Tiếp cận vấn đề tính chủ thể của hành động trong triết học nhân sinh Mỹ

52 SO 10-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY /v' ^' TIEP CAN VAIN OE TIINH CHU THE CUA HANH DONG TRONG TRIET HOC NHAN SINH MY Dat van de Triet hpc nhan sinh la he thd'ng nhiing gid tri ciia ddi sd'ng nhan sinh, anh hudng va chi phdi the gidi quan va nhan sinh quan vdn hda cua mdi ci nhdn trong mot nen van hda. Trai qua 400 nam tao diing (ndm 1607) va phat trien, ngUdi My da kien tao dUdc nhutng triet ly nhan sinh rieng cd cho minh diia tren mot gia tai tinh than Id ddng van hda Thanh gido, chu nghia ca nhan va y thifc chinh tri qud'c dan. Bai vie't nay budc diu tiep can van de tinh chu the cua hanh dong - mot trong nhutng chu de cd ban cua trie't hpc nhan sinh My tuf gdc dp triet hpc. Tinh chu the la gi? 0 phUdng Tay, tinh chu the tifng la va'n de suy nghi cua nhieu bd dc triet hpc vi dai, gdn vdi chu thuyet "con ngUdi la trung tam" (anthropocentrism) - mot sin phim dac thu cua van hoa phUdng Tay. Tinh chu the dUdc hinh thanh trong qua trinh con ngUdi tii nhan thifc ve vai trd cua minh ddi vdi the gidi, nd phan dnh qua trinh con ngUdi tiing budc dat tdi trinh dp tii "tach minh" ra khdi tii nhien, sau dd "tdch minh" ra khdi xa hoi va tii xac dinh minh nhU mot nhan cich, mot cd nhan. Qud trinh the tuc hod tdn giao d phUdng Tay gin vdi sii phat trien manh me cua chu nghia duy ly ma F. Baccn va Descartes la hai nha trie't hcc tieu bieu. Bdng tinh thin "cogito" (tdi ThS. Le Van Tung Dgi hgc Dong Thdp tu duy), Descartes da dot pha vao thanh tri cua chu nghia kinh vien md dudng cho khoa hpc phit trien. The nhUng, Descartes mdi chi diing lai d viec xem xet cen ngUdi vdi tU each la met sinh vat thieu hdan thien, la mdt thang bae trung gian giiia ThUdng de va hu vd. Ong coi ly tri la ngudn gd'c duy nha't ciia moi tri thufc khca hpc va khdng cdng nhan vai trd cua cam giac. Chu nghia duy ly til Descartes trd di da phat trien den dinh diem trdng triet hdc duy tam bien chifng Hegel. Chu nghia duy ly da trd thanh chu nghia duy ly khca hpc (chu nghia duy khoa hpc) d mot chiing miic nao dd vdi nguyen tac xem khoa hpc Id van nang, la chiec diia than ciia mpi phUdng sach, da tac ra sii phat trien que quat d con ngUdi. Xu hudng chd'ng ddi chu nghia duy ly yeu cau giai thoat con ngUdi khdi khudn khd chat hep cua tinh than "cogito" nham gianh lai nhan vi cho con ngUdi - dd la chu nghia nhan ban phi duy ly. Chu nghia Hegel tren budc dUdng anh hUdng ciing diing chan tai My vdi hai dai dien la Josiah Royce (1755- 1816) va F.A. Rauch (1806-1841). So vdi Hegel, trie't hpc Kant de lai nhieu anh hUdng hdn d My, khong phai chi bdi ly do. My la mot dan tpc cd mot lich sif khiem td'n ma vi trie't hpc sieu nghiem cua Kant an nhap mot phan vdi tinh each tii do cua dan tuf cbieng tdi khai pha viing dd't nay. Mac du Kant da chi khang dinh, ddi tUdng cua CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 53 trie't hpc la khi nang tri thifc cua cen ngUdi ve thiic tai, thiic tai dd Id the gidi hien tUdng d ngdai chu the nhUng dng cd nha'n manh tdi tinh chu the cua hanh ddng diia tren tri thifc, dat ly tinh thilc tien cao hdn ly tinh thuan tuy. Chii nghia lac quan ciia Kant phu hdp vdi tinh than cau tien ciia ngUdi My d chd khdng dinh con ngUdi la mdt thiic the dec nhat vd nhi. Id muc dich tii than, la muc tieu boat ddng cua chinh minh, con ngUdi cd the vUdn tdi sU hoin thien - con ngUdi tU lap than (self made man). Tinh chu the cua hanh dong trong cac trao liiu triet hoc nhan ban My. Cin bat dau til chu nghia thiic dung, vi nd la mdt bien the ndi bat cua chu nghia My, la phat bieu ve trie't hpc, la sii the hien tap trung cua tinh thin My ra ddi cimg vdi tie'n trinh phit trien cua nUdc My hien dai, vi vay, khdng phai hanh ddng ma chu the hinh dpng (tinh chu the cua hanh ddng) rat dUdc de cao. C.S. Peirce da cin mdn lao ddng trong Idnh dia cua sieu hinh hpc truyen thd'ng (trUdc Kant) vd thay dUdc tim quan trpng cua cic phUdng phip ldgic nhutng ghi chii quan trpng de xay diing mdt phUdng phap khoa hpc hutu hieu. Sd'ng trong thdi dai phdn tich, Peirce cd y dinh vUdt ra ngdii pham tru cua cii chu quan vi cai khach quan (trUdc day Kant gdi la chu nghia kinh nghiem va chu nghia giac dieu) thdng qua ldgic ky hieu de nhutng khii niem cd the mieu ta chan that kinh nghiem nham dUa lai nhiing hieu qua khi van dung chiing. Viec nha'n manh niem tin khdng giid dieu da phan anh diing tinh than khai sang d My liic ba'y gid, nhUng ddng gdp cua Peirce khdng phai d dd. Ddng gdp cua dng la d chd da danh cho con ngUdi mdt vi the chu ddng trong viec chiem hnh cic hieu qui thiic tien, nhUng dd khdng phai la cdi thiic tien, cii hien thiic ngUng dpng md la hien thufc da qua cai tao, xif ly, mang tinh chu quan. Bdi the, trie't hpc phii la mdt trp luc cho con ngUdi trong viec xdc lap niem tin di tdi hdnh ddng hiiu hieu, cd ich (ddi vdi con ngUdi). Tu duy ma khdng cd muc dich, khdng dUdc kiem chifng bing cdc hieu qua dUa lai thi nd chi la mdt sii phien toai. Nhu vdy, d day Peirce dd nha'n manh tdi nd liic chu quan cua con ngUdi trdng viec chiem linh tri thifc, chinh niem tin chuf khdng phii la sU sang sua bdt ngudn til ly tinh bam sinh (R. Descartes) da giiip ta dat tdi chan ly. Tinh than "ccgito" cua Descartes mac dil cd ndi de'n mdi quan he hutu cd giuta qua trinh tU duy vd chu the, nhUng nd dd nhd't chu the vac vi tri cua ngUdi quan sit, tinh chu the duf phdng (project) tdi kha ndng tii thie't dinh cua ly tinh, tifc la trUdng cua nhiing cai cd the suy luan difdc, hdn nUa, chdn ly tU nd khdng thiet dinh dUdc, tinh xdc thiic cua nd phai dUdc kiem chifng bang kinh nghiem, bdng hieu qui mi hanh dpng dUa lai. Mat khac, nhif Peire quan niem, tri thifc bao gid ciing xuat phit tif mot tri thifc trUdc dd, qui trinh ndy khdng cd sii ket thiic. Vay, con ngUdi hanh ddng cdn cif vao dau? Peirce, James va Dewey deu gap nhau d chd khing dinh, cin phii xuat phat tii kinh nghiem, til nhu ciu ndi tai de hdnh dpng, sdng tao. Kmh nghiem dd Id gi? Nha trie't hpc thiic dung cho ring, dd Id "kinh nghiem thuin tuy" (James), "kinh nghiem tii nhien" (Dewey). Tuf nhien va kinh nghiem la lien tuc, la mdt chinh the thdng nhd't. Kinh nghiem chinh la thiic tai. cho nen trie't hpc (va khoa hpc) chi nghien cufu chinh ban than kinh nghiem. James ndi tdi boat dpng cua y thifc nhU la boat ddng cd nang cua the hUu cd phin ifng 54 SO 10-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY lai hddn cinh. Tif pham trii kinh nghiem. cdc nha trie't hpc thiic dung ndi tinh chil the cua hanh dpng con ngUdi. Vi quan niem triet hec nhU mdt phUdng tien (cdng cu). mot phUdng phap hanh ddng, cho nen, khdng nha thiic dung nao khdng de cao tinh ndng ddng cua nhan thifc. James cho ring, ddng tU tudng ludn Id ddng chuyen bien lien tuc vd mang tinh cd nhdn. tinh liia chpn cua nd hen quan den ldi ich vd sU huiig phdn cua chii the. The gidi ludn chuyen bien mau le. hdn ddn. lien tuc. do dd. con ngUdi phii mau chdng xdc lap du'dc phan ifng thich hdp va hieu qua. Viec nhan manh vac kinh nghiem dac thu cua ca nhan dua James xich lai gan tmh than tU dc va chu nghia ca nhdn My. John Dewey di xa hdn d chd yeu ciu mdi cd nhdn cdn phai dUdc hua'n luyen de cd the phin ifng kip thdi vdi sii ddi thay nhanh chdng ciia cudc ddi, ciia the gidi. Nhu vdy. chu nghia thilc dung trong khi bdn ve tinh chu the da ciic ky de cao vai trd cua kinh nghiem vd tinh nang ddng cua chu the trcng nhan thifc vd trong bdnh ddng. Peirce nhd'n manh vao nd liic ciia chu the trcng \dec xdc lap mem tin. James them vac dd tinh Ilia chpn. tinh cd nhdn vd tinh ndng ddng, Dewey dua nd thdnh nhutng quy tac gido due vd ddn chu. Ta't ca nhutng cdi dd phai thdng qua kinh nghiem, hieu qua de kiem nghiem xem tri thifc dat dUdc cd phai Id chdn ly hay khdng. vd chiing cd nhiing gia tri gi. Bdi vdy. chu the cua hdnh ddng la tinh nang ddng tu quyet cua ca nhdn trong hanh ddng dUa lai hieu qui cho con ngUdi. Tinh chil the cua hdnh ddng ciing Id chil de quan trpng nhat trong chu nghia nhan vi vk chii nghia hien sinh My. Mac dii Dewey cd ndi la tinh hieu qua phuc \ai dai chung. F.C.S. Schiller cdn de nghi nen ddi ten chu nghia thiic dung thdnh chu nghia nhan ban vi ne de cao tinh than sang tao cua con ngUdi, ca hai deu mud'n ndi tdi cai "mat ngUdi" cua nd, tuy nhien, chu nghia thiic dung van thUdng hi phe binh Id mdt thuf chu nghia chifc ndng, chu nghia duy hieu qui. Chinh vi the, tinh chil the hudng de'n hieu qua can dUdc bd sung thanh td' "nhan vi" de con ngUdi tuf lap than My cd dUdc phUdng thufc tu bieu hien. tii cai quin lay minh mdt each hieu qua. Chil nghia nhan vi va chu nghia hien sinh bao gid ciing de cac vai trd chu the d cen ngUdi, nhUng dd khdng phai la cen ngUdi chung chung, phd quit ma con ngUdi so' it, con ngu'di ca nhdn, cen ngUdi cd than xac va ddi sd'ng npi tam. Tuy nhien, tinh chu the d chu nghia nhan vi, chu nghia hien sinh khdng phai la chu nghia chu quan, d dd nha'n manh tdi con ngUdi vdi tU each la mdt hien hutu, mot nhan vi tii do. Chu nghia nhan vi tim thd'y d My mdt dieu kien xd hdi ciic ky quan trpng, dd la ly tUdng tuf do. binh dang va chu nghia cd nhan de trd thanh mdt trie't hpc dac hutu cua My. Chu nghia nhan vi d Phap khi ndi tdi tinh chu the da nhan manh tdi sii sieu viet cua cai tdi, tutc la tinh y hudng ciia hien hutu \aidn tdi til do tuyet ddi, cdn chu nghia nhan vi My thi lai nha'n manh tinh chu the d hdnh ddng sdng tao (cua cai tdi ddc dao) nhUng dat trong tUdng quan vdi tha nhan, vdi xa hpi, bdi the, mat phi duy ly cua nd dn nhap vdi chu nghia tiiy thdi va tinh thin khdan dung khdng ldn vdo dau, Chu nghia hien sinh chau Au ndi tdi tu do nhu la mot cai vd bdng, tii do hi "ket an" (J.P. Sartre) cdn d My do la tU do phdt minh ra minh, la tuf lap than. Trong Cu sdc tiicfng lai Alvin Toffler chd ring, nUdc My dang bi tra ta'n bdi sii md hd ve tien bae, tai sin, ludt le va CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 55 trat tu, chimg tdc, tdn gido, thUdng de va gia dinh do sii chuyen bien chdng mat ve gii tri. Ong cho rang, rdi day con ngUdi se phii tieu thu cich sd'ng gid'ng nhu trUdc day ngUdi ta tieu thu mdt hdng hoi binh thUdng. Ong vie't: "Khi ngUdi ta dich chuyen til nen van hoi thii cap nay sang nen van hoi thif cap khac, tuf each sdng nay sang each sd'ng khac, tU hp dUdc ren luyen de ddi phd vdi sii dau khd khdng the trdnh dUdc ve sU til bd dinh liu. Hp hpc each tii phdng thu chd'ng lai sii dau khd ngpt ngdc cua sii ra di"\ Bdi the', sii sang tad cua cen ngUdi tii cai quin My mi chu nghia hien sinh ndi tdi d tren khdng ddn thuan li viec tao ra cho minh mot "tieu anh himg" mi cdn phai sing tao trong viec liia chpn cich sd'ng, cung tifc la lam chu trong viec bd di nhUng cii mi minh da chpn va nhUng each ma minh liia chpn cai dd. Tinh chu the bieu hien d duf phdng ve tU dd, nhUng d My, dd Id tii dd cua chu nghia cd nhan, tuf do dUdc trd liic bdi du trii tinh than la "nhiing tap quan cua trai tim" (Tocqueville), cho nen, nd khdng hudng ve thdi hddng kim qua khif ma chii trpng hien tai va hudng tdi tUdng lai. Khdng the khdng nhac tdi phan tam hpc va sii bd sung cua nd cho viec luan giai va de cao tinh chu the trong hanh dpng cua ngUdi My. Bdi vi trUdc khi nUdc My la nUdc cdng nghiep vd duy ly da cd mdt truyen thd'ng cd ddn vd mac cim, chiing tdi mud'n ndi tdi tinh cich cd ddn trong con ngUdi cua chu nghia cd nhan My vi "mac cam tdi ldi" vao tin dieu Kinh thdnh. Trong hai cudc chie'n tranh the gidi, nUdc My khdng hi ldn dan nao til ngoai ban vac, the nhUng, sU cd ddn lai hien dien khdp ndi dd SUf banh trUdng cua chu nghia ky tri va chii nghia cdng nghiep, nd khdng ngiing dUdc tdng cUdng sau cac cudc khimg khoang kinh te. Cd hai the he My da bd phieu cho sii cd ddn nhieu hdn ca la The he bi mdt (Lost generation) nhUng nam 1920 vd The he im lim (The silent generation) nhUng ndm 1950. Benh cd ddn (va ci Stress) li thanh tiiu vd Id ndi dau cua nUdc My - xif sd ddi khi dUdc hinh dung la "mot tap doan cua nhiing ke ich ky"^ Phdn tdm hpc inh hUdng vad nUdc My vdi tU each la lieu phdp tam ly, tinh thin "giim sd'c" tam ly cho ngUdi trung luu My chd hai ldng vdi mot thufc ddn ba mdn: tien, tien nghi, cua cai. Nd gdp phin la'y lai thdng bang cho nhiing ngUdi hi qua tii tinh thin, de tim tha'y y nghia cudc ddi trdng SUf lac quan, de tiep tuc la chu nhan ngdi den thieng lieng (cdi tdi) cua chinh minh. Cd le vi vay, phan tam hpc d My da phu dinh tinh cd gidi cua libido, gidi tinh vd thay nd bdng nhan to van hod. Fromm dd ndi ve chu nghia nhdn dao cua minh rdng: "lam cai vd thifc y thifc da chuyen cdi y niem thuin tuy ve tinh phd quit cua con ngUdi thdnh sii the nghiem sd'ng dpng cdi phd quit dd"^ My la ndi xay ra cudc Cdch mgng tinh due (sexual revolution) nhutng nam 1960-1970 vdi nhutng cudc chung cha "be bd'i", nam giat khd', nii khdng dec "xu cbieng" d dai hpc, d ngdii dUdng, d mpi nee dudng cua tudi tre chic chdn phai dat ra d dd mdt vd'n de van hoa nghiem tiic. TrUdc dd, ndm 1909, Freud tdi My, cung da nhan dinh nUdc My la "mot sai lim" bdi tinh simg dad se lim gia tang cUdng dp dang hien, dan tdi thif chu nghia tuf yeu chinh minh, cho ring thUdng de chpn minh chd nen nd ciing ddi hdi sii an thudng va yeu da'u nhieu nhat, sU phdng tiing ve tinh due nhieu nhd't. Trcng vdn hdd My, day la thdi ky bimg nd vd'n til vufng ve tinh due nhieu nha't, cii "mat na" ma Freud vach ra 56 SO 10-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY trUdc dd da dUdc giat tung de con ngUdi sung sUdng vdi nhutng xiic cam tran bd. Tuy nhien, phan tam hpc chi trd thanh mdt lieu phap tinh than mdt khi nd nhap vdd chieu sau cua truyen thd'ng My. Cam giac tdi ldi tiing la mot loai tii vd'n tam ly dUa lai y thifc ve ca nhan, tinh than Thanh gido My de cao tinh khoan dung lai coi trpng viec tha thii cho chinh minh, ngUdi tii tha thif cho chinh minh de sd'ng xifng dang (thay vi chudc tdi trong sii sdm hd'i), de tuf chu bing hanh ddng thdnh dat. DUdng nhU cd met "mac cam lac quan" ndi cen ngUdi My. Tinh chu the d ci nhan la tuf sifa minh de thinh dat, de mUu ciu hanh phiic. Chiing tdi mud'n ndi den mot khia canh khac, thii dp tii sifa minh cua ngUdi My de diing viing trUdc mdi trUdng canh tranh khd'c liet, trUdc nhiing ddi thay nhanh chdng cua xa hpi, tham chi la thai dp bie't song va bie't chet. O dd, phan tam hpc ciing chi Id met cich dien giii. Day li ldi giii thich chd SUf thinh hanh cua nghe tam ly hpc, lam cho nd cd mdt chd difng ngang hang vdi nghe bien hd Guat sU) vd nghe quan tri kinh doanh d dd't nUdc ndy. NgUdi My tii sifa minh nhu the nae de trd thanh mot ngUdi tuf chu? Trcng budi dau lap qud'c, thai dp tii sifa minh cd lien quan chat che vdi viec thiic hanh dao dufc Thanh giao, ngUdi My thee Tin lanh tii sifa minh theo Phiic Am. NhUng Phiic Am khdng phai la mdt cud'n tii dien cua cudc ddi, ngUdi My khdng phai khdng nhan ra sii md't tinh tu chu trong cic quye't dinh, dac biet, sii rui ro cua thi trUdng, sU nhdm chdn cua vdn hoa thuf cap, dat con ngUdi vio tinh trang hdn mang, hut hdng, mat phUdng hudng. Chu nghia duy vat chat va ldi sdng tieu thu, sut dU thifa ca tinh vd'n la con de cua xa hpi cdng nghiep ap dao va xd dat con ngUdi thu gpn vdd dia hat ca nhan cua nd. Trong Vdn hod vd tinh cdch cua ngitdi My, Robert H. Bellah va cdng sii cho ring, khoa lieu phap tam ly My khdng nhin con ngUdi nhU mot thufc the benh hdan ma nhU mpt ngUdi ban, ngUdi ta chiia benh che nhau va tuf chiia cho minh bang sii chia se (tam ly hpc tU vd'n), cac tac gia nhan dinh: "Bang giao trinh lieu phap tam ly - tinh than gdp phin giiip chiing ta mot ban linh tuf ldm chu dUdc trong ba't ky loai hinh giao tie'p nao, dd la dufc tinh nang dpng, khan trUdng, can trong va quyet tam"^ Bdi vay, tinh chu the d day la phai gianh la'y, mud'n vay phai bao ve cai "tuf do ben trong" ve viec lam chu chinh ban than minh vdi mpi bien thai ngoai tai. Nudc My trUdc sau vdn la tieu bieu cho tinh than thUdng mai, tinh than dich vu, cho nen, suf cai quan cai tdi khdng the khdng hUdng de'n sii thanh dat trong kinh doanh, truyen thd'ng "xud't gia" ciing dUdc coi trpng. Ne'u nhU nen van minh cdng nghiep nha'n manh tdi viec khai thdc va lam chu tai nguyen thien nhien, thi nen van minh tin hpc nha'n manh vao viec khai khac tai nguyen con ngUdi. Vi, kien thifc se la nhien lieu cua nen kinh te tUdng lai, thien nhien khdng cdn la mot ddi tUdng dang chd dUdc khai thac. Trong Ttxo diing mgt nen vdn minh mdi: Chinh tri cua Ldn sdng thd ba, Alvin Toffler vie't: "khdng gid'ng nha may hay canh ddng, tri thufc xet ve mpi phUdng dien la khdng bao gid bi khai thac can kiet"^ Bi kip tii quan, tuf thufc hien cua con ngUdi tuf lap than My ma chu nghia My, chu nghia ca nhan My ndi tdi Id viec di tim "siic manh ben trcng" chif khdng phai la "hau thudn ben ngoai". Khdng chi la khai thac md cdn la kham pha, giai phdng khdng cimg mpi tiem nang ca nhan con ngUdi. Tinh chu the trong hanh dpng cua ngUdi My, con ngUdi tuf quan cua nUdc My nim d dd. CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 0 / Trinh biy tren diy cho thay ring, cic chum triet hpc nhan ban phi duy ly My da phan inh tinh chu the trong triet ly hinh ddng cua ngUdi My, chiing deu tim each ndi ket vdi cdc tuyen thdng tinh thin cua ddn tdc My. Khuynh hUdng trie't hpc phi duy ly My khdng the khdng tuyet ddi hod vai trd cua tinh chu the. Viec nhd'n manh y nghia nhan sinh, nhan vi cua hanh dpng con ngUdi dd khdng phai vdi y dd thu tieu con ngUdi, nd chi phe phdn, phan ifng (phan vdn hda Id mdt vi du dien hinh) cdc bat cap duy ly boa ma chu nghia ky tri va chu nghia cdng nghiep dUa lai. Tinh chu the va triet hoc khoa hoc My Ban ve tinh chu the cua bdnh ddng khdng the khdng ndi tdi triet hpc khoa hpc d My. Vi nd phin inh Cdn ngUdi duy ly, cdn ngUdi ciic ky khdn ngoan, da "vat hod" vac cdc sin pham (bdng hda) vd de Id ra xung liic sdng tao cua minh. Hinh thdnh trong bdi canh phUdng thufc sin xud't tU ban chu nghia dang phat trien ca ve be rdng vd chieu sau, nUdc My di tit vae nhieu chu de cua lich sif hien dai, trUdc he't la d phUdng dien khea hpc vd ky thuat. Den giuta the ky XX, nUdc My cung la nUdc diu tien di vie xa hdi hau cdng nghiep bit ngudn til nen khea hpc hien dai. Tif nhUng nam 1940 trd di, nUdc My manh me tien vde xd hdi tieu thu. Lui lai ve lich suf cd the tha'y rang, truyen thd'ng cua My cd nhieu thdnh td tinh thin tad dieu kien khi thuan ldi cho suf ra ddi va phat trien cua khoa hpc va ky thuat. Y thifc binh ding khuye'n khich con ngUdi tuf mpi xua't phat cd the lap than, y thufc tuf do, ldi sd'ng ddn chu va chu nghia ca nhan cd vii cho mpi sang tao, tinh than canh tranh khd'c liet yeu ciu mdi chu the de thu dUdc thing ldi phii bie't tinh todn diu vac - diu ra, nhay ben, nang ddng, cd mot diu dc khdng thinh kien, khdng ciu ky vd thiic dung, dao diic Thanh gido khuyen khich ldm giau. coi trpng gid tri cua lao dpng, quy trpng thdi gian, sd'ng cd ke' beach, chi tieu dung miic, NhUng thdnh to' tinh thin nay dUdc hinh thanh gan vdi qua trinh khai phd dd't dai, tai nguyen ciia nhUng ngUdi dan tif chie'ng, cho nen, nd cdi md, dung nap, tiep bien vd ket nol vdi mpi khdc biet con ngUdi, tad nen mdt khung cinh van hoi bet sifc da dang nhUng Cling khdng kem phdn ddc ddc, Ddng thdi, trong hai cudc chien tranh the gidi. My Id ndi dung than cho nhieu nhdm ngUdi ti nan, trong dd cd nhieu nhi khoa hpc, Suf thinh vUdng cua nen kinh te' My trong mdt sd' thdi ky cung tad chd nUdc My sifc ldi cudn vdi nhieu nha khca hpc. Vdi nhung thanh to' vi nhdn td dd, nUdc My dd cd dUdc dieu kien cin va du de ddn diu ve khoa hpc vd ky thudt. Suf phdt trien cua khoa hpc d My khdng the khdng cd trie't hpc ddn dat, ndi nhif Richard Rorty, la khdng the khdng cd mdt trie't hpc "bien hd" cho nd. Triet hpc khoa hpc d My, tii chii nghia hien thiic mdi, chu nghia hien thufc khoa hpc, triet hpc phdn tich, trUdng phdi chu nghia lich sif, ndi len dd thiic thi nhiem vu "bien hd". hUdng dao cho khoa hpc My phat tridn, vd nhU vay, nd Id mdt diy td (khdng phai li tdi td) cua khca hpc, Nhifng de lam dUdc vai trd Id ngUdi diy td dd, trUdc bet, nd phii di cimg thdi vdi khda hpc (d day li khoa hpc hien dai), vi the nd phdi de cao, tuyet ddi hod tinh chu the duy ly d con ngUdi, dat chu the d trung tam cua nhUng phat hien khea hpc. Diem chung nhat giuta cac trdo lifu trie't hoc khoa hpc My (va cung la chu 58 SO 10-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY^ de phd bie'n d cdc nu'dc phUdng Tay vd phUdng Tay hda) la dat trpng tam vad \-iec xay diing cdc phudng phap khda hpc. nhdn thifc ludn Id van de trung tam cua nd. Cd mot thufc te da tiing dien ra vao thdi ky cudi cua khoa hpc cd dien la sii khung hoang ve phudng phdp ludn khoa hpc. trong dd ngii tri phd bien nhung khdi mem. nhutng menh de khdng rd rang. Khoa hpc mud'n phat tnen thi bp mdy khdi niem cua nd. ndi nhu Peirce phai thiic sii sdng sua. Nhu'ng khdi niem vdi tU each la san pham cua qua trinh trii'u tUdng hoa khoa hoc. du'dc xdy diing nen til \lec khdi qudt hod thUc tien. nd van dpng vd phdt trien trong tifdng tdc vdi thuc tien. dd dd, sii phat trien cua thufc tien cd the bo lai dang sau nhung hieu biet ldi thdi. Ivhdng nhd tnet hpc khoa hpc ndo trong the ky XX lai khdng quan tam tdi bp may khai niem md con ngu'di sif dung de nhan thilc va cai bie'n thiic tai. Tuy nhien. bUc tranh ve thiic tai dUdc hinh dung bang he thd'ng khdi niem (cua khoa hpc cd dien) dd bi phan sap (tu cua Karl Jaspers). Chu nghia vat ly bao gid ciing chi dat muc tieu di tim tuf tinh cua su vat. Boi vdy. chiing nae chu the cdn dUng ngodi su vat de nhin nd thi tinh chu the cua nd rat ngay thd. Blaise Pascal tiing ndi, cen ngu'di chi Id mdt cay sd\- yeu dt nhd't thien nhien. nhu'ng dd la cay sdv biet suy nghi. NTid khoa hoc hien dai. ndi nhu Richard Fe\-nman. phai quan sat bing "nhieu tudng tu'dng sdng tad", bing "suf tuf dd bieu kien cua y chi"" chd nen ra't thie'u vd'n tuf \afng va each dien giai de bien hp cho each nhin thiic tai cua minh la diing. Id sdu sic hon ngiidi khdc dUpc nua. Chinh \1 the, chu nghia duy khoa hpc di tdi dmh diem rat cd the se bd roi con ngu'di trong nhung phUdng trinh todn hpc, tinh chu the du>- ly cua nd phai dupc bd sung •'nhan \d" de dUa cen ngUdi thddt ra khdi miia ddng cua vdn minh con ngUdi. Va dd dd. nd phai mang khudn mat mdt sieu hinh hpc mdi. Trie't hpc phan tich My (Whitehead, Quine. Skepke, Rorty) vdn dUdc xem la mdt tnet hpc ifng dung, thu minh vdd cdc vien nghien cufu d nhieu trUdng dai hpc My. Nd ndi de'n tinh chu the (chu the khoa hpc) d khia canh ky thuat cua phdn tich ngdn ngU (ngdn ngii giao tiep thdng thu'dng, khda hpc vd triet hpc). Tuy nhien. triet hpc phan tich d My chi cd dUp'c mdt dia \'i nhd't dinh mdt khi nd phu hdp vdi truyen thd'ng My, trifdc bet la chil nghia thufc dung. Whitehead chii 5' tdi 'viec xay dilng mdt he thd'ng sieu hinh cho khca hpc. Ong gdi dd la trie't hpc ve hiiu cd (hay tnet hpc qua trinh hoat ddng) chuta diing rat nhieu nghich ly gid'ng nhU nhUng nghich ly ma con ngUdi dUdng thdi dang sd'ng. Ve cd ban. dng chd'ng lai Hegel. Ong xem the gidi nhU mdt trUdng su kien, dat trong mdi lien he hutu cd vdi nhau, gidi tuf nhien ludn ndm trong suf van dpng, bie'n ddi va phdt trien khdng ngiing, nhutng ban than cac sU kien thi khdng bie'n ddi. "Suf kien Id yeu to' cd ban cua the gidi, la sii thiic cudi cimg cua gidi tuf nhien"'. vd do dd. \Ti tru vdi tU each la the hutu cd, la suf thd'ng nha't cua cac Icai sU kien dUdc dng coi la mot ke't ca'u tuf than va cd ndng liic sang tao tuf nd. NTiUng trUdng sU kien khdng gid'ng nhU "y niem logic" cua Hegel, "y niem logic" cua Hegel van dpng tuf than, van ddng trong suf khai trien thanh cdi khac vdi nd va la'y nd trong suf ket ndi giuta cai khang dinh va cdi phu dinh, tiic suf van ddng mang tinh tdng hdp (trdng hdp de cua cdc vdng khau bien chufng). Hegel phdt bieu cdi dd vd dien giai mot each tu bien. Whitehead di cung thdi vdi vat ly hpc hien dai. K^ luan ve suf kien cua CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 59 dng da dupc ly thuyet trUdng, cd hpc lUdng tuf xdc nhdn. Vdy, cen ngUdi ndm d dau? Bin ve khii niem "khich the vinh hing", dng cho rang, the gidi tdn tai tiem tdng tinh kha nang vd ban, nhUng "khach the vinh hang" khdng lUu dpng trong tuf nhien, khi tdch khdi "ddng chay cua suf kien" chiing gia nhap vac the gidi trifu tUdng (the gidi cua tinh kha ndng), tinh khi nang ay hoa nhap va dUdc td hdp trong cdc ddng sii kien thi trd thdnh "thdi cd", tifc cd hpi hien thufc va til dd trd thinh suf vdt, nhUng dd khdng phai Id suf vat cua chu nghia duy vat ma la "khach the vinh hing". Xu hudng tien hod cua vu tru Id bien khi ndng thanh hien thiic, cai trifu tUdng thanh cii cu the thdng qua sii Ilia chpn ngau nhien. Cdi hien thufc, cdi cu the (khich the vinh bdng) tdi cae nhat la Chua. NhU vay, tinh khi nang, la phi ly, chd nen ban than liia chpn dd ciing vd ly, Chiia ciing li mdt hien tUdng vd ly, la nen tang cua tinh thufc tai cu the. Cdch hieu niy dUa dng xich lai gin chu nghia hien thufc mdi d My, vi nd khdng nghien cufu nhdn thifc (cen ngUdi) vdi tU cich qud trinh phin inh the gidi thed ldi chu nghia chu quan vi chu nghia khich quan ma nghien cifu chinh logic cua sii phdt hien khoa hpc. lich suf cua ddi tUdng nghien cifu khdng ddng nhd't vdi lich suf hieu biet cua cen ngUdi ve nd. Vi le dd, nd khdng bdn tdi van de cd bin cua trie't hpc. NhU vdy, Cdn ngUdi dUdc Whitehead quan niem la chu the nam bdt, mdt thufc hiiu hien thiic, hieu bie't cua con ngUdi la suf thdi man tam thdi khi nd nol ket dUdc cdc quan niem vdi nhau, suf hieu biet ay dat trong qui trinh tie'n hoi vd tan cua the gidi, cii cao nhat la Chiia. 0 Whitehead, khoa hpc da di gin vdi tdn giao, qua trinh phdt hien khoa hpc ciing la qua trinh tdn gido, niem tin khoa hoc di lien vdi niem tin tdn giao. Dieu ndy cho thay, tnet hpc khdng the khdng phan dnh thufc tien. Cai thiic tidn dUdc cd't gid'u trong trie't hpc ve hUu cd cua Whitehead phin inh tnet ly nhan sinh cua ngUdi My d chd, ngUdi My viia tin vad nhutng dieu ma khoa hpc phit hien nhUng khdng vi the md chdi bd suf suing dac, suf dung hod giUa ldng tin khoa hpc vd difc tin tdn gido Id mdt thudc tinh ndi trdi trong triet hpc nhdn sinh My. Dat trong ldgic phdt trien cua y tUdng d khoa hpc dUdng thdi, ta bat gap dieu nay trong chu nghia sieu hien thufc cua Jean Guitton va Bugdanov, vi ci hai dng cung da quan niem, "bifc tUdng Plank", cdi ndm ben kia chan ly khdng phii la cai ngifdc lai vdi chan ly, nd Id mdt chdn ly - ThUdng de. Chu nghia quyet dinh khdng chet di cung nhu cd hpc cd dien khdng chet di, nd li mdt trUdng hdp, mot phUdng tien de chiing ta hinh dung ve the gidi bdng nhieu megapixel hdn. Triet hpc phan tich My tiep thu tinh hieu qui cua chu nghia thiic dung da dem lai cho nd mdt vi the quan trpng trong triet hpc My. Da'y ciing Id mdt suf My hod, thufc dung hod triet hpc phan tich. Tinh tii do cua triet hpc dUdc chii y nhieu hdn d Qume, Kripke vd Richard Rorty, Ten goi trie't hpc phan tich cd nghia la, xem triet hpc nhU mdt phudng phdp khda hpc - phUdng phdp phdn tich y nghia cua nhUng phdt bieu, triet hpc difdc quy ve nhUng tham van ngdn ngut. Quine chii trpng xay diing mdt triet hpc mang tinh than nhdp cudc vdi tu cdch Id mdt tri thifc hpc ve tU nhien, d dd, tinh quy dinh cua sU nhdp cudc tnet hpc (nhap cudc bin the hpc)- phii dam bid tieu chuan ddng tin cdy. Tinh tin cay dd the hien d chd, mdt gia dinh nhap cudc phai dim bio tinh ddng nhat (cd the phan chia vd phdn biet). tinh gian ddn vd tinh thufc tien. Ban the hpc dUdc Ilia chpn de nhdp cudc nhU vdy la 60 SO 10-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY gid'ng nhau giuta triet hpc va khca hpc. Chinh vi vdy, phai dimg kinh nghiem de kiem chifng tinh xac tin cua nd - cac loai menh de. Til dd, Quine de xua't chu nghia chu toan (holism) ve tri thiic ludn. theo dd todn bp khoa hpc la mdt trifdng tn thifc mang tinh chu tcan, d dd, chifa diing nhUng chdn ly ldgic tUdng ddi, Cach tie'p can chan ly dila vdo ngdn ngU vd suf thufc (kinh nghiem) dua lai nhUng do tUdng vd gidd dieu. Tai sao? Tai vi chdn ly ldgic khdc vdi menh de phan tinh cd tinh ddng nhd't nhu da ndi d tren, ddi tUdng cua nd Id ky hieu ldgic (khdng phai ky hieu md ti) dUdc xic lap bang ky hieu. Do chin ly ldgic xdc lap tren nhUng ky hieu logic, cho nen sii thay the' ky hieu ldgic ddn tdi sii thay ddi gid tri cua menh de. Gid tri ay la gid hay that phii dUdc tdi an kinh nghiem xic nhan. Giuta ngdn ngU ly ludn vd ngdn ngU quan sdt khdng cd gidi ban phan chia rd rdng, vi ngifdi quan sat cung bat budc phai diia vao mdt ly ludn ndo dd, bdi vay, chinh kmh nghiem ddn tdi suf dieu chinh cue bd vd phan phdi lai gid tri cho tUdng thuat ciia chiing ta, Nhif vdy, Quine mud'n loai bd y nghia vdi tU cdch la bin the, di tdi khdng dinh khdng cd ddi tUdng mang y nghia, gii hay that khdng phii d chd cd hay khdng cd y nghia md d chd nd cd phu hdp vdi kinh nghiem hay khdng, Dd dd, til Quine trd dl chiing ta bdt gap sU ddi thoai giUa triet hpc phdn tich va chu nghia thufc dung, khdng phai chi d viec thifa nhan tinh hieu qui cua cic khii niem khi van dung mi cdn sii khdng dinh vai trd cua chu the kinh nghiem trong qud trinh chiem linh cdc tri thiic. Ca Quine vd Kilpke deu chii trpng nhieu tdi mat ky thudt cua phdn tich ngdn ngU. Day cung la ly dc khien cho triet hpc phan tich khdng cdn Id mot tnet hpc "ngoai trdi", tinh ban lam cua nd di cimg vdi tuyen bd' "nha triet hpc phai la nha khoa hpc" - "phUdng phap trie't hpc la phUdng phap phan tich ngdn ngut". Chu the theo dd chi la mot cdch thufc lam chu logic toan hpc. Neu trie't hpc chi dilng lai d viec phan tich nhutng cdu chut (menh de^ thi lam sad nd dam bao cho con ngUdi ddi dien vdi xd hdi tri thufc dUdc, vi suf phan nganh khda hpc la vd han, tri thufc la vd han. Trie't hpc la tien phong nhat, la tieu bieu nha't chd tinh thin tii do, nd phai giiip con ngUdi nhin ra ldi thoat cho trang hudng dUdng thdi. The he sau Kripke cd Richard Rdrty vd Putman khdng di tim each xdc lap mot cd sd tri thufc vutng ben tif phia nhan thufc hpc niia, vi triet hpc phan tich khdng cd du thim quyen phan xet nhutng khoa hpc va dao dufc. Triet hpc cin danh nd lufc de cung cap mot phUdng thifc ma cen ngUdi cd the suf dung de bien hp cho nhiing dieu hp tin tUdng (niem tin) vd nhutng liia chpn. Theo dd, triet hpc la phUdng thifc xa hdi hod bien hp, tifc Id, suf bien hd ddi vdi tri thufc can diia vao thufc tien, suf tdn thanh cua nhutng ngUdi ciing the he. Dieu nay ddng nghia vdi quan diem cho rang, viec cd hay khdng cd tri thufc khdng phai d quan he giuta tri thiic va suf vat do con ngUdi ban bo' ma d chd tuyen be' dd cd phu hdp vdi hanh ddng xd hpi, vdi tap quan ngon ngii hay khdng. "Tri thufc Id niem tin dUdc xa hdi bao ve. Chu nghia lien ddng xa hpi la chil nghia lien ddng cua mot niem tin tap the va phUdng thifc hanh dpng xa hpi"^ Quan diem nay khdng phai khdng cd nhiing cd sd xa hdi cua nd, ngay nay suf phan nganh khoa hpc ngay cang sau sic, chi nhUng nha chuyen mdn mdi cd du kha ndng de tham dinh mot tri thufc nao dd la diing hay khdng. Quan diem nay cua Rorty rd rang la di ngUdc lai trie't hpc phan tich trudc dd. CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 61 bdi le nd nhd'n manh tdi tinh chu the (chu the bien he xa hpi hod) trong qua trinh nhdn thufc. NgUdi thed chu nghia kinh nghiem, chu nghia hdnh ddng bad gid ciing chd'ng lai mdt chu nghia giao dieu. 0 Rorty, dng chd'ng lai chu nghia nen ting, vi theo dng, bat cut mdt trie't hpc he thd'ng ndo deu dat ra cho minh mdt muc tieu Id xay diing mdt nen ting tri thifc hpc, chifa diing tham vpng la ngUdi trpng tdi cua mpi khca hpc, mpi hinh thai van hca. Cdn ngUdi nam d dau? Rorty chu trpng tdi con ngUdi vdi tu cdch la mot sinh vat suf dung ngdn ngU de tdi khdm phd lai td't ci nhUng cii dang dUdc "trie't hpc hdi" hang ngay nhdm xac dinh the gidi trong dd chiing ta dang sd'ng. Theo dd, chi cd chdn ly dUdc md ti ve mat xa hdi cua nhUng phdt bieu ve the gidi, niem tin va cac y kien cila chiing ta mdi cd the bien chiing trd thinh cd y nghia. Tif dd ddn tdi quan niem, chiing ta ldm nen chinh minh. Quan diem nay khdng mdi, song nd lai dUdc dat ra diing vdo thdi diem giad lUu da vdn hoi, bdi vay, nd cd nhutng gid tri nhd't dinh. Quan diem dd ciing dUa dng xich lai chu nghia thufc dung d chd de cao tinh chu the (kinh nghiem) cua hdnh ddng vifdn tdi cdc tien bd tinh thin, dao difc vd sang tao. Tuy nhien, trie't hpc phdn tich khdng the difng lau hdn trong trie't hpc My, nUdc My cdn Tuyen ngon dgc lap, bin tuyen ngdn nay, ngay trong each dat va'n de da canh chiing mdt suf chuyen quyen nio dd, khi da tuyen bd' "tao hod ban cho con ngUdi nhUng quyen bat kha xam pham", nhutng quyen tU nhien thi nd cung dd nhim tdi sifc manh cua mpi chu nghia duy ly. Triet hpc phan tich va ca chu nghia hien thufc My mac dil cd ndi tdi tinh chu the cua bdnh ddng, song chu the dd la ly tinh, mpi thif deu phai thdng qua quan ndng ly tinh de chifng mmh tinh diing dan. quan diem ay ddng nghia vdi sU giai tni nhan vi, giii truf tinh chu the vdi tu each la mdt nhdn vi tuf do. Putman viet: "triet hpc phan tich da thufc hien dUdc nhieu dieu ldn, nhUng deu tieu ciic ci"^ Met nha khda hpc cua Viet Nam viet: "Cdn ngUdi chi tham dii vdo bin the khi con ngUdi tich ciic, sang tao, khi con ngUdi ra khdi ngdn ngii cua dU kien, cua cdi hien tai de di vao cdi khdng nhin tha'y, vUdt qua nhUng trat tU thuan tuy cua logic de di vao the gidi chUa bie't. Bin the "la" qua sU tu thilc hien tii do cua tinh nhan vi"'°. Ket luan NhUng trinh biy tren day cho thay rang, cd hai cdch tiep can khi ban ve tinh chil the cua hanh ddng trong triet hpc nhdn sinh My. Cach tiep can phi duy ly nhd'n manh tinh chu the cua con ngUdi (cdn ngUdi hanh ddng) vdi tU each la mdt nhdn vi tii do, each tie'p can duy ly nha'n manh suf quan xuyen cua ly tinh ddi vdi cdc phUdng phap khoa hpc. Hai each tie'p can nay la ddi lap ve ban the, tham chi bic bd nhau trong viec giii quyet mdt van de cu the nao dd cua khoa hpc, trie't hpc, tuy nhien chiing tUdng tdc vdi nhau, tad thanh mdt "trUdng dam dad" ra't hai hda, ra't phdng phii, rat ddc dio. Tinh ddc dio dUdc mang lai thdng qua nhUng ket ndi vdi truyen thdng My, trUdc bet la chu nghia thiic dung - mdt truyen thdng ddc ddo cua My. Cdc trao luu trie't hpc khoa hpc My deu gap lai chu nghia thufc dung d mdt giao diem - khoa hpc chi Id mdt cdng cu, mdt lo^i phUdng tien ma cdn ngUdi suf dung de thufc hien nhUng mdi quan tdm cua minh, the thufc hien nhUng muc tieu ma minh dat ra. chan ly la pham tru dinh gii, do dd, chiing khdng cd gid tri tU than, gid tri cua nd nim d chd cd lam cho con ngUdi sd'ng td't hdn hay khdng, Trong thifc te. [...]... tinh quy dinh tinh t h a n da chd phep dung nap n h u n g thdi cue ddi lap dd Alvm Toffler cho rang, con ngu'di hien dai dang sd'ng trong thdi dai cua tinh nhd't thdi, cua cdc ddng tinh hinh t a m thdi, cac td chifc tam thdi cua nen van m m h "dung xong xiit di" con ngifdi trong Ldn sdng thd ba khdng chi diing tdi bd dc duy ly ma cdn cdn tdi xiic cam true gidc tri tifdng tifdng bdi xi thdng tm khdng chi... mile ndo dd cung la mdt bieu hien cua sii khoan dung md chu nghia tuy thdi tinh thdn lac quan tuf phe binh cua nd se ddn tdi n h u n g liia chpn khdng mat ca tinh se thiic ddy nhung gid tri n h d n ban trong sii sdng tao khdng cimg Nu'dc My da budc sang nen van muih hau cdng nghiep qud trinh ca iihdn hod chac chdn se dUa lai nhieu chuyen bie'n mdi lam thay ddi nhieu mat cua ddi sd'ng con ngu'di nhu'ng . HANH DONG TRONG TRIET HOC NHAN SINH MY Dat van de Triet hpc nhan sinh la he thd'ng nhiing gid tri ciia ddi sd'ng nhan sinh, anh hudng va chi phdi the gidi quan va nhan sinh quan. gido Id mdt thudc tinh ndi trdi trong triet hpc nhdn sinh My. Dat trong ldgic phdt trien cua y tUdng d khoa hpc dUdng thdi, ta bat gap dieu nay trong chu nghia sieu hien thufc cua. nghia hien sinh ndi tdi d tren khdng ddn thuan li viec tao ra cho minh mot "tieu anh himg" mi cdn phai sing tao trong viec liia chpn cich sd'ng, cung tifc la lam chu trong viec