Hướng dẫn viết đúng ngữ pháp tiếng anh phần 2 thanh thảo, thanh hoa

1 @uwi t i t DO m in h ite Tdi co ca n dpc ch ucn g n ay khong? Dau ucu <loc cliiAiug uav ucu bau cau on lai bo&c boc vc • • Cum gioi tiif, dong vj ngir, cum dong tu * ^ Su khac biSt giua m?nh & doc 12 p va mfnh & phi) thuoc MSnh di trang tu, m?nh di tmh tu, m?nh d£ quan h? vk m2nh di danh tu 146 Clnfdng nay md d iu bang p h in ban luan cum tuf, mot trong nhtfng phan quan trpng cau thanh cau. Co nhigu loai cum ttf, bao gom cum gidi ttf ca cum tinh ttf va cum trang ttf, dong vi ngff va cum dong ttf. Sau do, b an se on ve menh d e, mot nhom ttf co chu ngff va d6ng ttf rieng. TSng quan cum tit Cum tff (phrase) la mot nhom tff co chffc nang nhu mot tff loai trong cau. Mot cum tff khong co chu ngff hay dong tff, v'l vay no khong the dffng mot minh nhff mot ddn vi doc lap dffdc - no chi cd chffc nang nhff mot tff loai thoi. Khi viet, ban dung cum tff de tang tinh chi tiet bang cach mieu ta. Cum tff giup ban dien dat rd rang hdn. Loai cum tijf Gidi tff hoac dai tff Tinh tff Trang tff Dong vi ngff Djnh nghfa Bat dau bang mot gidi tff va ket thuc bang mot danh tff dudicaiban Cum gidi tff cd chffc nang nhff mot tinh tff Cum gidi tff cd chffc nang nhff mot trang tff Danh tff hoac dai tff dung de chi mot danh tff hoac dai tff khac Vi du Near the house over the moon under the desk Gan nha; qua mat trang; Marci has a scarf with green stripes. Marci co mot cai khan quang soc xanh. The fans shouted with hoarse voices. Ngudi ham mo la het den khan giong. Fran, a teacher, enjoys summer vacation. Fran, mot gido vien, thich ky nghi he. 147 Dong ttf Dong tinh tiif Dong danh tijf Dong tijf nguyen mau Dang dong tif dtfdc dung nhir mot tir loai khac tir nguyen m lu Cum dong tir c6 chtfc nang nhir mQt tinh tir Cum dong tir co chute nang nhir mot danh tir Cum dong tirco chute nang nhir m Q t danh tir, tinh tir hoiic trang tir Xem phan Dong tinh tir, dong danh tir vik dQng tir nguyen mau. Screaming loudly, the baby was disconsolate. La rat to, diia be khong the do dUQc. Working overtime requires great sacrifice. Lam vi^c ngoai gid can phai co sU hy sinh rat Itk To clean house on a spring day is depressing Don nha vao mot ngdy mua xuan that Id chan. Cum giat til Cum gidi tir (prepositional phrase) la mot nhom tir bat dau b&ng mQt gidi tir va ket thuc bang mot danh tir hoac dai tir. Danh tir hoac dai tif n&y dude goi la “doi ttfdng cua gidi ttf. ” By the wall near the closet over the garage With help in the desert below sea level 1. Cum tinh ttf (adjectival phrase) Khi mot cum gidi ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf mot tinh ttf, no dtfdc goi to cum tinh ttf. Cung giong nhtf tinh ttf, cum tinh ttf mieu ta mQt danh ttf hoac dai ttf. De biet mot cum gidi ttf cd chtfc nang cua mot cum tinh ttf hay khong, ban hay xem no co tra Idi cho nhtfng cau h6i sau khong: “which one?" (Cai ndo?) va “what kind?" (Loai ndo?) The cost o f the jeans was surprisingly high. Gid quan jean cao mot cach dang kinh ngac. Cum tinh ttf “o f the jeans ” mieu ta danh ttf cost. 148 The clown with the mask terrifies the children. Anh he vdi mat ng lam bon tre sd chet khiep. Cum tinh tiif “with the mask” mieu ta danh tif clown. 2. Cum trang tir (adverbial phrase) Khi mot cum gidi ttfc6 chtfc nang nhtf mot trang ttf, nd dtfdc goi la cum trang ttf. Trong trtfdng hdp n&y, nd mieu ta mot dong ttf, tinh ttf hoiic trang ttf. Be biet mot cum gidi ttf cd chtfc nang cua mot cum trang ttf hay khong, ban hay xem no cd trd Idi cho nhffng cau hoi sau khong: “Where?” (d dau?), “When?” (khi nao?), “In what manner?" (theo cdch nao?) va “To what extent?” (tdi mtfc nao?) The Mets played at Shea Stadium. Doi Mets chdi d sdn van dong Shea. Cum trang ttf “at Shea Stadium ” bd nghla cho dong ttf played. The game lasted into the fourteenth inning. Tran dau keo dai tdi lUdt thu mudi bon. Cum trang ttf “into the fourteenth inning” bd nghla cho dong ttf lasted. Dong 171 ngtt vd cum dong vf Bong vj ngtf (appositive) la mot danh ttf hoac dai ttf dung de neu lai mpt danh ttf hoac dai ttf khac. Bong vi ngff dtfdc dat ngay sau danh ttf hoac dai ttf ma nd bd nghla. Cum dong vi (appositive phrase) la danh ttf hoac dai ttfdi vdi phan bd nghla. Lisa, a friend, should have understood my fear. Lisa, m()t ngudi ban, le ra phai hieu ndi sd cua tdi. Bong vi ngtf “a frie nd” dung de chi danh ttf Lisa. Tom ’s new car, a PT Cruiser, ran out of gas on the highway. Chiec xe nidi cua Tom, mot chiec PT Cruiser, het xdng tren dudng cao tdc. Bong vi ngtf “a PT Cruiser” dung de chi danh ttf car. 149 Lisa, a dear old friend, should have understood my fear. Lisa, mot ngudi ban cu rat than, le ra phai hieu noi so cua tdi. Cum dong vi “a dear old frien d” dilng de chi danh tif Lisa. Tom ’s new car, a cherry red convertible PT Cruiser, ran out of gas on the highway. Chiec xe mdi cua Tom, mQt chiec PT Cruiser bd mui mau do anh duo, het xdng tren dudng cao toe. Cum dong vi “a cherry red convertible PT C ruiser' dung de chi danh tir car. Cum dong til Dang dong tir (verbal) la mot dang cua dong tir diTdc dung nhir mot tir loai khac. Dang dong tir co ba bien the: dong tinh tir (participle), dpng danh tir (gerund) va dong tir nguyen mau (infinitive). Moi loai c6 chtfc nang khac nhau trong cau: • Dong tinh tir co chute nang nhir tinh tir. • Dong danh tir co chufc nang nhir danh tir. • Dong tir nguyen mau co chute nang nhir danh tir, tinh tir hoic trang tir. Mac du dang dong tir khong co chute nang nhu" dong tir trong cau nhiTng no van giuT hai tinh chat cua dong tif: • Dang dong tir co the diTdc bd nghla bdi trang tir hoiic cum trang ttf. • Dang dong tir co the them tir bd nghla va bien thanh cum dong ttf (verbal phrase). 3. Cum dong tinh tir (participle phrases) Dong tinh tif (participle) la mot dang cua dong tirco chufc nang nhtf mot tinh tir. Co hai loai dong tinh tir: dong tinh tir hien tai (present participle) va dong tinh tir qua khi? (past participle) • Dong tinh tir hien tai tan cung la -in g (jumping, burning, speaking) • Dong tinh tir qua khuf thudng tan cung bang -ed, -t hoac -e n (jumped, burnt, spoken). 150 The wailing cats disturbed the neighbors. Lu meo keu gdo lam ndo d()ng cac nhd hang xdm. Dpng tinh tir hien tai “wailing ” bd nghla cho danh tCr cats. Annoyed, the customer stalked out of the store. Gian dit, ngudi khdch hang budc ra khoi ciia hang. Dong tinh tir qua khuf “annoyed" bd nghla cho danh tir customer. Cum dong tinh tir (participle phrase) bao gom mot dong tinh tir dtfdc bd nghla bdi mot trang ttf hoac mot cum trang ttf. Cum dong ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf mot tinh ttf va cd the dat trtfdc hoSc sau ttf ma nd bd nghla. Walking carefully, I avoided the spilled juice. Budc di can than, toi tranh cho nude ep bi do. Cum dong tinh ttf “walking carefully” bd nghla cho dai ttf I. Nina, bothered by the mess, cleaned it up. Nina, buc b(>i vdi cho ban, chui nd di. Cum dong tinh ttf “bothered by the m ess” bd nghla cho danh ttf Nina. 4. Cum dong danh ttf (gerund phrase) Dong danh ttf (gerund) la mot dong ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf. Dong danh ttf cd the lam chu ngtf, tan ngff trffc tiep (direct object), tan ngff gian tiep (indirect object), tan ngff cua gidi tff (object o f a preposition), chu vi ngit (predicate nominative), va dong vi ngd (ap positive). • Dong danh tff luon tan cung bang -ing. • Dong danh tff luon cd chffc nang nhtf danh ttf. In adult education, the Kitters discovered dancing. Trong Idp hoc tai chiic, nhom Kitters dd phat hien ra mon khieu vu. Dong danh ttf “dancing ” la mot tan ngtf trtfc tiep. Giong nhtf dong tinh ttf, dong danh ttf co the la mot phan cua cum tir. 151 The slow, steady dripping annoyed him. Nude chay nhd giot deu deu khien anh ta buc bqi. Cum dong danh tiif lii “the slow, steady dripping. ’ Jill’s morning schedule includes exercising fo r a full hour. Lich lam vi$c buoi sang cua Jill bao gom tap the due du nu}t titfng. Cum dong danh tir la “exercising fo r a full hour. ’ Cum ddng til nguyen mclu Dong tir nguyen mau (infinitive) la mot dang cua dong tir; n6 di sau tir to va c6 chtfc nang nhtf mot danh ttf, tinh ttf hoSc trang tif. Mpt cum dong ttf nguyen mau bao gom cic ttf bd nghla gop lai v& thtfc hien chtfc nang cua mot ttf loai. His goal, to get promoted before age 30, didn’t seem realistic. Muc tieu cua anh ay, dUOc thang chiic trudc ndm 30 tuoi, dU(fng nhu khong thuc te lam. Cum dong ttf nguyen mau “to get promoted before age 30” bd nghla cho danh ttf goal. The honorees did not want to attend the banquet in the evening. Nhitng ngudi dU O c vinh danh khong muon tham du bda ti?c toi. Cum dong ttf nguyen mau la “to attend the banquet in the evening." TSng quan mdnh Mot menh de (clause) la mot nh6m ttf vdi chu ngff va dong ttf rieng cua nd. Giong nhtf cum ttf, menh de cd tac dung lam bai viet hoSc b&i ndi cua ban trd nen phong phu bang cdch them cic chi tiet lam cho y cua ban chinh xac hdn. Menh de cung cho phdp ban ket hdp y ttfdng lai de the hien moi quan he giffa chung. Viec nay lam tang tinh logic vd mach lac cho bai ndi hoSc viet cua ban. Co hai loai menh de: Menh de doc lap, con goi la menh de chinh) vi menh de phu thuoc con goi la menh de quan he. 152 Bdng sau day cho vi du ve cdc loai M£nh de phu thupc When opossums are playing ’possum, Khi con thu opot dang gid chet, In the great fire of London in 1666, Trong tran hoa hoan Idn d Ludn Don ndm 1666, For a period of one year before an election, Trong giai doan mot ndm trudc ky bau cu M?nh d i phu thuoc menh de. M£nh de dpc lap they are not “playing. ” chung khong phai “dang choi. ” half of London was burnt down. mot ntfa thdnh pho London bi thieu rui. all office-seekers in the Roman Empire were obliged to wear a certain white toga. tat cd nhtfng ngudi muon lam cong chtfc trong de che La Md buoc phai mac m Q t loai do dai trdng. Menh de phu thuoc (dependent clause) lam tang thong tin cho menh de chinh, nhtfng khong can co no mdi day du </. Mac dll moi menh de phu thuoc trong bang tren deu co chu ngtf va dong ttf nhtfng n6 khong dien dat mpt ^ hoan chinh. Vi vay, no khong the dtfng mot minh dtfdc. Mpnh de phu thuQC thtfdng bat dau b&ng mot ttf khien cho menh de khong the dtfng mot minh dtfdc. Hay xem lai ba menh de phu thuoc trong bang d tren. Nhffng tff dffdc dung d day bao gom when, in va for. Cac tff nay dtfdc goi la lien ttf phu thuoc (subordinating conjunction). y y \ c ^ Ban kh6ng tht; xac dinh mot menh de la doc lap hay phu thu6c ng'u chi dtfa vao d6 dai cua no. 153 Moi loai menh d£ d&u co th£ r^t dai hoftc rift ngSn - hoiic vifa phai. Ngtfdi viSt klieo thtfdng bi£n tifu d6 dai cua cac m^nh d£ d£ tao ra nhip di$u, stf cSn bang va y nghla trong bai vi£t cua hp. Lien ttf phu thuoc (subordinating conjunction) c6 tic dung lien ket menh de doc lap vdi menh de phu thuoc. Moi hen ttf phu thuoc dien dat mot mdi quan he gitfa menh de phu thuoc vd menh de doc lap. Vi du nhu mot sd lien ttf chi thtf ttf thdi gian, trong khi sd khac lai chi quan h? nhan qua. Bang sau day liet ke nhtfng lien ttf phu thupc thtfdng dung nhat vk moi quan he ma chung dien dat: Lien tff phu thuQC Unless, provided that, if, even if Because, as, as if Rather than, than, whether Though, although, even though, but Where, wherever In order that, so, so that, that While, once, when, since, as whenever, after, before, until, as soon y y \c - & Khi menh de phu thuoc bat dSu bang lien ttf phu thuoc va dtfng trtfdc menh de doc lap tlii chung thtfdng cach nhau bcfi mot dau ph5y. W hen you are in G reece, you should visit the Parth en on. (dtfng trtfdc) Khi ban den Hy L ap, ban h ay den tham den P arthenon. \o u should visit the Parthenon when you a re in Rome. (dtfng sau) Ban nen den tham den Parthenon khi ban den Rom e. Md'i quan h<? dieu kien nguyen nhan ltfa chon ttfdng phan ndi chon ket qua, he qua thdi gian 154 C6 ba loai menh de phu thupc: menh de trang tir (adverb clause), i<?nh de tinh tir (adjective clause), va menh de danh tir (noun clause). 1. Menh de trang tir Menh de trang tir la mot menh de phu thuoc bo nghla cho mot dong tir, tinh tir hoSc trang tir khac. Giong nhir trang tir, menh de trang tir tra Idi cho nhffng cau hoi sau: Where? Why? When? To what extent? Under what condition? In what manner? Ban co the dat menh de trang tir 6 dau, giffa hoac cuoi cau. • Menh de trang tff d dau cau: Wherever Misty goes, she leaves broken hearts behind. Misty di tdi dau, co ay deu de lai nhtfng trdi tim tan vd phia sau. Menh de trang tff “wherever Misty goes” bd nghla cho dong tff “leaves • Menh de trang tff d giffa cau: Fritz liked the meal more than Tish did because she is a picky eater. Fritz thich btfa an hdn Tish bdi vi co ay Id ngtfdi ken an. Menh de trang tff “more than Tish did ” bo nghla cho trang tff more. • Menh de trang tff d cuoi cau: Harvey wanted to change his appearance because he was wanted for embezzlement. Harvey muon thay doi ngoai hinh vi anh ta bj truy nd ve toi tham o. Menh de trang tff “because he was wanted for embezzlement” bd nghla cho dong tff change. 2. Menh de tinh tff Menh de tinh tff la mot menh de phu thuoc bd nghla cho danh tff va dai tff. Giong nhff tinh tff, mot menh de tinh tff tra Idi nhffng cau hoi sau: What kind? Which one? How many? How much? Hau het cac menh de tinh tff deu bat dau bang cac dai tff who, whom, why, whose, which, that, when, where. 155 [...]... d p i* Cau h o i d u n g - sai l.T 2 F 3 T 4 F 5 T 6 F 7 F 8 T 9 T 10 F 11.T 12 F 13 T 14 F 15 F 16 T 17 T 18 F 19 T 20 T 21 F 22 T 23 F 24 T 25 F Cau h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h ca u I dpng tiif 2 menh de phu thuoc 3 menh de chinh 4 phu thupc 5 dieu kien 6 stf ttfdng phan 7 menh de phu thuoc 8 menh de phu thuoc 9 dau phay 10 theo phtfdng thtfc nao? II quan he 12 that 13 do vat 14 phu thuoc 15 doc... tren sdn nhd 10 M enh de la mot danh tff hoac dai tff goi lai ten cua danh tff hoac dai tff khac 11 Dang dong tff la mot dang dong iff dtfdc xem nhtf mot tff loai khac 158 12 Dang dong tiif cung y het nhu1cum dong vi 13 Dong tinh ttfco chtfc nang nhtf tinh ttf 14 Dong ttf nguyen mau co chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf 15 Dong danh ttf co chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf, tinh ttf hoac trang ttf 16 Dong tinh ttf hien... Id loai gia v/ dat tien vd co mui hang Dtfng de cliff viet hoa d dau nhom ttf danh lffa ban Bat dau mot nliom ttf bang mot chff viet hoa khong the bi£n nhom tff do thanh cau Do chi la mot cau chtfa hoan chinh bat dau bang mot chff viet hoa ma tlioi Ban c6 the stfa loi cau chtfa hoan chinh bang ba cach sau: 1 Them phan bi thieu v io cau Chtfa hoan chinh: Because more and more teenagers are staying up... Cot v i cdu: cdu chua hoan chinh Tir cai ten, cau chtfa hoan chinh (sentence fragment), ta da biet d6 lit mot nhom tir khong dien dat mot y hoan chinh Trong hau het cac trtfdng hdp, cau chtfa hoan chinh thtfdng thieu chu ngtf, dong ttf hoSc thieu ca hai Cung co khi cau chtfa hoan chinh co the co chu ngtf v i dong ttf nhffng van chtfa dien dat dtfdc mot y hoan chinh Cau chtfa hoan chinh c6 the h cum... hai cau dinh lien ra thanh hai cau vdi dau cau ket thuc thich hdp nhu dau cham, cham than hoac cham hoi Water and wind are the two main causes of erosion They con­ stantly change the appearance of the Earth Nude vd gid Id hai nguyen nhan chinh gay xoi mon Chung thudng xuyen thay doi bo mat cua Trdi Dat 2 Them mot lien tuf ket hdp nhir and, nor, but, or, for, yet, so) de tao thanh cau ghep Water and... bd nghla cho danh tif Ms Harris The person o f whom you spoke is my cousin Ngtfdi md ban dd noi chuygn la em ho cua tdi M enh de quan he “ f whom you spoke” bd nghla cho danh l\lper­ o son 4 M enh de danh tff M enh de danh tff la mot menh de phu thuoc co chffc nang nhir mpt danh tff Tracey does whatever her parents ask her to do Tracey lam bdt cti viec gi bd me yeu cdu cd lam M enh de danh tff la “whatever... ISi c iu chtfa hoan chinh v i c iu sai ■1 ' 1— — ■ — ——— —— Thi ndo la mQt cdu/ Cau: Halt! Ditng lai! Cau: You halt! Anh ditng lai! Cau: Please halt right now, before you go any further Xin ditng lai ngay, trade khi anh di xa han Moi nhom ttf tren l i mot cau hoin chinh vl chdng d£u dip ting ba diiu kien de trcf thanh cau B e dtfdc goi l i cau, mQt nhdm tif phii • Co mot chu ngff (danh tff hoic dai... nhtf mpt tir loai trong cau 2 Mot cum ttf co mot chu ngff va mot dong tffde n6c6thc dffng mot minh nhff mot dOn vi doc lap 3 Cum gidi tffia mot nhdm tff bat dau bang mot gidi tir vi ket thuc la mot danh tff hoac dai tff 4 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau la mot cum gidi tff: Frisky, my loyal Irish setter, can always sense when I ’m upset Frisky, con cho giong Ailen trung thanh cua toi, lutmco the cam... gap mot ngudi phu nit lam viec vdi cau cua ban 21 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot cum tinh ttf: Whenever he travels, Steve collects souvenirs Di tdi dau, Steve deu sUu tap do luu niem 22 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot cum trang ttf: He ran as if he had a torn ligament Anh ay chay nhu the bi rdch day chang vay 159 23 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau c6 chffc nSng... (phu thuoc, doc lap): If the no 2 pencil is the most popular, why is it still no 2? Neu but chi so' 2 dffdc dilng nhieu nhat thi tai sao no van la sd 2? 15 Nhdm tff in nghieng sau day la mot menh de (phu thuoc, doc lap): If most car accidents occur within 5 miles of home, why doesn’t everyone just move 10 miles away? Neu hau het cac tai nan xe hdi xay ra trong vong 5 dam quanh nha, tai sao moi ngffdi khong . Sentence Q d p i* Cau h o i dung - sai l.T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F 11.T 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. F 16. T 17. T 18. F 19. T 20 . T 21 . F 22 . T 23 . F 24 . T 25 . F Cau h oi dan g h oa. ttf, tinh ttf hoac trang ttf. 16. Dong tinh ttf hien tai luon luon tan cung being -ing (kiss ing, leaping, moaning.) 17. Dong tinh ttf qua khtf thtfdng tan ciing bang -ed, -t hoSc -en nhtf trong. participle) • Dong tinh tir hien tai tan cung la -in g (jumping, burning, speaking) • Dong tinh tir qua khuf thudng tan cung bang -ed, -t hoac -e n (jumped, burnt, spoken). 150 The wailing cats