Nghiên cứu, đánh giá tài nguyên nước và đề xuất giải pháp sử dụng hợp lý tài nguyên, bảo vệ môi trường nước vùng khô hạn Ninh Thuận - Bình Thuận

BO GIAO DUG VA D AO TAO VIEN OIA LY • • VI fiN KHOA HOC VA CONG NGH£ VI£T NAM VU TH! THU LAN NGHIEN CtJU, DANH GIA TAI NGUYEN NU6C VA DE XUAT GIAI PHAP SLfDUNG HOP LY TAI NGUYEN, B AO VE MOI TRUdNG NV6C VUNG KHO HAN NINH THUAN - BINH THUAN Chuyen ngdnh: Thuy van hoc Mdso: 62 44 90 01 Ngudihudng ddn khoa hoc: PGS. TSKH! Nguyin Van Cu TS. Nguyin Lap Dan THU VIEN KHOA HOC TONG HOP LA 18711 HA N6I - 2005 L6I CAM DOAN Toi xin cam doan day la cong trinh cua rieng t6i va chua duac cong bo dudi bat ky hinh thiic nao. Cac so li6u dugfc sir dung trong cong trinh la hoan toan trung thurc, nhiing va'n de trich dan lidn quan den cong trinh deu duac su dong y cua cac tac gia. Ngircri cam doan Vii Thi Thu Lan MUCLUC Trang Mad^u 1 Chirong 1. Tong quan cac nghien ciifu tai nguyen nudfc viing kho han 6 1.1. Khai niem - dinh nghia 6 1.2. Tmh hinh nghien ciru tai nguyen nude vung kho han 7 1.2.1. Nhflng ket qua dat duac trong nghien cun tai nguyen nude 7 1.2.2. Nhflng k6t qua dat duofc trong nghien cflu tai nguyen nxxdc viing kh6 han 11 1.2.3. Tong quan ve mot so nghien cflu viing kho han Ninh ThuSn - Binh Thuan 14 Ket luan chuong 1 17 Chuong 2. Phan tich cac yeu to tu nhien anh huong toi tai nguyen nude viing kho han Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan 18 2.1. Ygutdkhihau : 18 2.2. Phan tich cac yeu to mat dem vung Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan 28 2.2.1. Vai tro ciia dia chat tdi thanh tao dia hinh 29 2.2.2. Vai tro ciia dia hinh dia mao 32 2.2.3. Ldfp v6 th6 nhudng 37 2.2.4. Tham phu thuc vat 39 2.3. Vai tro ciia yeu to hai van 44 Ket luan chuong 2 45 Chuong 3. Tai nguyen nude viing kho han Ninh Thuan - Binh Thu^n 46 3.1. Tai nguyen nu6c mua 46 3.1.1. Trfl luong nude mua 46 3.1.2. ^ Cha't luong nu6c mua 47 3.2. Tai nguyen nude mat 47 3.2.1. Trfl luong nude mat 54 3.2.2. Chat luong nude mat 69 3.3. Tai nguyen nude dudi da't 80 3.3.1. Dac diem dia chat thuy van 80 3.3.2. TrC lucmg nude du6i dat 86 3.3.3. Chat luong nude dudi da't 87 3.4. Tai nguyen mdc khoang - nude nong 93 3.5 Cac tai bien thien nhien lien quan d€n tai nguyen nu6c vung Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan 94 3.5.1. Cac tai bien thien nhien lien quan den phan phoi tru lucmg nude 94 3.5.2. Bien dong cha't ludng cac nguon nu6c vung Ninh Thuan - Bmh Thuan 99 Ket luan chuang 3 106 Chufong 4. De xuat hudng khai thac six dung hop iy tai nguyen, bao ve moi trucmg nu6c vung kho ban Ninh Tbuan - Binb Tbuan 107 4.1. Hien trang khai thac sir dung nguon nude vung Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan ^^'^ 4.1.1. Khai thac sir dung nguon nude mat^ viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan 107 4.1.2. Khai thac su dung nguon nude dudi dat 104 4.2. can bang nude he thd'ng 114 4.3. De xuat giai phap khai thac, sir dung hop ly tai nguyen, •f^' bao ve moi trudng nude vung Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan 119 4.3.1. Nguyen tac chung ve sir dung tai nguyen nude 119 4.3.2. Cac giai phap tdng the 121 4.3.3. De xua't cac giai phap sir dung tai nguyen nude theo cac nhdm » dcm vi canh quan sinh thai viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan 125 Ket luan chuong 4 144 Ket luan va kien ngbi 146 Nbflmg cong trinb da cong bo lien quan den luan an 149 Tai lieu tbam kbao 150 DANH MUC CAC BANG Bang 2.1. Mua binh quan nhieu nam khu vuc Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan (mm) Bang 2.2. Lucmg boc thoat hoi tiem nang PET trung binh thang va nam (mm) Bang 2.3. Chi s6' kho han D viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 2.4. He so thuy nhiet Xehanhinop trung binh thang va nam Bang 2.5. Dien tich rimg vung Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan nam 1999 Bang 2.6. Dien tich cac loai hinh 16p phii c6 vai tro phong ho theo cac luu virc Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 3.1. Dac trung hinh thai cac song suoi Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 3.2. Cac chi tieu danh gia chat luong mo hinh TANK Bang 3.3. Cac thanh phSn can can nude tren luu vuc song Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 3.4 Chu ky dong chay cac song suoi viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 3.5. Phan phdi dong chay trung binh thang tai cac tram quan trSc Bang 3.6. Cac dac trimg dong chay miia lii cac song suoi Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 3.7. Cac dac trung dong chay miia kiet cac song suoi Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan f Bang 3.8. Cac thong so dudng cong nu6c rut cac liru vuc viing kho Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 3.9. He so tuong quan giua nu6c ngSm tang nong va nu6c mat Bang 3.10. So lieu dong chay kiet nhat dieu tra Bang 3.11. Dong chay cat biin tren song viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 3.12. Phan phoi dong chay cat bun trong nam Bang 3.13. Chat luong nude mat vung Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 3.14. T6ng hop dac dilm dia chKt thuy van chii yeu cua cac ting chiia nu6c Bang 3.15. Tru luong tiem nang nude duod dat viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 3.16 Ham luong khi trong mot s6' ngudn nude loai hinh NaHCO^ khoang hoa cao Bang 3.17 Thanh phdn mot so nguyen to vi luong trong nu6c duoi d^t Bang 3.18. M6t so trSn lu quel dien hmh Bang 3.19. Tmh hinh six dung phan hoa hoc va thuoc bao ve thuc vat viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 4.1. Hien trang cac cong trinh thuy loi Bang 4.2. Dien tich dat cat c6 tiem nang va kha nang nuoi tr6ng thuy san Bang 4.3. So cong trinh cap nude dan sinh tai cac huyen vung Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 4.4. Tai nguyen nu6c theo luu vuc song viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 4.5. Can bang nguon nude he thong cac Imi vuc s6ng vung Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan den nam 2010 Bang 4.6. Cac ho chiia can xay dung tren luu vuc song Cai Phan Rang Bang 4.7. Cac tram bom cin dmc xay dung trSn song La Nga Bang 4.8. Cac cong trinh cin xay dung tren song Cai Phan Rang Bang 4.9. Cac cong trinh cin xiy dung tren liru vuc s6ng Long Song Bang 4.10. Cac cong trinh cin xay dung tren Imi vuc song Luy Bang 4.11. Dinh hudng sit dung tai nguy6n nude theo cac don vi canh quan sinh thai viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan DANH MUC CAC HINH VE Hinh 2.1. Ban d6 Dia mao tinh Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Hinh 2.2. Ban do Da't viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Hinh 2.3. Ban do Tham thuc vat Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Hinh 3.1. Ban do Phan bo luong mua trung binh nhieu nam vung Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Hinh 3.2. Cac quan h6 mua dong chay theo kieu ca'u true can can nudre Hinh 3.3. Ban do Tai nguyen nude mat vung Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Hinh 3.4. Dudng tich luy dong chay ciia cac tram thuy van tren song Hinh 3.5. Ban 66 Moi trudng nude Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Hinh 3.6. Quan he giira mua lofn va liru luong cat bun cue dai (xuSt hi6n dong thdi) Hinh 3.7. Quan he luu luong nu6c va iuu luofng eat biin 16n nhat ngay Hinh 3.8. Ban do Tiem nang nu6e duoi 6it Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Hinh 4.1. Ban do Canh quan sinh thai phuc vu cho khai thac tai nguySn nude Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan DANH MUC CAC CUM TlT VIET TAT ATND Ap th^p nhiet d6i CQST Canh quan sinh thai DB Dong Bkc DN Dong Nam KTIY Khi tuofng thiiy van. KT-XH Kinh te - xa hoi LHQ Lien Hop Qu6c TB Tay Bac TN Tay Nam TNN Tai nguyen nu6c M6 DAU 1. Tinh cap thiet cua luqn an Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan la hai tinh nam b cue Nam dai duyen hai miSn Trung, CO dien tieh tu nhien 10642 kml Do tac dong ciia cau true dia chat, dia hlnh da tao nen mot vung kho han nhat tren lanh tho nhiet dcri, gio miia nu6c ta. Noi day thudng xuat hien cac qua trinh nhiet am khong thuan led cho viee hinh thanh dong chay. Hang nam luong mua mang den viing khong 16n va phan bo khong deu theo khong gian (dao dong til 600 - 2000 mm) va phan phoi khong deu theo thoi gian (thdi ky kho han keo dai tren 7 thang, tiem nang b6'c thoat hoi be mat len tdi 1800 - 2000 mm), vi vay su thieu hut am trong viing nghien curu Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan ra't cao. Trong viing xuat hien kieu riing nhiet dcd nira rung la va rimg thua cay chiu han. Tren nen mat dem va dieu kien khi hau kho han da han che su phat trien tai nguyen nu6c (TNN). Hau het cac s6ng suoi trong viing nghien ciru deu bi kho kiet vao miia can va khong dam bao cap nu6c cho cac nhu cau diing nucfc. Hien tuong thieu nude da va dang de doa cuoc song cua ngudi dan 6 day vdi su mo rong cac dien tich da't hoang hoa va cung la noi dang di6n ra hien tuong hoang mac hoa dien hinh ciia nu6c ta. Voi nhip do phat trien kinh te cung vdd su gia tang dan so, nhu ciu ca'p nude cho cac doi tuong dung nu6c ngay mot gia tang, vi vay viec nghien cihi, danh gia tai nguyen moi trudng nu6c viing kho han Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan nham dua ra cac giai phap sir dung hop ly TNN tren quan diem phat trien ben vung la va'n de mang tinh cap thiet c6 y nghia khoa hoc va thuc ti6n to 16n. 2. Muc tieu cua luqn an - Danh gia tiem nang cac nguon nu6c (nu6c mua, nu6c mat, nude dudfi dat) V va hien trang khai thac, sir dung cac ngu6n nu6c viing kho han Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan. -De xuat cac giai phap khai thac hop ly TNN tren quan diem phat trien b6n virng viing kho han Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan. 3. Nhiem vu cua luqn an - Tong quan nhung nghien cihi ve TNfN vung kho ban. - Pban ticb cac dieu kien tu nbi6n tac dong den TNN trong viing Ninh Tbuan - Binh Thuan. - Danh gia tiem nang cac nguon nirdc va hien trang moi tmcmg nucfc viing nghien ciiu. -De xuat cac giai phap khai thac sit dung hop ly tai nguyen, bao ve moi tru5ng nu6c vung kho ban Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan. 4. Phuong phap nghien cOru De giai quyet muc dich va nhiem vu neu tren, luan an da sit dung cac phuong phap nghien cvni sau day: - Phitong phap ke thijra, thu thap, he thong boa, xit ly cac ket qua nghien cuu CO lien quan. - Phuong phap dieu tra, khao sat thuc dia theo cac khu vuc dac trung nham bo sung tai lieu va kiem tra ket qua nghien ciiu - Pban tich tong bop dia ly tren quan diem he thong - Phuong phap danh gia tai nguyen va moi trucmg nu6c. - Phuong phap vi6n tham va he thong tin dia ly (GIS). ^ - Phuong phap danh gia tac dong moi trucmg (EIA). 5. Gidi hqn, phqm vi nghien cCru cua luqn an - Luan an ebon viing nghien cuii la pMn luc dia thuoc dia ban 2 tinh Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan, noi t6n tai mot khu vuc kho ban nh^i cua. lanb tbo nu6c ta. - TNN b day duoc nghien cun bao g6m trO lugng va chat luong cac nguon nude: nu6c mua, nude mat va nu6c duoi da't. - Tren co sb cac dieu kien tu nhien va TNN, cac giai phap sit dung hop ly TNN dua ra trong luan an mang tinh dinb huong. [...]... va rat it mua, cac thang kho ( X ^ g < 2T - nhiet dp tmng binh thang) keo dai 5 - 6 thang (XI hoac Xn - IV), trong do c6 toi 4 - 6 thang han < T) va 2 - 4 thang kiet - (X^^^g (X^^ng < 5 mm) Day la trung tam kho han nhat toan quoc Khu vuc mua vura va \6n c6 4 thang kho, trong do c6 3 - 4 thang han va 1 - 2 thang kiet Hai thang I va n tr6n toan viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan c6 lugng mua thap nhat, chi... Rang - Thap Cham cua Hoang Phuong [69] - Luan an tien sT "Dac diem dia mao viing ddi vd dong bang ven bien Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan " tac gia Udng Dinh Khanh [46] da phan tich nhirng dac tnmg dia cha't, dia mao cua vung doi dong bang ven bien Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan do dura ra dinh hircrng sir dung hop ly cac khu vuc mang tinh chat dac trung kho han - Quy hoach thuy Id tinh Ninh Thuan thdi ky 1996 - 2000... kho han cho viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan [26]: - Bien do dao dong nhiet do ngay dem tren 9°C - Nhiet do khong k h i trung binh nam tren 25"C - Miia it mua vuot tren 9 thang, trong do 4 - 5 thang han c6 luong mua thang ducfi 25 m m , c6 2 - 3 thang kiet lugfng mua xa'p x i bang 0 Tren co sd cac chi tieu tren, viing kho han va ban kho han b Ninh Thuan Binh Thuan ton tai b cac khu vuc: - Viing thap du6i... tit 15 - 37% - Toe do gio trung binh nam dao dong trong khoang 2 - 2,5 m/s va c6 the dat gia tri Idn hon d vung ven bien t6i 3 - 3,2 m/s Nhin chung, toe do gio trung binh it thay doi trong nam Toe do gio cue dai dat tri so tiir 1 4 - 2 4 m/s va thucmg quan trac duoc tropg cac cofn dong b) Che do mira - am: *T* Luang mua hang nam dao dong rat 16n theo khong gian tijr 600 - 2500 mm Bac va TB Ninh Thuan,... ciia hoan luu k h i quyen: - Vung phia dong va trung tam, mua ft va miia mua keo dai 3 - 4 thang chiem khoang 50 - 60% tong luong mua nam Nhung noi c6 luong mua nam rat thap (600 700 mm), mua mua chi tir 1 - 2 thang (thang V I I I hoac IX - X) va chiem 20 - 40% lutcmg mua nam Luong mua \6n nhat vao thang I X hoac X, dat (120 - 260) mm/thang do chiu tac dong ciia gio miia DB - Vimg bac, TB va T N khu... an - Lan dfiu tien luan an da di sau nghien cuu cac yeu to mat dem tac dong den viec hmh thanh T N N (ca cha't luong va trfi luong) a viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan noi c6 dieu kien khi hau kho han khac biet 6 nude ta - Tit cac nguSng chi tieu kho ban, luan an da pban chia duoc cac khu vuc kho ban viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan - Luan an da xay dung ban do tai nguyen va moi trucmg nude viing kho ban Ninh. .. - I X ) , voi tan suat khoang 37 - 68% - Phia Tay viing nghien cun vao nijra diu mua dong (X - X I I ) hudfng gio chii dao b day la Bac, D B va TB, m6i hudng c6 tin sua't khoang 10 - 30% Trong nira cuoi cua miia dong ( I - I V ) hudng gio chii dao la D N vdi tan suat dat khoang 25 50% Trong miia he ( V I - I X ) huomg gio thinh hanh la T N vdi tan suat dat 24 - 46% - Thung lung song Cai Phan Rang,... Xelianhinop ciia khu vuc Ninh -2 6- Thuan - Binh Thuan (bang 2.4) th^y rang, d nhOng vung c6 lucmg mira khoang tren 1000 mm/nam c6 he so thuy nhiet \6n hon 1,00; 6 nhOng noi mua nhieu he so K c6 the dat tdi khoang 2,5, con d cac viing mua it va rat ft ciia khu vuc Ninh Thuan Binh Thuan (lucmg mua tir 600 - 1000 mm/nam) he so thiiy nhiet Xelianhinop nho hon 1,00, cu the dao dong trong khoang 0,60 - 1,00 Xet chung... ~ R ^ 20 R - tong luong mua nam (mm) T20 - nhiet do trung binh nam (t"C) Chi so' luofng mua Lang la quan he de lien he giiia khi hau vdi tho nhuong thuc vat Dua vao chi s6' lufcmg mua R20 6ng da chia thanh cac dcfi k h i hau sau: Chisolucfng mua cua Lang Tinh hinh thuc vat 0-2 0 : Samac 2 0-4 0 : Ban samac 4 0-6 0 : Thao nguy6n va thao nguyen rijmg thua nhiet ddi 6 0 - 100 : Rimg quan moc 10 0- 160 : Riitng... t6i tai nguyen nude viing kho han Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Chuang 3: Tai nguyen nude v t n g kho han Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Chuang 4: De xua't cac giai phap khai thac sir dung hop ly tai nguyen, bao ve moi trucmg nu6c vung kho han Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan C h a o n g 1 T 6 N G Q U A N C A C N G H l f i N CtJtJ TAI NGUYEN N U 6 c VUNG K H O HAN 1.1 K H A I N I E M - DINH NGHIA Nude la nguon tai nguyen . huyen vung Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 4.4. Tai nguyen nu6c theo luu vuc song viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Bang 4.5. Can bang nguon nude he thong cac Imi vuc s6ng vung Ninh Thuan - Binh. quan sinh thai viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan DANH MUC CAC HINH VE Hinh 2.1. Ban d6 Dia mao tinh Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Hinh 2.2. Ban do Da't viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan Hinh . kho han Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan. 3. Nhiem vu cua luqn an - Tong quan nhung nghien cihi ve TNfN vung kho ban. - Pban ticb cac dieu kien tu nbi6n tac dong den TNN trong viing Ninh Tbuan