Hướng dẫn viết bài luận tiếng Anh chuẩn xác từ đầu đến cuối

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HOW TO WRITE A PARAGRAPH 1 Topic Sentence Parts of a Paragraph | 2 Supporting Details 3 Closing Sentence 1 Prewriting Paragraphs

How to Write a 2 Writing Paragraphs

Paragraph 3 Editing Paragraphs 4 Publishing Paragraphs 1 Definition 5 Sequence 2 Classification 6 Choice Kinds of Paragraphs 3 Description 7 Explanation 4 Compare and Contrast | 8 Evaluation PART 1: Parts of a Paragraph 1 Topic Sentence

What is the topic sentence?

The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph What does it do?

It introduces the main idea of the paragraph How do I write one?

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Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world First, Canada has an excellent health care system All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price Second, Canada has a high standard of education Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live

2 Supporting Details

What are supporting sentences?

They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph What do they do?

They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph How do I write them?

You should give supporting facts, details, and examples Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world First, Canada has an excellent health care system All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price Second, Canada has a high standard of education Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live 3 Closing Sentence

What is the closing sentence?

The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph What does it do?

It restates the main idea of your paragraph How do I write one?

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Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world First, Canada has an excellent health care system All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price Second, Canada has a high standard of education Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live

PART 2: How to Write a Paragraph 1 Prewriting Paragraphs

What is the prewriting stage?

The prewriting stage is when you think carefully and organize your ideas for your paragraph before you begin writing

Six Prewriting Steps:

1 Think carefully about what you are going to write Ask yourself: o What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay? o Howcan I best answer this question? What is the most important

part of my answer?

o What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence?

o Where can I find more facts on this topic?

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3 Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic Look for and write down facts that will help you to answer your question Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question vou are going to answer in your paragraph or essay 4, Write down your own ideas Ask yoursel!:

oO What else dol want to say about this topic? oO Why should people be interested in this topic? oO Why is this topic important?

5 Pind the main idea of your paragraph or essay Choose the most irmportant point you are gomg to present If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just choose one point and stick to u throughout your paragraph or essay

6 Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea, Once you have chosen the most important point of your paragraph or essay, you must find the best way to tell your reader about it Look at the facts you have written Look at your own ideas on the topic Decide which facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your paragraph Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you plan to use, ask yourself which order to put them in the paragraph Write down your own note set that you can use to guide yourself as you write your paragraph or essay 2 Writing Paragraphs

What is the writing stage?

The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into sentences Five Writing Steps:

| Open your notebook and word processor

ho Write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and closing sentence

tạo Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning + Focus on the main idea of your paragraph

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3 Editing Paragraphs What is the editing stage?

The editing stage is when you check your paragraph for mistakes and correct them

Grammar and Spelling [ Check your spelling

ho Check your grammar

Ca Read your essay agai

in, +, Make sure each sentence has a subject

CAL .oee Hf your subjects and verbs agree with cach other

œ® Check the verb tenses of each sentence

— Make sure that each sentence makes sense

Sivle and Organization

— Make sure your paragraph has a topic sentence

ho Make sure your supporting sentences focus on the main idea 3, Make sure you have a closing sentence

in, + Check that all your sentences focus on the main idea, 5 See if your paragraph is interesting

4 Publishine Paragraphs What is the publishing stage?

The publishing stage is when you produce a final copy of your paragraph to hand in

Three Publishing Steps:

| Make a paper copy of your paragraph

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PART 3: Kimds of Paragraphs 1 Definition Paragraph

When writing a defimtion paragraph, you take a thing or an idea and explain what H 1s,

Example: Write a paragraph giving the definition of a pest

The following words can help you to write a good defimition paragraph:

1 Gs defined as"

Example: A pest is defined as any animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property

2 "is a kind of"

Example: A pest is a kind of animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property 2 Classification Paragraph When writing a classification paragraph, you group things or ideas into specific categories Example: Wriie a paragraph discussing two types of energy FESOUTCES The folowing words can help you to write a good classification paragraph:

â Âan be divided into Energy resources can be divided inte two fy pes

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o is grouped with Coal is

resources

grouped with non-renewable

o is related to Coal is related to other non-renewable resources

Oo is associated with Coal is associated with other non-renewable

resources

3 Description Paragraph

In a description paragraph, you are writing about what a person, place, Sometimes, you may describe where a place is located or thing is like Examples Write a paragraph describing what a polar bear looks like Describe where Canada's industry is located The following words can help you to write a good description paragraph:

Properties Measurement Analogy Location

Size length is like in

colour width resembles above

shape mass/weight below

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Near

Example: Many companies are located near Toronto north / east / south / west

Example: Ontario is west of Quebec 4 Compare and Contrast Paragraph

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Also Example: Halifax alse has a rainy spring season Too Example: Halifax has a rainy spring season, toa As well Example: As well, Halifax has rainy spring season Differences

Om the other hand

Example: On the other hand, winter is much colder in Halifax However Example: However, winter is much colder in Halifax But Example: Vancouver has a mild winter, but Halifax has a cold one in contrast to Example: In contrast to Vancouver, Halifax has a cold winter Differs from Example: Halifax differs from Vancouver by having a cold winter While Example: While Vancouver has a mild winter, Halifax has a cold winter, 5 Sequence Paragraph

In a sequencing paragraph, you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order Usually, this order is based on time Example: Write a paragraph outhning how a person becomes the prime rminister

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Order Time

first, second, third, etc recently

in the beginning previously before afterwards then when after after finally at last subsequently Order

First, second, third, etc

Example: First, you need to become a leader of a_ political party Second, you need to win a seat in the House of Commons Third, your party must have a majority of seats

In the beginning

Example: In the beginning, you need to become a leader of a political

party

Before

Example: Before becoming the prime minister, you need to become the leader of a political party

Then

Example: Then, you must win a seat in the House of Commons After

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Finally Example: Finally, after all these steps, you can call yourself the prime minister at Last Example: At hast, you can call yourself the prime minister Subsequently

Example: Subsequently, you must make sure you have a majority of seats in the House of Commons ‘Time Recently Example: She was recently elected prime minister Previously Example: She is the new prime minister Previously, she worked as a lawyer in Toronto, After wards Example: She won the party leadership last year AMterwards, she won the election When Example: When she won the party leadership, she was stil working as a lawyer after

Example: After winning a seat in the House of Comrmons, you must make sure you have a majority of seats

6 Choice Paragraph

In a paragraph where you have to make a choice, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer Often, you will need to give your opinion on a choice of actions or events

Example: Write a paragraph stating whether you would preter to play hockey or lacrosse

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I believe Example: I believe hockey is more exciting than lacrosse It seems to me Example: It seems to me that hockey is more exciting than lacrosse I prefer Example: I prefer hockey over lacrosse Personal Opinions Like/dislike Example: I like the sport of hockey because it is fast and exciting Hope Example: I hope that I can play hockey in the future Feel Example: I feel that hockey is my favorite sport 7 Explanation Paragraph

In an explanation paragraph, you need to explain how or why something happens Very often in social studies class, you will be asked to explore

causes and effects of certain events

Example: Write a paragraph explaining why so many Europeans moved to Canada during the nineteenth century

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it follows that if then Cause Because

Example: People moved to Canada from Europe during the nineteenth century because they had poor living conditions in Europe

Since

Example: Since living conditions in Europe were terrible, many people moved to Canada

As aresult of

Example: People moved to Canada from Europe as a result of poor living conditions in Europe

Is due to / was due to

Example: The large influx of people to Canada was due to economic pressures in Europe

Effect Therefore

Example: Living conditions in Europe were terrible Therefore, many people moved to Canada for a better life

Thus

Example: Living conditions in Europe were terrible Thus, many people moved to Canada for a better life

Consequently

Example: Living conditions were terrible in Europe Consequently, many people moved to Canada

Hence

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It follows that

Example: Living conditions were terrible in Europe It follows that many people moved to Canada

If then

Example: If living conditions were better in Europe, then fewer people would have moved to Canada

8 Evaluation Paragraph

In an evaluation paragraph, you make judgments about people, ideas, and possible actions You need to make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you develop In the paragraph, you will state your evaluation or recommendation and then support it by referring to your criteria Example: Write a paragraph evaluating whether pesticides should be used on farms The following words can help you to write a good evaluation paragraph:

Criteria for Evaluation Recommendation

good / bad suggest

correct / incorrect recommend

moral / immoral advise

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Correct / Incorrect

Example: The belief that pesticides must be used is incorrect Moral / immoral

Example: The use of pesticides to control pests is Immoral because it harms the environment

Right / wrong

Example: [it is wromgio use pesticides because they harm the environment

important / trivial

Example: The issue of pesticides is an important one because it affects the environment

Recommendation Suggest

Example: | suggest that pesticides should not be used to control pests Recommend

Example: Irecomumend that pesticides should not be used because they are harmful to the environment

Advise

Example: 1 would advise farmers not to use pesticides if possible Argue

Example: i would argee that pesticides should not be used because they harm the environment

Một đoạn văn là một loạt câu phát triển, ứng hộ, chứng mình một ý nào đó, và ý này thường là cầu chủ dé (lopic sentence) cla đoạn vần, Các cau con lai (supporting sentences) phat trién, giai thich, minh hoa cho clu ché dé Cau két Indn ( concluding sentence) cua doan van la cau khang định lại câu chú điểm, tóm tắt lại các ý chính của đoạn văn i Topic sentence

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© ©

Is the most general sentence in the paragraph

Contains controlling ideas that the following sentences in the paragraph will explain/ define/ clarify/ illustrate

* A controlling idea is a word or phrase that the reader can ask questions about: How? Why? In what ways? What does that mean? Ex: The conical leaf hat is one of the typical features of the Vietnamese

culture

Topic: conical leaf hat

Controlling ideas: What is it? (typical feature of the Vietnamese culture), In what way is it typical? 2 Supporting sentences develop the topic sentence by giving: © © © © © reasons examples facts statistics quotations 3 Concluding sentence © © ©

Signals the end of the paragraph

Summarizes the main points of the paragraph/ restates the topic sentence without copying exactly

Gives a final comment on the topic

Vậy trước khi viết một đoạn văn, HS hãy theo các bước sau:

Doc chu đê cho săn, rôi chọn việt một câu chu dé Gach chan câu chủ đê này đê nhăc các em về trọng tâm của đoạn van Việt ra các ý giải thích và làm rõ câu chủ đê

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o_ Nghĩ cách kết thúc đoạn văn và viết nó ra

Sau khi đã làm dàn ý như trên, hãy bắt đầu viết và bám sát dàn ý đã

vạch ra

Đề đoạn văn có thể liên kết với nhau và thống nhất trong một mạch chảy của bài việt, HŠ phải biệt cách sử dụng các từ nôi câu cho hợp lý Sau đây là bảng các từ/ cụm từ nôi

Useful expressions

Sequencing/ Listing First of all, First(ly), Initially, To begin with; Second(ly); Third(ly); Next; Then; After that (this); Following this (that); Finally; The first reason is / The second is ; Last but not least

Adding to what you have, Also, Furthermore, In addition,

said Additionally, Moreover, Besides, As

well as, Similarly, not only but also , even beside this/ that

Contrasting In contrast to this, On the contrary, In contrast, Conversely, On the other hand, While, Whereas, However, Despite/ In spite of, Although, Even though, Otherwise, Nonetheless

Expressing similarity Similarly; Likewise, In the same way Showing results As a result, As a consequence,

Consequently, Hence, Thus, Therefore, So

Giving examples For example, For instance, In

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Inferring In other words, In that case, or else, Otherwise

Summarizing In summary, To sum up, To conclude, To recapitulate, In conclusion, In short, In brief, In a nutshell, Lastly, Finally

Writing an essay

Một bài luận là một bài viết dài hơn và thường gồm nhiều đoạn và mỗi

đoạn văn thường theo cầu trúc đoạn văn trình bảy trên Tuy nhiên, cách viết đoạn mở đầu (introductory paragraph) va doan két (concluding paragraph) dac tht nhu sau:

1 The introductory paragraph ¢ The attention getter

- a sentence that gets the reader interested ¢ The main idea

- the topic or thesis of the essay

¢ The guide/ thesis statement (the last sentence of the introductory paragraph)

- a list of the points that will be discussed, thus showing the organization of the composition

Ex: There are many things that symbolize the Vietnamese culture Among these is the conical leaf hat, a symbol of traditional Vietnamese girls The hat is very special because of its physical features and its use - Attention getter: There are many things that symbolize the Vietnamese culture

- Topic/ thesis: Among these is the conical leaf hat, a symbol of traditional Vietnamese girls

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2 Body

Các đoạn tiếp theo sau đoạn mở đầu sẽ phát triển tương ứng các ý được đề cập trong câu chủ để của bài luận, và cách viết tuần thủ theo cách viết đoạn văn đã được đề cập trên Ví dụ, đôi với phân mở bài trên, phần thân bài sẽ có 2 doan: Paragraph 1: physical features & Paragraph 2: its use

3 The conchiding paragraph

Là đoạn cuối của bài luận, Thường có 3 cách để viết đoạn kết, ® Á SUHHHATV repeafs the mại points of the essay

» A prediction discusses what will happen in the future

* An evaluation compares the main ports and states what is best Tome lai:

Structure of the Paragraph and the Essay » Main idea (opic sentence or thesis)

« Support for the mam idea (a number of supporting details im a paragraph or a number of paragraphs in an essay)

* Conclusion (summary of the main points of support for the matin idea} The writing process for the Paragraph and the Hssay

° First steps

o understanding the assignment © harrowing the topic

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OQ diving ° Greanizing ideas oO Drafting O Revising oO Editing

Thể loại viết tranh luận thường gặp đối với các vân đề có 2 mặt, ví dụ như các ưu và nhược của máy tính/ Internet Dé bai thuong yéu cau cho biết quan điểm về vận đề nào đó; ứng hộ hay chỗng đối; hoàn toàn đồng ý hay bắt đồng,

Thể loại viết tranh luận cũng theo cầu trúc cơ bản của một bài luận, từ đoạn mở đầu, các đoạn thân bài, cũng như kết luận Tuy nhiên, viết một bài tranh luận thường yêu cầu một kỹ năng việt riêng: đó là ngôn ngữ sử dụng để tranh luận, chứng mình hay biện giải cho quan điểm đựa ra Sau đây là một số ngôn ngữ hữu dụng cần khi viết thể loại này,

i introducing arguments ° First of all

® CHì the other hand,

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QO QO QO QO QO QO © © © © © © © itis worth pointing out, however, ta contrast, There again, Others feel that

Nevertheless/ However? Nonetheless That may be true, but

in my opinion, if is true to say

Personally, | believe/ { do not believe that

Having said that, it is important to remember that At the same time, | feel that

Although some people feel

Perhaps the most important pomt, however, is Another important consideration is that One of the main arguments against is Several objections to may be raised oO oO oO © © © ©

All things considered/ On balance, it is fair to say that {tis inevitable/ undeniable that

While I appreciate the importance of.,., [ still think that Most people would argue that

On the whole/ Overall,

Many people would disagree with the assertion/ idea that The fact that does not mean

it may be true that bat

However, it is doubthul/ | doubt whether

Use double negative to give emphasis to an unexpected

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ề Ls While if is not inconceivable that , there is sheht possibility that Summarizing

Nên tóm tắt các ý chính vừa thảo luận đề giới thiệu phần tranh luận tiếp theo, nhằm cho người đọc biệt mình đang tranh luận theo hướng nào, Có thê dùng các ngôn ngữ sau: ề © © © © © © 1

nate peat ‘ete? bees oF pet re ví „ tim khuẩn tươi

ưu trẻ pore kee Pee, bie pag ee ve? on ty ae k2 „ tp be ho PD ? là wn Pits

Having looked at/ discussed a number of problems/ benefits, we should now consider

Given the problems/ factors which have been outlined, we can now turn to the question of / we need to ask / we have to examine the case Concluding ia conclusion, in summary To conclude/ To sum up/ To summarize ia short,

{n the last analysis,

On balance, I would say that What to write Khi mô ta mdét bé phin/ cudn sach, HS nén dva vao các phần sau: © © ề

Tithe and author Lype of book/ film Characters

Events in the film/ book Your opinion of the film/ book

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2 How to write

a Viết tiêu dé

Tiêu đề phim/ sách thường được gạch dưới hoặc ¡in nghiêng Từ quan trọng thường được viết hoa, trong khi các từ chức năng như and, in, a thường được viêt thường trừ phi chúng là từ đâu tiên của tiêu đê

Ex: Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands

b Dùng tính từ để làm cho bài mô tả phùm/ sách hap dan

©_ Type of book/ film: a detective story/ film; a romantic novel; a love story film; an adventure story; a science fiction novel; a historical novel; a humorous story; a thriller

© Adjectives to describe film/ book: funny; hilarious; horrifying = frightening; interesting; gripping; exciting; fascinating; entertaining; brilliant; realistic; sad; tragic; imaginative; touching = moving; action-packed; well-written; well-directed; well/beautifully-filmed; wonderfully-acted

o Adjectives to describe author/ director: great; skilled; observant; gifted = talented; perceptive; entertaining

C Cau trúc

o M6 ta: It’s called ; Ifs by ; It was (written/ directed/ produced/ published/ designed) by/ in ; It’s by the same (writer/ director) as ; It’s his/ her first/ second (book/ film); It’s about/ tells the story of ; It stars ; It’s set in ; It’s based on ; It’s adapted from ; It lasts about hour(s); The story is very simple/ complicated

o Bay to y kién cd nhan: The (acting/ story/ graphics) is/ are brilliant/ terrible.; The best/ worst thing(s) about it is/ are ; 18 really boring/ annoying/ exciting.; Another thing I really liked/ hated was ; One weak point was ; It’s well worth seeing.; I’?d recommend it to anyone who likes ; I wouldn't recommend it to anyone

o_ Thì V: dùng simple present để mô tả phim/ sách dù là kể lại các

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Ex: Titanic, a tragic love story film, is about a couple on a sinking ship V Describing a place 1 Outline © © © © © © © What it is Location Size Population Area Main attractions Your feeling (s)/ opinion(s) 2 Useful language

How: cosmopolitan; crowded; densely-populated; sparsely- populated; exciting; romantic; charming; historical; industrial; noisy; ugly; modern; old-fashioned; ancient; peaceful; polluted; popular with tourists

Where: It is located/ situated in the west/ southern/ centre of ; It is near the border with ; It is on the river X.; It is famous for ; It is about/ approximately km from

Main attractions: an industrial area; beautiful scenery nearby; an underground system or trams; sandy beaches; docks or a habour; spectacular views; shopping malls or street markets; a carnival/ festival or other events

VI Writing an announcement about a sports event

Writing an announcement co ban 1a viét mét ban tin dé thong bao mét sự kiện nào đó Vì thế, ngôn ngữ thông báo thường ngắn gọn, rõ ràng và

dễ hiểu Thông thường để thu hút sự chú ý của người đọc, các nội dung

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Tips

Ngoài ra, các chữ viết tắt đôi lúc cũng sử dụng, mạo từ, giới từ cũng được bỏ đi

HỌ CHI MINH COMMUNIST YOUTH UNION In celebration of the International Workers’ Day Friendly Football Match

Cantho Youth Union vs Local Sports Club 4 p.m Sunday, March 26, 201 School Stadium ok ok oi ok oi ok ok ok oie ois ok oi ok All teachers and students are invited Nguyen Van A Head of the Union

Về nội dung, một thông báo về một sự kiện thể thao thường bao gồm các thông tin sau:

[| Who that announcer is What the event is

The purpose of the event

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Vi dụ về một đoạn văn viết bằng tiếng Anh:

Your school organizes a competition for students to write about The world in which I would like to live in the year 2020

Below is an essay by one of the studens

My ideal world would be a peaceful one There are no wars or conflicts between nations People won't have to live under the threat of terrorism but all live together in harmony Everyone has a job to do, and there is a good healthy standard of living for all I would also wish to live in a clean healthy environment with less noise and less pollution There are more and larger parks where children can play and wildlife can be protected But my main desire is to see people less materialistic, less selfish, less violent and more loving than they are now (Trang 89 - 90 SGK Tiéng Anh 12)

Bản dịch tiếng Việt:

Thể giới lý tưởng của tôi là một thế giới hòa bình ( Thế giới đó) Không có chiến tranh hoặc mâu thuân giña các quốc gia Nguoi dan sé khong phải sống dưới nỗi sợ khủng bố mà tất cả mọi người Cùng chung sông hòa thuận I1 cũng có công ăn việc làm và mọi người đều có mức sống tốt đẹp Tôi cũng muôn sông trong một môi trường trong sạch, lành mạnh có i tiếng ôn và it bi 6 nhiém Nhưng khát vọng của tôi là được nhìn thấy mọi người bớt tôn sùng vat chất, bót ích kỷ, bớt bạo lực và thương yêu nhau nhiêu hơn.)

Trong doan van trén, cdu dau tién (My ideal world would be a peaceful one.) la cau chu dé, trong do topic la My ideal world va controlling idea la a peaceful one (hiéu la a peaceful world)

Các câu văn còn lại là supporting sentences

Tac giả sắp xếp supporting sentences theo trật tự từ chỉ tiết ít quan trọng nhât đên quan trọng nhât

Dé thi ban c6 thé gp: Write about the ideal world in which you would like to live in the year 2020 (Trang 90 SGK Tiéng Anh 12)

Như vậy, trong ky thi THPT Quốc gia, đề bài yêu cầu viết một đoạn văn, các em cân bình tĩnh thực hiện các bước sau:

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2/ Kiém tra lại câu chủ đề để biết chắc trong câu chủ để có topic và controlling idea

3/ Tìm ý để chứng minh/diễn giải ý chính băng cách đặt các câu hỏi mở đầu bằng từ nghi vẫn Lưu ý: do độ dài của đoạn văn bị không chế nên các em chỉ cần đặt khoảng 5 câu hỏi là được Nhớ răng các câu hồi phải liên quan đến câu chủ đề

4/ Ráp các câu trả lời cho các câu hỏi (supporting sentences) lại thành một đoạn văn hoàn chỉnh Cân nhớ mâu chôt ở bước này là phải biệt chăc mình đang sử dụng trật tự nào đê ráp nôi supporting sentences

5/ Cân nhắc có nên viết câu kết hay không Nếu không chắc chăn thì bỏ

qua bước này

6/ Kiếm tra lại các lỗi chính tả, lỗi ngữ pháp có thể có trong từng câu viết của bạn Lưu ý: cũng như phần viết thư, các em chỉ nên dùng những loại câu đơn giản như câu đơn, câu kép, câu phức Nói chung, từ

ngữ, cách diễn đạt càng rõ ràng, càng đơn giản càng tốt

PRACTICE EXERCISES

Topic 1: writing a letter of job application

Dear Sir or Madam

- t 2m writing to apply for the post of kitchen helper at Lenny’s

Festaurant which was advertised in last Saturday's newspaper

> have considerable experience of working in catering Last

=zzmer, I worked for six weeks as a waitress in my local café

™“;y responsibilities there included taking orders and serving

“sstomers as well as cleaning the kitchen and washing up

> t consider myself to be reliable, hard-working and enthusiastic

"1 necessary, 1 can supply references from the café owner and

ziso from a teacher at my school

= I would be very grateful for the opportunity to visit the ~staurant and discuss my application with you in person I sm available for interview any day after school or on Saturdays

my application is successful, I will be available to start work

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Topic 2: Writing TOPIC 2 - A MAGAZINE ARTICLE

‘Look at the photo, What sport is it, do you think? 2 Read the article quickly and match the headings with the paragraphs (A-D) Early successes Greatest achievements

Family and early years ~ First experience of sport

Jesse Owens

A Jesse Owens was born in 1913 in Alabama His family

was poor, and Jesse worked in his spare time to support his family

B Jesse was a fast runner and so he joined the school

athletics team He set a new schoolboys’ world record

for the 100-yard sprint,

C While at university Jesse had to work to pay for his studies, He also faced racial discrimination and wasn't: allowed to live with white students, On 25th May, 1935, he broke four world records within 45 minutes: the 100-yard sprint, the 20-yard sprint, the long j ump

and the 220-yard hurdles He was still a student! -

D At the 1936 Olympic Games Jesse won the 100-metre

sprint, the 200-metre sprint, the long jump and the

400-metre relay, He also broke three Olympic records It

was a fantastic achievement

3 Answer the questions

1 When and where was jesse Owens born? 2 Why did Jesse have to work in his spare time?

3 In which event did Jesse break the world record while he

was still at school?

4 In what ways was university life difficult for Jesse? 5 How many world records did Jesse set on 25th May, 1935,

and how long did it take him?

6 How many gold medals did Jesse win at the 1936 Olympics, and In which events?

4 Find words in the text that mean: time when you are not working

a measure of length, used in Britain and the USA:

91 centimetres

a short, fast race

treating people badly because they are a different colour

@ race in which the runners have to jump over small fences

a race between teams of runners, swimmers, etc

Whiting tip: using paragraphs

When you are preparing to write an article, divide the

information into different topics, Put all the information

about each topic into a separate paragraph ye œ& tt” th Q2 Š Match the sentences about Jesse Owens with the four topics in exercise 2

By the end of his first year at college, Jesse realised he could compete at the highest level

Jesse was the first American to win four gold medals in a

single Olympics

Jesse couldn’t do sports after school because he had to work,

When Jesse was eight, his father lost his job and the family moved to Ohio

The Nazis hoped to prove at the Games that white people were physically superior to black people

Jesse's school sports teacher realised that Jesse was

immensely talented

Jesse had nine brothers and sisters

When he travelled with fellow students he had to stay in ‘blacks only’ hotels _ ~ có + “ an om

6 Write an article (130-150 words) for a student magazine about a famous sportsperson from the past (someone who has retired or died) Include paragraphs on three or four of these topics and your own ideas

family

early years and education first experience of sport early successes greatest achievements why you admire him/her C¿t(Á your w0/Á Have you |_| divided your article into paragraphs, each with its own

H putthe Hài in a logical order?

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Topic 3: DESCRIBING PLACES OF INTEREST

| Read the writing task and the two leaflets Which place would you prefer to visit?

Writing task

Write a tourist leaflet (70-80 words) abot oi att

or interesting places in your country Include: — -

* a title to attract the readers’ attention — “4

information about interesting things to see and places fl to visit information about what people can do there Devon - something & everyone Come and visit Devon, in the south-west of

England There are miles of sandy beaches,

where you can swim, surf, dive or windsurf Or just relax on the sand with a good book If you like walking, cycling or horse-riding, spend some time on Dartmoor, with its vast

stretches of open moorland, Devon has got lots of interesting historic buildings Visit Castle

Drogo or the atmospheric castle at Totnes sl ul historic city of \ a 2 > w Which leaflet consists of 1 a single paragraph? 2 short ‘bullet points’?

Which is more effective in your opinion? Divide leaflet A into three bullet points,

Which grammatical structure does each bullet point in leaflet B begin with?

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TOPIC 4—- A REVIEW OF A FILM

Do you recognise the actor in the photo? Do you know the film?

~ Read the first and last paragraphs of the review Answer the

questions

1 Whatis the name of the film? 2 Did the reviewer enjoy it?

A review of War of the Worlds by Andrea

| recently went to see War of the Worlds, Ii's a science

fiction film starring Tom Cruise

The film is based on a book written over 100 years ago, although it is set in modern times, The story is very

S gripping It’s about alien machines from space which land

on Earth, Nevertheless, the film has a happy ending

The: acting is very good Tom Cruise, who plays a father

who is looking for his family, is excellent, a6 usual However, | didn't think Dakota Fanning was very

convincing as his daughter The special effects were

incredible ~ the machines looked terrifying, and there

were some very scary moments which | didn't enjoy

This is a classic Spielberg film: fast-moving, not too

violent, and full of action, In spite of the fact that it

4 was a bit scary, overall { really enjoyed it, Go and

set it if you can

1 What kind of film is War of the Worlds?

2 When was the original book written?

3 What aspects of the film did the reviewer like?

4 What two things didn’t the reviewer like? % Find words or phrases in the review that mean:

with Tom Cruise as the most important actor (line 2) uses the same story as (line 3)

acts the part of (line 7) very typical; one of the best (line 13)

generally; when | think of everything (line 15)

wl

wn

B3

5 Read the writing tip Find and underline the words and phrases in the review

Writing tip: expressing contrast

We use however and nevertheless to express contrast between two sentences We put a comma after them, We use although and in spite of the fact that to express contrast between two pieces of information in the same sentence

6 Complete the sentences Use words or phrases from the Writing tip above Sometimes two answers are possible

| didn't like the acting,

most of my friends

_ The story was good

| really enjoyed the film thought it wasn't very good

The special effects were very unconvincing spent millions of dollars on them,

| don’t think Sylvester Stallone is a very good actor _ he’s very good in the Rocky films

The film wasn’t at all funny it was supposed to be a comedy nN oe they > “ a The film was very slow provoking Jaws is one of Spielberg's first films his best

8 the acting was excellent, overall | didn’t enjoy it,

it was quite thought-

~ it's one of

7 Do this writing task, Follow the writing plan below, Write a review of a film that you enjoyed Write 130-150 words

Introduction

Name of film, type of film and actors,

Paragraph 2

The story: What happens? Is it gripping? Is it convincing? What about the ending?

Paragraph 3

Other aspects of the film: the acting, the screenplay, the

music, the special effects, the stunts, the location, etc Paragraph 4

Your overall opinion

Have you

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| Read Cathy's essay Which global issues does she mention?

the arms trade _ famine

disease racism

homelessness | global warming

endangered species terrorism

If I ruled the world by Cathy

If 1 ruled the world, the first thing I'd do is prevent famine and disease in the developing world In my opinion, that’s one of the most serious problems we face I'd make sure that poor farmers could sell their food to the rest of the world I'd also make more medicines available to people in poor countries I believe we could save millions of lives by vaccinating children, so I'd make drugs companies do that,

The next thing I'd do is make governments invest in wind, water and solar power In my view, we need to stop global warming, so I'd also make petrol-driven cars illegal There are some less serious things I'd do too I'd ban rap music because I think it’s terrible and Td reduce the number of sports programmes on television Finally, I'd make my brother change his socks every day

because they smell awful

1 How would Cathy help farmers in the developing world? 2 What would she make drugs companies do? 3 Why would she make petrol-driven cars illegal?

4 What would she ban?

5 What kind of TV programme doesn't she like? 6 What would she make her brother do?

TOPIC 5 — AN ESSAY ON A GLOBE ISSUE

3 Read the writing tip How many of the phrases can you find in the essay? Underline them Translate all the phrases,

We can use these phrases for expressing opinions:

| think (that) I don't think (thad)

| believe (that) I don't believe (that)

In my view, „ In my opinion, =

I'm convinced that - Assee Ít,

Find examples of these structures in the essay, 1 make somebody do something 2 make somebody/something + adjective 3 make sure that

Complete the sentences with the verbs and adjectives in the box

found illegal optional pick up fai:

smaller stop was:

1 I'd make all drugs

2 I'd make sure that the government a home for

every homeless person

3 I'd make factories the amount of pollution they

produce

4 I'd make cars and cleaner

5 I'd make people their own litter

6 I'd make sure that clean water available to

everyone in the world

7 I'd make school instead of compulsory

œ I'd make smokers smoking,

6 Do this writing task Include some serious and some less serious ideas, and use some of the phrases and structures in exercises 3 and 4 Follow the writing plan below Write an essay about what you'd do if you ruled the world

Write 130-150 words

I'dalso

¢ The next thing I'd dois

* There are some less serious things I'd do too © Finally, I'd

Check your work

Have you Kì

_ divided your essay into paragraphs?

| used phrases for expressing opinions?

L used expressions with make correctly? written 130-150 words?

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TOPIC 6 -— A STORY DESCRIBING A CRIME

| Read the story quickly Why did Jeremy want to buy a sat nav system (satellite navigation system)?

The careless thief

One evening last week, Jeremy Watkins was trying to buy 2

second-hand sat nav $ system for his car from an online

auction site

Two weeks earlier, a thief had stolen the sat nav system from Jeremy's car Unfortunately, since the car wasn't locked, the insurance company had refused to replace the system After a while Jeremy found some sat nav systerns for sale, As he a5 loki ng at them, he was astonished to sez his own system for sale Jeremy immediately bought it and e-mailed the seller to say that he would come round to his house the following day to collect it Then he phoned the: police

The next day, a police officer called at the man’s house He

pretended to be Jeremy As soon as the man gave him the sat nav system, the police officer arrested him So in the end

Jeremy got his system back!

2 Put the events in the correct order,

| Jeremy got his old sat nav system back

A police officer went to the thief’s house and arrested him

A thief stole Jeremy's sat nav system, Jeremy rang the police

Jeremy left his car unlocked

The insurance company refused to pay for a new sat nav system,

Jeremy found an auction site that had sat nav systems for sale

Jeremy sent an e-mail to the thief

3 Find ten of these time expressions in the story and underline them, Translate all of them

Time expressions

inthe end afterawhile atfirst immediately soon then one (evening) last (week) (two weeks) earlier the following (day) the next (day) assoonas as while 4 Choose the correct time expressions

1 There's a fire — please leave the building in the end / immediately

The police arrested her because a week earlier / the following week she'd stolen a mobile phone Somebody attacked him as / as soon as he was walking through the park,

At first / After a while | thought he was innocent, but immediately / in the end | realised he was lying The witness identified the criminal as soon as / while she saw him nn w > “ Jeremy saw his own sat nav system for sale and bought it

Use time expressions to order the events in a story,

5 Cover the story and exercise 2 Use the pictures to retell the story

Do this writing task First make notes, using the ideas below to help you

Write a crime story Write 130-150 words

Aa MLS

Have you

L] used some time expressions to order the events? |_| thought of a good title for your story?

| written 130-150 words?

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TOPIC 7 —- A BOOK REVIEW

| Read the book review In which paragraph does Joanna:

1 give her opinion of the book? 2 describe what happens in the book?

3 give brief information about the book and its author?

nm

A book review

by Joanna

One of my favourite books | | liked the book for a

is Northern Lights by Philip | number of reasons The Pullman, It's a fantasy story | author has created an

set in Oxford and it’s the amazing fantasy world, The

first part of a trilogy story is very gripping and |

It’s the story of a girl called ae Beals

Lyra, She tries to save some convincing, and | identified

children who have been strongly with Lyra, The 4

kidnapped by a strange book tescanaiirune

woman called Mrs Coulter

Lyra and some friends travel compared with the ut

nonh to ok forthe Potter stories But | think it's

Ie: more thought-provoking

missing children, who and less childish 4

include her best friend, thoroughly ardent it

Roger The ending is very

exciting, with an interesting

twist, but | won't give it

away Are the sentences true or false?

1 Northern Lights was written by Philip Pullman 2 The story is set in London,

3 The main characteris a girl

4 Joanna didn’t like the book

5 Joanna thinks it’s better than Harry Potter,

3 How many phrases from the box can you find in the review?

Talking about stories

| identified with (@ character) It’s the story of | liked the book because — Itwas made into a film

In the end, The main character is (name)

It was written by (author) There’s a twist at the end

It's a (type of story) | thoroughly recommend it

It's set in (place) The ending is (very exciting)

4 Complete the text about The Lord of the Rings Use phrases

from the box in exercise 3

The Lord of the Rings is a fantasy story, ' J.RR,

Tolkien ’ an imaginary land called ‘Middle Earth’, and

, a group of hobbits who have to destroy a magic

called Frodo °

ring, *

destroying the ring A few years ago ° they succeed in

Did you see it

at the cinema? Anyway, it’s a great book-” _ I

5 Choose a book that you have read Write notes under these

headings, but include any other information that you think is important

* Paragraph 1: General information

Title, author and type of book ¢ Paragraph 2: Story and characters

Where is it set? Who are the main characters?

What happens?

* Paragraph 3: Your opinion Why did you like it? For example:

It's funny/moving/exciting/gripping/interesting It contains lots of interesting characters | really wanted to know what was going to happen,

There are lots of surprises

6 Read the writing tip and do this writing task Use your notes

from exercise 5

Remember to use the present simple to summarise the plot of a story ora film

Write a review of a book you enjoyed Write 130-150 words

Ae MLS

Have you

_) divided your review into three paragraphs? _) used some phrases from exercise 3?

_ written 130-150 words?

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TOPIC 8 — A NARRATIVE TELLING THE STORY OF AN EVENT

#zad the story Which of these things did Joe not do? ¿z0 out with two school friends

have a fairly quiet evening

have dinner in a restaurant meet some girls buy cinema tickets see a film 0 to a night club hear live music phone Anna 10 Sump into Anna again wom WwW hở a » ‹ô6 @ A great night out by Joe

Last year, | went out to celebrate my birthday with two other boys from my class We were planning 2 fairly quiet evening ~ a quick pizza followed by

2film at the cinema, However, the evening turned Sut to be much more exciting than we expected! While we were eating our dinner, @ group of three

_ girls came into the restaurant and sat down at

the next table We started chatting and found out that one of them = Anna - was celebrating her birthday that evening too She suggested going out together - all six of us - after our meal They

seemed really nice, so we agreed We decided not

10 go the cinema, even though we already had 1:kets for the film Instead, we set off towards the town centre where there's a night club that plays

really good music, We turned up just as a live band was starting to play! We danced for hours and had a great time with our new friends

At the end of the night, Anna gave me her mobile phone number and talked about meeting up

again Unfortunately, | couldn't call her because ‘lost the number | think I threw it away by mistake,

' still think about that evening quite often It’s a shame that | lost Anna‘s number, but maybe I'll

Dump into her and her friends one evening and

we'll all go out again | hope so!

2 Complete the paragraph plan Use phrases in the box

description of the events how you feel about it now

setting the scene what happened afterwards

Paragraph 1 Introduction:

Paragraph 2 Main body;

Paragraph 3 — Follow-up:

Paragraph 4 Conclusion:

Complete the sentences with phrasal verbs from the story

Let’s go for dinner tonight

Out new teacher tumed to be from Australia,

Sit - I've got some amazing news!

Did you find her name?

She usually sets for work at 6.00 am,

You've turned late for class again!

The CD was broken so | threw it

| bumped a friend from primary school yesterday

a Vocabulary Builder 2.5: Phrasal verbs: p 130

Wiiting Fip: CONUNEEIONS

We can often join short sentences together by using a conjunction The simplest conjunction is and | left school | walked home

I left school and walked home

Try to use these other conjunctions as well, to join short

sentences and improve the style of your writing:

as because but eventhough since so though whereas while on annwrewn

Read the writing tip above, Which conjunctions from the list can you find in Joe's story?

Use conjunctions from the writing tip to complete the sentences Sometimes more than one answer is possible

1 | listened to music | walked to the shops

2 I'm not going to the night club

it’s too expensive, 3 My dad gave me a present _ | passed my exam,

4 He was still hungry, he had eaten a whole pizza

5 I'll be back late, don't wait up for me

You are going to write a narrative called ‘A terrible night out’ In pairs, think of all the things that could possibly go wrong during a night out Make a list

Plan your narrative Make notes using ideas from exercise 6 and following the paragraph plan in exercise 2

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TOPIC 9 — PRESENTING OPINION FOR OR AGAINST STATEMENT

_ ‘Read the task below and the essay Does the writer generally ¢ 1 Anintroduction to the main issues

agree or disagree with the statement in the task? In which 2 Evidence to support the opposite side of the argument

paragraph is the writer’s opinion clearly stated? from the writer's opinion

3 Evidence to support the writer's own opinion

4 A summary of the writer's opinion | think + won't does not sound natural in English

It's better to use / don’t think + will HhinkHrantpassimpeexants: X | don’t think I'll pass my exams /

1 The modern world is changing faster than at

TM, This is creating problems for

-eeportunities Twenty years from now, which will 4 Write sentences expressing your own ideas of the future in

‘make the most difference othe opportunites? That isthe hay avon to our lives ~ the problems fifty years Use / think or / don’t think + will

3 Read the Look out! box Find an example of | don't think + will in the essay In exercise 1

1 robots / replace factory workers 2 doctors / be able to cure most diseases 3 new diseases / appear

4 ordinary people / be much richer 5 computers / be much cheaper

place t | 6 global warming / cause serious problems

38 It is true that global warming and [ po 5 on hi ve 7 scientists / invent new forms of transport ‘beth increased rapidly during the Ki years If 8 children / spend a lot of time playing outside

‘they increase at the same oo 9 most people / live much longer

lo nà AI TA 5 Read the task below and think about your own opinions

On 0e dh là, there fry readone 0 be Use ideas from exercise 4 to help you

optimistic about the future During the next twenty

_years, there will be important advances in medicine _

290 technology Our lives will be healthier and more

6 Copy the paragraph plan you chose in exercise 2 into your notebook Then add your ideas from exercise 5

` _ Choose the paragraph plan that matches the essay in

exercise 1

2 1 An introduction to the main issues 2 Evidence to support the writer's own opinion

3 Evidence to support the opposite side of the argument (€Ế ˆ 6ilfffilt Bulldet 5.5 Future time clauses; p.116

from the writer’s opinion, ae

4 A summary of the writer's opinion

7 Read the writing tip Then write an essay of 200-250 words

> 1 Asummary of the writer's opinion following your plan from exercise 6

2 An introduction to the main issues

3 Evidence to support the opposite side of the argument from the writer's opinion

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TOPIC 10 — DISCUSSING A THEORETICAL ISSUE

? Rie cen aga)

JBMRIDIUNBANTN0HĐNG 9U It is not necessary to write full sentences in an essay plan

ines be ent thiol cur Jay lives? You can use key words, abbreviations and symbols

A-good job often means a high setery-

Art does not just refer to paintings in a museum

There are many different kinds of art Advertising good job = $$$

and architecture are both kinds of art too, in my

opinion, and they both have an effect on our lives 2 Read the writing tip Then find abbreviations and symbols in Even people who are not interested in going to art the essay plan in exercise 1 which mean:

galleries are still affected by these other kinds of art _- equals, is the same as

Posters and other forms of advertisements are 2 and other similar things all around us, especially in towns and cities, and 3 advertisements we cannot help seeing them If they are successful 4 for example advertisements, they affect our opinions and 5 cause, lead to behaviour, they make us want to buy certain 6 somebody products In addition, adverts often make the streets 7 and

more colourful and attractive a a

lu = Nominal subject clauses

Buildings are not just places where we live and š We sometimes emphasise particular information in

Rolie hed tiy in dios ets a For z a sentence by beginning with a what clause followed

: « bybe

example, living or working in a bright, attractive = I'm looking for a more colourful outfit

building makes people fee! more optimistic,

Ñ derk, ugly buildings can meke feel What I’m looking for is a more colourful outfit

She needs a new job

gloomy What she needs is a new job

To sum up, | believe that different forms of art

are all around us and have a big effect on our 3 Read the Learn this! box Find an example of a what clause in

everyday lives, Unfortunately, most cities and towns the essay in exercise 1

have parts which are ugly and depressing, What

they need are beautiful buildings and colourful 4 Rewrite the sentences using nominal subject clauses

advertisements starting with what

1 | prefer unusual clothes

š : X2 2 [like modem architecture

| Introduction - art + not jt paintings 5 3 | really hate grey tower blocks

also architecture, ads, etc 4 We need a new attitude to urban architecture,

5 It shows how important art can be

2 ads - part of environment 6 They're looking for a more attractive house

make us want to buy

(@RGraminar Builder 10.4: Nominal subject clauses: p.127

colourful, attractive

3 architecture = affects how we feel 5 Read the essay question below, Make a plan using

: the suggestions in the box below and your own ideas

€-g- bright buildings —* optimism ugly buildings Remember to use abbreviations and symbols

“> depression In what ways can films make our lives better?

4 fashion - not just “designer’ clothes - also entertainment {earn about the world _ historical films

‘street’ fashion documentaries fashion and film stars

Clothes affect how we judge sb ideas of the future (sci-fi) music in films:

eg unusual clothes -* interesting perton 6 Write an essay using your plan from exercise 5, Write

5 sum up - ugly cities need beautiful buildings 200-250 words and remember to check your work for

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_ MORE EXERCISES

Exercise 1:

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Exercise 2:

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