- Mr Carter, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan
- Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost
2 Giới từ đứng sau động từ: dùng trong lối văn THÂN MẬT
Ex:
That’s the man who/ whom/ that I was talking about
The picture that/which she was looking at was famous
Sandra, who/ whom we had been waiting for, finally arrived
Yesterday we visit the musium, which I’ve never been to before
Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định, đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ của giới từ ( who, whom, which, that) thường được bỏ và giới từ luôn đứng sau động từ
Ex:
That’s the man I was talking about
The picture she was looking at was famous
Was that the restaurant you normally go to?
NOTE:
- Giới từ không đứng trước that hoặc who
She is the women who I told you about
[ NOT: She is the women about who I told you ]
The bus that I’m waiting for is late
[NOT : The bus for that I’m waiting is late.]
- Với cụm động từ ( phrasal verb ) thì giới từ không đứng trước whom và which
Ex: Did you find the word which/that you were looking up ?
[ NOT the word up which you were looking ]
The child who/ whom/ that I have looked after for a year is very naughty
[NOT after whom I have looked ]
- Giới từ without không dùng ở vị trí sau động từ
Ex: The woman without whom I can’t live is Jane
[ NOT the woman whom/ who I can’t live without ]
3 Trong mệnh đề KHÔNG xác định, các cụm từ chỉ số lượng all of/ most of/ neither of/ either of/ many of/ có thể được dùng với whom, which và whose
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Ex: Mary had three brothers, all of whom are married
[ NOT all of who]
Tom tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office
She had a Teddy bear, both of whose eyes were missing
IV RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
1 Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm phân từ:
Mệnh đề quan hệ chứa các đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ who, which, that có thể được
rút gọn thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing) hoặc quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed)
a) Hiện tại phân từ ( V-ing)
Được dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ cần rút gọn ở dạng chủ động
Bỏ who, which, that và be ( nếu có ) và lấy động từ thêm ING
- The man who is standing there is handsome
The man standing there is handsome ( bỏ who is )
- The president made a speech for the famous man who visited him
The president made a speech for the famous man visiting him
b) Quá khứ phân từ ( V3/ed)
Được dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ cần rút gọn ở dạng bị động
Bỏ who, which, that và be, chuyển động từ về quá khứ phân từ
Ex: The book which is written by Mr.A is interesting
The book written by Mr.A is interesting ( bỏ which, is, đưa write về written )
2 Cụm danh từ ( Noun phrases)
- Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định có thể rút gọn bằng cụm danh từ
- Dùng khi mệnh đề tính từ có dạng
S+ BE + DANH TỪ / CỤM DANH TỪ/ CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm : bỏ who, which và be
Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health
Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health
Football, a popular sport, is very good for health
George Washington, who was the first president of the United States, was a general in
the army
George Washington, the first president of the United States, was a general in the army
Trang 7This is the only student who can do the problem
This is the only student who can do the problem
This is the only student to do the problem
The caption was the last man who left the ship
The caption was the last man to leave the ship
New Zealand was the first country which gave women the vote
New Zealand was the first country to give women the vote
b Khi muốn diễn đạt mục đích và sự cho phép
The children need a big yard which they can play in
The children need a big yard to play in
c Đầu câu có HERE (BE),THERE (BE)
There are six letters which have to be written today
There are six letters to be written today
Here is a form that you must fill in
Here is a form for you to fill in
NOTE:
Trong phần to inf này các bạn cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ ngữ của 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf
We have some picture books that children can read
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We have some picture books for children to read
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như we,you,everyone thì có thể không cần ghi ra
Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about
Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us ) to think about
- Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu ( đây là lỗi dễ sai nhất)
We have a peg on which we can hang our coat
We have a peg to hang our coat on
NOTE: PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN:
Khi học thì ta học từ dễ đến khó nhưng khi làm bài thì ngược lại phải suy luận từ khó đến
This is the first man who was arrested by police yesterday
Mới nhìn ta thấy đây là câu bị động ,nếu vội vàng thì sẽ dễ dàng biến nó thành :
This is the first man arrested by police yesterday (sai)
Thật ra đáp án là : “This is the first man to be arrested by police yesterday đúng”
Vậy thì làm thế nào để không sai:
Các em hãy lần lượt làm theo các bước sau:
1 Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không? Nếu có thì áp dụng công thức rút gọn thành cụm danh từ
2 Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trước who, which có các dấu hiệu first, only v v không, nếu có thì áp dụng công thức đổi sang cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (to inf.) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb )
3 Nếu không có 2 trường hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng VING hay P.P
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B Bài tập
TRẮC NGHIỆM
1 What the name of the man gave us a lift ?
A he B what C which D who
2 Were you able to locate the person _ wallet you found?
A Which B that his C whose D that’s
3 My friend Nigel, _ works in the city, earns much more than I do
A That B which C who D whose
4 Every one _ the building was searched by the police
A Enter B entered C entering D enters
5 Yesterday was the hottest day _ remember
A that can B Which can C which I can D I can
6 There was little we could do to help her
A which B what C that D when
7 Atlanta is the city the olympic games were held in 1996
A That B when C where D which
8 Ann quit her job at the advertising agency, surprised
everyone
A Which B that C who D that it
9 Is this the adress you want the package sent ?
A That B to that C to which D to
10 What was that notice ?
A At that you were looking C you were looking at
B You were looking at D which you were looking
11 Little Women, in 1868, is my favorite book
A Is a novel published C a novel was published
B Was a novel published D was a novel published
12 I have three brothers, _ are businessmen
A All of which B all of those C all of whom D all of who
13 The chemistry book _ was a little expensive
A That I bought it C what I bought
B I bought that D I bought
14 We passed shops windows were decorated for christmas
A The B their C which D whose
15 “why do you get up at 4:00 am ?” “ because it’s the only time _
without being interupteD
A When I can work on my book
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B When I can work on my book at
C When I can work on my book then
D At when I can work on my book
16 I didn’t believe them at first but in fact every thing _ was true
A They said B that they said to C what they said D to which they said
17 That book is by a famous anthropologist It’s about the people in Samoa _
for 2 years
A That she lived
B that she lived among them
C among whom she lived
D where she lived among whom
18 Do you remember Mrs Goddard, _taught us english
composition
A Who B whom C that D which
19 Only a few of movies _ on Tv are suitable for children
A Which show B showing C shown D are shown
20 Do you have the book the teacher
A That it belongs to
B To which belongs to
C To which belongs
D That belongs to
21 York, _ last year, is a nice lod city
A I visited B that I visited C which I visited D whom I
visited
22 Neil Amstrong, the first person _on the moon, reported that the
surface was fine and powdery
A That set foot B set foot C setting foot D to set foot
23 They left me at the bus stop _ they had met me the week before
A Where B which C when D that
24 Thanks giving is a time everyone eats turkey in American
A At that time B when C that D b & c
25 The girl _ is my neighbor
A Talks to the lady over there
B Is talking to the lady over there
C Was talking to the lady over there
D Talking to the lady over there
26 Vladimir Putin said that he loved his wife and two daughters as well as his dog,
also a female, so much
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A Which was B that were C all of whom were D which were
27 His father is a bank manager, makes him easy to have a good joB
A Whom B which C who D that
28 World trade patterns indicative of the important economic issues confront the world today
A What B that C who D they
29 Jackie Joyner- Kersce, the world record in the heptathlon in the 1988 olympics, also won the long jump in that year
A Whose setting B which she set C whoever set D who set
30 Hiram Revels, the first black member of the United State Senate, served as
senator for Missisippi, an office _ he was elected in 1870
A Which B in which C and which D being which
31 Medical research at the cellular level, _ research on the immune system, has been made possible through twentieth – century advances in techniques of genetic research
A Which B whereas C such as D is also
32 Not only much bigger than any other planets, but unlike the planets, it consists completely of gaseous material
A The sun is B the Sun, which is C is the sun D that the Sun
33 The olimpics marathon distance in the ancient times to honor a message who ran from Marathon to Athens to deliver vital news and then died
A Established B was established C establishing D which establisheD
34 It’s not until December 25 the exam results will be announceD
A Which B what C that D when
35 My friends gave me a suprising party, was good of them
A Which B this C that D what
36 Have I told you about the government is dealing
A The problem with which
B The problem with that
C The problem
D The problem that
37 I’ve put Mr Matthew’s paper in your green file, _ is on your desk
A Whose B that C which D who
38 Vending machine is an automatic machine with drinks and sweets, _ you put coins to release whatever you paid for
A.In that B in which C at which D at that
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39 He is part of a team _is suggesting the authorities in England reduce the number of vending machines in public places
A Who B of which C whose D which
40 Like you all, I dislike people _ their promise
A Who are not keeping
B That doesn’t keep
C Who don’t keep
D Whom don’t keep
41 Hearing – aid devices are very helpful for _ are hard of hearing
A Those B those who C people D who
42 Are there any house chore for men are better than women
A That/ suit B whose/ suited C which/ suited D which/ suit
43 The trail lead led over sandhills thin grasses and thorny bushed grew
A Where there were B where C that were D that
44 The creation plan _ they disagreed would require the construction of two new dams
A About which B on whom C that D why
45 The school programme _ has been interrupted by revision tests requires
a regular course study
A Whose B who C that D what
46 Credit is given in this semester requires approximately three hours of classroom work
A Where B what C when D which
47 Two courses have the same subjects are in different times
A That B what C when D where
48 You may enrol your course by email can be faster than other
registration forms
A Whom B which C where D when
49 Students register for courses do not have any problems
A Whom B what C who D when
50 August 23rd is the last day you may transfer to another course
A Which B on which C.that D what
51 Our course needs some requirements _are listed here
A Which B when C what D where
52 Before coming to my office, please check the appointments are listed
in my official calender
A When B why C that D what
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53 The appointment continues beyond three hours is always very
important for my customers
A When B who C what D which
54 The girl _ dress you admire has been working for an expo company since she left school
A Who B whose C what D whom
55 Students _ special accomodations should contact the private
dormitory office immediately
A Whom require B that are require C require D requiring
56 This book is about introduction to Indians _ culture started in the
medieval century
A Whose B who C what D whom
57 Your company can see our records all technical information can be seen
A Which B on which C at which D from
which
58 With reference to your email 20th, May our firm thanks for your information
A Which dated B which is dating C dated D what is dated
59 Did they buy every thing _?
A They wished to buy
B What they wished buy
C Which they had planned buying
D What they wished to buy
60 I never forget the time my motorbike broke down in a very crowded street
A Where B when C that D in which
61 I couldn’t remember the time there was no internet
A When B why C which D what
62 The restaurant we had our dinner was the most expensive in this city
A When B which C where D that
63 The top mode about _ I was telling is on TV now
A Who B whom C that D which
64 I’m thinking of entering the university _ facilities anf exellent
A Who B that C when D whose
65 Is there a reason she doesn’t want to talk in the lecture ?
A Why B which C that D when
66 Are you the student mother called me yesterday ?
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A That B who C whose D when
67 Is that the same film - we what last year
A Who B when C for which D 0
68 Mary, _ has only been in Japan for 3 months, speaks Japanese perfectly
A That B whom C Who D which
69 Dick, _ we met in New Jesey, is going to meet us next week
A When B who C which D that
70 Who was the young boy this morning
A Who you talked B whom you talked C you talked D you talked to
71 The reason _ I didn’t call you is that my father didn’t let me use my cell phone
A Why B which C when D what
72 “ which is your daughter ?”
“ she is the child has long, straight hair “
A Whose B who C which D when
73 I don’t think my girl friend will remember the day we saw each other for the first time
A Which B at which C on which D that
74 August is the month _ I always give my birthday’s parties
A In which B which C what D why
75 The purse _ she has lost last week was found yesterday
A Whom B what C of which D which
76 The old lady we were traveling told us her life story
A With whom B of whom C with whose D whom
77 She says the exam, _ she took yesterday, was full of hard question
A Of which B which C whom D in which
78 Genghis Khan, _name means “very mighty ruler”, was a Mongol
emperor in the Middle Ages
A whom B whose C who D how
79 The children _ sang at the Mayor’s parade were from the local school
A whose B where C who D whom
80 Galileo, _ published works proving that the Earth revolves around the Sun, continued his
scientific experiments even when he went deaf and blind
A when B who C where D whose
81 The school program _ has been interrupted by revision tests, requires a regular course study
A whose B who C what D that
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82 Credit is given in this semester requires approximately three hours of classroom work
A which B what C when D where
83 Tow courses have the same subjects are in different times
A that B what C when D where
84 You may enroll our course by e-mail can be faster than other registration forms
A who B where C which D when
85 The girl dress you admire has been working for an expo company since she left school
A who B what C whose D whom
86 The young man was released after the court was found innocent of all the charges against him
A who B who he C which D whose
87 Is that the same film we watched last year?
A when B which C why D who
88 The girl I borrowed the dictionary asked me to use it carefully
A whose B from whom C from whose D whom
89 The pupils _ we took to the amusement park behaved themselves very well
A which B with whom C whom D which
90 Bournemouth, we are going to visit next summer, is a real paradise for the retireD
A that B what C which D in which
91 Thatcher, _ birthplace was above a shop in the small English town of
Grantham, became Prime Minister of Britain four years after she had become the leader of the Conservative Party in 1975
A where B whose C in which D which
92 First jeans, _ became fashionable for women after they saw them in
Vogue magazine, were made by two Americans, Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss
A that B whose C of which D which
93 The first television picture _ John Logier Baird transmitted on 25,
November, 1905 was a boy worked in the office next to Baird’s
workroom in London
A which / whom B who / which C that/ whose D that / who
94 Felix Hoffman, a 29-year-old chemist worked for the German company Bayer, invented the drug Aspirin in April 1879
A where B whose C whom D who
Trang 16A whose B that is C what D which
97 The pollution they were talking is getting worse
A that B about which C which D whom
98 The engineer _ our company relies is on holiday
A who B on whom C whose D whom
99 The dam _ they plan to build will cover acres of forest
A which B to which C whom D where
powerful batting
A where B whose C whom D of which
birds and orchids thrive in the high altitude primary
A when B where C which D who
town’s historical places
A when B which C whose D where
Reigate under 11’s football team
A when B which C where D who
A when B where C whom D which
responsibly
A when B where C whom D whose
A what B that C when D which
sensitive that she couldn’t expose her skin to the sun even with cream on
A where B whose C whom D that