Licht wissen 17 LED: The Light of the Future

Lightemitting diodes are the shooting stars of lighting. Tiny and extremely efficient, they are revolutionizing the world of light – delivering a whole new quality of lighting, addressing an ever growing number of applications and saving a great deal of energy. LEDs are the light of the future and are conquering the realm of general lighting.

licht.wissen 17 LED: The Light of the Future Free download at www.all-about-light.de licht.wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future 01 The LED heralds a new age of lighting – it beats every other option hands down. Its wide scope for application, its flexibility in terms of shape and colour dynamics, its outstanding ef- ficiency and longevity make it the lighting tool of the future. LEDs address both indoor and outdoor applications, making for a new quality of lighting in offices, foyers and homes, on facades and fabrics, in streets and automobiles. The possibility of fine-tuning colour and light temperature to suit the time of day and meet particular require- ments makes LED light an everyday tool in hotels and shops, museums and theatres, indus- try and trade, and at the workplace. Variable LED light is used by doctors to optimise a wide range of examinations, sets a dramatic and brilliantly colourful stage for concerts and TV shows and permits problem-free presentation of sensitive merchandise in infrared- and UV- free light. All these fascinating applications are addressed with extremely high efficiency and longevity. Anyone who opts for LEDs gets green technology that is easy on the budget. Containing no mercury, economical on power and virtually maintenance free, every LED makes a contribu- tion to environmental protection. Where conventional lighting is replaced by LEDs with intelli- gent lighting management, the energy required for lighting is reduced by around 70 percent. This makes for massive carbon savings and provides an incentive for all sides to help vigor- ously drive forward the further development and implementation of LED technology. In Germany, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) promotes LED technol- ogy in a variety of ways as part of the country’s “High-Tech Strategy”. Alongside basic re- search projects, it has launched an LED lead market initiative and introduced a competition under the banner “Municipalities in New Light”. The lead market initiative, which draws on the expertise of the leading actors of the lighting industry, is designed to bring together partners to establish LED in general lighting and carry forward the new business models required. The aim of the competition is to promote the use of LED by paying tribute to the top ten munici- pal demonstration projects. People do not buy what they do not know, so it is essential to get more information about the new technology into the public domain. This booklet will help do just that. Highlighting the unique advantages and applications of LEDs, it shows the scope for design and presents ideas for improving our “light climate”. The spectrum of information is rounded off by articles looking at the way LEDs work, the lighting management options they offer and the technical applications they can address – as well as real-life examples of LEDs in use. These insights into the new technology will broaden our perspective of the world of lighting and pave the way for new and original ideas for the light of the future. Read this booklet and discover new worlds of light! 3 Editorial Andreas Kletschke Assistant Ministerial Counsellor Federal Ministry of Education and Research licht.wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future 4 Introduction LED: The Light of the Future 06 LED Applications City and Street 10 Facade and Advertising 12 Office and Administration 14 Hotel and Hospitality 26 Art and Culture 30 Shops and Presentation 32 Hospital and Surgery 36 House and Home 42 Industry and Trade 46 Emergency and Safety Lighting 48 Auto and Mobility 52 LED Special The LED Light Source 18 Modules, Systems, Quality Features 22 Operating Devices and Ballasts 40 Safety, Marks of Conformity, Standards 50 OLED – Technology of the Future 54 FAQs about the Light-Emitting Diode 56 licht.de Series of publications 58 Imprint 59 Contents [02] LED spots set the stage for the organic curves of the concrete walls. With a lighting management system, mood images can be produced in RGB colours. 5 02 Whether indoors or out, decorative or func- tional – LEDs (light-emitting diodes) permit solutions today that would have been in- conceivable even a few years ago. Starting out as a coloured signal indicator, the en- ergy-efficient semiconductors advanced rapidly to become one of the principal light sources for accent and orientation lighting. With white light and intelligent manage- ment, LEDs now ensure a high quality of lighting right across the range of outdoor and indoor applications. LED technology is regarded as the most important invention in the history of lighting since Edison’s development of the “light bulb” over a hundred years ago. Never be- fore has so much light come from such a small fitting; never before have light sources worked so reliably for so many years and consumed so little electricity. Even recently, attention still focused on the richness of colour achieved by LEDs; today, high-per- formance LEDs are transfiguring general lighting. The many positive characteristics of the light-emitting diode include: > extremely long life and virtual freedom from maintenance > high efficiency > white and coloured light with good colour rendering properties > insensitivity to vibration > light with almost no heat generation, no IR or UV radiation, no interference with nocturnal insects > instant, flicker-free lighting that is infinitely dimmable > very compact design > no mercury content and no end-of-life disposal problems. licht.wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future 6 LED: The Light of the Future Light-emitting diodes are the shooting stars of lighting. Tiny and extremely efficient, they are revolutionizing the world of light – delivering a whole new quality of lighting, addressing an ever growing number of applications and saving a great deal of energy. LEDs are the light of the future and are conquering the realm of general lighting. 03 LEDs are long-lived and efficient LEDs have an operating life of 50,000 hours or more. That amounts to six years of main- tained operation or 45 years of light for three hours a day. So they can be installed, connected and then forgotten – because no matter how intensively they are used, it will be a long time before any maintenance work is required. LEDs burn fifty times longer than incandes- cent lamps. And are far more efficient than many conventional light sources: their luminous efficacy is much higher and their directional light can be easily and efficiently bundled. An 8W LED lamp, for example, delivers the same amount of light as a 60W incandescent lamp. Today, LED systems can even stand comparison with fluores- cent lamps. And their potential is far from exhausted yet: LED luminous efficacy in the past has doubled about every two years. LEDs for a “green future” Even today, the longevity, efficiency and high lighting quality of LEDs literally make conventional lamps look old by comparison. The days of “energy-guzzling” light sources like the incandescent lamp – generating 7 [05] Street lighting is an area with high po- tential for savings. Local authorities could re- duce their energy consumption by as much as 70 percent. With LED luminaires, it is even possible to achieve a saving of 80 percent. At present, however, LEDs are not yet an op- timal alternative for every lighting application. [03] The city at night: highly focused LED light is ideal for highlighting architectural details. [04] Innovative LED technology enhances the gastronomic experience. Discreet spots provide glare-free light at the table. 04 05 [06] LEDs are the light source of the future. The table below shows the lighting industry’s ten-year forecast for lamps and their applica- tions. licht.wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future 8 cent of global energy consumption for light- ing could be saved through the use of LEDs. And that is a great deal of energy – because no less than a fifth of the electricity gener- ated in the world is used for artificial lighting. The German government is also focusing on the tiny diodes as a source of sustain- able solutions. It has sponsored many LED research projects in recent years under the banner of Germany’s “High-Tech Strategy”. Now, its sights are set on harnessing the wealth of expertise in the German lighting industry to translate LED solutions swiftly into practical products. At the beginning of 2009, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research teamed up with partners in indus- try and science to launch the “LED Lead Market Initiative”. Its purpose is to acceler- ate the introduction of LED technology on a broad front. 06 95 percent heat and just 5 percent light – are finally over. Climate change, scarce resources and rising energy prices make a re-think essen- tial. And policymakers are acting: The Ger- man Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) 2009 and the EU Eco-Design Directive for Energy- related Products effective as of November 2009 – transposed into German law as the Energy Using Products Act (EBPG) – set the direction; inefficient products are being re- moved from the market. The old Edison lamp is one of the light sources set to be phased out across the European Union; the list also includes a number of inefficient halogen lamps, fluorescent lamps and high- pressure mercury lamps. The solution for the future is LED. Even today, experts estimate that up to 30 per- 9 Solutions tailored to needs and good for the environment LEDs are highly efficient light sources. But they offer even greater savings potential when used in combination with “intelligent” lighting management systems designed for daylight- and presence-dependent regula- tion. The dynamic duo achieves savings of up to 80 percent in offices, shops and street lighting – with a corresponding re- duction of carbon emissions. But LED solutions are more than just easy on the environment and the pocket. No other light source has ever offered so much scope for design in terms of form and colour. LEDs can be integrated practically anywhere. Their rich colours add an emo- tional dimension and offer maximum lighting quality for human needs: LED lighting con- cepts allow light to be optimally tailored to meet human biological requirements – from cool bright light for concentration to a soothing lighting atmosphere that facilitates relaxation in the evening. So LEDs are not just an increasingly popu- lar option for accent and event lighting; they are also advancing on the general lighting front. But for LED systems to play out their many advantages, the quality needs to be right. The development and manufacture of efficient LEDs require a great deal of expertise – something which does not go into every product found on the market. Consumers are well advised to rely on the experience of reputable manu- facturers. Even today, the cost of a quality system is quickly recouped through high efficiency, longevity and convincing lighting quality. And system performance is improving fast. LED development is advancing just as rap- idly as computer and flat-screen technology. High performers: LEDs in corridor lighting High lighting quality and efficient technology are compelling arguments in favour of LED solutions for general lighting. As the example here shows, higher capital outlay is quickly recouped. The comparison is based on downlights in a 20 metre long corridor, fitted with 2x26W fluorescent lamps in one case and 26W LEDs in the other. The calculation is based on 10 years of operation with a burning time of 12 hours a day, 250 days a year, and an electricity price of 21 ct/kWh. LED Fluorescent lamp Downlights installed 4 4 Total price of luminaires 800.– € 400.– € Total wattage 104 W 244 W Maintenance costs – 200.– € 07 08 09 Germany’s lawmakers have given local authorities a new responsibility; they want them to set a good example in terms of energy conservation. At the same time, the idea is to sharpen city profiles in global competition. Lighting and the face of the city at night play a significant role in this. They heighten appeal, shape image, pro- vide security – and offer massive potential for savings. The German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers’ Association (ZVEI) estimates that a switch to efficient solutions could save around € 400 million a year in street lighting alone. After all, more than a third of street lighting is over 30 years old. Obsolete technology is responsible for low coefficients of utilisation: inefficient lamps such as high-pressure mercury vapour lamps – which will be banned in the EU in 2015 – consume too much energy. LED luminaires are not just more efficient; they also have other winning features: > homogeneous light > long life and low maintenance > precise optical control, preventing unde- sirable stray light > simple dimming and lighting manage- ment. Tailored white light White light is now available in just about any hue required and can be selected to suit the type of street in question: warm white light with a colour temperature in the 2,700–3,000 kelvin range is right for the at- mosphere of a historical town centre, park or residential area; LED luminaires produc- ing neutral white light are appropriate for busy roads and business parks – and very efficient at 70 lumen/watt. Many municipalities are already switching to LED luminaires. In the Lower Saxon town of Soltau, for example, old twin-lamp mush- room luminaires fitted with 80W high-pres- sure mercury vapour lamps were replaced by LED street lights with single 59W LED modules. The result: the LED solution re- duces the energy required by 60 percent. This is due not just to its higher efficiency but also to integrated lenses permitting pre- cise light control even without secondary optics. [10] Ground-breaking: flat recessed spots and a narrow recessed ground luminaire with blue LED light guide visitors safely to the building. [11] The light of the recessed ground lumi- naires with LEDs sets distinctive accents in the pedestrian precinct. [12] The LED luminaires cast agreeably white light evenly over footpath and road. The power required for each light point is just 34W and the LED modules can simply be replaced as required. licht.wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future 10 LEDs for City and Street LEDs have been used in decorative outdoor lighting for years. With white light, they now also make for optimal visual conditions on roads and paths. No other lighting technology couples so much freedom for lighting design with such low energy and maintenance requirements. 10 [...]... presence- and daylight-dependent control makes for maximum efficiency [25] LED downlights lead the way to the lift [26] The suspended hybrid luminaires each feature twelve 3W LED modules and two 54W T16 fluorescent lamps Their reduced design harmonizes perfectly with the office furnishings 26 17 licht. wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future LED Special: The LED Light Source The advent of the LED brings... This ensures [34] The production of efficient LED systems calls for a great deal of technological expertise The quality of the components and the standard of manufacturing are crucial for the efficiency and performance of an LED luminaire 34 23 licht. wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future that heat is conducted away from the diode and is crucial for the efficiency and lifespan of the system as a whole... touched without risk, > offer a good maintenance factor The maintenance factor (MF) of a lighting installation is the ratio of the luminous flux at the time of maintenance to the original luminous flux when the system is installed It takes account of > the reduction of luminous flux due to the failure and ageing of lamps, > the possible soiling of a luminaire in the course of time, > room or outdoor... yellow 19 licht. wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future luminaire – the LEDs cannot match that level of performance LED manufacturers’ data sheet specifications are based on ideal laboratory conditions and extrapolations for the raw LED chip The values do not correspond to the actual luminous flux of an operational LED luminaire or retrofit lamp What matters in practice is the efficiency of the entire... uniform light colour, they need to be categorised The process of sorting LEDs by colour is known as binning line of purples theoretical colours The red triangle in the chromaticity diagram (left) of the International Lighting Commission CIE indicates the space in which a chromatic locus could theoretically be plotted by mixing the colours of three LEDs If the binning group is on the black curve of the. .. licht. wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future LEDs in Hospital and Surgery The healthcare system is changing Hospitals, doctors’ surgeries and care facilities are becoming modern healthcare centres and need to be competitive Tailored lighting concepts help patients feel well looked after Even the Ancient Egyptians were aware of the power of colour: they immersed their sickrooms in warm red light The. .. or relaxing light, depending on the time of day 41 29 licht. wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future 42 43 30 44 LEDs for Art and Culture Modern art, sculpture or old manuscripts: exhibition lighting requires a very sensitive touch and gentle light With dynamic light, LEDs also introduce colour and movement into the scene Any lighting design for a museum or art gallery needs to focus on the exhibits... In the recent past, the efficiency of LEDs has doubled every two years They are conquering more and more applications and their development shows no signs of coming to a halt … 21 licht. wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future LED Special: Modules, Systems – and Quality Features Light- emitting diodes can only be used for lighting tasks when assembled as a module on a printed circuit board (PCB) The. .. [37] The slate wall is an eye-catcher in the lounge, lent depth by cubic recessed luminaires with single 1.2W LEDs radiating light in three different white tones [38] The right lighting helps us unwind Here, a homogeneous light wall” provides agreeably diffuse light at the bed 38 27 licht. wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future 39 40 28 who realise this; the positive impact on human beings has been... details 13 licht. wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future LEDs for Office and Administration Good workplace lighting motivates, promotes health and boosts performance Intelligent LED solutions meet these high requirements, fulfil statutory energy-saving regulations and make for a sustainable reduction of costs A uniform lighting level of 500 lux throughout the office? Those days are gone Lighting concepts . licht.wissen 17 LED: The Light of the Future Free download at www.all-about -light. de licht.wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future 01 The LED heralds a new age of lighting – it beats every other option. Ministry of Education and Research licht.wissen 17 _ LED: The Light of the Future 4 Introduction LED: The Light of the Future 06 LED Applications City and Street 10 Facade and Advertising 12 Office. achieve the light colour required, the concentration and chemical composition of the phosphor LED Special: The LED Light Source The advent of the LED brings a totally new light fitting onto the market.