Thanh toán trực tuyến trong giao dịch thương mại điện tử

PHO BIEN KIEN THlTC Thanh toan trifc tuyen tpong giao dich thifdng mai didn t^ • TS. HA THI NGQC OANH 1 - Dfit van de; ThUdng mai dien tU (TMDT) la mdt trong nhUng phUdng thUc kinh doanh hien dai, .xuat hien vao nhUng nam cudi cua the ky trUdc. de'n nay da chiem mdt ty trgng dang ke trong tdng sd thUdng mai toan cdu va mang lai Idi ich to Idn cho DN. chinh phii, ngUdi tieu diing va .xa hdi. Vi the tu nam 2000 nhidu DN Viet Nam ciing day manh Ung dung TMDT vao kinh doanh va thu dUdc Idi ich dang ke qua cac phUdng tien thdng tin hien dai nhu website, email, cdc san giao dich dien tijf do chi phi bd ra rat nhd. nhUng kha nang qudng ba ciia nd lai rat rdng rai. De tao didu kien thuan Idi cho nhUng ngUdi tham gia giao dich TMDT, ngUdi ta thiet lap nen nhUng san giao dich dien tU (chd dien tU). day la ndi "gap gd xuyen bien gidi" giUa ngu'di mua - ngUdi ban va khdng gidi han thdi gian. TrUdc day san giao dich dien tuf la nhUng website, nhUng website chi truydn thdng tin di mdt chidu, khdng cd phan hdi; de'n nay nhUng "cU dan mang" cdn sii dung blog ciia minh de trao ddi thdng tin vd hang hda. gia ca mua/ban do tinh linh hoat cua blog cao hdn website. Cung vi le dd sd lugng DN tham gia cac san giao dich dien tU ngay cang gia tang, dac biet la cdng TMDT qudr gia (http://www.ec\'Ti.gov.vn - ECVN. thanh lap vao thang 12/2003) hien la mdt trong nhUng san giao dich TMDT co uy tin nhat eiia VN. So DN tham gia ECVN tang len theo cap sd nhan: nam 2005 chi cd khoang 300 DN tham gia ECVN, nam 2006 cd khoang 600 DN tham gia: nhUng den ngay 20/8/2007, da cd gdn 3.000 thanh vien tham gia ECVN. trong dd cd 353 thanh vien vang. 226 thanh vien bac. Sd thanh vien tham gia den nay da cd the dem de'n con sd hang trieu va trung binh. mdi thanh vien ciia no co the tun them dUdc hang chue ddi tac mdi thdng qua ECVN. Cty Vinalink chuyen khao sat thi trUdng, cd nhUng sd' lieu thdng ke trUc tuye'n tdt nha't Viet Nam hien nay, da cdng bd sd lieu khao sat vd TMDT d Viet Nam vao dau nam 2009 nhU sau: doanh thu tU mua sdm TMDT qua mang va ket hdp vdi cac phuong thUc dat hang qua website, qua dien thoai theo md hinh D2C khoang 450 trieu USD (chiem 0,5% GDP); md hinh B2B cd gan 3.000 DN giao dich qua cac san TMDT dat khoang 800 trieu USD (chiem 1% GDP). Doanh thu nay khdng bao gdm Game. Phdn mdm, TU '^^ THUONG M4I So 15/2010 I 41 PHO BIEN KIEN THUfC van du an. Quang cao trifc tuye'n; neu tinh ca 4 dich vu tren thi con sd nay vao khoang 1,5 ty USD chiem 2% GDP. NhU vay ca B2C va B2B nam 2009 chie'm tdi 2,5% GDP. Cd vao khoang 81.5% DN Viet Nam siJ dung e-mail thu'dng xuyen trong giao dieh vdi dd'i tac va trd thanh phUdng tien dUdc sU dung nhidu nhat trong giao dich thUdng mai. Website va thU dien tuf la nhUng phUdng tien dien tiJ ma DN siJ dung nhidu do chi phi thap nhUng hieu qua cao. Tuy nhien. thanh toan trUc tuyen hien dang la trd ngai Idn ddi vdi viee md rdng va phdt huy hieu qua thUc sU cua Ung dung TMDT trong cac DN. Vi tren thUe te sd DN chap nhan thanh toan trUc tuye'n lai rat thap. chi vao khoang 4% sd DN tham gia TMDT, va tap trung chu ye'u tai TP.HCM va Ha Ndi. Thanh toan bdng tidn mat vdn la tap quan quen diing nen cd tdi 75% sd DN ap dung; trong khi thanh toan bdng cac phUdng thUc cii lam cham di eac giao dich thUdng mai, ma trong kinh doanh "thdi gid lai la vang nggc"! Bai viet dUdi day dd cap chu ye'u de'n phUdng thUe thanh todn trUc tuye'n, hien dang rat mdi dd'i vdi nhUng nha kinh doanh d Viet Nam va giai phap dd nghi dd'i vdi ngan hang nha nUdc ve viec td chUc thUc hien phUdng thUc thanh toan nay. 11 - Mot so' khai niem: - Thanh todn dien tii la loai hinh thanh toan khdng diing tien mat. dUa tren cac cdng c\} va phUdng tien dien tut nhU cac loai the tin dung va ghi nd qud'c te (nhu Visa, Master Card), chuyen khoan va chuyen tien dien 42 I TNU0NGM9I So 15/2010 tuf; hoac cdc loai cdng cu thanh toan cdng nghe cao nhU see dien tuf, \'i dien tijf Thanh toan dien tijf bao gdm thanh toan trUc tuye'n (thanh toan online) va thanh toan theo Id. - Thanh todn trxic tuyen la qua trinh thanh toan, bao gdm cd viec chuyen tidn tU tai khoan cua ngUdi mua vao tai khoan cua ngUdi ban, dUdc thUe hien trUc tie'p tren mang Internet. - Thanh todn theo 16 dUdc thUc hien khi cac ben chap nhan siJ dung mdt dai lUdng "tidn do" lam cd sd thanh toan (nghia la lUdng tien that trong tai khoan cua ngUdi mua van ehUa bi mat di. va tai khoan ciia ngUdi ban ciing chUa cd). Den mdt thdi diem nao dd (dUdc thoa thuan giUa cac ben, chang han vao cud'i ngdy giao dich) cac dich vu hd trd mdi thUc hien viec chuyen lUgng tidn ao do thdnh cdc giao dieh tien that vdi ngan hang ciia ngUdi mua va ngUdi ban. Viec thanh toan theo Id eiJng cd the thUc hien dUdi dang thanh toan trUe tuye'n. Tuy nhien, trong trUdng hdp so lUdng "tidn do" nay dUdc lUu tril trong mdt thie't bi dien tuf va chi cd the thUc hien viec chuyen hda tidn do thanh tidn that bang each mang thie't bi do de'n ngan hang de xuf ly; ngUdi ta cdn ggi do la hinh thUc thanh todn khong tnfc tuyen (thanh toan offline). NhUng phUdng thUc TTDT tren day la ndn tang can thie't de thuc day phat trien TMDT. Ill - Mo hinh thanh to^n qua mang trong giao dich TMDT tren the gidi: Mgt so nha cung cap dich vu thanh toan trUc tuye'n qudc te dUdc lUa chgn phd bie'n tren the gidi la PayPal, 2CheckOut. WorldPay , trong do PayPal dUgc danh gia la mgt trong nhUng dich vu thanh toan trUc tuye'n phd bien nhat tren the gidi. Paypal la mdt Cty Ung dung TMDT. trong dd nd cho phep ngudi siJ dung thUc hien cac giao dich chuyen tien va tra tien eho viec mua hang tren Internet. Tinh tU khi thanh lap nam 1998 cho de'n nay, Paypal da cd tren 200 trieu tai khoan dang ky suf dung, trong dd cd 81 trieu tai khoan dang hoat dgng. PhUdng thUe thanh toan trUc tuye'n qua PayPal dUdc suf dung tai 190 thi trUdng vdi kha nang quy ddi linh hoat giUa 24 loai tidn te khac nhau. NhUng ngUdi chap nhan thanh toan qua Paypal cdn cd the suf dung nd de chuyen tidn ndi dianhu mgt dich vu tai chinh. Paypal dUdc san TMDT eBay mua lai nam 2002 vdi gia 1,5 ti USD de thay the' Billpolnt, mgt phUdng thUc thanh toan cii eiia eBay. Den nay Paypal da trd thanh phUdng tien thanh toan chu yeu cua cac san TMDT eBay tren the' gidi, tham chi ddc chie'm thi phan thanh toan trUc tuye'n tren san eBay d 2 nUdc Anh va Uc. Khdng nhUng the, sU tien dung va tinh an toan ciia Pa5rpal cdn giup nd trd thanh cdng cu thanh toan trijfc tuye'n dUdc siJ dung d nhieu san TMDT khac. Tdng so tien thanh toan bdng dich vui Paypal trong nam 2009 tren the gidi la 71 ti USD, chiem 15% tdng gia tri TMDT toan cdu. De han che' td'i da lUa dao trong cac giao dieh trufc tuye'n, dich vy nay suf duing rd't nhieu Idp cdng nghe bao mat. do dd ty le mat mat do giao dich PHO BIEN KIEN THI/C VIR lUa dao qua Paypal chi chie'm 0,2% tdng gia tri giao dich. De dang ky suf dung Paypal, ngUdl dung chi cdn tao tai khoan tren trang web cua dich vu (www.paypal.com) va cung cap cdc thdng tin cd ban nhU ten, dia chi va e-mail. Tai khoan nay cd the dUdc nap tidn bdng each chuyen khoan tU tai khoan ngan hang hoac the tin dung, hoac gufi sec de'n nha cung cap dich vu. Sau khi dugc kiem tra va xac nhan, sd tidn nay se hien hUu trong tai khoan Paypal va ngUdi dung cd the dung lu'dng tidn do nay de thanh toan tai eac trang web chap nhan Paypal. Trong trUdng hgp ngUdi dung mudn rut tidn tu tai khodn Paypal. hg chi cdn cung cap thdng tin cho nha cung cap dich vu bie't vd tai khoan ngan hang hoac the tin dung cdn chuyen tien den. hoac dd nghi mdt sec thanh toan. Tuy dich vu cung cap cho ngUdi diing rat tien dung nhUng Pa}rpal kiem tra rat chat che nhUng thdng tin khi thanh toan, khi nhan tidn cung nhu khi chuyen tidn. Mgi giao dich mua/ban suf dung phUdng thUc thanh toan nay ddu phdi chiu mdt khodn phi giao dich, thudng dUdc tinh bang mdt ty le phan tram cdng vdi mdt mUc phi cd dinh. Khoan phi giao dich nay dUdc ap dung khac nhau d mdi thi trUdng va phu thude vao gia tri mua ban. loai tidn te dUdc suf dung va phu'dng thUc mua ban giUa cac ben. Trong trUdng hgp giao dich xuyen bien gidi, khoan phi nay cdn dUdc tinh them mdt phdn phu thu quy ddi ngoai te. Tuy nhien, chinh qua trinh kiem tra ngat ngheo ddi vdi cac thdng tin tai khoan ngan hang cung nhu tin dung ciia Paypal da Sof do qua trlnti ttianii loan tri/c tuye'n ' Nguc (1) (10) ' (3) ji mua * ' M„A • •• 1/1 Ngar (5) 1 nang M ^ \'' t (6) Mf (2) 1 r '(9) San giao dich TMDT (4) ' '(8) Dich vu thanh toan (1') ' Ngan hang B 1 I khie'n nhieu ngUdi dung gap khd khan, nhat la trong trUdng hgp cua cac DN svi dung tai khodn d nhidu ngan hang hoac diing nhidu dia chi giao dich khac nhau khi md rdng hoat ddng kinh doanh. NhUng DN trien khai vdi 2checkout va Worldpay cd the gap khd khan vd ngdn ngU va hd trg ky thuat tU xa, va phi thanh toan the (Commission Fee tU 4,5% de'n 5,5%) kha cao; vi the 2 dich vu nay it dUdc sU dung hdn PayPal. I'V - Thanh toan qua mang trong giao dich TMDT d Viet Nam: De dap Ung yeu cdu day manh giao dich TMDT ciia DN, nhUng nam gdn day cac ngan hang da dUa ra nhidu dich vu thanh toan dien tuf lam ndn tang hd trd TMDT nhU thanh todn qua ATM, qua dien thoai cd dinh, mobile phone va Internet Banking cac dich vu nay ddng gdp phdn quan trgng trong viec thuc day phat trien TMDT ciia cac DN. Trong sd' cac phUdng thUc thanh toan dien tuf, thanh toan trUc tuyen cd thdi gian thUc hien nhanh nhat, thdi gian tU khi ngudi mua dat hang va cung cap ddy dii, chinh xac thdng tin vd kha nang thanh toan cho den khi san giao dich dien tU gUi dd nghi ban hang vd ngUdi ban gdn nhu la tUc thdi vi thdng tin dUdc lUu chuyen tren mang internet va dugc xuf ly rat nhanh.^Sd ddj Giai thich sd dd: (1). NgUdi mua (NM) md tai khodn tai ngan hang phuc vu NM (NHM). (1'). Ngudi ban (NB) md tai khoan tai ngan hang phuc vu NB (NHB). (2). NB rao ban hang tren san giao dich dien tuf. (3). NM sau khi xem hang, da ddng y mua thi ra lenh dat hang tren san giao dieh dien tU. (4). San giao dich thdng bdo cho dich vu thanh toan (bao gdm ca dich •vu bao mat). (5). Dich vu thanh toan (va bao mat) yeu cdu NHM kidm tra thdng tin vd NM va tai khoan cua NM. (6). NHM tra Idi cho dich vu thanh toan vd ke't qud kiem tra (7). Dich vu thanh todn yeu cdu NHM ghi "nd" tren tai khoan cua NM. (7'). Dich vu thanh toan yeu cdu NHB ghi "cd" tren tai khodn ciia NB. (8). Dich vu thanh todn thdng bao cho san giao dich dien tuf vd ke't qua thanh '^ THUnMGM»l So 15/2010 I 43 PHO BIEN KIEN THUfD C^ toan giUa NB va NM. (9). San giao dich dien tuf thdng bao cho NB ket qua thanh toan dien tuf. (10). NB giao hang cho NM. Chii y: + Dich vu thanh toan va dich vu bao mat (bUdc 4) cd the la 2 dich vu ddc lap. hoac cd the do cimg mdt nha cung cap. Ca hai dich vu nay ddu cd the lien quan hoac khdng lien quan den cac ngan hang A hay B, + Cac bUdc trong sd dd thanh toan ddu dUdc thUc hien tren internet nen thdi gian tU bUdc (5) den budc (9) gdn nhU la tUc thdi vi thdng tin dUdc chuyen di va xiif ly rat nhanh; dd chinh la lgi ich thie't thu'c nhat ciia thanh toan trUc tuyen. Do tien ich cua thUdng mai dien tU va thanh toan trUc truyen nen Nha nUdc rat khuyen khich cac ngan hang va cac td chUc tin dung trien khai Ung dung cdng nghe mdi vao cac loai hinh dich vu ngan hang, day manh dich vu thanh toan trUc tuyen. cung vdi cac ddn vj dich vu cdng khac (nhU thue dien tuf, hai quan dien tiJ. cac thii tuc XNK dien tU, thu tuc lien quan tdi ddu tu va dang ky kinh doanh dien tiJ. cac loai giay phep thUdng mai chuyen nganh. thu tuc giai quye't tranh chap ) hd trd DN tich ciic Ung dung TMDT (dac biet la hinh thUc B2B) de day manh XK. I'V. Vai trd chi huy ciia ngan hang nha nvidc. Tren thUc te, hien nay cae ngan hang thUdng mai va nha cung cap mang rat chii ddng trong \nec giup DN thUc hien phu'dng thUc thanh toan trUc tuye'n. Chdng han. ngan hang 44 I THUONGMAI So 15/2010 Techcombank hgp tac vdi "nha mang" chodientu.vn cung cap dich vu thanh toan trUc tuyen dd'i vdi khach hang khi mua hang tren chodientu.vn. didu dd phu hdp vdi vai trd cua ngan hang la nha cung ca'p trUc tiep dieh vu thanh toan hoac td chUc trung gian hd trd cac DN thUc hien khau thanh todn. TUdng tu nhu tren. cd mdt sd cdng thanh toan, do mdt so ca nhan xay dUng de cung cap dich \ai thanh toan trUc tuyen nhU Cty cd phdn ThUdng mai va Dich vu trUc tuyen OnePAY phd'i hdp vdi Ngan hang TMCP Ngoai thUdng Viet Nam (Vietcombank) trien khai mdt cdng thanh toan trUc tuyen OnePAY. Ngoai viec chap nhan thanh toan cho khach hang sd hUu cac loai the tin dung va ghi ng qudc te Visa, MasterCard, American Express, JCB OnePAY cdn trien khai thanh cdng thanh toan trUc tuye'n cho nhidu DN hoat ddng trong cac linh vUc du lich lU hanh. cae sieu thi trUc tuyen. dich vu vien thdng va trd chdi trUc tuyen tai Viet Nam. Cdng nghe thanh todn do OnePAY cung cap dat tieu chudn qudc te ve bao mat va dUdc xac nhan bdi td chUc chUng thUc qudc te VeriSign. NhUng viec de cho cac ngan hang thUdng mai tU quye't dinh phUdng thUc hd trd DN thUc hien thanh todn trUc tuye'n cd the ddn den canh tranh ndi bd nganh va trong tUdng lai, chdc chan cac td chUc tin dung va cac dich vu thanh toan trUc tuye'n hien dang hoat dgng d nUdc ngoai se tham gia vao thi trUdng thanh toan trUc tuye'n cua Viet Nam. Liic dd cd the se xua't hien hien tugng canh tranh khdng lanh manh bang each si? dying cac Uu the' vd tai chinh hoac cdng nghe de kidm che sU phat trien cua cac dich vu trong nUdc, Kinh nghiem cua nhieu nUde Cling cho thay. ne'u khdng kiem soat chat che hoat dgng cua cac dich vu thanh todn trUc tuyen, hoac khdng cd nhUng rang budc nha't dinh vd cac dieu khoan hdp ddng vdi khach hang, thi dich vu nay se trd thanh mdn Idi Idn cua cac loai tdi pham nhU trdn thue, rUa tidn, va cac loai tdi pham tin dung khac. Ngoai ra. vi lUdng tidn do ndm trong tay cac nha cung cap dich vu, chung cd the dd dang vUgt ra khdi tdm kiem soat cua Nha nUdc vd lUdng tien mat lUu thdng tren thi trUdng. Neu khdng cd bien phap kiem soat va han che thiet thUc, thi sU trUdi gia ciia ddng ndi te va kha nang xay ra lam phat la didu khdng the tranh khdi. Giai phap td'i Uu la Nha nUdc nen thie't lap mdt cdng thanh toan (Payment Gateway) phd'i hdp cung vdi ECVN ket nd'i cac nha cung cap dich vu, nhUng ngUdi mua/bdn hang hoa va cac dich vu tai chinh de tao ra chudn mUe chung trong TTTT Hdn nUa khi Nha nUdc thie't lap cdng thanh todn tap trung va quan ly cdng thanh toan do se thu phi thap hoac hd trg mien phi cho DN vUa va nhd phat trien TMDT trong DN, •vi vdi cdng thanh todn tU nhan DN se phdi ddu tu phi dang ky dich vu va phai tra mdt khoan phi duy tri hang thdng kha cao. KET LUAN: Theo du doan ciia Visa Inter- national, doanh sd' thUdng mai dien tuf toan cdu se •vUgt con so 150 ty USD vao cud'i nam 2009. tang 56% so vdi ky luc 96 ty CO THE BAN CHlfA BIET IHjjM D d dn Didu tra, danh gia tdng the tai nguyen be than ddng bdng sdng Hdng (DBSH) va •vung phu can dUdc Thii tUdng Chinh phu giao Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trUdng (TN&MT) lap tU thang 3/2009. Bg TN&MT da giao Cue Dia chat va Khoang sdn Viet Nam chii tri phd'i hdp vdi Trung tam Quy hoach va Didu tra tai nguyen nUdc, Tap doan Cdng nghiep Than - Khoang sdn Vict Nam (TKV) lap Dd an nay. De day nhanh viec trien khai dd an nay, ngay 15/3/2010 Van phdng Chinh phii da cd Cdng van sd 1617/VPCP-KTN, thdng bao y kie'n ciia Phd Thu tUdng Hoang Trung Hai gufi tdi cae bd nganh, UBND 6 tinh (Quang Ninh. Hai DUdng. HUng Yen. Bdc Giang, Thdi Binh, Nam Dinh) va Tap doan TKV. Dd'i vdi Bg Cdng ThUdng, Cdng van sd 1617 neu rd: "Tren cd sd mdt so ndi dung chinh ciia Dd an phat trien be than DBSH do Tap doan TKV lap. cac sd lieu da didu tra tidm nang than DBSH, chii tri, phdi hdp vdi Bg TN&MT. cac Bd, nganh va dia phUdng cd lien quan lap Quy hoach tham dd, khai thac. che bie'n, sii dung than DBSH de'n nam 2020, dinh hUdng den nam 2030 va Bao cao danh gid mdi trUdng chien lUdc, td chUe tham dinh, trinh Thu tUdng Chinh phu vao quy lV/2010". Dd'i vdi Bd TN&MT, Cdng van sd' 1617 chi rd: "- Chii tri phd'i hdp vdi cac Bd, nganh va dia phUdng lien quan lap De an didu tra danh gid tdng the tai nguyen be than DBSH va vung phu can, trinh Thu tudng Chinh phii xem xet, quye't dinh. - Tham dinh Bao cao danh USD cung ky nam 2008. Mac du nhidu te nan tren Internet vdn gia tang nhU virus va lUa dao qua mang, nhUng khach hang van tin tudng va tich cUc mua ban hang hoa tren mang. Va thanh toan trUc tuye'n van la cdng cu ddc lUc de TMDT phat trien nhanh va manh nhd vao tinh Uu viet, tien lgi va an toan ciia nd: dd ciing chinh la nguyen nhan vi sao eBay trd thanh ndi Ung dung thUdng mai TMDT Idn va cd doanh thu Idn nhat the gidi. Cac md hinh giao dich TMDT va thanh toan trUc tuye'n tai VN cdn rat nhidu cd hdi phat trien ne'u chung ta bie't each phd'i hdp khai thac va phat huy td'i da tidm nang ciia mgi dd'i tUdng: tU nha nUdc, den cac DN, ngUdi tieu dung, nha san xuat nho de tham gia vao XK trong mdi trUdng online • gia mdi trUdng chie'n lUdc Quy hoach neu tren theo quy dinh hien hanh. - HUdng dan. tham djnh hd sd xin cap phep tham dd bd sung viing than Binh Minh. tham dd •vung than Khoai Chau tren dien tich 85,4Km^, tinh HUng Yen va dai than Ddng Tridu - Pha Lai (hdp tdc vdi td chUc NEDO - Nhat Ban) de cap gid'y phep tham dd theo quy dinh hien hanh". Trien khai y kie'n chi dao tren, ngay 23/3/2010, tai Ha Ndi, Bd TN&MT da td chUc hdi thao vd Dd an Didu tra, danh gia tdng the tdi nguyen be than DBSH va vung phu can vdi sU tham gia ciia eac dai dien ban nganh va cac chuyen gia khoang san dia chat. Phat bieu tai hdi thdo, TS. IJguydn Khdc Thg, Phd vu trUdng Vu Cdng nghiep nang, Bg Cdng ThUdng cho bie't, be than Ddng Bdc (Quang Ninh) da tdi thdi gian khai thac "can", dU kie'n nam 2013 nUdc ta se phai NK than. Do vay, viec dieu tra ddnh gid tdng the tai nguyen ciia be than DBSH bay gid mdi dUdc tidn hanh la qua cham tre. Cdn phai day nhanh tien do cdng viec, dUa ra ke't qua danh gia. Qua dd. Bd Cdng ThUdng mdi cd the lap quy hoach khai thac tham do than tai day theo chi dao cua Thu tu'dng. C^ THU0NGM4I So 15/2010 I 45 . 3.000 thanh vien tham gia ECVN. trong dd cd 353 thanh vien vang. 226 thanh vien bac. Sd thanh vien tham gia den nay da cd the dem de'n con sd hang trieu va trung binh. mdi thanh. cdng cu thanh toan cdng nghe cao nhU see dien tuf, 'i dien tijf Thanh toan dien tijf bao gdm thanh toan trUc tuye'n (thanh toan online) va thanh toan theo Id. - Thanh todn. Ha Ndi. Thanh toan bdng tidn mat vdn la tap quan quen diing nen cd tdi 75% sd DN ap dung; trong khi thanh toan bdng cac phUdng thUc cii lam cham di eac giao dich thUdng mai, ma trong kinh