Các mối quan hệ lôgíc – ngữ nghĩa và sự thể hiện của chúng trong chương 5 ‘Nanh Trắng và những người Anh-Điêng’ trong tiểu thuyết ‘Nanh Trắng’ của Jack London

Các mối quan hệ lôgíc – ngữ nghĩa và sự thể hiện của chúng trong chương 5 „Nanh Trắng và những người Anh-Điêng‟ trong tiểu thuyết „Nanh Trắng‟ của Jack London Nguyễn Thị Phượng Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ Luận văn ThS ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh; Mã số: 60 22 15 Người hướng dẫn: Prof. Dr. Hoàng Văn Vân Năm bảo vệ: 2012 Abstract: This paper investigates logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes. The study first re-examined some basic concepts of systemic functional grammar and two types of logico-semantic relation – expansion and projection. Then, Chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London was taken and analyzed based on the framework of Halliday‟s (1994) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. The result of the study showed that both types of logico-semantic relations were present in the text in which expansion was predominant than projection. This could be explained that the writer mainly described the characters, their behavior and actions rather than quoted or reported their talks. In expansion, extension was most frequently used because the text was constructed to give more information rather than explain it. In projection, projecting locutions were more prominent than projecting ideas, for here the characters communicated with each other by languages rather than by thoughts. Besides that, the study revealed some characteristics of the type of the text. It also reflected the complexity of language and logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes. Finally, the study made some implications for teaching and learning English and some suggestions for further research. Keywords: Ngôn ngữ; Tiếng Anh; Ngữ nghĩa Content PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale: To investigate the logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes, I‟ve chosen chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London to study. Therefore, my study will be on Logico-semantic relations and their realization in chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London. 2. Aim of the study and Research questions: The aim of this thesis is to explore how logico-semantic relations are realized in chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London. In order to fulfill this aim, the following research questions are raised for exploration: 1. What are logico-semantic relations? 2. How are they realized in chapter five of “White Fang” by Jack London? 3. Scope of the study: The study involves a review on the notions concerning the clause complex and the logico-semantic relations between clauses. Its second focus is on analyzing chapter five of the novel “White Fang” in terms of logico-semantic relations. 4. Data collection: Data collected for analysis and discussion is from clauses in chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by the noted American writer, Jack London, which was published by Longman Group UK Limited in 1968. 5. Methods of the study: Descriptive and analytical methods are the principal ones of the study. The descriptive method is used to re-examine the notions relating to the clause complex and its logico-semantic relations between clauses. The analytical method is used to analyze the text (chapter five of “White Fang”) in terms of logico-semantic relations. 6. Design of the study: The study consists of 3 parts: Part A: Introduction Part B - the main part of the study - consists of two chapters: Chapter I: Theoretical Background Chapter II: Logico-semantic relations in chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London Part C: Conclusion PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1. Introduction This chapter reviews some basic concepts that set the theoretical orientation for the study. The chapter focuses on five parts: (1) what is functional grammar? (2) the role of contextual analysis, (3) grammatical rank scale, (4) clause and clause complex, and (5) logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes in English. 1.2. What is functional grammar? 1.3. The role of contextual analysis 1.3.1. What is context? 1.3.2. The model of context 1.4. Grammatical rank scale 1.5. Clause and clause complex 1.5.1. Clause and its position in functional grammar 1.5.2. Clause simplex and clause complex 1.6. Logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes in English 1.6.1. Expansion a. Elaboration  Paratactic elaboration  Hypotactic elaboration b. Extension  Paratactic extension  Hypotactic extension c. Enhancement  Paratactic enhancement  Hypotactic enhancement 1.6.2. Projection a. Paratactic projection  Paratactic locutions  Paratactic ideas b. Hypotactic projection  Hypotactic locutions  Hypotactic ideas 1.7. Summary CHAPTER 2: LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CLAUSES IN CLAUSE COMPLEXES IN CHAPTER 5 “WHITE FANG AND THE INDIANS” IN THE NOVEL “WHITE FANG” BY JACK LONDON 2.1. Introduction This chapter will analyze the text in terms of logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes, using the concepts which have been explored in Chapter 1 as the theoretical framework. This chapter focuses on parts: (1) the context of the chosen text, (2) contextual configuration of the text, (3) the analysis of the text, (4) findings and discussion. 2.2. The context of the chosen text Chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” describes White Fang‟s and his mother‟s life in the native American village. Here White Fang met many other puppies and dogs that always wanted to attack him. Among these animals, Lip-lip was the greatest enemy of White Fang. Whenever White Fang went far from his mother, Kiche, Lip-lip followed him and bit him. However, this didn‟t scare White Fang. On the contrary, he became fierce and unfriendly to everyone. The end of the chapter describes the fighting between White Fang and Lip-lip. White Fang played a trick on Lip-lip by letting him come close to Kiche. Then Kiche and White Fang bit him. That was considered as a fight to anyone who wanted to be against him. 2.3. Contextual configuration of the text 2.3.1. Field The text is a chapter extracted from a novel written to entertain readers and express the writer‟s attitude to the main character named White Fang. The setting of the story is the native American village in which animal characters are humanized and communicate with each other through actions and human being‟s language. 2.3.2. Tenor There are two role relationships here: one between the writer and readers, and the other among the characters. In this text, the writer plays the role of a narrator, and the characters play information exchanging roles. The characteristics of White Fang are clearly revealed through the relationships between White Fang and the Indians; White Fang and other dogs; and especially between White Fang and Lip-lip. The participants of the text include actors (White Fang, Kiche, Grey Beaver, other Indians, Lip-lip, and other puppies and dogs), behavers, sensers, sayers, etc. 2.3.3. Mode In terms of medium, this is a written text and the writer uses language to reflect on his experience. The channel in the text is a combination of visual and graphic (the pictures below and beside the text). 2.4. The analysis of the text The text is analyzed based on the theoretical framework given in chapter 1. In the analysis, the ordinal numbers in bold 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd … are used to represent the number of clause complexes and the cardinal numbers in brackets (1), (2), (3),… are used to denote the number of clauses in the clause complexes. Clause complex boundary is indicated by three vertical strokes |||…|||, clause boundary by two vertical stokes ||…||, elaborating relation by =, extending relation by +, enhancing relation by x, locution relation by , and idea relation by . Paratactic relationship is denoted by notation 1, 2,…; and hypotactic relationship is denoted by notation , ,… 2.5. Findings and discussions The text (Chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London) starts with the scene that the cub came upon them suddenly in the native American village. „The cub‟ is White Fang, and „them‟ here are Indian men. This chapter describes the time when White Fang lives with the Indians and other dogs, following chapter four which describes the time when White Fang grows up. The text comprises 198 clauses of which 52 clauses are complex. These fifty-two complexes consist of 152 clauses. Because of the scope of the study which only focuses on logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes in Chapter five of „White Fang‟, embedded clauses which function as post-modifiers in a nominal or adverbial group or Head in a nominal group are not mentioned here. 2.5.1. Expansion a. Elaboration  Paratactic elaboration - Exposition: complex 9 th - Exemplification: 0 - Clarification: complexes 1 st , 16 th , 27 th , 37 th , 40 th , 42 nd , 46 th , 47 th , 52 nd  Hypotactic elaboration - Finite clauses: 0 - Non-finite clauses: + ing clauses: complexes 16 th , 20 th , 32 nd , 34 th , 36 th , 37 th , 43 rd , 44 th , 50 th + to-infinitive clauses: 0 + en-participle clauses: complex 20 th b. Extension  Paratactic extension - Addition: + Positive: complexes 2 nd , 5 th , 6 th , 11 th , 12 th , 13 th , 14 th , 15 th , 16 th , 17 th , 18 th , 19 th , 20 th , 21 st , 22 nd , 23 rd , 24 th , 26 th , 27 th , 28 th , 30 th , 31 st , 33 rd , 35 th , 39 th , 41 st , 43 rd , 44 th , 45 th , 49 th , 51 st + Negative: complex 3 rd + Adversative: complexes 4 th , 10 th , 19 th , 25 th , 26 th , 29 th , 50 th - Variation: 0 - Alternation: complex 9 th  Hypotactic extension - Finite clauses: complex 48 th - Non-finite clauses: + Additive: complex 52 nd + Replacive: 0 + Adversative: 0 + Subtractive: 0 c. Enhancement  Paratactic enhancement - Temporal: complex 2 nd - Spatial: 0 - Manner: + Means: 0 + Comparison: complex 38 th - Causal-conditional + Cause: cause – effect (complex 48 th ), effect – cause (complex 20 th ) + Condition: 0  Hypotactic enhancement - Finite clauses: + Temporal: complexes 9 th , 19 th , 32 nd , 44 th , 50 th + Spatial: 0 + Manner: 0 + Causal – condition: complexes 20 th , 29 th - Non-finite clauses: + ing clauses: 0 + en clauses: 0 + to-infinitive clauses: complex 44 th 2.5.2. Projection a. Paratactic projection  Paratactic locutions: complexes 7 th , 8 th , 19 th , 20 th  Paratactic ideas: 0 b. Hypotactic projection  Hypotactic locutions: 0  Hypotactic ideas: complex 26 th 2.6. Concluding remarks The logico-semantic relations between clauses in 52 clause complexes in the chosen text have been investigated. Both types of logico-semantic relations are present in the text in which expansion is predominant than projection. In expansion, extension is predominant than elaboration and enhancement. In projection, projecting locution is predominant than projecting idea. PART C: CONCLUSION 1. Recapitulation In this study, the logico-semantic relations and their realization in Chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London have been finished. The results show that both two types of logico-semantic relations are present in the text. 2. Implications of the study The study has pedagogical implications for both teaching and learning English grammar and translation. 3. Suggestions for further study Further research can be extended to investigate the whole novel “White Fang” by Jack London, or other aspects such as embedded or down-ranked clauses, Theme, Mood, Transitivity, and Cohesion. References 1. Bloor, Thomas & Meriel. (1995), The Functional Analysis of English, Oxford University Press Inc., Oxford. 2. Brown, G. & Yule, G. (1983), Discourse Analysis, CUP, Cambridge. 3. 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(1995), English Syntax: A grammar for English Language Professionals, Oxford University Press, New York. 12. Lock, G. (1996), Functional English Grammar: An introduction for second language teachers, Cambridge University Press, New York. 13. London, J. (1989), White Fang, Longman Group UK Limited, Hong Kong. 14. Martin, J.R., Matthiessen, C.M.I.M., & Painter, C. (1997), Working with Functional Grammar, Arnold, London. 15. Murphy, R. (1994), Engish Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 16. Nguyễn Hoà (2000), An introduction to Discourse Analysis, ĐHQG, Hà Nội. 17. Nunan, D. (1993), Introducing Discourse Analysis, Penguin, London. 18. Oxford Learner‟s Pocket Dictionary (2008), Oxford University Press, Hong Kong. 19. Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. (1987), A University Grammar of English, Longman Group UK Limited, Hong Kong. 20. Richards, J.C & Rodgers, T.S. (1986), Approaches & Methods in Language Teaching: A descriptive & analysis, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom. 21. Thompson, G. (1996), Introducing Functional Grammar, Oxford University Press Inc., London. 22. Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. (1989), A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong. . Các mối quan hệ lôgíc – ngữ nghĩa và sự thể hiện của chúng trong chương 5 „Nanh Trắng và những người Anh-Điêng‟ trong tiểu thuyết „Nanh Trắng của Jack London Nguyễn Thị. Fang” by Jack London to study. Therefore, my study will be on Logico-semantic relations and their realization in chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London. . and two types of logico-semantic relation – expansion and projection. Then, Chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London was taken and analyzed based on the