a study on projection and its realization in president barack obama’s speech at a campaign event in las vegas

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES TRẦN HỒNG VÂN A STUDY ON PROJECTION AND ITS REALIZATION IN PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECH AT A CAMPAIGN EVENT IN LAS VEGAS NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ PHÓNG CHIẾU VÀ SỰ THỂ HIỆN CỦA NÓ TRONG BÀI PHÁT BIỂU CỦA TỔNG THỐNG BARACK OBAMA TẠI CUỘC VẬN ĐỘNG TRANH CỬ Ở LAS VEGAS M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Hanoi – 2013 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES TRẦN HỒNG VÂN A STUDY ON PROJECTION AND ITS REALIZATION IN PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECH AT A CAMPAIGN EVENT IN LAS VEGAS NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ PHÓNG CHIẾU VÀ SỰ THỂ HIỆN CỦA NÓ TRONG BÀI PHÁT BIỂU CỦA TỔNG THỐNG BARACK OBAMA TẠI CUỘC VẬN ĐỘNG TRANH CỬ Ở LAS VEGAS M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Prof Dr Hoàng Văn Vân Hanoi - 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS vi LIST OF TABLES vii PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale of the study Aim of the study Research question Scope of the study .2 Methods of the study Design of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT .4 CHAPTER 1.1 Introduction 1.2 An overview of systemic functional grammar .4 1.2.1 Review of related studies .5 1.2.2 Three metafunctions of a language 1.2.2.1 Interpersonal metafunction .7 1.2.2.2 Textual metafunction .8 1.2.2.3 Ideational metafunction 1.3 The notion of clause complex and projection in SFG 10 1.3.1 The notion of clause complex in SFG 10 1.3.1.1 Taxis 11 1.3.1.2 Logico-semantic relation .12 1.3.2 The notion of projection in SFG 14 1.3.2.1 Level of projection 14 1.3.2.2 Mode of projection 15 iv 1.3.2.3 Speech function of projection 15 1.3.3 Paratactic projection .16 1.3.4 Hypotactic projection 19 1.3.5 Embedded projection 22 1.4 Summary .24 CHAPTER 26 2.1 Introduction .26 2.2 The chosen text 26 2.3 A register analysis of the text .27 2.3.1 Field .27 2.3.2 Tenor 28 2.3.3 Mode 28 2.4 The realization of projection in President Obama‟s Speech 28 2.4.1 An overview 28 2.4.2 Analysis 30 2.4.2.1 Hypotactic projection 30 2.4.2.2 Paratactic projection 38 2.4.2.3 Embedded projection 39 2.5 Summary .40 PART C: CONCLUSION 42 Recapitulation 42 Implications .44 Suggestion for further study 45 REFERENCES 46 APPENDIX I APPENDIX IX v NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS  Boundary markers ||| : clause complex boundary || : clause boundary  Types of dependency 1, 2, 3, …: Parataxis α, β, γ, …: Hypotaxis  Logico-semantic relations Expansion: = : Elaboration + : Extension x : Enhancement Projection: “ : Locution „ : Idea  Others 1st, 2nd, 3rd, …: number of clause complex in the text (1), (2), (3), …: number of clause in the text vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table : Relation between clauses in clause complexes 13 Table : Projection of propositions and proposals 16 Table : Positions of projecting clauses 17 Table : Verbs used in projecting clauses 17 Table : Quoting and paratactic reporting 18 Table : Paired verbs of the like type and the please type 20 Table : Verbs serving in hypotactic projection 21 Table : Projection nouns and fact nouns 22 Table : The realization of projection in President Obama‟s Speech 29 Table 10 : Meaning of the reported statements in the projection of idea 30 Table 11 : Meaning of the reported statements in the projection of 35 locution vii PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale of the study Language is the central study of linguistics It is a system of communication that is made of speech or writing It emphasizes the “arrangement of sounds or written representation into larger units, e.g morphemes, words, sentences, utterances” (Richards et al., 1992) This arrangement is known as grammar Crystal (2004) emphasizes the importance of grammar in a language It is as important as the skeleton, the heartbeat, the nervous system and the intelligence of a language, because without grammar, there can be no meaningful or effective communication (Crystal, 2004) Grammar is the foundation for people to express themselves If people can understand the way grammar works, they are sure to be able to use a language effectively Hence, grammar is not only important for teachers or students, but it has a particular significance for anyone who wants to master a language (Crystal, 2004) Knowing the importance of grammar, many scholars are engrossed in studying it The linguistics history has seen many trends of grammar with their advantages and disadvantages such as traditional grammar, universal grammar and generative grammar by Noam Chomsky and his followers However, the most popular trend of grammar is functional grammar that is developed by Halliday and some other linguists such as Hassan, Morley, Bloor, etc While other trends of grammar focuses on the rules of wordings, functional grammar is concerned with the meaning and functions of a language In Vietnam, functional grammar is studied by such grammarians as Cao Xuân Hạo (1991) with Tiếng Việt: Sơ thảo Ngữ pháp chức and Hoàng Văn Vân (2005) with Ngữ pháp kinh nghiệm cú tiếng Việt: Mô tả theo quan điểm chức hệ thống In Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, students have a chance to take an approach to functional grammar to discover new features of this innovative trend of grammar For the author, what attracts her the most is projection That is the reason why she chooses to analyze the realization of projection in a speech by President Obama It is expected that the analysis of projection will reveal the underlying meaning of the President‟s speech Aim of the study The aim of the study is to explore how different types of projection are realized in President Obama‟s speech at a Campaign Event in Las Vegas In order to achieve this aim, an overview of the key concepts of functional grammar relevant to the study is in need of exploration to provide the theoretical framework for the analysis Research question With such an aim as mentioned, the following question is raised for exploration: How are projections realized in President Obama’s speech at a Campaign Event in Las Vegas? Scope of the study In order to make the most convenience for the author, the study only focuses on exploring one of the two subtypes of logico-semantic relations between clauses: projection The text chosen for analysis is President Obama‟s speech at a Campaign Event in Las Vegas on October 24th, 2011 Methods of the study This study uses two main methods: descriptive method and analytical method The descriptive method is used to re-examine the basic notions of systemic functional grammar and, in particular, the notion of projection in the clause complex The analytical method, on the other hand, is employed to analyze President Obama‟s speech to reveal the different logico-semantic meanings of the text Design of the study The study is divided into parts: Part A – Introduction – presents the rationale, the aim, the research questions, the scope, the methods and the design of the study Part B – Development – consists of chapters Chapter – Theoretical background presents the overview of systemic functional grammar and the notions of clause complex and projection Chapter 2, the main chapter of the thesis, explores the realization of projections in President Barack Obama‟s speech at a Campaign Event in Las Vegas Part C – Conclusion – recapitulates the results of the study In this part, the author reviews such concepts as systemic functional grammar, metafunctions of language, clause complex and two logico-semantic relations in clause complex More importantly, the analysis of President Obama‟s speech in terms of projection is summarized in part C This last part also makes some implications for teaching and learning English and some suggestions for further study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction In the first chapter of the study, the author attempts to present some concepts of systemic functional grammar including three metafunctions of a language and to review some related studies The main content of this chapter is the notion of clause complex and projection In the clause complex, the logico-semantic relations between clauses are focused because one of the two logico-semantic relations, projection, is the main interest of the study 1.2 An overview of systemic functional grammar Language is an important tool in our life We use it not only to make ourselves understood but also to maintain a relationship with other people in our society Grammar is part of a language According to Matthiessen & Halliday (1997), grammar is “the system of wordings of a language” However, the interpretation of how a language is worded depends on different theories of grammar In linguistics history, there have been many trends of grammar, most of which began with European languages such as Greeks, Romans or Latin These grammar trends are mainly based on the two theoretical perspectives Those who are in favor of the first viewpoint consider language “a set of rules” and grammar is a structure to specify those rules From this perspective, it is important to define which parts of a sentence function as Subject, Predicate, Object or Adverbial This kind of grammar is often taught at school because it is suitable for young students to study a language Despite its comprehensibility, it is isolated from its meaning Besides that, it does not convey the whole “grammatical system of language” but just “a fragment of grammar” On the other hand, because it is originated from European languages, it focuses on describing these languages Hence, it is difficult to apply this grammar to non-European languages such as Chinese, Japanese or Vietnamese (Matthiessen & Halliday, 1997) In that context, it is required that there Thompson, G (1996) Introducing Functional Grammar London: Edward Arnold Hoang Van Van (2006) Introducing Discourse Analysis Hanoi: NXB Giáo dục 47 APPENDIX President Barack Obama’s Speech at a Campaign Event in Las Vegas on October 24th, 2011 Hello, Vegas! (Applause.) Thank you Thank you so much It is good to be back in Las Vegas It is good to be back in Nevada I love coming to Vegas The only people who love coming more is my staff (Laughter.) I would not be surprised if some of them missed the plane, accidentally (Laughter.) But is wonderful to be with all of you I want to especially thank Stephen for the incredible work that he is doing right now, because as a consequence of his work, we are going to see more tourism dollars in Las Vegas, more tourism dollars in Nevada, more tourism dollars in the United States of America So please give him a big round of applause for all his efforts (Applause.) I see a lot of friends here, folks who have been with me for a long time And to all of you, I just want to say thank you But I'm here today not just because I need your help again I am here because the country needs your help I'm here because if you thought that the last election was critical to our future, then I can promise you that what happens in the coming year is going to be even more consequential It's going to matter to our kids; it's going to matter to our grandkids For the past three years, we've been wrestling with two kind of crises we've been dealing with an economic crisis that left far too many folks without a job, far too many folks struggling with housing But we've also been dealing with a political crisis All across the country people are crying out for action A lot of folks have spent months looking for work Others are doing their best just to get by, having to make tough decisions every single day Maybe they don't go out to a restaurant because they can't afford the gas Maybe they give up their retirement for now so that they can send their child to college These Americans are not asking for a lot They're not looking for handouts They don't think government can or should solve all their I problems But they believe what most of you believe that America should be a place where no matter where you come from, no matter what you look like, you can make it if you try; that this economy works best when it works for everybody, not just for those at the very top; that if opportunity exists for all Americans, then all of us well folks in the middle and the folks at the top, as well as folks at the bottom Most Americans believe that hard work should pay off, that responsibility should be rewarded, that everybody in this country deserves a fair shake and everybody has a responsibility to their fair share And these beliefs aren't Democratic values; they're not Republican values they are American values And they're the bedrock of what this country has always stood for That's why I ran for President in the first place That's why so many of you supported me poured your hearts into this campaign because you believed that it was time for our politics to reflect our values And three years later, it's clear that a big chunk of Washington has not gotten the message yet Just look at what's been going on since I introduced my jobs bill in September Now, this is a bill that is filled with proposals that, traditionally, Democrats and Republicans have supported in the past: tax cuts for workers and small businesses; funding to rebuild our roads and our bridges and our airports, our infrastructure, our transportation system; putting construction workers back on the job; hiring back teachers and cops, firefighters; giving incentives so that veterans are able to find work when they come home because, I promise you, if you've laid down your life or risked your life for this country, you should not have to fight for a job when you come home (Applause.) So those are the proposals contained in this bill It's a bill that's fully paid for by asking those of us who make more than $1 million to pay a little more in taxes Independent economists, people who look at this stuff for a living, say that it's the only plan out there right now that would create jobs in the short term as well as lay a foundation for economic growth in the long term One economist said it would II create nearly million jobs next year million And by the way, that economist did not work for me And polls show that an overwhelming majority of Americans support the proposals that are in this bill Democrats, independents and Republicans So we've got huge challenges in places like Nevada We've got a jobs bill out there that is paid for and addresses those challenges The question is, why, despite all the support despite all the experts who say this jobs bill couldn't come at a more important time, when so many people are hurting why the Republicans in Washington have said no? They keep voting against it Now, maybe it's just because I am the one sponsoring it I don't know But last week, we had a separate vote on a part of the jobs bill that would put 400,000 teachers, firefighters and police officers back on the job, paid for by asking people who make more than $1 million to pay one-half of percent in additional taxes For somebody making $1.1 million a year, that's an extra $500 Five hundred bucks And with that, we could have saved $400,000 jobs Most people making more than $1 million, if you talk to them, they'll say, I'm willing to pay $500 extra to help the country They‟re patriots They believe we‟re all in this thing together But all the Republicans in the Senate said no Their leader, Mitch McConnell, said that and I‟m going to make sure I quote this properly -saving the jobs of teachers and cops and firefighters was just I quote “a bailout.” A bailout These aren‟t bad actors who somehow screwed up the economy They didn‟t act irresponsibly These are the men and women who teach our children, who patrol our streets, who run into burning buildings and save people They deserve our support This is the fight that we‟re going to have right now, and I suspect this is the fight that we‟re going to have to have over the next year The Republicans in Congress and the Republican candidates for President have made their agenda very clear They have two basic economic principles: first, tax cuts for the very wealthiest and the biggest corporations, paid for by gutting investments in education and research III and infrastructure and programs like Medicare That‟s agenda item number one Second is just about every regulation that's out there they want to get rid of clean air, clean water you name it Now, I agree that there are some rules and regulations that put an unnecessary burden on business at a time when we can‟t afford it I mean, we‟ve seen this in our travel bureau, where the bureaucracy for getting a visa to come visit Vegas is too long We want to get them here quicker; they can stay longer and spend more And that‟s why, in addition to what we‟re doing with the travel bureau, we‟ve already identified 500 regulatory reforms that will save billions of dollars over the next few years billions of dollars over the next few years But unfortunately, so far at least, we have not gotten any willingness on the other side to say that some regulations we can‟t give up We are not going to win the race in this competitive 21st century economy by having the cheapest labor or the most polluted air That‟s a race to the bottom that we can‟t win There‟s always going to be a country out there that can exploit its workers more, or pollute its air more, or pollute its water more, have lower worker safety standards There‟s always going to be somebody out there to win that competition The competition we need to win is because we have the best scientists, and we‟ve got the best universities, and we‟ve got the best workers, and we have the best infrastructure, and we‟ve got the best resorts, and we‟ve got the best ideas, and we‟ve got the best system, and it‟s the most transparent and it‟s the most accountable That‟s how we‟re going to win the competition for the future And that‟s what‟s at stake right now in this race And the worst part is that the ideas that the other side are propagating we‟ve tried I mean, it would be one thing if, you know what, the economy is not doing very well; let‟s try something new Let‟s try a whole radical new agenda But what they‟re proposing we tried for 10 years Remember? Does anybody remember? AUDIENCE: Yes! IV THE PRESIDENT: We cut taxes for our wealthiest citizens We didn't enforce worker safety rules We didn't enforce anti-pollution standards We didn't enforce regulations on Wall Street And where did we end up? We ended up with a decade in which income and wages for middle-class families flat-lined, and people tried to make up for it by propping up a housing bubble And when it went bust we had the worst financial crisis and the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression That‟s the end of the road if you travel that path So we‟ve got a different set of ideas here We have a different set of values And I repeat, they are not Democratic values alone Abraham Lincoln, in the midst of a civil war, started land-grant colleges and the Homestead Act and built the Intercontinental Railroad, started the National Academy of Sciences He understood the first Republican President that you've got to invest in the future in order to win it Dwight Eisenhower built the Interstate Highway System, invested in math and science in our schools My grandfather benefited from a G.I Bill like millions of others who came home heroes, and somebody said, you know what, if we give them opportunity, if we give them a chance, there is no doubt that everybody will be better off I would not be standing here today if somebody had not made an investment and said, you know what, not everybody is going to be born wealthy, not everybody is going to be born well-connected; why don't we make sure that we've got college scholarships out there and student loans so that people can go to college and give something back to this country (Applause.) So those are the values that we're going to be fighting for And I have confidence that those are the values of the American people And I know those are your values And it's because you were willing to invest so much, not in me, but in an idea that we can have a politics that is different, have a politics that's focused on not just the here and now, not just focused on party, but is focused on country; not just focused V on the next election, but focused on the next generation it's because you made that investment that we've already made some remarkable changes And things are tough right now, but I want everybody to remember what we have accomplished because of you (Applause.) What we've accomplished because of you As tough as things are right now, we were able to stabilize this economy and make sure it didn‟t go into a Great Depression because of you Because of your efforts, we were able to pass health care reform, and 30 million people are going to get health insurance in this country (Applause.) I just had somebody who's here tonight or here this afternoon mention the fact that their daughter is very sick And my prayers are with the family But, he said -she is 23 years old right now "because of the Affordable Care Act, right now she is able to stay on my insurance." And that is a huge relief for families across the country A million extra young people have health insurance because of you and we haven‟t even finished implementing that plan (Applause.) Because of you, as promised, the war in Iraq will end by the end of this year and all our troops will be home all of them (Applause.) And, by the way, the country is stronger and it is safer And we are making a transition in Afghanistan, and al Qaeda is on the run and we have decimated their leadership because of you (Applause.) Because of you, anybody can serve in our military now, regardless of who they love “Don‟t ask, don‟t tell” is history, because of you (Applause.) Because of you, there are millions of young people who are getting Pell Grants and larger scholarships, because we‟re no longer subsidizing big banks who were basically just a pass-through for student loans That money is directly going to the students now and that‟s making a huge difference all across the country (Applause.) So we‟ve made an enormous difference already, but we‟ve got so much more work to We‟ve got to pass comprehensive immigration reform (Applause.) We‟ve got to make sure that we have a system that reflects that we‟re a nation of laws and a nation of immigrants VI We‟re going to have to have an energy policy in this country that makes sense -because I am tired of the U.S economy being held hostage to the spot oil market We‟ve got to develop clean energy that will not only put money back in the pocket of consumers (applause) but will also save our environment We still have to implement health care reform We still have to implement financial regulatory reform We have set up a consumer watchdog that is going to make sure no more hidden fees, no more abusive mortgage practices that had such a devastating effect here in Nevada But we‟ve got to make sure that it‟s actually implemented And the other side, one of their main agendas is to roll it back And most of all, we‟ve got to grow an economy that is based not on bubbles, not on shifting sands, not on financial maneuvers, but it‟s based on innovation and based on investment, and based on entrepreneurship We can those things We can close the deficit and make the investment in the future that we need But I‟m only going to be able to it if you‟re there with me I‟m only going to be able to that if you‟re there with me (Applause.) You know, I turned 50 this summer (Laughter.) My hair is a little grayer now You noticed that, huh? Yes My girls say it‟s distinguished (Laughter.) Michelle says it just makes me look old (Laughter.) We‟ve gone through some enormous challenges over the last three years, and as much good as we have done, I think there‟s so much left to that, understandably, a lot of people feel a little disenchanted A lot of people feel discouraged That old “Hope” poster is fading It‟s getting dog-eared along the edges there (Laughter.) But I just want to remind all of you that we never said this was going to be easy We never said that change was going to happen overnight The problems that we confront didn‟t happen overnight; we weren‟t going to solve them overnight The challenges we face in terms of rebuilding an economy that works for everybody, making sure that once again we have the best education system in the world, making sure that once again anybody out there who has a good idea can go out there and make it, making sure that we‟ve got a balanced approach to reducing VII our deficit and getting our fiscal house in order all those things we knew were going to take some time And so the main challenge that I have for all of you here today is to make sure that you remember why we got on this path in the first place; why we took this journey from the start We didn't it because it was going to be easy You supported a candidate named Barack Hussein Obama (Applause.) Polls didn't need to tell you that that was going to be hard You didn't it because you thought that change would happen overnight You didn't it because you were easily discouraged These days people look back at the campaign and they say, oh, that campaign was perfect, you know? It‟s like, well, no it wasn‟t (Laughter.) We had all kinds of setbacks We defied the odds So many of you remember And we‟ll it again (Applause.) But we will it again I still believe in you, and I believe in the American people And I‟m absolutely convinced that as long as we keep our eyes on where we need to go, here in Nevada and all across the country, that indomitable American spirit, that thing that has gotten us through every single tough time we‟ve ever been in from Revolutionary War to Civil War, slavery, the women‟s rights movement, the union movement every step of the way world wars and great depressions we‟ve always come out stronger on the other side There's something about the American people where, when we are tested, when times are tough, it turns out we are tougher And when our politics isn't working, then the American people rise up and make sure they work This is one of those moments This is one of those times And if you keep hoping, and you're willing to put your work and your effort behind it, I have no doubt that not only will we win this election, but more importantly, we're going to win the future and this country is going to be greater than it's ever been Thank you very much, everybody God bless you God bless the United States of America VIII APPENDIX The realization of projection in President Barack Obama’s Speech at a Campaign Event on October 24th, 2011 1st ||| (1) And to all of you, I just want to say || (2) thank you ||| α “β 2nd ||| (3) If you thought || (4) that the last election was critical to our future ||| α „β 3rd ||| (5) I can promise you || (6) that what happens in the coming year is going to be even more consequential ||| α “β 4th ||| (7) They don't think || (8) government can or should solve all their problems ||| α „β 5th ||| (9) But they believe what most of you believe || (10) that America should be a place where no matter where you come from, no matter what you look like, you can make it if you try; that this economy works best when it works for everybody, not just for those at the very top; that if opportunity exists for all Americans, then all of us well ||| α „β 6th ||| (11) Most Americans believe || (12) that hard work should pay off, that responsibility should be rewarded, that everybody in this country deserves a fair shake and everybody has a responsibility to their fair share α „β 7th ||| (13) you believed ||| (14) that it was time for our politics to reflect our values α „β 8th ||| (15) And three years later, it's clear „[[(16) that a big chunk of Washington has not gotten the message yet.]] ||| α „β 9th ||| (17) Now, this is a bill that is filled with proposals “[[(18) that, traditionally, Democrats and Republicans have supported in the past: tax cuts for workers and small businesses; funding to rebuild our roads and our bridges and our airports, our IX infrastructure, our transportation system; putting construction workers back on the job; hiring back teachers and cops, firefighters; giving incentives so that veterans are able to find work when they come home]] ||| α “β 10th ||| (19) I promise you, || (20) if you've laid down your life or risked your life for this country, you should not have to fight for a job when you come home α “β 11th ||| (21) Independent economists, people who look at this stuff for a living, say || (22) that it's the only plan out there right now that would create jobs in the short term as well as lay a foundation for economic growth in the long term α “β 12th ||| (23) One economist said || (24) it would create nearly million jobs next year million ||| α “β 13th ||| (25) And polls show || (26) that an overwhelming majority of Americans support the proposals that are in this bill Democrats, independents and Republicans ||| α „β 14th || (27) who say || (28) this jobs bill couldn't come at a more important time || α “β 15th || (29) why the Republicans in Washingon have said || (30) no? ||| α “β 16th || (31) by asking || (32) people who make more than $1 million to pay one-half of percent in additional taxes ||| α “β 17th || (33) they'll say, (34) I'm willing to pay $500 extra to help the country ||| “2 18th ||| (35) They believe (36) we‟re all in this thing together ||| α „β X 19th ||| (37) But all the Republicans in the Senate said || (38) no ||| α “β 20th ||| (39) Their leader, Mitch McConnell, said that and I‟m going to make sure I quote this properly || (40) saving the jobs of teachers and cops and firefighters was just || (41) I quote || “a bailout.” ||| “2 “2 21st || (42) and I suspect || (43) this is the fight that we‟re going to have over the next α year ||| „β 22nd ||| (44) Now, I agree || (45) that there are some rules and regulations that put an unnecessary burden on business at a time when we can‟t afford it α „β 23rd ||| (46) I mean, || (47) we‟ve seen this in our travel bureau, where the bureaucracy for getting a visa to come visit Vegas is too long ||| α “β 24th || (48) to say || (49) that some regulations we can‟t give up ||| α “β 25th ||| (50) And the worst part is that the ideas [[(51) that the other side are propagating we‟ve tried.]] ||| α „β 26th ||| (52) I mean, (53) it would be one thing if, you know what, the economy is not doing very well; || α “β 27th ||| (54) And I repeat, || (55) they are not Democratic values alone ||| α “β 28th ||| (56) He understood the first Republican President || (57) that you've got α to invest in the future in order to win it || „β 29th || (58) Somebody said, you know what, || (59) if we give them opportunity, if we give them a chance, there is no doubt || (60) that everybody will be better off ||| α “β XI „γ 30th || (61) if we give them opportunity, if we give them a chance, there is no doubt „[[(62) that everybody will be better off.]] ||| “β „γ 31st || (63) and said, you know what, || (64) not everybody is going to be born wealthy, not everybody is going to be born well-connected; || α “β 32nd || (65) why don't we make sure || (66) that we've got college scholarships out there and student loans || α „β 33rd ||| (67) And I have confidence [[(68) that those are the values of the American people.]] ||| α „β 34th ||| (69) And I know || (70) those are your values ||| α „β 35th || (71) but in an idea [[(72) that we can have a politics that is different, have a politics that's focused on not just the here and now, not just focused on party, but is focused on country; not just focused on the next election, but focused on the next α generation]] || „β 36th || (73) but I want || (74) everybody to remember what we have accomplished because of you ||| α „β 37th || (75) and make sure || (76) it didn‟t go into a Great Depression because of α you ||| „β 38th ||| (77) I just had somebody who's here tonight or here this afternoon -mention the fact [[ (78) that their daughter is very sick.]] ||| α „β 39th ||| (79) But, he said || (80) she is 23 years old right now "because of the Affordable Care Act, right now she is able to stay on my insurance."|| “2 40th ||| (81) We‟ve got to make sure || (82) that we have a system that reflects that we‟re a nation of laws and a nation of immigrants α „β XII 41st ||| (83) But we‟ve got to make sure || (84) that it‟s actually implemented α „β 42nd ||| (85) My girls say || (86) it‟s distinguished ||| α “β 43rd ||| (87) Michelle says || (88) it just makes me look old ||| α “β 44th || (89) I think || (90) there‟s so much left to || α „β 45th ||| (91) But I just want to remind all of you || 46th (92) that we never said || (93) this was going to be easy α “β 47th ||| (94) We never said || (95) that change was going to happen overnight ||| α “β 48th || (96) making sure || (97) that once again we have the best education system in the world, || α „β 49th || (98) making sure || (99) that once again anybody out there who has a good idea can go out there and make it, || α „β 50th || (100) making sure || (101) that we‟ve got a balanced approach to reducing our deficit and getting our fiscal house in order || α „β 51st || (102) to make sure || 52nd (103) that you remember || (104) why we got on this path in the first place; why we took this journey from the start ||| α „β „γ 53rd ||| (105) Polls didn't need to tell you || (106) that was going to be hard ||| α “β 54th || (107) because you thought || (108) that change would happen overnight ||| α „β XIII 55th ||| (109) And I‟m absolutely convinced || (110) that as long as we keep our eyes on where we need to go, here in Nevada and all across the country, that indomitable American spirit, that thing that has gotten us through every single tough time we‟ve ever been in from Revolutionary War to Civil War, slavery, the women‟s rights movement, the union movement every step of the way world wars and great depressions we‟ve always come out stronger on the other side || α „β 56th || (111) I have no doubt || (112) that not only will we win this election, but more importantly, we're going to win the future || α „β XIV ...VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES TRẦN HỒNG VÂN A STUDY ON PROJECTION AND ITS REALIZATION IN PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA’S. .. are primary and secondary clauses The primary may be the initiating clause in a paratactic nexus or 11 the dominant clause in a hypotactic while the secondary is the continuing clause in parataxis... the speech by President Barack Obama at a Campaign Event in Las Vegas was taken into consideration Totally, there are 56 clause complexes of projection in the President? ??s speech, among which the