GIÁO TRÌNH GRAMMAR 3 (NGỮ PHÁP 3)

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO CỘNG HOÀ XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT Độ c Lậ p - Tự Do - Hạ nh Phúc ********* CHƯƠNG TRÌNH TRÌNH ĐỘ ĐẠI HỌC (FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS) NGÀNH ĐÀO TẠO: CỬ NHÂN TIẾNG ANH ĐỀ CƯƠNG CHI TIẾT MÔN HỌC 1. Tên học phần: GRAMMAR 3 (NGỮ PHÁP 3) 2. Mã số học phần: NN1126 3. Tên học phần bằng tiếng Anh: GRAMMAR 3 4. Số tín chỉ: 3 (45 tiết) 5. Trình độ: Cho sinh viên năm thứ 2 6. Phân bố thời gian: * Lên lớp: 45 tiết ( 15 tuần) 7. Điều kiện tiên quyết : Sinh viên đã học và thi đạt môn ngữ pháp tiếng Anh 2 ( GRAMMAR 2) 8. Mục tiêu của học phần: Cung cấp cho sinh viên các kiến thức cơ bản để sử dụng các cấu trúc phức hợp , các loại mệnh đề phụ như mệnh đề quan hệ, mệnh đề danh từ, mệnh đề trạng ngữ, mệnh đề non-finite và finite, cách phân tích các loại câu đã học, xác định rõ các loại bổ ngữ của các loại động từ trong tiếng Anh. Từ đó sinh viên có thể sử dung chúng trong môn viết và các kỹ năng khác. 9. Mô tả vắn tắt nội dung học phần: Môn NGỮ PHÁP 3 là môn học bắt buộc tiên quyết đối với sinh viên chuyên ngành tiếng Anh được thực hiện trong 15 tuần ở học kỳ 1 của năm học thứ hai sau khi sinh viên đã hoàn thành chương trình ngữ pháp 2. Nội dung môn học này gồm 5 chương có thời lượng 45 tiết theo hệ tín chỉ. 10. Nhiệm vụ của sinh viên: * Dự lớp theo qui chế * Làm bài tập Sinh viên cần: * chuẩn bị tốt bài học ở nhà, có tinh thần tự học cao, tập trung nghe giảng, tích cực tham gia học nhóm thảo luận, và thuyết trình ở lớp. * quan tâm đến các vấn đề liên quan đến phát triển các kỹ năng hiểu và sử dụng thành thạo các cấu trúc ngữ pháp tiếng Anh. 11. Tài liệu học tập: * Sách và giáo trình chính (Course materials): 1- B.D. Graver (1986, 3 rd Edition), Advanced English Practice, Oxford University Press. 2- R.Quirk& S. Greenbaun, (1973), A University Grammar of English, Longman Group UK Limited). 3- John Eastwood, (2007), Oxford Practice Grammar, Oxford University Press. *Sách tham khảo(References) : - Eastwood,(1994), Oxford Guide to English Grammar ,Oxford University Press - C.E.Eckersley & J.M.Eckersley,(1960), A comprehensive English Grammar for foreign students, Longmans and Green Co Ltd) - Bland, S.K (1996), Intermediate Grammar, Oxford University Press - Martin Hewings, (1999), Advanced English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press 12. Tiêu chuẩn đánh giá sinh viên: - Mid-term: 30% 2 - Final exam: 70% (- Dự lớp và tham gia xây dựng bài: 15% - Bài tập + kiểm tra: 15% - Bài thi hết học phần: 70%) 13. Thang điểm: 10 14. Nội dung chi tiết môn học: This is a compulsory course for English majors. It is offered in the first semester of the 2nd year of their program. It is a 45 period course, generally spread over 15 weeks. The teachers have to teach 5 chapters in the suggested readings given. Nội dung như sau:  CHAPTER ONE: RELATIVE CLAUSES (ADJECTIVE CLAUSES) 6 tiết Types: - Defining relative clauses (4t) - Non-defining relative clauses -Uses: (2t) * CHAPTER TWO: NOUN CLAUSES (6tiết) - Characteristics: (2t) - Functions and positions (4t) + As subject of a verb + As direct object + As an indirect object (rare) + As complement of the subject + As apposition to a noun + As complement of an adjective + As object of a preposition * CHAPTER THREE: ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (9tiết) - Characteristics (3t) - Kinds and Uses: (6t) +Adverbial clauses of time +Adverbial clauses of place +Adverbial clauses of manner +Adverbial clauses of reason +Adverbial clauses of result +Adverbial clauses of purpose +Adverbial clauses of concession +Adverbial clauses of comparison +Adverbial clauses of condition * CHAPTER FOUR: THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES (9tiết) -Revision on subordinate clauses: (6t) - Practice on the analysis of some sentences and paragraphs. (3t) * CHAPTER FIVE: THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTATION (12 tiết) - Intensive complementation (3t) - Mono transitive complementation (3t) - Complex transitive complementation (3t) - Di-transitive complementation (3t) * REVISION and MIDTERM TEST (3t) 3 13- Các thông tin về hình thức học và liên lạc với giáo viên: - Hình thức học: sinh viên tham dự học ở lớp và thảo luận làm bài tập vừa ở lớp vừa ở nhà. - Địa chỉ Email của giáo viên: tại Khoa Ngoại ngữ- Đại học Đà lạt - Điện thoại: 14- Hình thức kiểm tra: 14.1. Trắc nghiệm khách quan: a- Multiple-choice questions b- Cloze tests 14.2 Tự luận 14.3. Vấn đáp: a- Short presentation b- Individual/ Group work Đà lạt ngày 28 tháng 06 năm 2008 Trưởng khoa Trưởng bộ môn Giảng viên 4 TABLES OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I : RELATIVE CLAUSES Pages 2-13 CHAPTER II: NOUN CLAUSES Pages 14-21 CHAPTER III: ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Pages 22-27 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES Pages28 -36 CHAPTER V: THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTATION Pages 37- 68 5 CHAPTER I ADJECTIVE CLAUSES I- Definitions of sentence, main clause, and dependent clause 1- A sentence which contains just one main clause is called a simple sentence. A simple sentence normally has one finite verb. It has a subject and a predicate. E.g I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend. 2- A sentence which contains one independent clause (main clause) and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.) E.g - The alarm was raised (main clause) as soon as the fire was discovered (subordinate clause). - If you are not good at figure (subordinate clause), it is pointless to apply for a job in a bank. (Main clause) There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.) 3- A compound sentence has two or more main clauses, and it is jointed by: * A coordinating conjunction: (and, or, nor, for, but, so, yet…) - We fished all day, but we didn‟t catch a thing. - He washed the car, and he polished it. * A semi-colon: - We fished all day; we didn‟t catch a thing. * A connecting adverb (accordingly, furthermore, besides, consequently, for example, hence, however, in addition, in contrast, indeed, in stead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, otherwise, therefore, thus…) - We fished all day; however, we didn‟t catch a thing 4- A compound-complex sentence contains two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. - When the sky darkened, the wind blew, and the leaves fell. (Underlined sub-clause) - Frank worked hard, and he became an artist when he was 15. -He couldn‟t find the pen, so he used the pencil which is on the table. II/ Definition of adjective clauses: Relative clauses are adjective clauses (dependent clauses) that generally begin with relative pronouns who, whom, that, which and whose or relative adverbs where, when, why. Like adjectives, relative clauses modify nouns. Unlike adjectives, they are dependent clauses that immediately follow the nouns they modify. E.g. Nouns in main clause Relative clause Rest of the main clause - The man who called is an old friend. The men who called are old friends. - The woman whom I met lives near me. The women whom I met live near me. - The letter that I received is very important. 6 The letters that I received are very important. - The book which we discussed was a best-seller. The books which we discussed were best-sellers. - The writer whose book we read will speak at the college tonight. The writers whose book we read will speak at the college tonight. A- Adjective clauses perform the same function in sentences that adjectives do: they modify nouns. The teacher has a car. (Car is a noun.) It‟s a new car. (New is an adjective which modifies car.) The car that she is driving is not hers. (That she is driving is an adjective clause which modifies car. It‟s a clause because it has a subject (she) and a predicate (is driving); it‟s an adjective clause because it modifies a noun.) Note that adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify; adjective clauses always follow the nouns they modify. B- A sentence which contains one adjective clause and one independent clause is the result of combining two clauses which contain a repeated noun. You can combine two independent clauses to make one sentence containing an adjective clause by following these steps: 1. You must have two clauses which contain a repeated noun (or pronoun, or noun and pronoun which refer to the same thing). Here are two examples: The book is on the table. + I like the book . The man is here. + The man wants the book. 2. Delete the repeated noun and replace it with a relative pronoun in the clause you want to make dependent. The book is on the table. + I like which The man is here. + who wants the book 3. Move the relative pronoun to the beginning of its clause (if it is not already there). The clause is now an adjective clause. The book is on the table. + which I like The man is here. + who wants the book 4. Put the adjective clause immediately after the noun phrase it modifies: The book which I like is on the table. The man who wants the book is here. C. The subordinators in adjective clauses are called relative pronouns. 1. These are the most important relative pronouns: who, whom, that, which. These relative pronouns can be omitted when they are objects of verbs. When they are objects of prepositions, they can be omitted when they do not follow the preposition. 7 WHO replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. In informal writing (but not in academic writing), it can be used as the object of a verb. WHOM replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the object of a verb or preposition. It cannot be the subject of a verb. WHICH replaces noun(s) and pronoun(s) that refers to animals or things. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition. THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people, animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition (but that cannot follow a preposition; whom, which, and whose are the only relative pronouns that can follow a preposition). 2. The following words can also be used as relative pronouns: whose, when, where. WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns. It can refer to people, animals or things. It can be part of a subject or part of an object of a verb or preposition, but it cannot be a complete subject or object. Whose cannot be omitted. Here are examples with whose: The man is happy. + I found the man‟s wallet. = The man whose wallet I found is happy. The girl is excited. + Her mother won the lottery. = The girl whose mother won the lottery is excited. WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in + month, on + day, ). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted. Here is an example with when: I will never forget the day + I graduated on that day = I will never forget the day when I graduated. The same meaning can be expressed in other ways: I will never forget the day on which I graduated. I will never forget the day that I graduated. I will never forget the day I graduated. WHERE replaces a place (in + country, in + city, at + school, ). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be added. Here is an example with where: The building is new. + He works in the building. = The building where he works is new. The same meaning can be expressed in other ways: 8 The building in which he works is new. The building which he works in is new. The building that he works in is new. The building he works in is new. D. TYPES OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: Adjective clauses can be restrictive or nonrestrictive. 1- A restrictive adjective clause contains information that is necessary to identify the noun it modifies. If a restrictive adjective clause is removed from a sentence, the meaning of the main clause changes. A restrictive adjective clause is not separated from the main clause by a comma or commas and it must follow the noun that it modifies. Most adjective clauses are restrictive; all of the examples of adjective clauses above are restrictive. Here is more examples: People who can‟t swim should not jump into the ocean. The letter that I received is very important. I showed you the letter that I received. - Restrictive relative clauses are also called identifying or defining relative clauses because they distinguish a particular person or thing from other similar people or thing. They provide an explanation that answers the question. Which one(s)? A: One of my neighbors is always borrowing things from me. Another neighbor always calls me at dinnertime. B: Which one is that? A: The man who lives next door is always borrowing things. The woman who lives across the street always calls me at dinnertime. - Restrictive relative clause can combine two sentences that refer to the same noun phrase: E.g. This movie is about a man. He traveled around the world. This movie is about a man who traveled around the world. - Restrictive relative clauses often contain the information that the speaker and the listener already shared. This shared information helps the listener to easily identify the noun the speaker is introducing into the conversation: E.g. The book that Victor bought is on the table. - Restrictive relative clauses often identify and classify nouns in definition: E.g. A spider is a small, eight-legged creature that spins a web. 2- A nonrestrictive adjective clause gives additional information about the noun it modifies but is not necessary to identify that noun. If a nonrestrictive adjective clause is removed from a sentence, the meaning of the main clause does not change. - A nonrestrictive adjective clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or commas. - The relative pronoun that cannot be used in nonrestrictive adjective clauses. - The relative pronoun cannot be omitted from a nonrestrictive clause. Here are examples: Billy, who couldn‟t swim, should not have jumped into the ocean. My mother, who lives next door, is a widow. Her ring, which fell on the floor, got scratches. 3- Using subject relative pronouns: who, that, which 9 Noun subject verb (…) rest of the main clause The woman who lives next door died suddenly. The women that live upstairs are noisy. The letter that fell on the floor is mine. The letters which came today are late. - When the relative pronoun who, that, which comes before the verbs in the relative clause, the relative pronoun acts as the subject of the relative clause. - The verb that follows who, that, which agrees with the noun in the main clause. - That is used more often for things and animals than which. - Subject relative pronouns cannot be omitted. 4- Using object relative pronouns: who(m), that, which E.g. The man was Mr. Jones. I saw him. E.g. The movie wasn‟t very good. We saw it last night. Noun object subject verb (…) rest of the main clause -> The man who(m) I saw was Mr. Jones. -> The man that I saw was Mr. Jones. -> The man Ø I saw was Mr. Jones. -> The movie which we saw last night wasn‟t very good. -> The movie that we saw last night wasn‟t very good. -> The movie Ø we saw last night wasn‟t very good. - When the relative pronoun who, that, which is followed by a noun or pronoun, the relative pronoun acts as the object of the relative clause. An object relative pronoun takes the place of object of relative clause. The object is not repeated after the verb. We can not say: *The movie that we saw it last night wasn‟t very good. - In object relative clause that is used more often than who, whom, which - Object relative pronouns can be omitted. - Whom is generally used in formal English. * Pronoun(s) used as the object(s) of a preposition a/ She is the woman. I told you about her. => She is the woman about whom I told you. => She is the woman who (m) I told you about. => She is the woman that I told you about. => She is the woman Ø I told you about. b/ The music was good. We listened to it last night. => The music to which we listened last night was good. => The music which we listened to last night was good. => The music that we listened to last night was good. => The music Ø we listened to last night was good. 10 - Whom, who, that, which can be the object pronoun of a relative clause that ends in a preposition. These object relative pronouns can be omitted. - In informal English, the preposition is at the end of object relative clause. - In more formal English, the preposition can begin a relative clause. The preposition is followed by either whom (not who) for people or which (not that) for things. 5- Using where: The building is very old. He lives there (in that building). => The building where he lives is very old. => The building in which he lives is very old. => The building which he lives in is very old. => The building that he lives in is very old. => The building Ø he lives in is very old. - Where is used in a relative clause to modify a place (city, country, room, house, etc) - If where is used, a preposition is not included in the relative clause. If where is not used, a preposition must be included in the relative clause 6- Using when: I‟ll never forget the day. I met him then (on that day). => I‟ll never forget the day when I met him. => I‟ll never forget the day on which I met him. => I‟ll never forget the day that I met him. => I‟ll never forget the day Ø I met him. - When is used in a relative clause to modify a noun of time (year, day, time, etc) - A preposition is used preceding which. Otherwise, the preposition is omitted. E. Adjective clauses can often be reduced to phrases. The relative pronoun must be the subject of the verb in the adjective clause. Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases in two different ways depending on the verb in the adjective clause. 1. Relative pronoun + be = 0 People who are living in glass houses should not throw stones. (clause) People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase) Mary applied for a job that was advertised in the paper. (clause) Mary applied for a job advertised in the paper. (phrase) 2. Relative pronoun + other verb (not be) = other verb + ing People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.(clause) People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase) Students who sit in the front row usually participate more. (clause) Students sitting in the front row usually participate more. (phrase) *EXAMPLES of adjective clauses reduced to adjective phrases Spam comes from companies which want to sell you something. Spam comes from companies wanting to sell you something. Companies that send you spam want your money=> Companies sending you spam want your money. People who receive spam are often annoyed=> People receiving spam are often annoyed. [...]... ozone levels were dangerous 30 - The city council objected when the mayor changed his mind 31 - It is unfortunate that Mr Jones will not return 32 - Why you don‟t do your work is ridiculous to me 33 - This cemetery is where your Grandfather is buried 34 - The report that the island is under water is very misleading 35 - We offered whoever told the truth clemency *************** 30 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES... escaped frightened the whole town 29- The police have offered whoever finds the stolen diamonds a reward 30 - The family has had no word about where he might be 31 - That we were ready to go was a miracle 32 - Give whoever wants to go a ride to the game 33 - That you are losing ground was evident from the polls 34 - Whoever injured the handicapped woman must be feeling guilty 24 CHAPTER III: ADVERB CLAUSES I-... Although she was tired, she walked up to the third floor because she wanted the 1 2 3 exercise 1 ,3: dependent clauses 2: independent clause - To analyse a complex sentence is: 1) To find out the number of clauses 2) To identify the principal clause and all the subordinate clause(s), then indicate their functions in the sentence 3) To make remarks on the connecting words in order to determine the nature of... 3 She couldn‟t remember how many times she had sat at her window and said to herself that although busy Bob would come to meet her 33 4 When she used the leather trap, she displayed a strength that even... (that) Mark had to attend went on for three hours 1 Somewhere I've got a photo of the mountain we climbed ………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 The man repaired my car is a real expert 13 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 The detective lost sight of the man he was following ………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 I thought I recognized the assistant served us ………………………………………………………………………………………… 5 I'm afraid... the Derwent Hotel, (1)…………… overlooks the town, is the perfect place to stay Robin and Wendy Jackson, (2)…………… bought this small hotel three years ago, have already won an excellent reputation Robin, (3) ………… cooking is one of the reasons (4)………… the Derwent is so popular, was once Young Chef of the Year The comfort of the guests, (5)…………… the owners treat almost as members of the family, always comes... somewhere in the US A man (1)………… was accused of housebreaking appeared in court He had put his arm through the window of a house and stolen some money (2)…………… was lying on a table inside The argument (3) …………… the man's lawyer put forward wasn't very impressive He said that (4) …….was the man's arm (5)…………… had committed the crime and not the man himself 'You cannot punish a man for (6)…………… his arm... 18- He knows that he should be long-suffering 19- A short vacation is what the family is planning 20- We will send the money to whoever asks for it 23 21- Do you know how dynamite is made? 22- My hope that we visit Mount Rushmore is now a family idea 23- His difficulty is that he cannot read 24- Whoever said that is totally incorrect 25- How the prisoner escaped is a mystery 26- My feeling is that... you that you will lose 50 pounds in a week =>You shouldn't believe an offer promising you that you will lose 50 pounds in a week February is the only month that has fewer than 30 days =>February is the only month having fewer than 30 days My parents' anniversary is a date that has a lot of meaning for them =>My parents' anniversary is a date having a lot of meaning for them The abacus, which is a wooden... asking him if he wants to become rich Bill Gates, the richest man in the U.S., often gets spam asking him if he wants to become rich Students who know a lot of English grammar can take a composition course Students knowing a lot of English grammar can take a composition course The student who sits near the door always leaves early The student sitting near the door always leaves early The people who live . TIẾT MÔN HỌC 1. Tên học phần: GRAMMAR 3 (NGỮ PHÁP 3) 2. Mã số học phần: NN1126 3. Tên học phần bằng tiếng Anh: GRAMMAR 3 4. Số tín chỉ: 3 (45 tiết) 5. Trình độ: Cho sinh viên năm thứ 2. Graver (1986, 3 rd Edition), Advanced English Practice, Oxford University Press. 2- R.Quirk& S. Greenbaun, (19 73) , A University Grammar of English, Longman Group UK Limited). 3- John Eastwood,. complementation (3t) - Di-transitive complementation (3t) * REVISION and MIDTERM TEST (3t) 3 13- Các thông tin về hình thức học và liên lạc với giáo viên: - Hình thức học: sinh viên tham