! Volume 2, No. 01, March 2013 ISSN – 2278-1080 The International Journal of Computer Science & Applications (TIJCSA) RESEARCH PAPER Available Online at http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com/ ! ©!2013,!http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com!<!TIJCSA!All!Rights!Reserved! ! ! 97! Solving Travelling Salesman Problem Using Variants of ABC Algorithm Ginnu George Student, Computer Science and Engineering Karunya University ginnu89@gmail.com Dr.Kumudha Raimond Professor, Computer Science and Engineering Karunya University kraimond@karunya.edu Abstract This paper mainly explains about the performance of variants of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithms in solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). The main goal of TSP is that a number of cities should be visited by a salesman and return to the starting city along with a number of possible shortest routes. In this work, it investigates over variants of ABC algorithms such as Improved ABC (I-ABC) and Prediction Selection ABC (PS-ABC). The variants of ABC algorithms are used to find the optimal path for TSP. The results of the original ABC algorithms are compared with the results of the I-ABC and PS-ABC algorithms and shows that the PS-ABC performs well in finding the shortest distance within the minimum span of time. Keywords- Artificial Bee Colony, Improved ABC, Prediction Selection ABC. 1. Introduction Optimization problems is mainly used for finding nearly optimal solution and are frequently encountered in various applications such as TSP [10], Container Loading problems (CL) [11], Scheduling problems [12], engineering design [13, 14] etc. TSP is one of the NP hard optimization problems. In TSP, the salesman travels all the cities at once and returns to the starting city with the possible shortest route within small duration. Many heuristic optimization methods are developed so far for searching nearly optimal solution in solving TSP such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) [1, 2], Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [3, 5], Ant Colony optimization (ACO) [4, 6], Simulated Annealing (SA) [7] and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) [8, ! !"##$%!&'()&*%+(,-$.$/01%21".'#/*%30&%4#5&(#15"'#16%7'$(#16%'8%9'.:$5&(%;<"&#<&%=%>::6"<15"'#?% @3479;>A%%%%4;; B %C%DDEFGHIFI*%J'6,%D%B',%IH%K1(<0%DIHL% ! ©!2013,!http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com!<!TIJCSA!All!Rights!Reserved! ! ! 98! 9]. ABC algorithm shows more effective when compared to the above optimization algorithms since it is the latest optimization technique which is developed by Dervis Karaboga in the year 2005. In the year 2012 the variants of ABC Algorithms [ 17] such as I-ABC and PS-ABC has been proposed and shows that PS-ABC performs well in finding the nearly optimal solution within minimum span of time. This work investigates the variants of ABC algorithms over TSP inorder to find the trend of PS-ABC algorithm with respect to original ABC and I-ABC algorithm. The outline of the paper is organized as follows: section 2 explains the concepts of TSP, section 3 explains the architecture of variants of ABC algorithms, the results and discussions in solving TSP are presented in section 4 and section 5 concludes the paper. 2. Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) The main goal of TSP is that, the salesman travels through a number of cities, visits each city once and returns to the starting city as trying to obtain a closed tour in finding a shortest path within minimum span of time. The distance between the two cities i and i+1 is calculated with help of the following eq (1) [15]: !!!!!!!! ) =+ ]1[],[( iTiTd ( ( 2 1 2 1 )) ++ −+− iiii yyxx %%%% %%%%%%%%(1) The total tour length [15] is calculated in the eq (2): =f ∑ − = ++ 1 1 ])1[],[(]1[],[( n i TnTdiTiTd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%(2) Where, ‘n’ is the total number of cities ‘T’ is the tour length In solving the TSP Nearest Neighbor method [16] is used. The Nearest Neighbor method compares the distribution of distances in which from one point to nearest neighbor point in the given set of locations. The main steps of Nearest Neighbor Method are as follows: Step 1: Initially starts from a random node Step 2: Moves towards the unvisited node Step 3: Repeat the above steps until all nodes are visited and finally joins the first and last node to form a closed route and hence obtains the reference path. 3. Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm and its Variants ( I-ABC and PS-ABC ) ! !"##$%!&'()&*%+(,-$.$/01%21".'#/*%30&%4#5&(#15"'#16%7'$(#16%'8%9'.:$5&(%;<"&#<&%=%>::6"<15"'#?% @3479;>A%%%%4;; B %C%DDEFGHIFI*%J'6,%D%B',%IH%K1(<0%DIHL% ! ©!2013,!http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com!<!TIJCSA!All!Rights!Reserved! ! ! 99! The I-ABC and PS-ABC are the variants of ABC algorithms. The following subsections explain in detail about the Original ABC algorithm and its variants. 3.1 Original ABC Algorithm In ABC algorithm, the food source position represents a solution to the optimization problem and the nectar amount of a food source corresponds to the fitness of the corresponding solution. The following Fig. 1 [18] explains about the original ABC algorithms. STEP 1: At the first step, the ABC generates a randomly distributed initial population of solutions (SN), where SN denotes the size of employed bees or onlooker bees. Each solution X i is a D-dimensional vector where i=1,2,…SN and D is the number of optimization parameters. STEP 2: After initialization, the initial fitness of the population is evaluated. The population of the solutions is then subjected to repeated cycles such as employed bees, the onlooker bees and the scout bees. STEP 3: For each employed bee new solutions (V ij ) is produced by using the solution search equation. STEP 4: Calculate!the probability values P ij for the solutions V ij by the following eq (3) [17]: !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ∑ = = SN j fit j fit i p i 1 (3) Where, fit i denotes the fitness value of the i th solution. Solution search equation is given below (4) [17]:! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! )( x kj x ij ij x ij v ij −+= φ ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!(4) where k is {1,2,… ,SN} and j is {1,2……,D} are randomly generating indexes, Φ ij is a random number between [−1, 1] and X ij is the food position or the solution. After obtaining the new solution its fitness is evaluated and then it applies the greedy solution mechanism that is if the fitness value of the new one is better than that of the previous one, then the employed bee would memorize the new position and forget the previous one. Otherwise it keeps the position of the previous one in its memory. For each employed bee new solutions (V ij ) is produced by using the solution search equation shown eq (4).After obtaining the new solution its fitness is evaluated and finally applies the greedy solution mechanism. ! !"##$%!&'()&*%+(,-$.$/01%21".'#/*%30&%4#5&(#15"'#16%7'$(#16%'8%9'.:$5&(%;<"&#<&%=%>::6"<15"'#?% @3479;>A%%%%4;; B %C%DDEFGHIFI*%J'6,%D%B',%IH%K1(<0%DIHL% ! ©!2013,!http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com!<!TIJCSA!All!Rights!Reserved! ! ! 100! STEP 5: If a position cannot be improved further through a predetermined number of cycles, the food source should be abandoned. Determine the abandoned solution for the scout, if exists, and replace it with a new randomly produced solution x ij . STEP 6: Memorize the best solution that is obtained so far. STEP 7: Repeat the cycle until the termination condition is satisfied. The main strength of ABC is having good exploration while the limitations are slow convergence and poor exploitation. Fig.1 Flowchart of original ABC algorithm [18] ! !"##$%!&'()&*%+(,-$.$/01%21".'#/*%30&%4#5&(#15"'#16%7'$(#16%'8%9'.:$5&(%;<"&#<&%=%>::6"<15"'#?% @3479;>A%%%%4;; B %C%DDEFGHIFI*%J'6,%D%B',%IH%K1(<0%DIHL% ! ©!2013,!http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com!<!TIJCSA!All!Rights!Reserved! ! ! 101! 3.2 Improved ABC (I-ABC) To overcome the limitations of original ABC, Improved ABC (I-ABC) is proposed. In I-ABC inertia weight and acceleration coefficients are introduced in the solution search equation to modify the search process.!The operation process can be modified as the following eq (5) [17]: Φ −+ Φ −−+= 21 )())(5.0(2 xxxxwxv kjj ij kjij ij ijijij ϕφ (5) Where, ω ij is the inertia weight, x j is the j th parameter of the best-so-far solution, Φ ij and φ ij are random numbers between [0, 1], Φ 1 ! and! Φ 2 ! are positive parameter that could control the maximum step size. The inertia weight and acceleration coefficients are defined as functions of the fitness in the search process of ABC. They are given in the following equations (6), (7) and (8) [17]: )))(exp(1( 1 1 apifitness w ij −+ == Φ (6) 1 2 = Φ if bee is employee one (7) apifitness )(exp(1 1 2 −+ = Φ if bee is looked one (8) Where, ap is the fitness value in the first iteration. 3.3 Prediction Selection ABC (PS-ABC) To increase the exploitation capacity and convergence speed and also to overcome the trapping of local optimal solutions in Improved ABC (I-ABC), a high efficient algorithm, called PS-ABC (Prediction-Selection ABC) algorithm. In PS-ABC [17], an employed bee firstly works out three new solutions by three different solution search equations, and then chooses and finally determines the best one as the candidate solution. The Solution Search Equations used in PS- ABC are: the first one is eq (4), which is the solution modification form of the original ABC algorithm. The second one is the eq (5) and the third one is the GABC equation which is explained by the following eq (9). ! !"##$%!&'()&*%+(,-$.$/01%21".'#/*%30&%4#5&(#15"'#16%7'$(#16%'8%9'.:$5&(%;<"&#<&%=%>::6"<15"'#?% @3479;>A%%%%4;; B %C%DDEFGHIFI*%J'6,%D%B',%IH%K1(<0%DIHL% ! ©!2013,!http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com!<!TIJCSA!All!Rights!Reserved! ! ! 102! )())(5.0(2 x kj x j ij x kj x ij ij x ij v ij −+−−+= ϕφ (9) Where, v ij is the new feasible solution that is an modified feasible solution depending on its previous solution x ij . x j is the j th parameter of the best-so-far solution, Φ ij is a random number between [0, 1], φ ij is between [0, c], c is a non negative constant, which is set 1.The Fig. 2 shown below explains the explains the main operations of PS-ABC. Fig. 2 Flowchart of PS-ABC [17] 3.4 Architecture of ABC Algorithm for TSP Fig.3 shows the flowchart of ABC algorithm for optimization of the TSP [16]. In the initialization phase, the control parameters are set, such as colony size, iteration number etc. In the next phase, a reference path is obtained by using nearest neighbor method. When the working bees are initialized, the bee optimization loop is set. Then the random node is assigned for the bee and then computes the probabilities by the eq (3) and calculates the path and will memorize the best solution by applying greedy selection mechanism. Finally the bees will become as scout ! !"##$%!&'()&*%+(,-$.$/01%21".'#/*%30&%4#5&(#15"'#16%7'$(#16%'8%9'.:$5&(%;<"&#<&%=%>::6"<15"'#?% @3479;>A%%%%4;; B %C%DDEFGHIFI*%J'6,%D%B',%IH%K1(<0%DIHL% ! ©!2013,!http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com!<!TIJCSA!All!Rights!Reserved! ! ! 103! bees and the working bees are updated. The optimization loop is terminated when the termination criterion is satisfied and hence the best solution is obtained. No Yes Fig.3 Flowchart of ABC algorithm for Travelling Salesman problem [16] Stop Start Set control parameters Obtain no. of locations Compute the path using nearest neighbor method Initialize the working bees Set Cycle =1 Reset the path Construct the new paths for bees Compute the step probabilities Compute fitness Memorize best solution Cycle=cycle+1 ! !"##$%!&'()&*%+(,-$.$/01%21".'#/*%30&%4#5&(#15"'#16%7'$(#16%'8%9'.:$5&(%;<"&#<&%=%>::6"<15"'#?% @3479;>A%%%%4;; B %C%DDEFGHIFI*%J'6,%D%B',%IH%K1(<0%DIHL% ! ©!2013,!http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com!<!TIJCSA!All!Rights!Reserved! ! ! 104! 4. Results and Discussions In TSP the colony size is taken as 40. The number of cities is taken as 50 and the number of iteration is 50. Fig.4 shows the locations of the different cities and Fig.5 shows the reference path for salesman to travel which is obtained by the nearest neighbor method. C# is the language used for solving TSP. Fig.4 Locations of 50 cities Fig.5 Reference path obtained The shortest distances and their corresponding paths are given in the Table.1 Table.1 Different paths and their shortest distance Algorithms No: of Cities Path Allocated Shortest Distance ABC 50 1,33,46,6,40,15,20,3,17,11,38,23,35,28,19,10,13,14,45,49, 36,8,25,12,44,21,41,24,7,2,31,5,26,29,32,42,47,9,50,16,4,3 7,43,27,48,39,34,1 3595.22 1,6,40,15,46,33,20,18,17,22,38,23,45,49,36,8,25,12,44,21, 41,24,7,2,31,5,26,29,32,42,47,9,50,16,4,19,10,14,13,37,43, 27,48,39,34,3,11,28,1 3547.18 1,21,41,24,7,2,31,5,26,29,32,42,47,9,50,16,4,19,10,14,13,3 7,43,27,48,39,34,3,11,28,6,40,15,46,33,20,18,17,22,38,23, 45,49,36,8,25,12,44,1 3539.39 ! !"##$%!&'()&*%+(,-$.$/01%21".'#/*%30&%4#5&(#15"'#16%7'$(#16%'8%9'.:$5&(%;<"&#<&%=%>::6"<15"'#?% @3479;>A%%%%4;; B %C%DDEFGHIFI*%J'6,%D%B',%IH%K1(<0%DIHL% ! ©!2013,!http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com!<!TIJCSA!All!Rights!Reserved! ! ! 105! 1,31,5,26,29,32,42,47,45,46,6,40,15,9,50,16,4,37,43,27,48, 39,34,33,20,3,17,11,38,23,35,28,19,10,13,14,41,24,7,2, 49, 36,8,25,12,44,21,1 3530.06 I-ABC 50 1,14,45,49,36,8,25,12,44,21,41,24,7,2,31,5,26,29,32,42,47, 33,46,6,40,15,20,3,17,11,38,23,35,28,19,10,13,43,27,48,39 ,34,50,16,4,37,9,1 3495.63 1,22,38,23,45,49,36,8,25,12,44,21,41,24,7,2,31,5,26,29,32, 42,47,9,50,16,4,19,10,14,13,37,43,27,48,39,34,3,11,28,6,4 0,15,46,33,20,18,17,1 3443.56 1,19,10,13,14,41,24,7,2,31,5,26,29,32,42,47,45,49,36,8,25, 12,44,21,9,50,16,4,37,43,27,48,39,34,33,46,6,40,15,20,3,1 7,11,38,23,35,28,30,1 3423.18 PS-ABC 50 1,49,36,8,25,12,44,21,41,24,7,2,31,5,26,29,32,42,47,9,50,1 6,4,37,43,27,48,39,34,33,46,6,40,15,20,3,17,11,38,23,35,2 8,19,10,13,14,1 3241.8 1,21,9,50,16,4,37,43,27,48,39,34,33,46,6,40,15,20,3,17,11, 38,23,35,28,30,19,10,13,14,41,24,7,2,31,5,26,29,32,42,47, 45,49,36,8,25,12,44,1 3258.7 1,92,48,39,34,3,22,38,23,45,49,11,28,6,40,15,46,33,20,18, 17,50,16,4,19,10,14,13,37,36,8,25,12,44,21,41,24,7,2,31,5, 2643,29,32,42,47,1 3232.81 1,9,50,16,4,37,43,27,48,39,34,33,46,6,40,15,20,3,17,11,38, 23,35,28,19,10,13,14,41,24,7,2,31,5,26,29,32,42,47,45, 49, 36,8,25,12,44,21,1 3217.22 ! !"##$%!&'()&*%+(,-$.$/01%21".'#/*%30&%4#5&(#15"'#16%7'$(#16%'8%9'.:$5&(%;<"&#<&%=%>::6"<15"'#?% @3479;>A%%%%4;; B %C%DDEFGHIFI*%J'6,%D%B',%IH%K1(<0%DIHL% ! ©!2013,!http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com!<!TIJCSA!All!Rights!Reserved! ! ! 106! Thus, the best shortest distance is given in the Table 2 Table 2 Best shortest distance Algorithms No: of Cities Path Allocated Shortest Distance Time Consumed ABC 50 1,31,5,26,29,32,42,47,45,46,6,40,15,9,50 ,16,4,37,43,27,48,39,34,33,20,3,17,11,38 ,23,35,28,19,10,13,14,41,24,7,2,49,36,8, 25,12,44,21,1 3530.06 1706 milsec I-ABC 50 1,19,10,13,14,41,24,7,2,31,5,26,29,32,42 ,47,45,49,36,8,25,12,44,21,9,50,16,4,37, 43,27,48,39,34,33,46,6,40,15,20,3,17,11, 38,23,35,28,30,1 3423.18 483 milsec PS-ABC 50 1,9,50,16,4,37,43,27,48,39,34,33,46,6,40 ,15,20,3,17,11,38,23,35,28,19,10,13,14,4 1,24,7,2,31,5,26,29,32,42,47,45,49,36,8, 25,12,44,21,1 3217.22 390 milsec The graphs shown below mainly describe the influence of ABC variants by varying the number of cities. The results are depicted in Fig.6 and Fig.7. The results show that for 50 iterations if the number of cities is increased the corresponding shortest distance and the time taken also is increased. Further analysis of the graphs in terms of shortest distance and time, the linear increment is very less for PS-ABC when compared to I-ABC and ABC algorithm. However, from the results, it is clear that PS-ABC performs well when compared to I-ABC and ABC algorithm in finding the shortest distance within the minimum span of time. A sample results are explained in detail in the above Table 1 and Table 2 where the number of cities are taken as 50 and also the number of iteration is taken as 50. From the above sample results it shows that when the number of cities is taken as 50 the PS-ABC performs better in finding the least distance within the small amount of time. [...]... 3000 2000 1000 0 ABC I- ABC PS- ABC 50 100 150 200 250 300 No :of CiNes Fig 7 Comparison of performance of 3 algorithms for n number of cities in terms of time Conclusion The optimization algorithms are mainly used for solving the NP-hard optimization problems In this work the variants of ABC algorithm are presented aiming at minimizing the distance of the tour and also find... correspondent optimal path For obtaining the performance the original ABC algorithm is compared with the variants of ABC algorithm (I -ABC and PS -ABC) The results show that the PS -ABC performs well in finding the shortest distance within the minimum span of time when compared to I -ABC and ABC algorithms © 2013, http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com -‐ TIJCSA All Rights Reserved 107 ... Optimization Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Problem using Frequency-based Pruning, School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University [11] T Dereli, G.S Das, A hybrid ‘bee(s) algorithm for solving container loading problems, Applied Soft Computing 11,2854–2862, 2011 [12] K Ziarati, R Akbari, V Zeighami, On the performance of bee algorithms for resourceconstrained project scheduling problem, ... Raimond, The International Journal of Computer Science & Applications (TIJCSA) ISSN – 2278-‐1080, Vol 2 No 01 March 2013 12000 Shortest Distance 10000 8000 ABC 6000 I- ABC 4000 PS- ABC 2000 0 50 100 150 200 No :of CiNes 250 300 Time Fig.6 Comparison of performance of 3 algorithms for n number of cities in 50 iteration 9000 8000... algorithm, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems Engineering (IJEPESE) 1,116–122, 2008 [15] D Karaboga, A Combinatorial Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Problem, IEEE Transactions, 50-53, 2011 [16] Ashita S Bhagade, Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm for Vehicle Routing Optimization Problem, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE),... Soft Computing 11,3720–3733, 2010 [13] P Pawar, R Rao, J Davim, Optimization of process parameters of milling process using particle swarm optimization and artificial bee colony algorithm, International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 2008 [14] R.S Rao, S Narasimham, M Ramalingaraju, Optimization of distribution network configuration for loss reduction using artificial bee colony algorithm, ... optimization of a multi-pass milling process using non-traditional optimization algorithms, Applied Soft Computing 10,445–456, 2010 AUTHOR’S PROFILE Ginnu George received her B.Tech from Sri Subramanya college of Engineering and Technology, affiliated to Anna University and currently doing M.tech in Karunya University Dr Kumudha Raimond received her B.E from Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering,... College of Technology, Coimbatore and Doctoral degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Her area of expertise is in intelligent systems She is a Senior Member of International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology (IACSIT) and Member of Machine Intelligence Research Lab: Scientific Network for Innovation and Research Excellence © 2013, http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com... Li G., Niu P., Xiao X., “Development and Investigation of Efficient Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Numerical Function Optimization,” Applied Soft Computing 12, 320–332, 2012 © 2013, http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com -‐ TIJCSA All Rights Reserved 108 Ginnu George, Dr.Kumudha Raimond, The International Journal of Computer Science & Applications (TIJCSA) ... Journal of Computer Science & Applications (TIJCSA) ISSN – 2278-‐1080, Vol 2 No 01 March 2013 References [1] J.H Holland, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1975 [2] D.E Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning, Addison-Wesley, Boston, 1989 [3] R.C Eberhart, J Kennedy, A new optimizer using . number of possible shortest routes. In this work, it investigates over variants of ABC algorithms such as Improved ABC (I -ABC) and Prediction Selection ABC (PS -ABC) . The variants of ABC algorithms. performance of variants of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithms in solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). The main goal of TSP is that a number of cities should be visited by a salesman. work investigates the variants of ABC algorithms over TSP inorder to find the trend of PS -ABC algorithm with respect to original ABC and I -ABC algorithm. The outline of the paper is organized