Bài tập hóa học 10 nâng cao 2

Theo dilu kien ddu bai, vi sd natron trong hat nhdn va sd hieu nguyen tft cua mdi nguydn td khdng vugt qua 1 dan vi nen cd thi dp dung each xdc dinh sd dien tfch hat nhdn cua cdc nguyen

PHAN HAI: HI/ONG DAN - BAI GIAI - DAP s6

Chuang 1 •

NGUYEN TCf

BAI ON TAP

1.1 Ndu eft chia ddi lien tiep vien bi sdt thi ddn mdt luc ndo dd ta thu dugc

phdn tft nhd nhd't cdn mang tfnh chat dac trung cua sdt dugc ggi la nguyen

tft sdt

1.2 Khi mdu nudc da dugc chia ddi lien tid'p thi ddn mdt luc nao dd ta thu

dugc phdn tft nhd be nhd't cdn mang tinh chat cua nudc dugc ggi la phdn

tft nudc

1.3 + Theo dinh nghia vl mol, 1 mol mudi an chfta 6,02.10^^ phan tft NaCl

Vi thd trong 0,1 mol mudi an cd sd phan tft NaCl bdng :

6,02.10^^ phan tft/mol x 0,1 mol = 6,02.10^^ phan tft

+ Tuong tg, 1 mol sdt kim loai ed chfta 6,02.10 nguyen tft sdt

Trong X mol sdt chfta 3,01.10 nguyen tft sdt

3,01.10^^

X = — — = 0,5 (mol) nguyen tft sdt

6,02.10^^

1.4 B

1.5 a) Theo dinh nghia vl mol ta ed trong 1 mol nguyen tft C chfta 6,02.10

nguyen tft C Do dd khd'i lugng cfta 1 mol nguydn tft C bdng :

1,99 10"^^ kg/nguyen tft x 6,02.10^^ nguydn tft/mol

1.6 Khdi lugng mol nguyen tft cd tri sd bdng nguyen tft khd'i ciia nguyen td Khd'i lugng mol phdn tft cd tri sd bdng phdn tft khd'i eua chd't Khd'i lugng mol dugc tinh bdng g/mol, trong khi nguyen tft khdi va phdn tft khd'i tinh theo dan vi cacbon (dvC) Ta cd :

a) Phdn tft khdi cfta clo la : 2 x 35,5 = 71 (dvC)

1 mol khf clo cd khd'i lugng bdng : 2 x 35,5 = 71 (g)

14 2 2

Sd mol phdn tft clo cd trong 14,2 g la : ^, ', =0,2 mol

71 g/mol Tuong t g :

b) Phdn tft khd'i cua canxi cacbonat bdng : 40 + 12 + 3 x 16 = 100 (dvC)

10 g

Sd mol phdn tft canxi cacbonat = ——; r =0,1 mol

100 g/mol c) Luu huynh cd nguydn tft khd'i bdng 32 dvC

16 2

Sd mol luu huynh cd trong 16 g la : —;—7^—r = 0,5 mol

32 g/mol d) Phdn tft khdi eua amoniac bdng : 14 + 3 x 1 = 17 (dvC)

NaOH + HCI -> NaCl + H2O Vdi ti le mol cdc chd't tham gia va tao thanh sau phan ftng = 1 : 1

Nhu vdy sd mol HCI cdn dung = sd mol NaOH = 0,002 mol

b) Sd mol sdt = ^^ ' ^ =0,1 mol

56 g/mol Phuang trinh hod hgc phan ftng gifta sdt vdi HCI:

Fe + 2HC1 -^ FeClj + H j t

Theo phuang trinh hod hgc, sd mol HCI cdn dung gdp hai ldn

sd mol sdt = 2 X 0,1 mol = 0,2 mol

c) Sdt(III) oxit cd cdng thftc Fe203 Sd mol sdt(in) oxit bdng :

16 2

r—7 =0,1 (mol) Phuang trinh hod hoc :

160 g/mol

Fe203 + 6HC1 -^ 2FeCl3 + SHjO

Sd mol HQ cdn dung gdp 6 ldn sd mol sdtOOQ) oxit, bdng : 0,1 x 6 = 0,6 (mol)

9 8 2 d) Sd mol ddng (II) hidroxit = ^„ ' , = 0,1 mol Phuang trinh hod hoc :

98 g/mol

Cu(0H)2 +2HC1 -^ CuCl2 + 2H2O

Sd mol HQ cdn dung gdp ddi sd mol ddng(II) hidroxit, bdng: 2 x 0,1 = 02 (mol) 1.8 CJ 0°C va dp sud't 1 atm 1 mol N2 chidm thi tfch bdng 22,4 dm^ Nhu vdy khd'i lugng mol cua nita bdng 22,4 dm^/mol x 1,25 g/dm = 28 g/mol Do

dd phdn tft khd'i cua nita bdng 28 dvC

1.9 A

1.10 - Sd mol ddng(n) oxit = ^J' , ^ , = 0,09 mol Phan ftng khft ddng(II) oxit:

80 g / mol CuO + CO ^°^ > Cu + CO2

- Phan ling xay ra hoan toan ndn san phdm rdn chi la Cu, chd't khf di ra la ' hdn hgp eua CO du va CO2

a) Sd mol ddng kim loai = sd mol ddng(n) oxit = 0,09 mol Khdi lugng ddng thu dugc : 0,09 x 64 = 5,76 (g)

b) Sd mol CO da tham gia phan ftng bdng sd' mol CuO va bdng sd mol CO2 tao thdnh va diu bdng 0,09 mol Thi tich CO (d dktc) da tham gia phan ftng bdng : 0,09 x 22,4 = 2,016 (dm^)

1.11 Sd mol mudi ddng(II) nitrat = „^ ' ,^ , = 0,1 mol

188 g/mol Phuofng tnnh hod hgc :

2Cu(N03)2 ^° ) 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 Theo phuang trinh hod hgc, sd mol ddng(n) oxit = sd mol mudi = 0,1 mol Khd'i lugng ddng(II) oxit = 0,1 x 80 = 8 (g)

1.12 A

74

Bai 1 THANH PHAN NGUYEN TCT

- 2 7 ,

1.13 a) Khd'i luang cua proton gdp -^ '• -—2- = 1836 ldn khd'i luang cfta

9,1094.10"^^ kg electron (gdn hai nghin ldn)

9 1094 10"^^ kg 1

b) Khdi luang cfta electron bang — '-——-^ = -r^r^r—z ldn khd'i luong

l,6748.10"^^kg 1838,5 cua natron hay gdn bdng mdt phdn hai nghin ldn

c) Khd'i lugng cfta cac hat trong nguyen tft heli bdng :

2 X 1,6726 10 ~^^ kg + 2 X 1,6748 10"^^ kg + 2 x 9,1094 10"^' kg

= 6,6966 10"^'^ kg

Khdi lugng cfta 2 electron = 1,8219.10"^° kg

Do dd khdi lugng cfta electron trong nguydn tft heli chi chidm :

Nhu vay, thi tfch cua nguyen tft H ldn han rdt nhilu so vdi thi tfch cua hat nhdn nguyen tft H Nguyen tft H cd cdu tao rdng

b) Khd'i lugng hat nhdn nguyen tft hidro chinh la khd'i lugng cua proton vd bdng l,672.10"^\g

Khdi lugng rieng cua hat nhan nguyen tft hidro bdng :

D = ^ ' ^ ' ^ - ^ C f = 3 , 9 9 1 0 n a ' n / c m ^ 4,19.10"^^m^

+ Khd'i lugng cua nguyen tft hidro (tfnh ca khd'i lugng cfta electron) bdngl,673.10~^^kg

Khdi lugng rieng cua hidro bdng :

1.18.A

•> ^ 2 0 7

1.19 Nguyen tu cua nguyen td chi ddng vi Pb cd Z = 82, sd khd'i bang 207

Sd natron = 207 - 82 = 125 Nhu vay, ti le sd natron/sd proton bdng :

1.20 D

1.21 - Trong nguyen tft, sd proton = sd electron

Tdng sd cdc hat = sd electron + sd natron + sd proton ; Sd natron tdi thilu bdng sd proton (trft nguyen tft JH)

- Ddi vdi cae nguydn tft cfta eac nguyen td cd Z khdng ldn, sd natron khdng chenh lech nhilu so vdi sd proton, chi cdn dem tdng sd hat chia 3 ldy phdn nguydn ta cd sd proton va sd electron Nhu vdy, dd'i vdi nguyen tft nguyen t d X : ^ = 19,333

- Ndu Z = 19 thi sd natron = 20 la cdc gia tri ddc trung cho nguyen td K

cd sd khd'i bdng 39

- Ndu cho Z = 20 thi sd natron = 19 < sd proton, nguyen tft khdng bin

1.22 Cdc hat mang dien trong nguyen tft la proton va electron Cae hat khdng

mang dien la hat natron Trong nguyen tft trung hoa, sd electron bdng sd proton Kf hieu Z va N la sd electron vd sd natron trong nguyen tft Ta ed

he phuang trinh 2 dn sd :

J2Z + N = 82 [2Z - N = 22 Giai he, ta dugc Z = 26 va N = 30 Sd khd'i eua nguyen tft X la : 26 + 30 = 56

Nguyen td X la sdt cd kf hieu nguyen tft la ^Fe

1.23 Theo dilu kien ddu bai, vi sd natron trong hat nhdn va sd hieu nguyen tft

cua mdi nguydn td khdng vugt qua 1 dan vi nen cd thi dp dung each xdc dinh sd dien tfch hat nhdn cua cdc nguyen td X, Y va Z nhu sau :

Nguyen td Z la nguyen td sdt cd 26 electron, sd natron = 30, sd khd'i = 56

va cd kf hieu nguyen td Id 26 Fe

1.24 Cac nguydn tft ed cftng dien tich hat nhdn thi thudc vl mdt nguydn td hoa

hgc Nhu vdy :

+ Cdc nguydn tft ciing cd Z = 7 thi thudc vl nguydn td nita: ^7 A va ^C diu

cd 7 electron va 7 proton Trong dd ^7 A cd 7 natron cdn ^70 cd 8 natron

+ Cac nguyen tft cung cd Z = 8 thi thudc vl nguyen td oxi : gB, gDvd

gG diu cd 8 electron va 8 proton Trong dd, gBcd 8 natron, gDco

+ Nguyen tft 27F cd Z = 27 la nguyen tft cfta nguyen td coban cd kf

hieu-la 27 Co Nguyen tft coban cd 27 proton va 29 natron d hat nhdn, 27 electron

d vd nguyen tft

Bai 3 DONG VL NGUYEN TCT KHOI

VA NGUYEN lO KHOI TRUNG BINH

1.25 D

1.26 Nguyen tft khd'i trung binh la dai lugng dac trung cho sg tdn tai ddng thdi

cua eac loai ddng vi tu nhidn cua nguydn td da cho trdn ldp vd Trdi Ddt

Nguydn tft khd'i trung binh bdng tdng cac phdn ddng gdp cua cac ddng

vi Vi vdy ddi vdi brom ta cd :

Nhu vdy sd natron trong cdc ddng vi la :

+ Trong Xl : 14

+ Trong X2: 2 9 - 14= 15

+ Trong X3: 3 0 - 1 4 = 16

1.30 a) Ggi X la kfhilu nguyen td va la khdi lugng mol nguyen tft cua X Trong

ca hai mudi, X diu cd hod tri 1 Sd mol X trong ca hai mudi bdng nhau Phuang trinh hod hgc :

NaX + AgN03 -^ AgXi + NaN03

8,19 ^ 20,09

^'^^ • 23 + X 108 + X

Giai ra ta dugc X = 35,5

Nguyen tft khd'i cua X bang 35,5 X la clo

b) Ggi sd khdi cfta ddng vi be cfta clo la A Ta cd :

0,75 X A + 0,25 X (A + 2) = 35,5 Giai ra, ta cd A = 35

Ddng vi ldn cua clo cd sd khd'i bdng 35 + 2 = 37

1.31 Ggi % sd nguyen tft ddng vi be cua iridi la x thi % sd nguydn tft cua ddng

vi ldn la (100 - x)

Ta cd : 191x + 193(100 - x) = 192,22 X 100

Giai ra dugc x = 39

Nhu vdy, trong iridi tu nhidn ed khoang 39% sd nguydn tft Id ddng vi 191

vd 61% sd nguyen tft la ddng vi 193 Ti Id sd mol cung bdng ti le sd nguyen tft nen phdn trdm sd mol eua 2 ddng vi cung cd gid tri nhu trdn

1.32 D

1.33 Cd 12 loai phan tft khf cacbonic vdi phdn tft khdi tuang ftng (ghi trong

ngode)la:

'^002^^ (44), '^002'^ (46), '^002'^ (48) ; *^C02^^ (45),'^C02^'' (47), '^C02^^ (49) ; '^CO'^O'^ (45), '^CO'^o'^ (46), '^CO'^o'^ (47) ; '^CO'^O'^ (46), '^CO'^O'^ (47), '^CO'^o'^ (48)

1.34 Xet 1 mol phdn tft HCIO4 cd khd'i lugng bdng 100,5 g Trong dd cd 1 mol

nguydn tft clo chfta 0,7577 mol clo ddng vi 35 vd 0,2423 mol clo ddng vi 37 Khd'i lugng clo ddng vi 37 trong 1 mol HCIO4 la :

0,2423 mol X 37 g/mol = 8,9651 g

+ Phdn tram khd'i lugng clo ddng vi 37 trong HCIO4 bdng :

8,9651 100,5 X 100= 8,92 (%)

Bai 4 SL; CHUYEN DQNG COA ELECTRON TRONG NGUYEN TQ

OBITAN NGUYEN T Q

1.35 + Theo md hinh hanh tinh nguyen tft, trong nguyen tft, eac electron

chuyin ddng ca trdn quy dao trdn vd quy dao bdu due gidng eac hanh tinh quay quanh Mat Trdi

+ Theo md hinh hien dai, trong nguyen tft cac electron chuyin ddng rdt nhanh (vdi tdc do gdn bdng tdc dd cfta anh sang) ndn khdng thi ndi din quy dao ma chi coi chuyin ddng cfta electron nhu mdt dam mdy mang dien tfch dm

80

1.36 Cdc chdm tren hinh ve 1.7 (SGK) khdng phai Id hinh anh cua mdt

electron ma ehi Id hinh anh bilu diln mdt vi trf eua electron d mdt thdi

dilm gia dinh nao dd Vung khdng gian cd nhilu chdm thi xdc sud't cd

mat eua electron d dd cang cao Tdp hgp cac dilm trong vung khdng gian

cd phdn ldn xac sud't ed mat electron dugc coi la dam mdy tfch didn dm

cfta electron

1.37 Nguyen tft H cd thi tdn tai d cac trang thai nang lugng khdc nhau Ci

trang thdi ea ban (trang thai cd ndng lugng thdp nhd't), chuyin ddng cfta

electron dugc md ta bdng obitan hinh cdu cd ban kfnh gdn bdng 0,053 nm

(ggi la obitan Is) Khi nguyen tft H chuyin ddn trang thai cd nang lugng

cao han, chuyin ddng cua electron dugc md ta bdng obitan hinh cdu vdi

bdn kinh ldn hOn va dugc ggi la obitan 2s Nlu nguyen tft H cd ndng

lugng cao han nfta thi chuyin ddng cua electron se dugc md ta bang mdt

trong 3 obitan 2p hinh sd 8 ndi

1.38 Cdc obitan s diu cd dang hinh cdu vdi kha ndng tim thd'y electron theo

mgi hudng nhu nhau

Cae obitan p cd dang hinh sd 8 ndi Cd 3 obitan p dinh hudng theo 3 hudng

vudng gdc vdi nhau va theo hudng cfta 3 true toa dd Decac Obitan dinh

hudng theo true x dixgc kf hieu la obitan p^ Obitan p cd dinh hudng theo

true y duge kf hieu la obitan Py va eon lai la obitan p^ dinh hudng theo true z

1.39 6 trang thdi co ban, electron duy nhd't eua nguyen tft H d tren obitan Is

Electron nay bi hut vl phfa hat nhdn cd dien tfch 1+ Bdn kfnh obitan cua

nguyen tft H bdng 0,0529 nm

Nguyen tft heli cd Z = 2 va cd 2 electron ciing d tren obitan Is nhung ban

kfnh nguyen tft (hay ban kfnh cfta obitan Is cfta heh) giam cdn 0,0128 nm

Nguyen nhdn la luc hut cua hat nhdn nguyen tft H ddi vdi electron yiu

han lgc hut cfta hat nhdn He Electron trong nguyen tft H cd thi tdn tai d

khoang each ldn hon so vdi trong nguyen tft He Obitan nguyen tft H ldn

han obitan nguyen tft He

1.40* Obitan nguyen tft la khu vuc khdng gian xung quanh hat nhdn ma tai dd

xdc sud't cd mat (xdc sud't tim thd'y) electron khoang 90%

Electron cd thi tdn tai d ngoai khu vuc khdng gian quy udc d tren vdi xac

sudt cd mat vao khoang 100% - 90% = 10% Nhu vdy, vl nguyen tdc

obitan khdng ed gidi han

Bai 5 LUYEN TAP VE : T H A N H PHAN CAU TAO NGUYEN TCT

KHOI LUONG cCiA NGUYEN TQ. OBITAN NGUYEN T Q

b) Cac nguyen td nay diu khdng bin va tu phdn huy thdnh cac nguyen tl

khac cd sd hieu nguyen tft be hon

1.45 a) Hat nhan nguyen tft flo cd 9 proton va 10 natron, khd'i lugng hat nhdn

nguyen tft flo (dua vao bang 1.1 trong SGK) bdng :

9 X 1,6726.10"^^ + 10 X 1,6748.10"^^ = 3,1801.10"^^ (kg)

b) The tfch cua hat nhan nguyen tCf flo = -71(0,5.10"'V)^ = 5,23.10"'^^ m^

The tfch cua nguyen tft flo = -71(0,5.10"'°m)^= 5,23.10~^'ml Ti le thi

tfch cua nguyen tft va hat nhdn nguyen tft flo bdng lo'^

c) Khdi lugng rieng cua hat nhdn nguyen tft flo bdng :

Bai 6 LdP VA PHAN LCIP ELECTRON 1.47 + Trong ldp electron thft n se cd n phdn ldp electron Thf du : Ldp thft

nhd't ed 1 phdn ldp electron, ldp thft hai cd 2 phdn ldp electron, ldp thft ba

cd 3 phdn ldp electron

+ Cdc kf hidu chi phdn ldp la : s, p, d

1.48 Cac obitan trong mdt phdn ldp cd ndng lugng bdng nhau Cac obitan thudng cd hinh dang tuong tg nhau nhung khac nhau vl dinh hudng trong khdng gian

Phdn ldp p cd 3 obitan 2p cd nang lugng bdng nhau va cung cd dang hinh sd

8 ndi Obitan 2p^ hudng theo true x, obitan 2py hudng dgc theo true y cdn obitan 2p^ hudng dgc theo true z

Phdn ldp d cd 5 obitan d cd dang tuang tg nhau kilu canh hoa 4 canh Cac obitan nay cd dinh hudng khac nhau trong khdng gian

1.49 Ldp M - ldp thft ba, cd 3 phdn ldp, dd la cac phdn ldp : 3s, 3p va 3d + Phdn ldp 3 s cd mdt obitan

+ Phdn ldp 3p cd ba obitan

+ Phdn ldp 3d cd ndm obitan

Nhu vdy, ldp M cd 9 obitan

1.50 + Sd obitan trong mdt phdn ldp la mdt sd le : 1, 3, 5, tuong ftng vdi phdn ldp thft nhd't, thft hai, thft ba,

+ Phdn ldp p la phdn ldp thft hai nen cd 3 obitan : p^, Py va p^

+ Phdn ldp d la phdn ldp thft 3 nen cd 5 obitan

1.51 Electron 2p' la electron ddu tien d phdn ldp

thft 2 (phdn ldp p), thudc ldp thft 2 (n = 2)

Phdn ldp p gdm 3 obitan cd nang lugng bdng

nhau nen electron cd thi tdn tai d 1 trong ba

obitan 2p nhung cd thi khdng thi bilt la

2Px' 2py hay 2p^

Dam mdy cd dang hinh sd 8 ndi

Bai 7

N A N G L U O N G COA C A C E L E C T R O N TRONG NGUYEN TCT

CAU HINH ELECTRON NGUYEN T Q

a)2s^

I 1 b)2p2

nil 1

c)3p^

1.53 Nguyen tft N cd Z = 7, ldp vd nguyen tft cd 7 electron dugc phdn bd vao cac obitan theo thft tu tang ddn cdc mftc ndng lugng (theo nguyen li viing bin) : Is, 2s va 2p

- Electron ddu tien dugc xdp vdo obitan Is Electron thft hai cd thijghep ddi hay xep vao phdn ldp 2p Do nang lugng ghep ddi be han so vdi chenh lech ndng lugng gifia ldp 1 va ldp 2 nen electron thft hai se xdp vao

2 •»

obitan Is, luc dd hai electron dugc cap ddi Ta cd kf hieu Is chi hai electron da cap ddi tren 1 obitan Is

- Electron thft 3 khdng dugc xdp vdo cung obitan Is vdi hai electron sdn

cd (nguyen If Pau-li) ma xdp vao phdn ldp 2s Ta cd kf hieu 2s^ cho bilt rang cd 1 electron tren obitan nay Electron thft 4 se xdp vao obitan 2s do

Viec sdp xdp cac electron vao obitan theo mftc nang lugng thi hien quy ludt

tg nhien (nguydn If viing bin hay cdn ggi la nguyen If cue tiiu nang lugng) Viec sdp xep cdc electron vao eac obitan theo mftc nang lugng hoan toan tuang duang vdi viec sdp xdp cdc electron vao cac d lugng tft

Khi cdc obitan (hay d lugng tft) d cung phdn ldp cd > 1 obitan, dua vao su phan bd electron theo d lugng tft dl kit luan ve sd electron hod tri, sd electron ddc thdn va dl kit luan vl tfnh chd't hoa hgc cua nguyen to 1.55 Cdu hinh electron la sg phdn bd cac electron theo tftng ldp va phdn ldp

nguyen td (bang 1.2) trong SGK

1.58 a) D b) D

1.59 Can eft vao sd ldp va phdn ldp electron, cac nguyen If vd quy tdc sdp xip electron vao vd nguyen tft, ta thd'y rang cae nguydn td cd cdu hinh electron thay ddi tudn hoan tren cdc phdn ldp s vd p theo ehilu tang cua Z Cdc electron dugc xep vao phdn ldp s (2 electron) rdi di'n phdn ldp p (6 electron) rdi lai lap lai

1.64 C

1.65 Cation R"^dugc tao thanh do nguyen tft R mdt di 1 electron d ldp vd

ngoai cung Nhu vdy, nguyen tft R cd them 1 electron so vdi sd electron 2p^ cua R

Theo quy tdc sdp xep electron vao cac d lugng tft thi d tie'p sau 2p la d 3s Nhu vdy, nguyen tft R cd cd cau hinh electron va phan bd electron theo obitan la :

m [TTITTTTTI Q ]

Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^

1.66 + Nguyen tft cd Z = 9 vdi ca'u hinh electron : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ cd 7 electron d

ldp ngoai cung Nguyen td nay la phi kim

+ Nguyen tft cd Z = 11 vdi cdu hinh electron : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ cd

1 electron duy nhdt d ldp ngoai cung Nguyen td nay la mgt kim loai

+ Nguyen tft cd Z = 16 vdi cdu hinh electron : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ cd

6 electron d ldp ngoai ciing Nguyen td nay la mdt phi kim

+ Nguyen tft cd Z = 20 vdi cdu hinh electron : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 4s^ cd

2 electron d ldp ngoai cung Nguyen td nay la kim loai

1.67* Phdn tft M2X trung hoa dien dugc tao thanh do su kit hgp 2 nguyen tft

M va'l nguyen tft X

Ggi sd proton trong hat nhdn va sd electron cia nguyen tft M la Pj va Zj,

sd proton trong hat nhdn va sd electron ciia nguyen tft X la P2 va Z2 Cac nguyen tft trung hoa dien nen ta cd P] = Z, ; P2 = Z2 Ni va N2 tuong ftng

la sd natron trong hat nhdn cua cac nguyen tft M va X Sd proton, electron

va natron khdng bi thay ddi khi xay ra phan ftng hoa hgc kit hgp hai nguyen tft M vdi 1 nguyen tft X Sft dung cac dilu kien ddu bai ra ta cd he cac phuong trinh bdc 1 sau :

+ Trong phdn tft MjX cd tdng sd hat (p, n, e) la 140 hat:

2(2Pi+Ni) + 2P2 + N2 =140 (1) + Trong phdn tft M2X sd hat mang dien nhilu hon sd hat khdng mang dien la 44 hat:

4Pi + 2P2 - Ni - N2 = 44 (2) + Sd khd'i cua nguyen tft M ldn hon sd khdi cua nguyen tft X la 23 :

(P, + Ni) - (P2 + N2) = 23 (3)

+ Tdng sd hat (p, n, e) trong nguydn tft M nhilu han trong nguydn tft X la

34 hat:

2Pi + Ni = 2P2 + N2 + 34 Giai he phuofng trinh 4 dn sd, thu dugc :

Nguyen td M cd Zi = Pi = 19

Nguyen td X cd Z2 = P2 = 8

Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta cac nguyen td nhu sau

+ Nguyen tft M la kali vdi cd'u hinh electron :

(4)

11 11 mill 11 1111 1

Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s' + Nguyen tft X la oxi vdi cdu hinh electron :

1.68* a) Ggi Pj, P2 la sd proton cd trong nguyen tft M va X tuang ftng bdng sd

electron cfta hai nguyen tft nay Ni vd N2 tuang ftng la sd natron trong hat

nhdn cua cac nguyen tft M va X Sft dung cac dilu kien ddu bai ra ta ed he

cac phuang trinh bdc 1 sau :

+ Trong phdn tft MX2 cd M chidm 46,67% vl khd'i lugng :

+ Trong hat nhdn M sd natron ldn han sd proton 4 hat

Ni = Pi + 4 (2) + Trong hat nhdn X cd N2 = P2 (3) + Trong phdn tft MX2 cd tdng sd proton bdng 58 :

Pi + 2P2 = 58 (4) Giai he phuang trinh 4 dn sd, thu dugc Pi = 26, Ni = 30

2.1 Mdt d nguyen td trong bang tudn hoan gdm cd cac thdng sd va kf hieu sau :

Sd hieu nguyen tft, kf hieu nguyen td, ten nguyen td, nguyen tft khd'i (nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cfta nguyen td tren ldp vd Trdi Ddt), do dm dien, cd'u hinh electron Ngoai ra cdn cd thi cd khdi lugng rieng, nhiet dd sdi, nhiet dd ndng chay, Sau ddy la hai thi du vl d nguyen td :

S6 hi#u nguySn tur

K( hl^u

hod hpc

Nguydn tur khdi

Ki hl$u hod hoc

Sd hiSu nguydn tur

Nguydn tuf kh6i

Bdamdjln cUu hinh electron Cku h'mh electron

2.2 Mdt sd vi trf trong bang tudn hoan trong dd nguyen td dftng trudc cd nguyen tft khd'i trung binh ldn hon nguyen td dftng sau :

- Hai nguyen td agon va kali Nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cua agon bdng 39,948 ldn han 39,098 la nguyen tft khdi trung binh cua kali Nguyen td

2.4

So vdi dinh nghia chu ki la mdt day cac nguyen td hod hgc md nguyen tft cua chung cd cung sd ldp electron, dugc sdp xdp theo chiiu didn tich hat nhdn tang dan khdng cd gi khac Nguydn nhan la do sd dan vi didn tich hat nhan cua nguyen tft bdng sd electron d ldp vd Vi vay cd thi dinh nghia theo ca hai each

Bang tudn hoan chi cd 7 chu ki Sd nguyen td trong mdi chu ki khdng gidng nhau Chu ki 1 cd hai nguyen td Chu ki 2 va 3 cd 8 nguyen td Ba chu ki nay dugc ggi la cdc chu ki nhd Cac chu ki 4, 5 cd 18 nguyen td Chu ki 6 cd 32 nguyen td va chu ki 7 du chua day du nhung se cd

32 nguyen td Cac chu ki 4, 5, 6, 7 dugc ggi la cdc chu ki ldn

Tdt ca cac chu ki diu kit thuc d mdt nguyen td khf hidm :

Chu ki

Khf hiem

1 Heli

2 Neon

3 Agon

4 Kripton

5 Xenon

6 Radon 2.5 Mdi chu ki gdm cac nguyen td cd cung sd ldp electron trong nguyen ttt

nen sd thft tu cua chu ki chfnh la sd ldp electron Chu ki 3 bdt ddu bdng natri (kim loai kilm) va kit thuc bdng khi hidm agon Sd thft tu eua chu ki bdng 3 Cdc nguyen td cua chu ki 3 cd 3 ldp electron la ldp K, ldp L va ldp M Ldp K chi cd 2 electron dugc kf hieu la Is Ldp L cd 8 electron

2.6 Cac nguyen td dugc phan thanh cac khd'i Khd'i cdc nguyen td s gdm cdc nguyen td nhdm IA (cdn dugc ggi la nhdm kim loai kilm) vd cac nguyen

td nhdm IIA (cdn dugc ggi la nhdm kim loai kilm thd)

Khd'i cac nguyen td p gdm cac nguyen td cua 6 nhdm, tft nhdm IIIA din nhdm VIIIA (trft He) Cdc nhdm cdn cd ten ggi khdc chang han cdc nguyen td nhdm VIIA dugc ggi la cdc halogen

Khd'i cac nguyen td d gdm cdc nguyen td tft nhdm IB ddn nhdm VIIIB Khd'i cdc nguyen td f gdm 14 nguyen td thudc hg Lantan vd 14 nguyen td thudc hg Actini Khd'i nguyen td f dugc xdp rieng thdnh 2 hang ngang d cud'i bang Hai khd'i nguyen td d vd f cdn dugc ggi la cac nhdm kim loai chuyen tidp

90

2.7 Cdn eft vao nguyen tdc xac dinh vi tri cia nguyen td trong bang tudn hoan, ta

cd : Nguyen td X d d sd 11 (tdng sd electron =11), chu ki 3 vi cd 3 ldp electron, nhdm A vi electron cud'i cung dugc phdn bd vao phdn ldp 3 s do cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft vilt day du la Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s' va d nhdm IA

vi sd electron ldp ngoai cung bdng 1

Nguyen td Y cd cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft day du la Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ nen d d sd 17, chu ki 3, nhdm VIIA

Nguyen td Z cd cdu hinh electron nguyen tft ddy du la Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 4s^ nen d d sd 20, chu ki 4, nhdm IIA

Bai 10

:AU Hlh

CUA CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC SUBIEN 001 TUAN H O A N CAU H I N H ELECTRON NGUYEN T(S

2.8 Cac nguyen td nhdm A la cac nguyen td cd ca trong cac chu ki nhd va chu

ki ldn Trong nguyen tft cua cdc nguyen td nhdm A, cac electron hod tri tdn tai tren cdc phdn ldp s va p cua cung mdt ldp Trong mdt chu ki, cac nguyen td thudc nhdm A cd sd electron hod tri thay ddi tft 1 den 8 va diu thudc ldp ngoai cung Cac nguyen td thugc nhdm B chi cd d cac chu ki ldn Cac nguyen td thudc nhdm B cd cac electron hod tri tdn tai tren phdn ldp s cua ldp ngoai cung ddng thdi vdi cac electron cua phdn ldp d hodc f thudc ldp ben trong Nhu vdy, d ldp ngoai cung chi cd tft 1 de'n 2 electron (trft nguyen tft paladi khdng cd electron nao tren phdn ldp s ngoai cung) 2.9 Cdc nguyen td nhdm A va cae nguyen td nhdm B cd cung sd thft tu nhdm

chi cd mdt ddc dilm chung la cd thi thi hien hod tri cao nhdt bdng nhau va bdng chfnh so thft tg cua nhdm

Thf du nguyen td cacbon d nhdm IVA va titan d nhdm IVB Cacbon cd hod tri cao nhd't bdng 4 trong CO2 Trong khi dd titan cung cd hoa tri cao nhdt la 4 trong Ti02

Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua C va Ti khdng gidng nhau Tfnh chd't vdt

li vd hod hgc cua C va Ti khdng cd mdt su tuang tg nao

2.10 Khi ndi ddn vi trf cua mdt nguydn td hod hgc trong bang tudn hoan ta

thudng ndi ddn sd thft tg cua : d, chu ki, nhdm va nhdm A hay B cua

nguyen td

Sd thft tu cua d nguyen td chfnh bdng sd proton trong hat nhdn bdng sd

electron d vd nguyen tft Nhu vdy, sd thft tu cua d nguydn td bdng tdng sd

electron cua nguyen tft nguyen td dd Neu can eft vao cd'u hinh electron

thi chi cdn xac dinh tdng sd electron Thf du nguyen td sdt cd cd'u hinh

electron : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^ 4s^ cd tdng sd electron bdng 26 Sdt d 6

thft 26 cfta bang tudn hoan

Sd thft tu cua chu ki bdng sd ldp electron ftng vdi gid tri n ldn nhd't trong

cd'u hinh electron cua nguyen tft Thf du nguyen td sdt cd cd'u hinh

electron : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^ 4s^ vdi gia tri n ldn nhd't bdng 4 Sdt d chu

ki4

Cdc nguyen td nhdm A ed eac electron cud'i cung dugc xdp vao phdn ldp s

hodc p (d ldp electron ngoai cung) Ngugc lai, cdc nguydn td nhdm B co

cac electron cud'i cung dugc xep vdo phdn ldp d hoac f Can eft cd'u hinh

nguyen tft sdt d tren cdn nhd rdng electron dugc phdn bd vdo phdn ldp 4s

trudc phdn ldp 3d (sg chen mftc ndng lugng electron) ndn cac electron

cud'i cung dugc xdp vdo phdn ldp 3d Nhu vdy, sdt thudc nhdm B Nguyen

2 5 '

tft Cl cd cd'u hinh electron : [Ne] 3 s 3p cd cac electron cudi cung dugc

xdp vdo phdn ldp 3p nen clo la nguyen td thudc nhdm A

Cdc nguyen td nhdm A cd sd thft tg cua nhdm trung vdi sd electron d

ldp ngodi cung cfta nguyen tft Thf du clo cd electron ldp ngodi cung la

2 5

3s 3p vdi 7 electron nen thudc nhdm VIIA

Cdc nguyen td' nhdm B : Cdn xet ddn electron ldp ngoai cung va phdn ldp d

gdn ldp ngoai cung cua nguyen tft Ggi tdng sd' electron trdn hai phdn ldp

nay la S Neu S < 7 thi sd nhdm bang S Ndu S = 8, 9, 10 thi sd nhdm bang

VIII va nlu S > 10 thi sd nhdm bdng S - 10 Thf du vdi nguydn tft sdt

S = 8 nen sdt d nhdm VIIIB Nguyen td ddng cd cd'u hinh electron nguyen

tft la : [Ar] 3d^° 4s^ vdi tdng sd electron tren 3d va 4s bdng 11 ndn ddng d

n h d m I B : ( l l - 1 0 = l )

2.11 Ggi sd dan vi dien tich hat nhdn eua nguyen td X la Z Nguydn td Y d 6

kd tie'p vdi nguyen td X trong cung chu ki ndn cd sd don vi didn tich hat

nhdn la Z + 1

92

Theo dilu kien ddu bai, t a c d Z + Z + l = 2 7 ^ Z = 1 3 Nhu vdy, nguyen

2.12 Cdc nguyen td nhdm VIA cd hod tri cao nhd't dd'i vdi oxi bdng sd thft tg

nhdm va bdng 6 Ndu ggi M la kf hieu nguyen tft ddng thdi la khd'i lugng mol nguyen tft, ta cd edng thftc cua oxit la MO3 Theo dilu kien ddu bai

ra ta cd :

^ / ^ x l 0 0 = 60

M + 3 x l 6 Giai ra ta cd M = 32 g la khd'i lugng mol nguyen tft cua luu huynh Nguyen td S d d thft 16 cfta bang tudn hoan nen cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua luu huynh la Is 2s 2p 3s 3p

2.13 Cdc nguyen td chu ki hai cd electron dugc xdp vao ldp thft 2 vdi hai phdn

ldp la 2s vd 2p Chu ki 2 bdt ddu tft nguyen td liti Hai nguyen td liti va beri cd electron xdp vao phdn ldp 2s

Tft nguyen td bo, cdc electron dugc xep tilp vao phdn ldp 2p Phdn ldp 2p

cd 3 obitan nen cd thi chfta tdi da la 6 electron nen cdc nguyen td cdn lai cua chu ki cd cdc electron dugc xdp vao phdn ldp 2p Khi cdu hinh

2.14 Khi xdp cdc nguyen td theo chiiu tang cua dien tich hat nhdn nguydn tft

thi cdu hinh electron theo ldp va phdn ldp se biln ddi mdt each tudn hoan Nguyen td ddu chu ki cd electron dugc xep vao phdn ldp ns sau dd vao cdc phdn ldp np tidp theo Ndu gifta phdn ldp ns va phdn ldp np cd chen them cdc phdn ldp (n - l)d hay (n - 2)f thi d cac nguyen td cud'i chu ki, cdc electron dugc xdp vdo phdn ldp p dl hoan thanh phdn ldp np cua nguyen td khf hidm Nhu vdy sg bidn ddi tudn hoan vl cd'u hinh electron thi hien rd nhd't dd'i vdi phdn ldp s va p (cac nguyen td nhdm A)

2.15 a) Hai nguyen tft X va Y tuy cd cung sd electron d ldp ngodi cung la 2

nhung nguydn to X khdng cd electron d phdn ldp d ndn dd la nguyen td nhdm A (nhdm IIA) Trong khi dd, nguyen to Y cd 3 electron d phdn ldp 3d nen thudc nhdm B Y la nguyen td nhdm B nen thudc vl nhdm cd sd thft tu nhdm = 2 + 3 = 5 Nguyen td Y d nhdm VB trong khi nguydn td X

d nhdm IIA

b) Tdng sd electron trong mdt nguyen tft cua nguyen td X bdng 12 cdn tdng sd electron trong mdt nguyen tft cua nguyen td Y bdng 23 Vdy chung each nhau 10 nguyen td Hai nguydn td X va Y khdng cung chu ki

vi X d chu ki 3 cdn Y d chu ki 4

Bai 11 SL; BIEN DOI MOT SO OAI LL/ONG VAT LI COA CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

2.16 B

2.17 Trong mdt chu ki, dien tich hat nhdn tdng ddn tft trai sang phai vi thd ban

kinh nguyen tft cua nguyen td giam dan

Cd thi giai thfch su bien ddi nay la do lgc hut cfta hat nhdn dd'i vdi cac electron tang ddn khi di tft ddu chu ki de'n cud'i chu ki Natri dftng ddu chu

ki 3, cd ban kinh nguyen tft ldn nhd't la 0,157 nm Ban kfnh nguyen tft cdc nguyen td giam dan theo chiiu tft trai qua phai ddn clo bdn kfnh nguyen tft chi cdn 0,099 nm

2.18.B

2.19 D

2.20 A

2.21 B

2.22 Nguyen td X thudc nhdm V, vdy Y phai d nhdm IV hodc nhdm VI

Ggi Px va Py tuang ling la sd proton trong nguyen tft X vd Y

Px + Py = 23 va X thudc nhdm VA nen X chi cd thi la N hoac P

94

Ndu X la P, do Px = 15 nen Py = 8 ftng vdi nguyen td oxi Trudng hgp nay loai vi P ed phan ftng vdi oxi khi ddt ndng

Ndu X la N thi Px = 7 va Py = 16 ftng vdi nguyen td S Trudng hgp nay dung vi d trang thai dan chat chung khdng phan ftng vdi nhau Nhu vdy, cap nguyen td la N va S

Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua N : Is 2s 2p

Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua S : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3^^

a) Kali cd tinh kim loai manh han natri, thi hien su bie'n ddi tfnh kim loai theo nhdm A Dd dm diln va nang lugng ion hoa ciia kali nhd han so vdi natri b) Natri cd tinh kim loai manh han nhdm the hien tinh kim loai giam ddn theo ehilu tft trdi sang phai trong chu ki Do am dien va nang lugng ion hod cfta natri nhd han so vdi nhdm

c) Nhdm cd tfnh kim loai kem natri do dftng d ben phai ciia natri trong mdt chu ki Trong khi dd natri cd tfnh kim loai kem han kali do quy ludt biln ddi tinh chd't trong nhdm IA Do vdy nhdm cd tfnh kim loai kem kali

2.24 Kha ndng thu nhdn electron hay kha ndng hiit electron vl phia minh trong hgp chd't cfta mdt nguyen td thi hien tinh phi kim Dai lugng ddc trung dung dl bien ludn cho kha ndng ay la do dm dien

Trong mdt chu ki, dd dm dien tdng ddn khi di tft ddu ddn cudi chu ki Trong mdt nhdm A, dd dm didn giam ddn khi di tft trdn xudng dudi Tren

ca sd dd ta cd :

a) Cacbon cd tfnh phi kim manh han silic, thi hien quy ludt bidn ddi tfnh phi kim trong mdt nhdm (giam ddn khi di tft trdn xudng) Dd dm didn cua cacbon ldn ban cfta silic

b) Clo cd tfnh phi kim manh han luu huynh thi hien quy ludt biln ddi tfnh phi kim trong mdt chu ki (tang ddn khi di tft trai sang phai) Dd dm dien cfta clo ldn han cua luu huynh

c) Kdt hgp su bidn ddi theo chu ki va nhdm ta cd tfnh phi kim cfta nito ldn han cua cacbon (trong cung chu ki) Tfnh phi kim cua cacbon ldn han cfta silic (trong cung nhdm) Nhu vdy tfnh phi kim cfta nito manh ban cfta silic

Do dm didn cua nita ldn ban cua silic

2.25 Hod tri dd'i vdi oxi bang hai ldn sd nguyen tft oxi kdt hgp vdi mdt nguyen tft cfta nguyen td trong oxit Trong mdt chu ki, hod tri cao nhdt cua nguyen td' dd'i vdi oxi tang ddn tft 1 ddn 7 theo chiiu tft trdi qua phai Hod tri dd'i vdi hidro la sd nguyen tft H cd thi kdt hgp hodc thay thi vdi

1 nguyen tft cfta nguyen td da cho

Trong chu ki 2, hod tri cua cac nguyen td dd'i vdi oxi vd hidro trong cdc hgp chd't thi hien trong bang :

STT phan nhdm

Hop chat vdi oxi

Hoa trj cao nhd't vdi oxi

Hop chat l<hi'vdi hidro (neu cd)

Hoa trj vdi hidro

- Trong mdt chu ki, tfnh bazo cua oxit va hidroxit tuong ftng giam, tfnh

axit cfta chftng manh ddn len :

Mg(0H)2 Baza yeu

AI2O3 Oxit ludng tfnh AI(0H)3 Hidroxit luang tmh

Si02 Oxit axit yeu H2Si03 Axit yeu

P2O5 Oxit axit trung binh H3PO4 Axit trung binh

SO3 Oxit axit manh H2SO4 Axit manh

CI2O7 Oxit axit rat manh HCIO4 Axit rat manh

2.27 a) Trdng mdt nhdm A, khi di tft tren xudng tfnh bazo cua cdc oxit va hidroxit

tdng ddn Canxi, stronti va bari cung d nhdm IIA do vdy tinh bazo cfta

hidroxit tang ddn tft trai sang phai: Ca(0H)2 < Sr(0H)2 < Ba(0H)2

b) Trong mdt chu ki, tfnh bazo giam ddn khi di tft ddu chu ki cho den cud'i

chu ki Natri va nhdm d trong cung chu ki 3, natri d ben trdi va nhdm d

ben phai vi the tinh bazo cfta Al(OH)3 yeu ban NaOH

c) Kit hgp su bie'n thien tfnh bazo theo chu ki va nhdm ta cd tfnh baza

tdng ddn vl gdc trai ben dudi cua bang tudn hoan Canxi d nhdm IIA, Cs

d nhdm IA, canxi d chu ki 4 cdn Cs d chu ki 6 vi vdy tfnh bazo cua

Ca(0H)2 yiu hon tfnh baza cua KOH (trong ciing chu ki), trong khi dd

tfnh bazo cfta KOH ydu ban tfnh bazo cua CsOH (trong cung nhdm) Do

vdy tfnh bazo cua Ca(OH)2 yeu ban cfta CsOH

2.28 Trong mdt nhdm A, khi di tft tren xud'ng tinh axit cua cdc oxit va hidroxit

giam ddn

a) H2CO3 cd tfnh axit manh ban H2Si03 do sg bien ddi tinh axit theo

nhdm IVA

b) Trong mdt chu ki, tfnh axit cua cdc hidroxit ftng vdi hod tri cao nhd't

cua phi kim tang ddn khi di tft trai sang phai, do dd :

HjSiOg < H3PO4 < H2SO4

2.29 Khi cho cdc oxit tdc dung vdi nudc tao ra cac hidroxit theo dung hod tri

cua nguyen td trong oxit Tuy theo hidroxit thi hien tinh axit hay tfnh

bazo ma ta se vidt cdng thftc cua hidroxit Cdng thftc cua bazo dugc gift

nguyen nhu hidroxit cdn cdng thftc cfta axit vilt d dang nguyen tft H ket

hgp vdi gd'c axit theo dung hod tri cua gd'c axit

+ Cac oxit tao ra hidroxit thi hien tinh baza

Na20 + H2O -^ 2 NaOH

CaO + H2O -^ Ca(OH)2 + Cdc oxit tao ra hidroxit the hien tfnh axit:

CO2 + H2O -^ H2CO3 N2O5 + H2O -^ 2HNO3 SO3 + H2O -^ H2SO4

CI2O7 + H2O -> 2HCIO4

kilm baza manh

axit yeu axit manh axit manh axit manh

+ Trong hgp chd't vdi hidro, photpho thi hien hod tri 3 : PH3

+ Oxit cao nhd't cua photpho tac dung vdi nudc thi hien tfnh chdt cua oxit axit

P2O5 + 3H2O -^ 2H3PO4

2.35 Do dm dien bilu thi kha ndng hut electron cua nguyen tft nguydn td hoa hgc Do dm dien cdng ldn thi kha ndng hut electron cang ldn (ldn nhdt

la nguyen td flo) Do dm dien cd lien quan chat che ddn tinh kim loai va phi kim Dd dm dien cdng ldn thi tfnh phi kim cang manh, tinh kim loai cang yeu

Trong mdt chu ki dd dm dien cua nguyen tft cdc nguyen td tdng ddn khi di theo ehilu tdng cfta dien tich hat nhdn, trong chu ki 3 do dm dien cua nguyen tft cac nguyen td tdng ddn khi di tft trdi sang phai Dd dm dien thdp nhd't bdng 0,93 d nguyen tft nguyen td natri, cao nhd't bdng 3,16 d nguyen tft nguyen td clo

Trong mdt nhdm A do dm dien cua nguyen tft cdc nguyen td giam ddn khi

di theo ehilu tdng dien tfch hat nhdn, trong nhdm VIIA do dm dien giam ddn khi di tft tren xudng dudi Dd dm dien cao nhdt la d nguyen tft nguyen td flo (3,98) va thdp nhdt d nguyen td atatin (2,20) Atatin da thi hien tfnh chdt cua mdt kim loai, trong khi dd flo la phi kim manh nhdt

F 3,98

Mg 1,31

01 3,16

Al 1,61

Br 2,96

Si 1,90

I 2,66

P 2,19

At 2,20

S 2,58

Ci 3,16

Ar -

Bai 14 LUYEN TAP CHUONG 2

9 "7 fi 0 f\ 0

2.36 Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua X la : Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s vdi 2 electron

d ldp eletron ngoai cung vi thd X la mdt kim loai

Cdu hinh electron cua ion X "^ la : Is 2s 2p 3s 3p

Tft cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua X, dl dang kit luan dugc nguyen td X thudc d sd 20, chu ki 4, nhdm IIA

2.37 D

2.38 D

2.39 A

2.40 Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua X la : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^ 4s^ Nhu

vdy, X thudc d sd 22, chu ki 4, nhdm IVB va la kim loai Ion X "^ hodc X'^* tao thanh la do nguyen tft X mat hai hodc 4 electron Cdu hinh electron cua cac ion :

X^^ : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^

X * ^ l s 2 2s2 2p^3s2 3p^

2.41 Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua Y la : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ Nguyen td Y d d

sd 18, chu ki 3, nhdm VIIIA Ddy la mdt nguydn td khf hidm (Ar) cd cdu hinh electron nguyen tft bin viing nen khdng tdn tai hgp chd't cfta Y trong dd

Y tdn tai d dang ion

2.42 Cation R"^ tao thanh tft nguyen tft R do mdt di 1 electron Cd thi xdy dung cdu

hinh electron nguyen tft cfta R bang each them vao cdu hinh electron cua R"*" mdt electron Electron them vao dugc phdn bd vao phdn ldp 4s (ngay sau 3p) a) Cd'u hinh electron cua R la : Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s

b) Nguyen td R thudc chu ki 4, nhdm IA va la kim loai vi chi cd 1 electron duy nhd't d ldp electron hod tri R la nguydn td kali

c) Tinh chd't hoa hgc ddc trung nhd't cua kali la dl nhudng electron trong cac phan ftng hod hgc

- Khi dl K ngoai khdng khi, anh kim mdt di nhanh chdng do phan ftng :

4K + 0 2 ^ 2 K 2 0

- Cho mdt mdu nhd K vao nudc, phan ftng ddy hidro xay ra manh liet:

2K + 2H2O ^ 2KOH + H2t d) Anion X tao ra tft nguyen tft X do nhdn 1 electron Do dd, cd'u hinh electron cua X dugc tim tft cd'u hinh cua X bdng each bdt di 1 electron

Ta cd cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua X la : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ Ddy la nguyen td clo

2.43 Hai kim loai cung d nhdm IIA nen cd cung tfnh chd't hod hgc, cung thi

hien hod tri 2 va cd the thay bdng mdt kim loai tuang duang M Kim loai tuang duang M cd khdi lugng mol nguyen tft ndm trong khoang gia tri khd'i lugng mol nguyen tft cua hai nguyen td cdn tim

Ta cd phuang trinh hod hgc :

M + 2HC1-> MCI2 + H2t Theo phuang trinh hod hgc, sd mol hai kim loai (hay sd mol kim loai tuang duang) bdng sd mol hidro = 3,36 dm^/22,4 dm'^/mol = 0,15 mol

4 4 p

Khd'i luang mol nguyen tft trung binh cua M la : —-—^—= 29 33 g/mol

0,15 mol ' thudc khoang khd'i lugng mol nguyen tft eua magie va canxi Vdy hai kim loai cdn tim la Mg va Ca

100

Chucmg 3 _ ^ _ _ _ ^ _ , ^ _

LIEN KET HOA HOC

•

Bai 16

K H A I NIEM VE LIEN KET HOA HOC LIEN KET ION

3.1 Cac nguyen tft khf hiem diu cd cd'u hinh electron ldp ngoai cung dac biet

bin vftng : ns np (trft heli cd cau hinh Is ) Cac nguyen tft khf hiem rat

khd tham gia phan ftng hod hgc Trong tg nhien, cac khi hilm diu tdn tai

d dang nguyen tft (hay cdn ggi la phan tft mdt nguyen tft) tu do (nen cdn

ggi la cac khi tro)

Cac nguyen tft cua cdc nguyen td khac khdng cd cd'u hinh electron

nguyen tft gidng cdc khi hiem nen cd xu hudng dat den ldp vd electron

cua cae khf hidm Cdc nguyen tft cfta cung nguyen td lien kit vdi nhau tao ra

cac phdn tft dan chd't nhu H2, O2, CI2

Cdc nguyen tft cua cdc nguyen td lien kit vdi nhau tao ra cac phdn tft hgp

chd't : HCI, CO2 hay tu tap hgp lai thanh cac khdi don chdt nhu kim

cuong, than chi, photpho rdn

Trong nhiing phdn tft tao thanh tft cdc nguyen tft, cd'u hinh electron cua tiing

nguyen tft thudng gid'ng cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua khf tra Do dd, phdn

tft hay tinh thi cd ndng lugng thdp ban tdng nang lugng cua tiing nguyen tft

rieng re Nhu vdy, nguyen nhdn dl tao thanh lien kit hoa hgc va tao thanh

phdn tft la khuynh hudng liin ki't cdc nguyin tic cua cdc nguyen td hod hgc

dedqt tdi cdu hinh electron nguyen tdcua khi hii'm

3.2 a) Nguyen tft kali chi cd 1 electron d ldp vd ngoai cung nen dl dang

nhudng di electron nay de tao thanh ion K"^ Ion K"^ cd cd'u hinh electron

cua khi hidm agon dftng trudc kali

Nguyen tft brom thi ngugc lai cd 7 electron d ldp ngoai cung nen dl dang

nhdn them 1 electron tao ra ion Br~ cd cd'u hinh electron cua khi hiem

kripton

b) Cdc ion K"^ va ion Br" hut nhau bdng luc hut tinh dien de tao ra lien kit

ion Phdn tft kali bromua cd ndng lugng thdp ban tdng ndng lugng cua

nguyen tft kali va brom rieng re

Nguyen tft kali thi ngugc lai, cd 1 electron d ldp electron ngoai cung nen

de dang cho di 1 electron tao ra cation kali (K"^) cd cd'u hinh electron cua khf hidm agon

Nhu vdy, lieh kit cua cac anion florua va cation kali dugc thgc hidn bdng luc hut tinh didn va thudc loai lien kdt ion

2

3.4 Nguyen tft canxi cd cd'u hinh electron ldp ngodi cung la 4s Khi cho di

2 electron, nguyen tft canxi bie'n thanh cation Ca "^ vdi cd'u hinh electron

9 9 A 9 6

9-+-ddy du la Is 2s 2p 3s 3p cua khi hidm agon Cation Ca cd 8 electron

d ldp ngoai cung (thoa man quy tdc bat tft)

Nguyen tft flo dl nhdn them 1 electron de bidn thanh anion florua vdi cd'u hinh electron cua khi hidm neon Ion florua cd 8 electron d ldp ngoai cung (thoa man quy tdc bat tft)

Nhu vdy, lien kit cua cdc ion Ca "^ vd F dugc thuc hien bdng luc hut tmh dien va thudc vl lien kit ion Phdn tft canxi florua cd thi bilu diln bang cdng thftc CaF2

, 9 9 A

3.5 Cd'u hinh electron cfta cation R la Is 2s 2p do mat 1 electron d phdn ldp ke tilp Phdn ldp ke tidp vdi phdn ldp 2p la phdn ldp 3s Cd'u hinh

9 9 A 1

electron cfta nguyen tft R la Is 2s 2p 3s Nhu vdy, nguyen tft R cd

11 electron, R la nguyen tft natri Ban chd't cfta lien kdt giua natri vd flo la lien ket ion Trong phdn tft natri florua, ion natri cd dien tfch bdng 1+ va ion florua cd dien tfch bdng 1-

3.6 Khi nhdn electron, nguyen tft X bidn thanh anion X Nhu vdy, nguyen tft

102

3.7 Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua natri va oxi :

3.8* A

Bai 17 LIEN KET CONG HOA TR!

3.9 Lien kit cdng hod tri la lien kit dugc tao ra do su dung chung mdt hay nhilu cap electron cua cac nguyen tft trong phdn tft _

Phdn tft H2 CO 1 lien kit cdng hod tri va dugc bieu diln bdng cdng thftc cdu tao la : H - H

Phdn tft clo cd mdt lien kit cdng hod tri va dugc bilu diln bang cdng thftc cd'u tao la : Cl - Cl

Phdn tft hidro clorua cd 1 lien kit cdng hod tri : H - Cl

Phdn tft nita cd 3 lien kit cdng hoa tri : N = N

3.10 Khi cdc nguyen tft tiln lai gdn nhau xud't hien luc hiit va luc day Luc hiit

dugc thuc hien gifta cdc dien tfch trai dau : cac electron tren cac obitan va cac hat nhdn Lgc ddy la luc tac dung gifia cac dien tfch cung dau : cac hat nhdn ddy nhau, cac electron tren cac obitan day nhau Khi luc hiit cdn bang vdi lgc ddy lien kit dugc tao thanh

Cd thi bilu diln lien kit va cd'u tao electron trong phdn tft flo nhu sau : :F: F : (cdng thftc electron) hay F - F (cdng thftc cd'u tao)

3.13 Nguyen tft brom cd cdu hinh electron ldp ngodi cung la : [Ar] 3d 4s 4p trong dd cd 1 electron ddc thdn tren mdt obitan 4p Khi tham gia lien kit vdi nguyen tft H dl tao thanh phdn tft HBr, nguyen tft H ddng gdp 1 electron ddc thdn tren obitan Is, nguyen tft brom ddng gdp 1 electron ddc thdn tren obitan 4p, lien kit dugc tao thanh do sg dung chung mdt cap electron

Do hai nguydn tft khdc nhau vl dd dm dien nen cap electron bi hftt lech vl phia nguyen tft brom Nhu vdy, ngudi ta ndi rdng lien kit gifta H va Br la lien kdt cdng hod tri phdn cgc va duge bilu diln bdng cdng thftc H: Br : ' 3.14 Mdi nguyen tft nita diu cd 5 electron tren ldp ngoai cung trong dd cd

3 electron ddc thdn d tren 3 obitan 2p Khi hai nguydn tft nita kit hgp thdnh phdn tft N2, chung cung sft dung chung 3 electron ddc thdn dl tao

ra 3 lien kit Nhu vdy, mdi nguyen tft nita trong N2 diu cd dugc 5 + 3 = 8 electron d ldp electron ngoai cung : I N = N I Nguyen tft nita trong N2 thoa man dugc quy tdc bat tft

Trong phdn tft NO cd 1 lien kit ddi do sg dung chung 2 electron ddc thdn (trong ba electron ddc thdn) cua mdt nguyen tft nita va hai electron ddc thdn cfta nguyen tft oxi Nhu vdy chi cd nguyen tft oxi cd dft 8 electron (6 + 2 = 8) la thoa man quy tdc bat tft, cdn nguyen tft nita chi cd 7 electron (5 + 2 = 7) khdng thoa man dugc quy tdc bat tft : • N = O :

3.15 Lien kit cdng hod tri dugc tao thanh do su dung chung cdc' cap electron cua 2 nguyen tft thudc 2 nguyen td khac nhau (cd dd dm dien khdc nhau) dugc ggi la lien kdt cdng hod tri phdn cgc

104

Thf du dan gian nhd't vl lidn kdt cdng hod tri phdn cgc la lien kit trong phdn tft HF Nguyen tft H ft dm dien ban nguyen tft F, do dd cap electron lien kdt chung se bi hut lech vl phfa nguyen tft F Phdn tft HF la mdt ludng cue dien vdi ddu dm la nguyen tft F va ddu duong eua ludng cgc la nguyen tft H Trong cac phdn tft nhilu nguyen tft nhu NH3, H2O, H2S, SO2 diu cd cdc lien kit cdng hod tri phdn cue do cac nguyen tft H va N,

O va H, S va H, S va O ed dd dm dien khac nhau

3.16 Lien kdt cho - nhdn la lien kit CHT phdn cue do hai nguyen tft dung chung mdt cap electron thudc vl mdt nguyen tft trudc khi tham gia tao lien ket ,

Xet phdn tft NO2 : Trong phdn tft NO (xem bai 3.14), nguyen tft oxi cd du

8 electron d ldp ngoai cung va thoa man quy tdc bdt tft Nguyen tft nito mdi ed 7 electron Trong phdn tft NO2 cung nhu vdy, nguyen tft nita chi cdn 1 electron ddc thdn khdng dft dl ghep ddi vdi hai electron ddc than cua mdt nguyen tft oxi thft hai Lien kit cdng hod tri gifta nguyen tft nito

va nguyen tft oxi thft hai se dugc thuc hien bdng sg cho - nhdn cap electron cfta nguyen tft nita Nhu vdy nguyen tft oxi thft hai cung cd 8 electron Nguyen tft nito vdn chi cd 7 electron Nhu vdy, trong phdn tft NO2 cd 3 lien kit cdng hod tri Cdng thftc cd'u tao cua NO2 :

O

N <

O

B a l i s

SU LAI HOA CAC OBITAN NGUYEN TQ

SU HINH T H A N H LIEN KET DON, LIEN KET DOI VA LIEN KET BA 3.17 Su lai hod gifta cdc obitan 2s va 3 obitan 2p cua nguyen tft C tao ra 4 obitan

lai hod (sp^) gid'ng bet nhau hudng vl 4 dinh cua mdt tft dien diu Tren mdi obitan lai hod nay cd 1 electron ddc thdn se ghep ddi vdi mdt electron ddc thdn cua mdt nguyen tft hidro Bdn lien kit cdng hod tri dugc hinh thdnh Gdc lien ket la gdc tft dien nen cd gid tri bdng 109°28'

3.18 Lien kdt a la lien ket dugc hinh thanh ddu tidn khi mdt phdn tft tao thanh

Ndu theo quan dilm xen phu obitan thi lien kdt a tao ra do su xen phu true cua obitan lien kit trung vdi dudng ndi hai hat nhdn nguydn tft lien kit Phdn obitan xen phft nay khdng bi thay ddi khi quay mdt obitan xung quanh true lien kdt va gift nguyen obitan kia Lien kdt a thudng dugc tao thanh do sg xen phu cua hai obitan s vdi nhau, gifia mdt obitan s va mdt obitan p hay xen phu dd'i ddu cfta hai obitan p Lien kd't trong phdn tft H2 tao ra la do su xen phu gifia hai obitan Is Lien ket trong cdc phdn tft halogen nhu F2, CI2, do su xen phu dd'i dau gifta hai obitan p Lien ket trong phdn tft HF tao thdnh do su xen phu cua obitan Is cua H vd obitan 2p cua F Cac lien kit nay diu la lien kit a

Lien kit 71 la lien kit thudng dugc hinh thanh sau khi da cd lien kit a trong phdn tft Nlu theo quan dilm xen phu obitan thi lien kdt n tao ra do

sg xen phu gifia 2 obitan d hai ben tren true nd'i hai hat nhdn nguyen tft

Sg xen phu nay bi thay ddi khi quay mdt obitan xung quanh true lien kit

va gifi nguyen obitan kia Lien kit n la lien kit thudng dugc tao thanh do

sg xen phu ben cua hai obitan p song song vdi nhau va vudng gdc vdi dudng ndi hai hat nhdn Thf du ed hai lien kit 71 va 1 lien kdt a trong phdn tft nito

3.19 Nguyen tft Be cd 2 electron tren phdn ldp 2s Dudi tac dung cfta dilu kien

phan ftng mgt electron chuyin sang trang thai 2p va tao ra nguyen tft d trang thai kich thfch cd 2 electron ddc thdn Hai electron ddc thdn cua nguyen tft Be se ghep vdi hai electron ddc thdn cua hai nguyen tft H dl tao ra hai lien kit vdi hai cap electron Hai cap electron lien ket nay ddy nhau va d xa nhau nhd't la hudng vl hai phia cfta 1 dudng thang Phdn tft BeH2 la phdn tft thdng

Theo quan dilm lai hod 1 obitan 2s va 1 obitan 2p cua nguyen tft Be lai hod vdi nhau tao ra hai obitan lai hod (sp) mdi hudng vl hai phfa cfta dudng thdng Mdi obitan lai hod ed 1 electron ddc thdn xen phu vdi mdt obitan nguyen tft Is cd mdt electron ddc thdn cua mdt nguyen tft H tao ra mdt lien kit cdng hod tri Nhu vdy gdc lien kdt trong phdn tft BeH2 bdng 180°

3.20.D

3.21 A

3.22 C

106

3.23 Nguyen tft N cd cdu hinh electron : 1 s 2s 2p vdi 3 electron ddc thdn tren 3 obitan 2p Khi nguyen tft N d trang thai lai hoa sp thi tft obitan 2s

va 3 obitan 2p thu dugc 4 obitan lai hod gid'ng nhau Nam electron hod tri dugc phdn bd vao 4 obitan lai hod nen se cd 1 obitan lai hod cd hai electron, cdn ba obitan lai hod kia cd mdt electron tren mdi obitan Ba obitan lai hod chfta electron dgc thdn se xen phu vdi 3 obitan cd electron ddc thdn cfta ba nguyen tft H tao ra 3 lien kit a Le ra gdc lien kit se la 109°28' nhu phdn tft metan, nhung vi dam mdy cd cap electron khdng lien kit chi bi hut vl mdt phia hat nhdn N nen chiem khdng gian ldn ban lam gdc lien kit giam di cdn 107°

3.24 Mdi nguyen tft C d trang thai lai hod sp (lai hod thang) Mdi nguyen tft C dung mdt obitan lai hod sp dl xen phu vdi nhau tao ra lien kit orc_(- Mdi nguyen tft C dung obitan lai hod sp cdn lai de xen phu vdi obitan Is cua mdt nguyen tft H tao ra lien kit a^-n- Mdi nguyen tft C cdn lai hai obitan 2p song song timg ddi mdt Chung xen phu ben vdi nhau tao ra 2 lien kit

UQ-Q Nhu vdy trong phdn tft C2H2 cd 3 lien kit a va 2 lien kit n Cdng

thftc cdu tao cua C2H2 cd dang sau : H - C = C - H Hinh anh vl cac lien kit trong C2H2 dugc the hien tren hinh sau:

Bai 19 LUYEN TAP VE : LIEN KET ION LIEN KET CONG HOA TRL

SU LAI HOA CAC OBITAN NGUYEN TCT 3.25 C

3.26 Khi hai nguyen tft brom tiln lai gdn nhau hai obitan 4p chfta mdt electron cua mdi nguyen tft brom se xen phu vdi nhau (xen phu true) dl tao ra mdt

obitan chung vdi 2 electron tao ra mdt lien kit a va mdt phan tft brom

(Br2): Vdi each dung chung mgt cap e nhu vdy mdi nguyen tft brom diu

"kilm" dugc 8 electron gid'ng cd'u triic ldp vd e cua khi hilm kripton (gdn nhd't) Lien kit trong phdn tft Br2 dugc ggi la lien kit dan

3.27 a) C b)B

3.28 B

3.29 C

3.30 Mdi nguyen tft C trong phdn tft C2H6 d trang thai lai boa sp Mdt obitan 2s

"trdn" vdi 3 obitan 2p tao ra 4 obitan lai hoa sp^ gidng nhau hudng vl bdn dinh cua tft dien Mdi nguyen tft C sft dung 1 obitan lai hod sp dl xen phu true vdi nhau tao ra lien kit a^-c- Mdi nguyen tft C sft dung 3 obitan lai hod

cdn lai dl xen phu vdi 3 obitan Is cfta 3 nguyen tft H tao ra 3 lidn kdt OQ-^ Trong phdn tft C2H6 chi cd 1 lien kit a^-c va 6 lien kit dQ-^

3.31 Nguyen tft C d trang thai kfch thfch cd 4 electron ddc thdn do chuyin mdt

electron tft phdn ldp 2s len phan ldp 2p cdn trdng Dudi tac dung cua dilu kien phan ftng, nguyen tft C d trang thai lai hod sp : mdt obitan 2s "trdn" vdi 3 obitan 2p tao thanh 4 obitan lai hod mdi hoan toan gidng nhau hudng vl 4 dinh eua tft dien

Bd'n obitan lai hod sp cua C xen phu vdi 4 obitan s cua 4 nguyen tft H tao thanh 4 lien kdt a

Phdn tft cd dang tft dien diu Cac gdc lien kit diu bdng 109°28'

3.32 Phdn tft nito cd ba lien kit Mdt lien kit <j va hai lidn kit K Vdi eac lien

kit nhu vdy mdi nguyen tft nita diu cd du 8 electron d ldp electron ngoai

9 ft

cung gid'ng vdi nguyen tft neon (2s 2p ) Ldp vd hoa tri du 8 electron rdt bin viing vi the nita phan tft kha tro d nhiet dd thudng

Bai 20 TINH THE NGUYEN TQ TINH THE PHAN TCT

3.33 Tinh thi nguyen tft khdc tinh the phdn tft d cae dilm chfnh sau

- Loai hat tdn tai d nut mang

- Luc tuang tac gifta cac hat d nut mang

- Do cftng, nhiet do ndng chay, nhiet dd sdi

3.34 C

3.35 D

108

3.36 Tinh thi iot thudc loai tinh thi phdn tft Nut mang la cac phdn tft iot Cac

phdn tft dd lien kit yiu vdi nhau nen dl dang tach ra khdi nhau, nen cac phdn tft dl tach ra khdi bl mat tinh thi trd thanh pha khf Chfnh vi the iot

de thdng hoa va dl ndng chay

Ngugc lai NaCl thugc tinh the ion Cac ion Na"^ va Cl tdn tai d hai mang ludi ion Idng vao nhau Cac ion nay hut nhau bdng luc hut tinh dien nen luc lien kit rd't bin vfing chung khd tach khdi nhau nen Idid ndng chay va khd bay hoi

3.37 Trong tinh thi nudc da, mdi phdn tft nudc dugc bao quanh bdi 4 phdn tft

nudc khdc d tren 4 dinh cua tft dien diu Khi ndng chay cac cdu triic nay

cd thi cdn tdn tai mdt phdn va dugc ggi la cd'u tnic trat tu gdn Khi ndng nhiet dd, cd'u true trdt tu gdn bi pha vd, cdc phdn tft nudc cd thi chen vao khoang trdng cua tft dien lam thi tfch cua nudc long giam di so vdi thi tich cua mdt lugng nudc da tuong duang, do vdy khdi lugng rieng cua nudc long ldn ban nudc da Khi tang nhiet dd chuyin dgng nhiet tang len lam khoang each gifia cac phdn tft tang len Trong khoang tft 1 den 4°C yiu td giam thi tfch do sg dan xen cd'u true chiem uu thi nen khdi lugng rieng trong khoang nay tang ddn va dat gia tri ldn nhd't d 4°C Tft 4°C trd

di khdi lugng rieng lai giam ddn vi sg tang khoang each phdn tft do chuyin ddng nhiet

3.38 a) B b) D

3.39 A

Bai 21 HIEU DO A M DIEN VA LIEN KET HOA HOC

3.40 Lien ket CHT khdng cgc la lien kit dugc tao thanh do hai nguyen tft cua

cung nguyen td (thudng la phi kim) Trong lien kit nay cap electron lien kit bi hut nhu nhau vl hai phia, nen cdc nguyen tft tham gia lien kit vdn trung hod dien, khdng nguyen tft nao mang dien

Thf du : H - H, Cl - Cl

Lien kit CHT phdn cue la lien kit CHT dugc tao thanh do hai nguyen tft khdc nhau Trong lien kit nay cap electron lien kit bi hut lech vl phfa

nguyen tft cua nguyen td dm dien ban, do dd nguyen tft cfta nguyen td dm dien ban se mang dien tfch dm cdn nguyen tft kia mang dien tich duang Thi du : HGl; H2O ; NH3 ; CO

Lien kit cho - nhan la loai lien kdt CHT dugc tao thanh do su dung chung mdt cap electron thudc vl chi mdt nguyen tft cfta mdt nguyen td trudc khi lien kit Dilu kien de cd the tao ra lien kit cho - nhdn la mdt nguyen tft cd cap electron khdng lien kit va mgt nguyen tft cd "obitan trdng" Nguyen tft cd cap electron dung chung dugc ggi la chd't cho Nguyen tft nhdn cap electron dugc ggi la chdt nhdn Thf du : phdn tft CO, ion NH^, HNO3

3.41 A

3.42 B

3.43 + Hai nguyen tft nita gidng nhau ndn lidn kit gifta cac nguyen tft la lien

kit cdng hoa tri khdng phdn cue : I N s N I

+ Hieu do am dien gifta Ag va Cl bdng 3,16 - 1,93 = 1,23 <T,70 Nhu vdy ban chat cua lien kit trong hgp chd't la lidn kit cdng hod tri cd cue + Hgc sinh tu tfnh hieu dd dm dien dl thdy rdng : Hieu do dm dien gifia H va

Br, N va H, O va H khdng du ldn dl tao lien kit ion ndn lien kit trong cac phdn tft nay la lien kit cdng boa tri cd cgc Rieng trong trudng hgp H2O2 co lien kit peoxit O - O la lien ket CHT khdng cd cgc (phdn tft dd'i xftng)

3.44 + Ion CIO mdt lien kit O - Cl cd hieu do dm dien bdng 0,28 nen la lien

kit cdng boa tri khdng cd cue

+ Ion HS cd lien kit S - H cd hieu do dm dien bang 0,38 nen la lien kit cdng hoa tri khdng cd cue

+ Tuong tu trong eac lien kit cua ion HCO3 diu la cae lien kit cdng hod tri cd cue

3.45 Do phdn cUc cua lien kit dugc so sanh vdi nhau qua hieu do dm dien cua

cac nguyen td tham gia lien kit hoa hgc Hieu dd dm dien cang ldn thi lien kit cang phan cgc :

Lien ket H - T e

0,1

H - S 0,38

H - N 0,84

H - O 1,24

C a - S 1,58

C s - C I 2,37

B a - F 3,09

rv^i l a i i y w

no

Bai 22 HOA TR! VA SO OXI HOA

3.46 Sd oxi hod la didn tfch nguyen tft vdi gia dinh hgp chdt chfta nguyen td dd

la hgp chd't ion

Hod tri cua nguyen td cd hai loai : Dien hod tri la dien tfch cua ion trong hgp chd't ion va cdng hod tri la sd lien kit ma nguyen tft cua nguyen td tao dugc vdi cae nguyen tft nguyen td khac

Dien hod tri cd thi ed gia tri nguyen duong hodc dm, cdng hod tri chi cd gia tri nguyen duong Trong khi dd sd oxi hod cd gia tri dudng hodc dm nhitng cd khi la sd thdp phdn ndu tfnh trung binh (thf 4u trong Fe304 sdt

cd sd oxi hod trung binh la + 8/3)

3.47 A

3.48 Cac nguyen td O va S cua nhdm VIA cd chung cd'u hinh electron ldp

ngoai cung la ns np dl nhdn vl 2 eleltron dl cd dugc cdu hinh electron

9 6

ciia cdc khf hilm ngay sau la ns np vi thi cd dien hod tri bdng 2 - trong cac hgp chd't vdi cac nguyen td nhdm IA Thi du : Na20, Na2S vdi cdng thftc cd'u tao :

Si cd sd oxi hoa bdng +4 trong Si02, cdng hod tri bdng 4

P cd sd oxi hod bdng +5 trong P2O5, cdng hod tri bdng 5

S cd sd oxi hod bdng +6 trong SO3, cdng hod tri bdng 6

Cl cd sd oxi hod bdng +7 trong CI2O7, cdng hod tri bdng 7

Sd oxi hod eua nguyen td phi kim trong cdc hidrua la sd dm vdi gia tri bdng sd nguyen tft H trong hgp chat (hay hieu cua 8 - sd thft tu cua nhdm), cdng hod tri ludn la sd duong Nhu vay ta cd sd oxi hod cua cdc nguyen td: