thảo luận TA THE REFLECTION OF WOMEN EMPOWERING IN THE 21ST CENTURY

HANOI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES THE REFLECTION OF WOMEN EMPOWERING IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Teacher: Dang Quoc Long Students: Huynh Thi Oanh (13060680061) Le Thi Phuong Thao (1306080086) Vu Thi Trang (1306080099) Mai Thi Thoa (1306080087) Pham Thu Huong (1306080032) Date: 4 May 2015 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century Abstract Over the last decades, it can be seen that leadership issue have been underrepresented in women position. However, in the 21 st century, women have played an important role, hold main power in whole society. Female bring to the implementation of leadership a store of strengths, which received to benefit the entities they lead on international, national and global flatten. Women empowering have reflected to be more participative, effective, and inclusive than their men counterpart. Therefore, this paper explores the problems around female to help reader can appreciate women’s significance in careers. . 2 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century 1. Introduction Recently, it has been an increase in female leadership. Women have made more and more significant achievements in their workplace, footnotes and sidebars. It seems that the glass ceiling has been broken. Interestingly, the image of many women is depicted as ruler of the domestic sphere and is proved entirely false by the words and actions of women such as Abigail Adams, Charity Clarke Moore and Deborah Sampson Gannett. This research concentrates on women leadership by the way they organize to overpower men, to appreciate their skills. Moreover, it contributes lots of values to their communities and expands different areas in the world. Women not only become powerful leader in their work places but also in their families, towns, villages and cities. Especially, thanks to both local communities and global community, women gain lots of benefits for the purpose of stepping up their powerful influence, catch opportunities in order to support and nature their leadership. Despite the racial discrimination, women in various cultures can take charge of their own leadership successfully and by their insight and wisdom. Coping with a series of transiting challenges and ambivalence around women, they still remain their own ethics. Therefore, women leadership is respected and honored all over the world and some policies or programs have been shown to evolve gender sensitive. 2. Discussion of findings 2.1 The emergence of woman’s leadership and their leading ways 2.1.1 The emergence of woman’s leadership From the past to the present, women always played an important role in the family and society. However, in some countries and regions the role of women is not appreciated, especially in India. Traditionally, the men are the backbone of the family. They have the right to decide everything while women cannot raise their voice and they have to listen to the arrangement of the family and to comply with the rules of society. So many women who have stood up struggle for women’s right, even they become famous women leaders in the world. For example, in the article “10 women leadership famous in history” pointed out that Florence Nightingale, who was nicknamed “the lady with the lamp?” were a writer and the founder of the modern 4 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century nursing. She also was a pioneer in modern nursing career. Wu Detain ruled China for 15 years from 690 to 705. She is one of the greatest and most famous women leaders in the history of China. During her time power, she modernized china and established Buddhism as the main Chinese religion. Besides, one of women made big difference is Eva Peron. She was the Argentine first lady between 1946 and 1952. To created homes for homeless and the poor, she established the various charitable organizations. Queen Victoria who rules for 63 years over British empire, was one of the greatest and most famous women leader of all times. During her reign, she strove to created peace and increased the size of her empire. She also played an important role in funding the British conservative and Liberal parties’. Although quite different in their respective accomplishments, they share common characteristics that placed them in counter- cultural leadership roles, creating innovative venues for change. In particular, after July 19, 1848 the first women’s rights convention began, attended by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and other pioneers in the struggle for women’s rights. They gradually asserted the role and position in the family and society. Since the 1970s, women have steadily emerged in leadership roles in all societal spheres: education, health, and politics. They have achieved many accomplishments. Women’s leadership styles have been shown to be more transformational, participative. As women’s educational achievements have increased, so have their job opportunities. In 2013, according to statistics from U.S. Department of Labor, women in the U.S. accounted for 57.2% of all those employed in management and professional occupations while men hold 69.7%. However, according to Catalyst, a U.S. organization promoting women in business and leadership, women hold only 16.9% of executive positions in Fortune 500 companies while women of color hold 3.2% of board seats. Regarding executive earnings, women earn $706 compared to $860 for men. For those employed full time 74 percent of employed women worked full time (35 hours or more) and 24 percent worked part-time, compared to 86.9 percent and 13.1 percent of employed men, respectively. The percentage of White women employed full-time in 2013 was 72.8 percent, 78.3 percent of Asian women, and 4 percent of Black women. In industries, women accounted for 32.6% in education and Health Services industries, Professional and Business Services industry was 10.5 %, Transportation and Utilities industry was 2.6%, Information industry was 1.7% (Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. 5 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century Department of Labor, and Current Population Survey in 2013). Although women have moved into more management positions, they have yet to emerge into leadership positions and senior and they earn salaries commensurate with those of men for the same jobs. However, in the future women’s leadership emergence have been created by global, social, and cultural forces such as globalization, e-business, changing markets, technology proliferation, and the need for teamwork, alliances, and partnerships (Valerio, A. M. (2009). 2.1.2 Ways Women Lead 2.1.2.1 Research on Women in Leadership Women have increasingly moved toward greater gender equality at home and in the workplace. In fact, they occupy important positions in many fields. There were similarities and differences in the ways women and men leader. According to article “5 ly do nen chon phu nu lam lanh dao”, Le Hoan stated that Women working groups more effective. Women can listen and empathy than men (27 percent men, 32 percent women-WPB Expert, 2014). They can understand the needs of others because they know the connection at a deeper level. This can help them in harmony with the needs of customers and communicate with customers more sincere. This will bring long-term customer source. Besides, A study done by the Open Forum pointed out that companies are run by women more successful companies owned by men, with the growth rate nearly doubled in the past few years. Furthermore, in the article “Are women better leaders than men” Jack Zenger and Joseph Folkman quoted that in 7.280 leaders were evaluated in 2011, the majority of leaders are still men about 64% and in the higher the level, the more men there are: 78% of top managers were men. However, their survey was also reported at every level, more women were valued by their peers, their bosses, their direct reports and their other associates as better overall leaders than their male counterparts were. In the top managers, administrators, board members, women accounted for 67.7%, while men were 57.7% and some other areas as direct managers, supervisor’s middle management, middle managers, supervisors, foremen. And according to a new Pew Research Center social and demographic trends survey on women and leadership, most Americans find that there 6 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century were distinctive leadership styles, with women are more transformational, using interpersonal skills to motivate followers, whereas men more likely to view leadership as a sequence of transactions with others and applying positional power or authority. Other researchers including leadership specialist Judy B. Rosenberg note that women have diversity of leadership styles. Besides, a survey was conducted by the International Women’s Forum found that women and men earned the same amount of money but they describe their leadership differently such as their performance and how they usually influence those with whom they work. The men are likely describes themselves in ways that characterize which was called “transactional” leadership by some management experts. The women, on the other hand, described themselves in ways that characterize “transformational” leadership. Their power was ascribed to personal characteristics like charisma, interpersonal skills, and hard work rather than to organizational stature (Judy B. Rosenberg, 1990). According to most recent Randstad engagement study, both male and female respondents identified the same top qualities needed to be an effective leader: Communication skills, problem solving skills, ability to foster a teamwork environment about 27 percent men, 32 percent women ( WPB Expert,2014).According to article “Women’s Leadership Style: Boss Plus?” Audrey Nelson PhD note that the women leadership style is interpersonal, nurturing, flexible, and interconnected and tends to go for a win/win, have a sense of humor, want consensus, and share the power. One example: A male colleague, Larry said that he would prefer a woman boss because he thought that women leadership is more flexible and understands the issues better than most men. Besides, they have a genuine concern for their employees’ well-being inside and outside of work. However, he pointed out that they are poor problem solvers, are not willing to move or relocate, are too family focused, and will periodically opt out of the system due to pregnancy, child care, or elder care. In recent years, women assume many important positions in society: educational, economic, social. Women made up more than 15 percent of corporate officer positions and board seats in Fortune 500 companies (from about 9 percent of each 15 years ago) and 3 percent of CEO spots and wwith more and more women earning business degrees.( David A. Matsa and Amalia R. Miller,2012). They have achieved great achievements than men. For example, Indra Nooyi who chair and chief executive of 7 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century PepsiCo- the world’s second biggest food and drinks business for the last seven years. Gina Rinehart is a mining magnate and also is Australia's richest person and one of the wealthiest women in the world. Addition, some other typical woman such as Dilma Rousseff-president of Brazil, Christine Lagarde- managing director, IMF, Hillary Clinton- politician and Angela Merkel- chancellor of Germany and so on.(Sean Farrell and Jon Henley,2013). They bring different leadership styles. In the article “Leadership Styles: Men and Women” Renuka Savant quoted that Women seem to suit with the role of mentors, and take pleasure in giving guidance. Besides, they also are able to convince better than men are and tend to be empathetic to those working for them, and work well in areas of planning and organizing. Perhaps, this makes them better project managers. On the other hand, men are often considered to be authoritative and make excellent taskmasters. When they want to express opinions, they also happen to be forthright and proficient at direct communication. In particular, between leaders men and women have different qualities. While qualities generally found in women: persuasive, good listeners, good at multitasking, socially sensitive, flexibility during interactions, assertive, focus on details, men leaders are: aggressive, strategic planners, commercially focused and more result-oriented in comparison. According to survey was conducted in 14,000 UK leaders and managers show that male leaders are more strategic but women, perhaps, make better project managers than men because they tend to be stronger in the interpersonal aspects of leadership. Elva Ainsworth who managing director of Talent Innovations, said that the females make good the management and planning, besides, they respect and empathy for others and the women leadership style is more social. The study also reveals that Women often accept their mistakes, say “sorry”, and own the consequences of their decisions (Jon Kennard, 2012). Furthermore, women was appreciated in achieving results, getting work done, being transparent and clear, and building rapport with others than men. Tricia Naddaff - president of MRG said that Women often very much focus on getting results, so they tend to be overestimated higher than male and there was something about the dynamic of women, sort of that nose to the grindstone, working really hard and getting their teams to work really hard, but perhaps they were not making enough time to stop and look up over the horizon and see what was going on (Rob Stott, 2013). More specifically, women encourage participation. They consult 8 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century with people when having a problem before they reach their own conclusions. Of course, they will look at the important information and the most appropriate, before they implement them. For example, Susan S. Elliott, president and founder of Systems Service Enterprises, a St. Louis computer consulting company. When interviewed, she said that she could not come up with a plan and then asked those who manage the accounts to give her their reactions. They are the ones who really know the accounts. They have information she did not have. Without their input she’d be operating in an ivory tower. Besides, they also share power and information. While many leaders restrict information and power sharing, women willingly share them rather than guard. One example, Debi Coleman, vice president of information systems and technology at Apple Computer held the open strategy sessions. It and allows a larger group to develop and help choose alternatives rather than closeting a small group of key executives in her office to develop a strategy. Aside from, the female leadership enhances other people’s self-worth and energizes others, so they get others excited about their work (Judy B. Rosener, 1990). In short, nowadays the role of women in society is increasingly high. They are entitled to many rights, especially gender equality. Women can go to school, get to vote and hold many important positions in all societal spheres: Political leaders, corporate leaders, president, managing director, chief operating officer. Moreover, Women bring diverse strengths, perspectives, and innovation to the exercise of leadership. 2.1.2.2 Gender Associations of Leadership Perceptions of women’s leadership qualification and effectiveness were affected by Socialization and culture influence. According to leadership research, women often associated with communal qualities of compassion, affection, affection, and kindness and men related to the qualities of the assertion, self-confidence, and domination (Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Prejudices may result that when recruiting employers, recruiters tend to choose men over women. They thought that Women are too themselves pushy or too soft. Traditionally, women must always be polite in all situations. They can be criticized due to too rigid. That is reason why women are more difficult to become leaders and achieve success than for their male counterparts. 9 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century 2.2 The challenges of women leaderships and ambivalence around woman’s ambition 2.2.1 The challenges of women leaderships It is the fact that when we look at the period history of last 100 years to present, we are complicated to find women leader. If you look at the responsibilities on household in North American, we would be assured to say that majority of them are done by women. Even in some most powerful countries like Japan, Germany, Great Britain, this phenomenon continue gradually. With this modern life, both genders working, women still run the home. In the article “challenges of women in leadership roles”, Ericka Outland gave that only 2% of 500 CEO’s are women. This seems to diminishing the leadership gap between women and men has been becoming one of the most challenges of society in the 21 st century. Moreover, he also assumed that a society does not establish a new policy about leadership for all its citizens, means that it is denying a chance of superiority (Outland, 2010). In additionally, Theus also believed that women in leaderships are more respectable than men are in leadership aspect; their patients, endurances, skills make important factors in characteristic’s leadership and these help to create a new culture of leaderships when women in cooperation and relation with men (Theus, 2012). However, women who want to make a great stride to the ladder of success the must face with a few obstacles. Here are some barriers which female deal with in workplace. 2.2.1.1 Gender equity issues All of difficulties are complex by inadequacies in the company and the public policies that address them. It can be seen that gender inequalities in family roles posture particular challenges for women in leadership positions, which require highly commanding schedules. However, in recent years, distinguishing between femininity and leadership has decreased, women are likely more powerful as men in their career, occupy highly leadership position. Although these trends, traditional gender stereotypes still make palisade with women, men still continue to be higher position than women in most of fields relate to leadership. For instance, in South Asia, women owned enterprises make account as little as only 3 percent and in Africa, it is 10 percent. While 10 [...]... accurately and take in information from all sides 20 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century Women can bring to other people to their point of view or change their own opiniondepending on the situation and information they discover Women can do this because they really understand and take care of from which others are coming 2.4.2 Some... 2005-2010 17 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century term, only 13.5%, whereas, according to the National Committee for the Advancement of Women in 2006, the goals set out in the Plan activities for the advancement of women is 15% According to some surveys, in the offices of the National Assembly, women are represented in the committee... increase their abilities or strengthen the social justice movement Particularly, with the benefits of women leadership bring many opportunities in all fields in society Therefore, they want to become a good leader in work as well as in their family It is our hope that in the future, there would be many more studies about women in the exercise of leadership 28 The reflection of woman empowering in the. .. lực của kinh tế sẽ là phụ nữ’[online] Available at URL: 31 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century Theus, D 2012, Women and the 21st century art of leadership It’s not (just) about us” http://www.inpowerwomen.com /women- and -21st- century- art -of- leadership-its-not-justabout-us/ Thomas Dublin, Women at work -The transformation of work... role of women and enhance their contribution in social 2.4 Women s leadership in the working sector, some policies and programs to promote gender equality 2.4.1 Women s leadership in the working sector In the 21st century, women play an important role in social development, especially in working According to the New York Time, some of the highly educated and powered women who do not participate in corporation... competitive as man Besides, the USA Today reports that the amount of stocks of the 13 Fortune 500 companies run by women for all 2009 were driven up an average of 50%.Since 1980, the number of women participates in the institutions of higher education more than men Today in the US, men account for only 42% of college students 19 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century ... success of countries in the modern world People have opportunities to develop their talents and contribute to their economy or to play an equal part in the lives of their nations in the dynamic 21st century The Cooperative Inquiry demonstrated that women leaders in the 21st century need decision-making sure and take cover issues quickly Moreover, women have a comprehensive thinking, it means that they... passing day, too new to be a classic, forget it, this book is already a classic” In politics, women hold many important positions in the machinery of government For instance, According to the investigation of the Asian Development bank (2007), in some countries of East Asia and the Pacific, Vietnam is the ratio of women to participate in the largest conference In the world, Vietnam ranks 18th in the. .. have opportunity to reach the pinnacle of success, are equal participation of female in political system and government It is vital to building, maintaining the democracy and women should be committed in institution to working 11 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century with men as partners in every activity, in workplace Fortunately,... bigger difference These are some special confusing thinking of women, competition in women around ambivalence In conclusion, ambition is vital element of attain leadership that professional accomplishment and reach results so resolving the ambivalence around 13 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century ambition both internal and external . appreciate women s significance in careers. . 2 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century 1. Introduction Recently,. Advancement of Women in 2006, the goals set out in the Plan activities for the advancement of women is 15%. According to some surveys, in the offices of the National Assembly, women are represented in the. idea’s application to their own lives and improve their abilities leadership to others. 14 The reflection of woman empowering in the 21st century 2.3.1 The limited of leadership In fact, in the report