!" #$%&"%'()" *+,-." !"#$!$%%&% /01 2 !"#$%"&%'(' 2&)*"*+('%,-". 32 !/01'")1230(' 42+'.)42('"56'7,0)89.' /01 2 !23'.):!;<= > ?9@,0!"9@,0')A 2B&"#'CDBEFE<= 7 E;=E= EB 7G EH I E DJK'K8L+MEK8L+1'E"?'8L+1 '"?'8L+M !&23'.09 /01 2HN23&'.JO%!&55*)$&.9J#'C ' 7 <= > E'= EDBEDHE'=D 2B%!L2P""!23'.9Q+L9#'C 2R6M+D 7 <"55*%9 +2S2'96TU+9V9)!9L%0'M+ /051 2DW''!XEYZ7'9M9[\@9]]^"55D 7 <= > JE)2PEX+ M+_)M` 2&)*M('\ +2\)a"*%:bA#M(')a"*cE#M(')a"*0' %N%@('7)a"*W[E)a"*0%'!9ddE>e"#3 :3)a"*0'd[&)*#M"-f9#('9Q)a "* 2B7Ed'9QPa9M9[FEB"^&5g"1 )2PQPha9&1M2PE'9b+8+55*DB7F"?' )()8,0!"h /051DW''XE7'9QP7M9[a9i"^">YY955* D= )2P55*_M/0'9D > = `Ejh4dEX'9"dEd7 +QPM+i_)M`a9=" 7 =KM)")dcEZ 2b+M2P9M')2PM/[55* 2b+a)@9('55*D= %')- 6 7809 !"#$%&'() *+,!(%!-.) :;<7:= !" >? /0 @).0"A "AB)C? dkBCd# 7 7# 7 7 X # 7 <$%C YE YE 7k *+Cl0dcEME9 ]]^ b('C YE YE kB/01'CB 7 = c B/0)1230CDB= > YE YE >kb+'.)42Cb+1'9[ !)m23'.09 YE YE ii dk;GB<= > → ;<= > GB ;<GD 7 <= > → ;<= > GD 7 < YE YE 7kBK8L+MCFEH I BK8L+1'CB 7G E= B"?'8L+ME"?'8L+1'CDBE<= 7 E;= YE !)m9Q23)2PYE7)89_dY1YE7n7E)89` 7E dkIRTU+9O%!)2P'=D"&)2P'9C G99TU+9')oCDBEDH G9M/9TU+9)A9C' 7 <= > E'= Y IR55^= %LDB"DHC ^= GDB → ^B ↓ GD= '()* ^= GDH → ^H ↓ GD= '+,-* dEY IR55H'B 7 O%!' 7 <= > "'= C H'B 7 G' 7 <= > → H'<= > ↓ G7'B H'B 7 G'= → dEY 7'kIDL2PC55*%9[9 IpCD 7 <G>H 7 G>D 7 = → ZDHGD 7 <= > YE7 YE 7%kIDL2PCTU')oE#')99C IpCB 7 GD 7 =DBGDB= YE7 YE 5 d'k\GD 7 <= > → \<= > GD 7 YE7YE7 → \n7>E7Z dEY d%kqOLC^ d G^ 7 G^ nc^ d n7> ^ d G^ n7^ 7 ^ 7 n7 ^ n^ 7 Gd^ n7X r.-f9(')a"*01Vf9(')a"*0 'dYYs1sddE>nZZEXs1 b'C 7ZE7> dYY >Edd7X`XEZZ_77> = +−+ → 1ncZEX OCe('&)a"*-2PCcZEXetdYetddE>e dEY dEY 7kb'C `_. n YcEY dX dE7E = − 9 ! n7 `_. nYEd9 7EY OC 55DB nYEYc+nc9 dkb+)2PC nYEY9t 7 nYEY79 `_ /01 2 nXE7sdEXn>EX'9 r.#9('iE^'9',01E bSqHb_`'C71GnYE7n `_ 2 − OC9 9 n 01 2 G `_ 2 2 − n>EXGX7YE7n7YEd'9 YE YE dEY 7kb'C `_ / n `_ 3 G `_ 2 − n_ G7 7 `G `_ 2 − nYE79 OCB F _D= `nYEZF dEY